Academic literature on the topic 'Microcycle'

This study investigated differences in external training load between microcycle lengths and its variation between microcycles, players, and head coaches. Commonly used external training load variables including total-, high-speed- (5–7 m∙s-1), and sprint-distance (> 7 m∙s-1) alongside combined high acceleration and deceleration distance (> 2 m∙s-2). Which were also expressed relative to time were collected using microtechnology within a repeated measures design from 54 male rugby league players from one Super League team over four seasons. 4337 individual observations across ninety-one separate microcycles and six individual microcycle lengths (5 to 10 day) were included. Linear mixed effects models established the differences in training load between microcycle-length and the variation between-microcycles, players and head coaches. The largest magnitude of difference in training load was seen when comparing 5-day with 9-day (ES = 0.31 to 0.53) and 10-day (ES = 0.19 to 0.66) microcycles. The greatest number of differences between microcycles were observed in high- (ES = 0.3 to 0.53) and sprint-speed (ES = 0.2 to 0.42) variables. Between-microcycle variability ranged between 11% to 35% dependent on training load variable. Training load also varied between players (5–65%) and head coaches (6–20%) with most variability existing within high-speed (19–43%) and sprinting (19–65%). Overall, differences in training load between microcycle lengths exist, likely due to manipulation of session duration. Furthermore, training load varies between microcycle, player and head coach.

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in neuromuscular, perceptual and hormonal measures following professional rugby league matches during different length between-match microcycles.Methods:Twelve professional rugby league players from the same team were assessed for changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance (fight time and relative power), perceptual responses (fatigue, well-being and muscle soreness) and salivary hormone (testosterone [T] and cortisol [C]) levels during 5, 7 and 9 d between-match training microcycles. All training was prescribed by the club coaches and was monitored using the session-RPE method.Results:Lower mean daily training load was completed on the 5 d compared with the 7 and 9 d microcycles. CMJ fight time and relative power, perception of fatigue, overall well-being and muscle soreness were signifcantly reduced in the 48 h following the match in each microcycle (P < .05). Most CMJ variables returned to near baseline values following 4 d in each microcycle. Countermovement jump relative power was lower in the 7 d microcycle in comparison with the 9 d microcycle (P < .05). There was increased fatigue at 48 h in the 7 and 9 d microcycles (P < .05) but had returned to baseline in the 5 d microcycle. Salivary T and C did not change in response to the match.Discussion:Neuromuscular performance and perception of fatigue are reduced for at least 48 h following a rugby league match but can be recovered to baseline levels within 4 d. These fndings show that with appropriate training, it is possible to recover neuromuscular and perceptual measures within 4 d after a rugby league match.

In weightlifting, throughout its existence, the search for optimal methods of organizing the training process is underway. In their works, researchers emphasize the importance of load distribution in annual periods, mesocycles, and microcycles. The aim of this study was to improve the training process of highly qualified weightlifters based on the application of diverse variations of load in intensity zones for the main groups of exercises in the microcycles of the competitive mesocycle. Working on the article, the authors analyzed scientific and methodological literature on the topic. The obtained data became the basis for the development of two options of a program for training weightlifters in a 4-week competitive mesocycle. The developed program was tested experimentally. In the course of the experiment, two equal experimental groups of eight people in each were formed from weightlifters with the qualification of master of sports of Russia. During the experiment, athletes of both groups performed the same amount of training load: 1608 NBL (number of barbell lifts). The load distribution for microcycles within the competition mesocycle was also the same for all athletes. The sequence of microcycles was as follows: recovery microcycle (340 NBL) → shock microcycle (603 NBL); → basic microcycle (483 NBL) → competitive microcycle (182 NBL). The authors assumed that with the same total load volumes and the identical sequence of types of microcycles in experimental groups, the variable distribution of load by intensity zones and main groups of exercises within individual microcycles of the competition mesocycle would allow achieving an increase in the result at competitions. The end of the experiment was the performance of athletes at all-Russian competitions. Athletes of Group 1 were able to improve the result in the total of the double event by 5.6 kg. Athletes of Group 2 showed a negative dynamics of results in the double event by 1.9 kg. The results of the study show that the increase in NBL in classical exercises by 8.5 % per month (competitive mesocycle) with a similar reduction in the load in special training exercises allows improving weightlifters’ competitive result without increasing the total amount of load under the following conditions: load in the snatch and jerk exercises in the intensity zones of 81–100% should increase by 40% per month; load reduction in pull exercises and barbell squats should be distributed relatively evenly across all applied intensity zones; load distribution by microcycles inside the competition mesocycle should follow the scheme: recovery → shock → basic → competitive; the greatest variations of load in classical and special preparatory exercises should be applied in the shock microcycle.

