Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microcycle'

Aspergillus niger was grown in fermenter culture under conditions promoting microcycle growth. Following a period of spherical growth at elevated temperatures for 24h, conidiophores developed from the swollen giant cells when the temperature was decreased. Each stage in this microcycle conidiation was photographed and dry weight was determined. Aberrant growth forms sometimes occurred and these are described with the measures taken to attempt to minimize such problems. The lipid content and composition was investigated throughout the microcycle by the use of column and thin layer chromatography and by gas-liquid chromatography. The major classes of neutral lipid were triacyl glycerols, fatty acids, sterols and sterol esters. Changes in composition during the microcycle are discussed in relation to metabolic requirements for the different developmental stages and a function for triacyl glycerol as an energy reserve for conidiation is suggested. The fatty acid composition was also determined throughout the cycle and changes related to growth temperature. The accumulation and utilization of triacyl glycerol was indicative of changes in activity of lipolytic enzymes. However little lipase activity was detected, although enzymes which hydrolysed water-soluble esters were more readily assayed. In order to assess the relative utilization of each of the carbon substrates glucose, L-glutamate and L-alanine, they were provided in a radiolabelled form and the fate of the label followed at intervals throughout the cycle. The majority of the material was used in the production of insoluble cellular material, with smaller amounts incorporated into lipids, water-soluble materials or released as carbon dioxide. Very little label from L-glutamate was detected as lipid. Glutamate was principally used during the later, conidiation, stage of the microcycle. The results are discussed in relation to the different physiological stages of microcycle conidiation and to the observed changes in lipid content and composition.

У кваліфікаційній магістерській роботі розглядаються дослідження проблеми планування тренувального процесу спортсменок 12–13 років у річному циклі підготовки з урахуванням закономірностей розвитку спортивної форми, специфіки календаря змагань, конкретного планування і змісту періодів, етапів і циклів підготовки протягом року з науково-методичним обґрунтуванням.
The qualification master's thesis examines the problem of planning the training process of athletes 12–13 years in the annual training cycle, taking into account the laws of sports form, the specifics of the competition calendar, specific planning and content of periods, stages and cycles of training during the year with scientific and methodological justification.

Обґрунтовано і розроблено методику вдосконалення швидкісних здібностей, характер якої заключається у раціональному розподілу засобів і методів у мікроциклах тренувального процесу легкоатлетів-спринтерів 13–14 років. Підтверджено та доповнено відомості про модельні характеристики показників фізичного розвитку та швидкісних здібностей юних спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у бігу на короткі дистанції.
Обоснованно и разработано методику совершенствования скоростных способностей, характер которой заключается в рациональном распределения средств и методов в микроциклах тренировочного процесса легкоатлетов-спринтеров 13–14 лет. Подтверждено и дополнено сведения о модельных характеристиках показателей физического развития и скоростных способностей юных спортсменов, специализирующихся в беге на короткие дистанции.
The methodology for a thorough understanding of the health benefits has been developed and broken down, the nature of which lies in the rational growth In addition to methods in microcycles, the process of athletes-sprinters 13–14 years. Approved and updated with information about model characteristics of indicators of physical development and high-quality health of young athletes, who specialize in a big game at short distances.

Розроблено методику підвищення тренувального процесу кваліфікованих бар’єристок з урахуванням різних варіантів модельних тренувальних мікроциклів підготовки, у зміст яких входили оптимальні співвідношення засобів удосконалення швидкісно-силових якостей і технічної підготовки для покращення спортивного результату. Доповнено дані про особливості фізичної і технічної підготовленості бар’єристок на етапі спеціалізованої базової підготовки. Застосування експериментальної методики побудови структурних утворень тренувального процесу кваліфікованих легкоатлеток-бар’єристок у межах річного макроциклу дозволить оптимізувати їх підготовку.
Разработана методика повышения тренировочного процесса квалифицированных барьеристок с учетом различных вариантов модельных тренировочных микроциклов подготовки, в содержание которых входили оптимальные соотношения средств совершенствования скоростно-силовых качеств и технической подготовки для улучшения спортивного результата. Дополнен данные об особенностях физического и технической подготовленности барьеристок на этапе специализированной базовой подготовки. Применение экспериментальной методики построения структурных образований тренировочного процесса квалифицированных легкоатлеток-барьеристок в пределах годичного макроцикла позволит оптимизировать их подготовку.
A method of improving the training process of qualified barriers has been developed, taking into account different variants of model training microcycles of training, the content of which included the optimal ratio of means of improving speed and strength qualities and technical training to improve sports results. Data on the peculiarities of physical and technical training of barriers at the specialized stage have been supplemented basic training. The application of experimental methods of construction of structural formations of the training process of qualified barrier athletes within the annual macrocycle will allow to optimize their training.