Introduction: The microcycles are structured to prepare the player competitively, organizing the physical abilities adapted to the soccer reality. Although a training model is a reality approximation, the game itself dictates characteristics to keep in mind. Objective: To compare the physical demands (total distance covered, maximum speed, player load and time/speed bands) that occur during a soccer match, with those that occur in microcycles. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Club Deportivo Especializado Independiente del Valle in the "Reserve" category, collecting data with GPS. Results: In the microcycle, 29 players (mean age 20.9 ± 1.1 years) were analyzed, and analyzing 20 players (mean age 21.0 ± 1.0 years) during match. The average total distance covered was greater during the matches (6,540.61 meters) compared to microcycles (3,961.64 meters) (p=0.001). Player load was higher during matches (734.59), and in microcycles (484.90) (p=0.001). Also, Band 4 (13.0-16.9 km/h), 5 (17.0-20.9 km/h), 6 (21.0-24.9 km/h), 7 (25.0-28.9 km/h) and Band 8 (>29.0 km/h) tend to be the most elapsed during matches compared to microcycles (p=0.001). The extremes were the ones that used the last two bands the most. Conclusions: The physical requirements in competition were not fully satisfied by the microcycle load. The number of training sessions, frequency and intensity that players receive only in certain sectors should be increased, without underestimating the player injuring risk.

Abstract. Introduction. Nowadays, the training load of qualified weightlifters reaches the values close to the limit, which enhances the importance of an optimal relationship between the parameters of volume and intensity of load. Materials and methods. The work involved an analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the topic of research published in recent years. This study has also examined diaries and training plans of some athletes who took part in the national and international competitions in 2000-2020. Results. The paper presents averaged volume and intensity parameters that can be used in the development of model load characteristics in micro-and mesocycles of competitive training of qualified weightlifters. Conclusions. The dynamics of changes in load parameters for qualified weightlifters depends on the type of microcycle and the training period in the annual training cycle. The greatest change in the load value is observed in shock and competition microcycles. Keyword: weightlifting, training load, volume, intensity, mesocycle, microcycle.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine if smartphone-derived heart rate variability (HRV) could detect changes in training load during an overload microcycle and taper, and (2) to determine the reliability of HRV measured in the morning and measured immediately prior to the testing session. Twelve powerlifters (male = 10, female = 2) completed a 3-week resistance training program consisting of an introduction microcycle, overload microcycle, and taper. Using a validated smartphone application, daily measures of resting, ultra-short natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences were recorded in the morning (LnRMSSDM) and immediately before the test session (LnRMSSDT) following baseline, post-overload, and post-taper testing. LnRMSSDM decreased from baseline (82.9 ± 13.0) to post-overload (75.0 ± 9.9, p = 0.019), while post-taper LnRMSSDM (81.9 ± 7.1) was not different from post-overload (p = 0.056) or baseline (p = 0.998). No differences in LnRMSSDT (p < 0.05) were observed between baseline (78.3 ± 9.0), post-overload (74.4 ± 10.2), and post-taper (78.3 ± 8.0). LnRMSSDM and LnRMSSDT were strongly correlated at baseline (ICC = 0.71, p < 0.001) and post-overload (ICC = 0.65, p = 0.010), whereas there was no relationship at post-taper (ICC = 0.44, p = 0.054). Bland–Altman analyses suggest extremely wide limits of agreement (Bias ± 1.96 SD) between LnRMSSDM and LnRMSSDT at baseline (4.7 ± 15.2), post-overload (0.5 ± 16.9), and post-taper (3.7 ± 15.3). Smartphone-derived HRV, recorded upon waking, was sensitive to resistance training loads across an overload and taper microcycles in competitive strength athletes, whereas the HRV was taken immediately prior to the testing session was not.

Analysis of the key performance variables in soccer is one of the most continuous and attractive research topics. Using global positioning devices (GPS), the primary aim of this study was to highlight the physiological response of a professional soccer team across competitive microcycles in-season according to the most influential contextual performance variables. Determining the training load (TL), a work ratio was established between all recorded data within the training sessions and the competitive profile (CP). Each microcycle was classified in accordance with the contextual variables: opponent level (high, medium, low), match location (home and away) and score (win, draw, lose). Results revealed that the team were significantly more successful (games won) in competitive games against high-level opponents and when played at home. Cumulative microcycle/weekly training load (WTL) was significantly lower when the team won. In addition to the opponent level and the match location, WTL could condition the athlete’s performance in the competition. Competitive performance responses are the main source of information for the planning of training programs. The results of this study could be used as a reference to structure TL and WTL according to contextual variables in the competition. This study, which is the first of its kind, revealed that WTL effects the performance of the players in the competition.

A fermenter method for producing conidiospores of the acarine pathogen, Hirsutella thompsonii, was developed using a strain able to produce microcycle conidiation in submerged culture. The morphological changes occurring during microcycle formation were followed under electron microscopy. Growth and sporulation patterns of the fungus were examined in batch culture. An average of 2–5 × 108 spores/mL was obtained after 3 days of growth.

Abstract The ability to perform the stable playing performance during the whole match to larger extent depends on sufficient level of development of conditioning abilities. Technique of playing activities of an individual, decision-making process of players and especially speed of the game are influenced by already mentioned abilities. The aim of our study was to recognize the level of motor performance in regional centres of handball and at the same time to verify the efficiency of sports preparation. This programme includes the change of weekly microcycle practice, consisting of 2 conditioning trainings focused on strength and endurance. The research was realized in these age categories: younger (n=40) and older juniors (n=38). To evaluate the level of motor abilities we selected 5 simply performed activities: bench press (explosive strength of upper extremities ), run for 8x5 metres (speed with change of direction), sit-ups for 2 minutes (power of abdominal muscles), standing long jump with legs together (explosive strength of lower extremities) and 12 minutes run (aerobic endurance). When following microcycle programme weekly, the results of motor test pointed out the positive influence of this programme on the development of strength and aerobic endurance (p≤0.05). In category of older juniors the performance in test of 12 minutes run has fallen significantly in comparison with the first testing (p≤0.05). The result of this study indicates the lack of recommended aerobic running practice in weekly microcycles of monitored teams.

Aspergillus niger was grown in fermenter culture under conditions promoting microcycle growth. Following a period of spherical growth at elevated temperatures for 24h, conidiophores developed from the swollen giant cells when the temperature was decreased. Each stage in this microcycle conidiation was photographed and dry weight was determined. Aberrant growth forms sometimes occurred and these are described with the measures taken to attempt to minimize such problems. The lipid content and composition was investigated throughout the microcycle by the use of column and thin layer chromatography and by gas-liquid chromatography. The major classes of neutral lipid were triacyl glycerols, fatty acids, sterols and sterol esters. Changes in composition during the microcycle are discussed in relation to metabolic requirements for the different developmental stages and a function for triacyl glycerol as an energy reserve for conidiation is suggested. The fatty acid composition was also determined throughout the cycle and changes related to growth temperature. The accumulation and utilization of triacyl glycerol was indicative of changes in activity of lipolytic enzymes. However little lipase activity was detected, although enzymes which hydrolysed water-soluble esters were more readily assayed. In order to assess the relative utilization of each of the carbon substrates glucose, L-glutamate and L-alanine, they were provided in a radiolabelled form and the fate of the label followed at intervals throughout the cycle. The majority of the material was used in the production of insoluble cellular material, with smaller amounts incorporated into lipids, water-soluble materials or released as carbon dioxide. Very little label from L-glutamate was detected as lipid. Glutamate was principally used during the later, conidiation, stage of the microcycle. The results are discussed in relation to the different physiological stages of microcycle conidiation and to the observed changes in lipid content and composition.