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O mal das folhas é um dos mais sérios problemas patogênicos da seringueira no Brasil, sendo uma constante ameaça para as plantações do Oriente, principalmente Tailândia, Indonésia e Malásia, países responsáveis por 90 % da produção mundial de borracha natural. Esta doença causa desfolhamentos sucessivos às plantas em materiais suscetíveis, reduzindo a produção de látex e acarretando na mortalidade das plantas adultas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: caracterizar a anatomia foliar em três estágios fenológicos nos clones de seringueira PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 e Fx 2784; aspectos anatômicos envolvidos com a patogênese do Microcyclus ulei em três clones (PB 314, PB 235 e Fx 2784) avaliados aos 5, 10, 45 e 90 dias após inoculação. Foi possível classificar três estágios (B, C e D) de acordo com os aspectos anatômicos. Verificou-se que PB 314 possibilitou o completo desenvolvimento do fungo nas fases assexual e sexual; MDF 180 apresentou alta concentração de compostos fenólicos no mesofilo, ausência da ascogênese e maior tempo da esporulação conidial que em PB 314; Fx 2784 apresentou maior espessura da epiderme da face abaxial, no estágio foliar B, que os outros clones, podendo ser considerada um fator de resistência anatômica à infecção e colonização pelo fungo.
The South American leaf blight is the most serious disease of rubber tree: is currently a serious threat to many regions of rubber plantation of the world, particularly in Indonesia, Tayland and Malaysia, responsible for 90% of natural rubber; and was the most important single factor in the complete failure of attempts to cultive rubber in the North region of Brazil. This disease caused successive defoliation in susceptible materials reducing the latex production and the plants death after third defoliation. The aim of this work was: a)To characterize the leaflets anatomy in three phenoligic stage in four rubber tree clones: PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 and Fx 2784; b)Anatomical aspects involved with pathogenesis of Microcyclus ulei in three clones (PB 314, MDF 180 and Fx 2784) evaluated on 5, 10, 45 and 90 days after inoculation. It was possible classified 3 leaves stages (B, C and D) according to anatomical aspects. In PB 314 it was possible the complete fungus development in asexual and sexual stage, MDF 180 showed phenolic compounds concentration in the mesophil and the fungus ascogenese it was not possible, but the conidial sporulation was longer than PB 314; Fx 2784 has more larger thickness epidermic of abaxial surface in the B stage than the other clones, contributed with important anatomic factor of resistance to infection and colonization by fungus.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O maior problema fitossanitário na heveicultura brasileira é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas, causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas muito suscetíveis. A espécie Hevea brasiliensis possui um hábito deciduifólio completo que é um caráter importante, ou seja, o desfolhamento uniforme proporciona a recuperação da copa com folhas sadias e a redução do inóculo de patógenos que são descartados com as folhas velhas, onde as estruturas reprodutivas estão localizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto para confrontar o efeito das variáveis climáticas em diferentes períodos do ano sobre interferência do mal das folhas em seis anos comparando o avanço da doença com os índices de vegetação, Índice de Vegetação com Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Vegetação Ajustado para os Efeitos do Solo (SAVI) e Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), calculados para o período de cada ano estudado, analisar o efeito deciduifólio natural ou ocorrência do mal das folhas; e verificar a troca de folhas dos clones de seringueira em estudo comparando com a fenologia. A área utilizada para o estudo localiza-se no município de Registro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, na Fazenda Umuarama com plantio monoclonal de seringueira, foram avaliados seis clones diferentes: IAN 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 e Fx 3844, por meio das imagens do satélite Landsat 5 utilizado os índices de vegetação NDVI, SAVI e IAF. Foram utilizados para análise estatística modelos lineares generalizados com a distribuição gama e função de ligação logarítmica tendo como fatores clones e índices de reflectância. Os modelos foram ajustados incluindo-se as covariáveis continuas mensurada no campo: folhas caídas totais e folhas caídas doentes Esses modelos foram comparados através do critério de informação de Akaike corrigido – AICC, para identificar o melhor modelo, verificada mediante desvios por graus de liberdade (scale deviance). Para comparações entre fatores foi utilizado foi o teste de Tukey–Kramer. Realizou a correlação de Spearman entre os índices de vegetação: NDVI, SAVI e IAF. Concluiu-se que as ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto são aplicáveis nos efeitos que as variações climáticas sobre a influência da doença mal das folhas. Os índices NDVI, SAVI e IAF foram significativos para a queda foliar da seringueira. Verificou também através dos índices a fenologia da seringueira nos períodos de troca de folhas: desfolha, reenfolha e densidade de copa. Ocorreu interação estatística significativa sobre o efeito dos clones, sua fenologia e índices de vegetação nos pixels da imagem. Obteve-se bom ajuste dos modelos dos índices com as imagens de satélites e as covariáveis dos dados de campo. A correlação de Spearman mostrou-se significativa entre os índices por valores dos pixels. Os índices são ferramentas de grande valia para estudos e análises sobre plantios florestais.
The biggest phytosanitary problem in Brazilian heveculture is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even the death in susceptible plants. Rubber tree has a deciduous habit which is an important character. Uniform defoliation of clones provides a reduction in the interior of pathogens, whose locations to reproduction occur in the old leaves. The objectives of this work were: Using remote sensing tools to compare the effect of climatic variables in different periods of the year on leaf mischief interference in six years comparing the disease progression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) vegetation indices, calculated for the period of each year studied, verifying the natural deciduous effect or occurrence of leaf blight; Estimate an exchange of leaves of the rubber tree clones under study, comparing them with phenology. The area used for the study is located in the municipality of Registro, São Paulo State, Brazil, at Umuarama Farm with monoclonal rubber plantation, IAM 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 and Fx 3844, using Landsat 5 satellite images used in NDVI, SAVI and IAF vegetation indices. They were used for statistical analysis generalized linear model with logarithmic range distribution and binding function having as clones reflectance factors and indices. Set the same models including whether the continuous covariates measured in the field: total fallen leaves sick and fallen leaves. Compared these models through the Akaike information criterion corrected - AICC to identify the best model, verified through the deviations by degrees of freedom (scale deviance). Was compared between factors was used was the Tukey-Kramer test. Spearman correlation was performed between the vegetation indexes: NDVI, SAVI and LAI. It was concluded that remote sensing tools are applicable in the effects that climatic variations on the influence of evil leaf disease. The NDVI, SAVI and IAF indexes showed the leaf fall effect of the rubber tree. Also verified through the indices the phenology of the rubber tree in the periods of leaf change: defoliation, re-foliage and cup density. There was a statistically significant interaction on the effect of clones’ phenology and vegetation index in the pixels of the image. It obtained good adjustment of the models of the contents with the satellite images and field data covariates. The Spearman correlation coefficient was significant between the indexes through the values of the pixels. The indices are valuable tools for studies and analyzes on forest plantations.