У кваліфікаційній магістерській роботі розглядаються дослідження проблеми планування тренувального процесу спортсменок 12–13 років у річному циклі підготовки з урахуванням закономірностей розвитку спортивної форми, специфіки календаря змагань, конкретного планування і змісту періодів, етапів і циклів підготовки протягом року з науково-методичним обґрунтуванням.
The qualification master's thesis examines the problem of planning the training process of athletes 12–13 years in the annual training cycle, taking into account the laws of sports form, the specifics of the competition calendar, specific planning and content of periods, stages and cycles of training during the year with scientific and methodological justification.

Обґрунтовано і розроблено методику вдосконалення швидкісних здібностей, характер якої заключається у раціональному розподілу засобів і методів у мікроциклах тренувального процесу легкоатлетів-спринтерів 13–14 років. Підтверджено та доповнено відомості про модельні характеристики показників фізичного розвитку та швидкісних здібностей юних спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у бігу на короткі дистанції.
Обоснованно и разработано методику совершенствования скоростных способностей, характер которой заключается в рациональном распределения средств и методов в микроциклах тренировочного процесса легкоатлетов-спринтеров 13–14 лет. Подтверждено и дополнено сведения о модельных характеристиках показателей физического развития и скоростных способностей юных спортсменов, специализирующихся в беге на короткие дистанции.
The methodology for a thorough understanding of the health benefits has been developed and broken down, the nature of which lies in the rational growth In addition to methods in microcycles, the process of athletes-sprinters 13–14 years. Approved and updated with information about model characteristics of indicators of physical development and high-quality health of young athletes, who specialize in a big game at short distances.

Розроблено методику підвищення тренувального процесу кваліфікованих бар’єристок з урахуванням різних варіантів модельних тренувальних мікроциклів підготовки, у зміст яких входили оптимальні співвідношення засобів удосконалення швидкісно-силових якостей і технічної підготовки для покращення спортивного результату. Доповнено дані про особливості фізичної і технічної підготовленості бар’єристок на етапі спеціалізованої базової підготовки. Застосування експериментальної методики побудови структурних утворень тренувального процесу кваліфікованих легкоатлеток-бар’єристок у межах річного макроциклу дозволить оптимізувати їх підготовку.
Разработана методика повышения тренировочного процесса квалифицированных барьеристок с учетом различных вариантов модельных тренировочных микроциклов подготовки, в содержание которых входили оптимальные соотношения средств совершенствования скоростно-силовых качеств и технической подготовки для улучшения спортивного результата. Дополнен данные об особенностях физического и технической подготовленности барьеристок на этапе специализированной базовой подготовки. Применение экспериментальной методики построения структурных образований тренировочного процесса квалифицированных легкоатлеток-барьеристок в пределах годичного макроцикла позволит оптимизировать их подготовку.
A method of improving the training process of qualified barriers has been developed, taking into account different variants of model training microcycles of training, the content of which included the optimal ratio of means of improving speed and strength qualities and technical training to improve sports results. Data on the peculiarities of physical and technical training of barriers at the specialized stage have been supplemented basic training. The application of experimental methods of construction of structural formations of the training process of qualified barrier athletes within the annual macrocycle will allow to optimize their training.