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Resumo: O mal das folhas é um dos mais sérios problemas patogênicos da seringueira no Brasil, sendo uma constante ameaça para as plantações do Oriente, principalmente Tailândia, Indonésia e Malásia, países responsáveis por 90 % da produção mundial de borracha natural. Esta doença causa desfolhamentos sucessivos às plantas em materiais suscetíveis, reduzindo a produção de látex e acarretando na mortalidade das plantas adultas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi: caracterizar a anatomia foliar em três estágios fenológicos nos clones de seringueira PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 e Fx 2784; aspectos anatômicos envolvidos com a patogênese do Microcyclus ulei em três clones (PB 314, PB 235 e Fx 2784) avaliados aos 5, 10, 45 e 90 dias após inoculação. Foi possível classificar três estágios (B, C e D) de acordo com os aspectos anatômicos. Verificou-se que PB 314 possibilitou o completo desenvolvimento do fungo nas fases assexual e sexual; MDF 180 apresentou alta concentração de compostos fenólicos no mesofilo, ausência da ascogênese e maior tempo da esporulação conidial que em PB 314; Fx 2784 apresentou maior espessura da epiderme da face abaxial, no estágio foliar B, que os outros clones, podendo ser considerada um fator de resistência anatômica à infecção e colonização pelo fungo.
Abstract: The South American leaf blight is the most serious disease of rubber tree: is currently a serious threat to many regions of rubber plantation of the world, particularly in Indonesia, Tayland and Malaysia, responsible for 90% of natural rubber; and was the most important single factor in the complete failure of attempts to cultive rubber in the North region of Brazil. This disease caused successive defoliation in susceptible materials reducing the latex production and the plants death after third defoliation. The aim of this work was: a)To characterize the leaflets anatomy in three phenoligic stage in four rubber tree clones: PB 314, PB 235, MDF 180 and Fx 2784; b)Anatomical aspects involved with pathogenesis of Microcyclus ulei in three clones (PB 314, MDF 180 and Fx 2784) evaluated on 5, 10, 45 and 90 days after inoculation. It was possible classified 3 leaves stages (B, C and D) according to anatomical aspects. In PB 314 it was possible the complete fungus development in asexual and sexual stage, MDF 180 showed phenolic compounds concentration in the mesophil and the fungus ascogenese it was not possible, but the conidial sporulation was longer than PB 314; Fx 2784 has more larger thickness epidermic of abaxial surface in the B stage than the other clones, contributed with important anatomic factor of resistance to infection and colonization by fungus.
Mestre

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Coorientador: José Carlos Pezzoni Filho
Banca: Leo Zimback
Banca: Sérgio Campos
Banca: José Raimundo de Souza Passos
Banca: Willian Bucker Moraes
Resumo: O maior problema fitossanitário na heveicultura brasileira é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas, causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas muito suscetíveis. A espécie Hevea brasiliensis possui um hábito deciduifólio completo que é um caráter importante, ou seja, o desfolhamento uniforme proporciona a recuperação da copa com folhas sadias e a redução do inóculo de patógenos que são descartados com as folhas velhas, onde as estruturas reprodutivas estão localizadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto para confrontar o efeito das variáveis climáticas em diferentes períodos do ano sobre interferência do mal das folhas em seis anos comparando o avanço da doença com os índices de vegetação, Índice de Vegetação com Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Vegetação Ajustado para os Efeitos do Solo (SAVI) e Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), calculados para o período de cada ano estudado, analisar o efeito deciduifólio natural ou ocorrência do mal das folhas; e verificar a troca de folhas dos clones de seringueira em estudo comparando com a fenologia. A área utilizada para o estudo localiza-se no município de Registro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, na Fazenda Umuarama com plantio monoclonal de seringueira, foram avaliados seis clones diferentes: IAN 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 e Fx 3844, por meio das imag... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The biggest phytosanitary problem in Brazilian heveculture is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei. Whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even the death in susceptible plants. Rubber tree has a deciduous habit which is an important character. Uniform defoliation of clones provides a reduction in the interior of pathogens, whose locations to reproduction occur in the old leaves. The objectives of this work were: Using remote sensing tools to compare the effect of climatic variables in different periods of the year on leaf mischief interference in six years comparing the disease progression with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) vegetation indices, calculated for the period of each year studied, verifying the natural deciduous effect or occurrence of leaf blight; Estimate an exchange of leaves of the rubber tree clones under study, comparing them with phenology. The area used for the study is located in the municipality of Registro, São Paulo State, Brazil, at Umuarama Farm with monoclonal rubber plantation, IAM 873, IAN 717; RRIM 600, Fx 3864, Fx 2261 and Fx 3844, using Landsat 5 satellite images used in NDVI, SAVI and IAF vegetation indices. They were used for statistical analysis generalized linear model with logarithmic range distribution and binding function having as clones reflectance factors and indices. Set the same models including whether the continuous covariates measured in the field: total fallen leaves sick and fallen leaves. Compared these models through the Akaike information criterion corrected - AICC to identify the best model, verified through the deviations by degrees of freedom (scale deviance). Was compared between factors was used was the Tukey-Kramer test. Spearman correlation was performed between ...
Doutor