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O mal das folhas é um dos mais sérios problemas patogênicos da seringueira no Brasil, sendo uma constante ameaça para as plantações do Oriente, principalmente Tailândia, Indonésia e Malásia, países responsáveis por 90 % da produção mundial de borracha natural. Esta doença causa desfolhamentos sucessivos às plantas em materiais suscetíveis, reduzindo a produção de látex e acarretando na mortalidade das plantas adultas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: caracterizar a anatomia foliar em três estágios fenológicos nos clones de seringueira PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 e Fx 2784; aspectos anatômicos envolvidos com a patogênese do Microcyclus ulei em três clones (PB 314, PB 235 e Fx 2784) avaliados aos 5, 10, 45 e 90 dias após inoculação. Foi possível classificar três estágios (B, C e D) de acordo com os aspectos anatômicos. Verificou-se que PB 314 possibilitou o completo desenvolvimento do fungo nas fases assexual e sexual; MDF 180 apresentou alta concentração de compostos fenólicos no mesofilo, ausência da ascogênese e maior tempo da esporulação conidial que em PB 314; Fx 2784 apresentou maior espessura da epiderme da face abaxial, no estágio foliar B, que os outros clones, podendo ser considerada um fator de resistência anatômica à infecção e colonização pelo fungo.
The South American leaf blight is the most serious disease of rubber tree: is currently a serious threat to many regions of rubber plantation of the world, particularly in Indonesia, Tayland and Malaysia, responsible for 90% of natural rubber; and was the most important single factor in the complete failure of attempts to cultive rubber in the North region of Brazil. This disease caused successive defoliation in susceptible materials reducing the latex production and the plants death after third defoliation. The aim of this work was: a)To characterize the leaflets anatomy in three phenoligic stage in four rubber tree clones: PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 and Fx 2784; b)Anatomical aspects involved with pathogenesis of Microcyclus ulei in three clones (PB 314, MDF 180 and Fx 2784) evaluated on 5, 10, 45 and 90 days after inoculation. It was possible classified 3 leaves stages (B, C and D) according to anatomical aspects. In PB 314 it was possible the complete fungus development in asexual and sexual stage, MDF 180 showed phenolic compounds concentration in the mesophil and the fungus ascogenese it was not possible, but the conidial sporulation was longer than PB 314; Fx 2784 has more larger thickness epidermic of abaxial surface in the B stage than the other clones, contributed with important anatomic factor of resistance to infection and colonization by fungus.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O maior problema fitossanitário na heveicultura brasileira é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas, causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas muito suscetíveis. A espécie Hevea brasiliensis possui um hábito deciduifólio completo que é um caráter importante, ou seja, o desfolhamento uniforme proporciona a recuperação da copa com folhas sadias e a redução do inóculo de patógenos que são descartados com as folhas velhas, onde as estruturas reprodutivas estão localizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto para confrontar o efeito das variáveis climáticas em diferentes períodos do ano sobre interferência do mal das folhas em seis anos comparando o avanço da doença com os índices de vegetação, Índice de Vegetação com Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Vegetação Ajustado para os Efeitos do Solo (SAVI) e Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), calculados para o período de cada ano estudado, analisar o efeito deciduifólio natural ou ocorrência do mal das folhas; e verificar a troca de folhas dos clones de seringueira em estudo comparando com a fenologia. A área utilizada para o estudo localiza-se no município de Registro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, na Fazenda Umuarama com plantio monoclonal de seringueira, foram avaliados seis clones diferentes: IAN 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 e Fx 3844, por meio das imagens do satélite Landsat 5 utilizado os índices de vegetação NDVI, SAVI e IAF. Foram utilizados para análise estatística modelos lineares generalizados com a distribuição gama e função de ligação logarítmica tendo como fatores clones e índices de reflectância. Os modelos foram ajustados incluindo-se as covariáveis continuas mensurada no campo: folhas caídas totais e folhas caídas doentes Esses modelos foram comparados através do critério de informação de Akaike corrigido – AICC, para identificar o melhor modelo, verificada mediante desvios por graus de liberdade (scale deviance). Para comparações entre fatores foi utilizado foi o teste de Tukey–Kramer. Realizou a correlação de Spearman entre os índices de vegetação: NDVI, SAVI e IAF. Concluiu-se que as ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto são aplicáveis nos efeitos que as variações climáticas sobre a influência da doença mal das folhas. Os índices NDVI, SAVI e IAF foram significativos para a queda foliar da seringueira. Verificou também através dos índices a fenologia da seringueira nos períodos de troca de folhas: desfolha, reenfolha e densidade de copa. Ocorreu interação estatística significativa sobre o efeito dos clones, sua fenologia e índices de vegetação nos pixels da imagem. Obteve-se bom ajuste dos modelos dos índices com as imagens de satélites e as covariáveis dos dados de campo. A correlação de Spearman mostrou-se significativa entre os índices por valores dos pixels. Os índices são ferramentas de grande valia para estudos e análises sobre plantios florestais.
The biggest phytosanitary problem in Brazilian heveculture is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even the death in susceptible plants. Rubber tree has a deciduous habit which is an important character. Uniform defoliation of clones provides a reduction in the interior of pathogens, whose locations to reproduction occur in the old leaves. The objectives of this work were: Using remote sensing tools to compare the effect of climatic variables in different periods of the year on leaf mischief interference in six years comparing the disease progression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) vegetation indices, calculated for the period of each year studied, verifying the natural deciduous effect or occurrence of leaf blight; Estimate an exchange of leaves of the rubber tree clones under study, comparing them with phenology. The area used for the study is located in the municipality of Registro, São Paulo State, Brazil, at Umuarama Farm with monoclonal rubber plantation, IAM 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 and Fx 3844, using Landsat 5 satellite images used in NDVI, SAVI and IAF vegetation indices. They were used for statistical analysis generalized linear model with logarithmic range distribution and binding function having as clones reflectance factors and indices. Set the same models including whether the continuous covariates measured in the field: total fallen leaves sick and fallen leaves. Compared these models through the Akaike information criterion corrected - AICC to identify the best model, verified through the deviations by degrees of freedom (scale deviance). Was compared between factors was used was the Tukey-Kramer test. Spearman correlation was performed between the vegetation indexes: NDVI, SAVI and LAI. It was concluded that remote sensing tools are applicable in the effects that climatic variations on the influence of evil leaf disease. The NDVI, SAVI and IAF indexes showed the leaf fall effect of the rubber tree. Also verified through the indices the phenology of the rubber tree in the periods of leaf change: defoliation, re-foliage and cup density. There was a statistically significant interaction on the effect of clones’ phenology and vegetation index in the pixels of the image. It obtained good adjustment of the models of the contents with the satellite images and field data covariates. The Spearman correlation coefficient was significant between the indexes through the values of the pixels. The indices are valuable tools for studies and analyzes on forest plantations.

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Resumo: O mal das folhas é um dos mais sérios problemas patogênicos da seringueira no Brasil, sendo uma constante ameaça para as plantações do Oriente, principalmente Tailândia, Indonésia e Malásia, países responsáveis por 90 % da produção mundial de borracha natural. Esta doença causa desfolhamentos sucessivos às plantas em materiais suscetíveis, reduzindo a produção de látex e acarretando na mortalidade das plantas adultas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: caracterizar a anatomia foliar em três estágios fenológicos nos clones de seringueira PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 e Fx 2784; aspectos anatômicos envolvidos com a patogênese do Microcyclus ulei em três clones (PB 314, PB 235 e Fx 2784) avaliados aos 5, 10, 45 e 90 dias após inoculação. Foi possível classificar três estágios (B, C e D) de acordo com os aspectos anatômicos. Verificou-se que PB 314 possibilitou o completo desenvolvimento do fungo nas fases assexual e sexual; MDF 180 apresentou alta concentração de compostos fenólicos no mesofilo, ausência da ascogênese e maior tempo da esporulação conidial que em PB 314; Fx 2784 apresentou maior espessura da epiderme da face abaxial, no estágio foliar B, que os outros clones, podendo ser considerada um fator de resistência anatômica à infecção e colonização pelo fungo.
Abstract: The South American leaf blight is the most serious disease of rubber tree: is currently a serious threat to many regions of rubber plantation of the world, particularly in Indonesia, Tayland and Malaysia, responsible for 90% of natural rubber; and was the most important single factor in the complete failure of attempts to cultive rubber in the North region of Brazil. This disease caused successive defoliation in susceptible materials reducing the latex production and the plants death after third defoliation. The aim of this work was: a)To characterize the leaflets anatomy in three phenoligic stage in four rubber tree clones: PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 and Fx 2784; b)Anatomical aspects involved with pathogenesis of Microcyclus ulei in three clones (PB 314, MDF 180 and Fx 2784) evaluated on 5, 10, 45 and 90 days after inoculation. It was possible classified 3 leaves stages (B, C and D) according to anatomical aspects. In PB 314 it was possible the complete fungus development in asexual and sexual stage, MDF 180 showed phenolic compounds concentration in the mesophil and the fungus ascogenese it was not possible, but the conidial sporulation was longer than PB 314; Fx 2784 has more larger thickness epidermic of abaxial surface in the B stage than the other clones, contributed with important anatomic factor of resistance to infection and colonization by fungus.
Mestre

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Coorientador: José Carlos Pezzoni Filho
Banca: Leo Zimback
Banca: Sérgio Campos
Banca: José Raimundo de Souza Passos
Banca: Willian Bucker Moraes
Resumo: O maior problema fitossanitário na heveicultura brasileira é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas, causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas muito suscetíveis. A espécie Hevea brasiliensis possui um hábito deciduifólio completo que é um caráter importante, ou seja, o desfolhamento uniforme proporciona a recuperação da copa com folhas sadias e a redução do inóculo de patógenos que são descartados com as folhas velhas, onde as estruturas reprodutivas estão localizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto para confrontar o efeito das variáveis climáticas em diferentes períodos do ano sobre interferência do mal das folhas em seis anos comparando o avanço da doença com os índices de vegetação, Índice de Vegetação com Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Vegetação Ajustado para os Efeitos do Solo (SAVI) e Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), calculados para o período de cada ano estudado, analisar o efeito deciduifólio natural ou ocorrência do mal das folhas; e verificar a troca de folhas dos clones de seringueira em estudo comparando com a fenologia. A área utilizada para o estudo localiza-se no município de Registro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, na Fazenda Umuarama com plantio monoclonal de seringueira, foram avaliados seis clones diferentes: IAN 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 e Fx 3844, por meio das imag... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The biggest phytosanitary problem in Brazilian heveculture is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even the death in susceptible plants. Rubber tree has a deciduous habit which is an important character. Uniform defoliation of clones provides a reduction in the interior of pathogens, whose locations to reproduction occur in the old leaves. The objectives of this work were: Using remote sensing tools to compare the effect of climatic variables in different periods of the year on leaf mischief interference in six years comparing the disease progression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) vegetation indices, calculated for the period of each year studied, verifying the natural deciduous effect or occurrence of leaf blight; Estimate an exchange of leaves of the rubber tree clones under study, comparing them with phenology. The area used for the study is located in the municipality of Registro, São Paulo State, Brazil, at Umuarama Farm with monoclonal rubber plantation, IAM 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 and Fx 3844, using Landsat 5 satellite images used in NDVI, SAVI and IAF vegetation indices. They were used for statistical analysis generalized linear model with logarithmic range distribution and binding function having as clones reflectance factors and indices. Set the same models including whether the continuous covariates measured in the field: total fallen leaves sick and fallen leaves. Compared these models through the Akaike information criterion corrected - AICC to identify the best model, verified through the deviations by degrees of freedom (scale deviance). Was compared between factors was used was the Tukey-Kramer test. Spearman correlation was performed between ...
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza
Banca: Roberto Antonio Rodella
Banca: José Otavio Machado Menten
Banca: Adriana Martins
Abstract: The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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