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza
Banca: Roberto Antonio Rodella
Banca: José Otavio Machado Menten
Banca: Adriana Martins
Abstract: The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Le champignon microcyclus ulei represente le principal frein au developpement de l'heveaculture en amerique latine, ainsi qu'une menace potentielle pour l'heveaculture mondiale. Ameliorer la resistance de l'hevea passe par une meilleure comprehension des interactions entre l'hevea et m. Ulei et necessite l'etude des bases genetiques de la resistance. Les premieres cartes genetiques de l'hevea (2n = 36) ont ete realisees a partir d'une descendance de 195 individus issue d'un croisement entre deux parents heterozygotes. Deux cartes parentales ont ete construites grace a une strategie pseudo-testcross. Une carte consensus a ensuite ete elaboree par fusion des cartes parentales, grace a 172 marqueurs communs aux deux cartes, ou marqueurs ponts. La carte consensus est constituee de 717 locus (rflp, aflp, microsatellites, isozymes) repartis sur 18 groupes de liaison. Une segregation disomique des marqueurs a ete observee, et peu de locus dupliques ont ete reveles. L'inoculation de la descendance en conditions controlees par 6 souches differentes de m. Ulei a permis de mettre en evidence 8 qtl repartis sur 7 des 18 chromosomes de l'hevea. Le plus important d'entre eux, detecte avec toutes les souches, explique jusqu'a 36% de la variation phenotypique observee. Il a pu etre montre que presque tous les alleles favorables aux qtl identifies proviennent du parent femelle de ro38, le clone f4542, qui appartient a l'espece sauvage hevea benthamiana et dont la resistance est consideree a ce jour comme jamais mise en defaut. Un seul qtl mineur a pu etre detecte chez le parent sensible appartenant a l'espece cultivee h. Brasiliensis. Ces resultats offrent des perspectives encourageantes pour l'amelioration de la resistance a m. Ulei.

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O maior entrave à expansão da heveicultura no Brasil é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas suscetíveis. Consiste numa ameaça constante aos plantios do Oriente. Com a evolução dos programas de melhoramento genético tradicional, atualmente são utilizados clones híbridos interespecíficos, os quais são mais produtivos e apresentam melhor resistência aos patógenos. Através dos programas de melhoramento genético tradicional, não houve progresso significativo quanto à resistência ao mal das folhas, devido à seleção serem dirigida para clones com resistência completa. Neste patossistema a resistência horizontal (RH) e resistência vertical (RV) podem agir simultaneamente, sendo complexa e de difícil quantificação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o tipo de lesão foliar do patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei, verificar a suscetibilidade clonal aos patógenos, analisar a freqüência de infecção visando quantificar a resistência no patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei e sugerir clones diferenciadores de seringueira além de quantificar as raças de M. ulei no Brasil. Os parâmetros monocíclicos (período latente e diâmetro de lesão) são aplicáveis na quantificação de resistência no patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei. O período de latência teve pouca variação entre os clones. O diâmetro de lesão teve variação ampla entre os clones, sendo um parâmetro discriminante para a resistência horizontal e resistência vertical. Várias raças deste patógeno foram descritas no Brasil, baseada em uma série de clones diferenciadores. Diante disso foi utilizado testes com 11 clones diferenciadores já conhecidos na literatura: MDF 180, Fx 3844, Fx 985, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 2804, Fx 3899, IAN 6158, IAN 3087,...
The biggest barrier to expansion of rubber cultivation in Brazil is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even death in susceptible plants. Is a constant threat to the plantations of the East. With the evolution of traditional breeding programs currently interspecific hybrid clones are used, which are more productive and have better resistance to pathogens. Through traditional breeding programs, there was no significant progress for resistance to leaf blight, due to selection be directed to clones with complete resistance. This pathosystem horizontal resistance (HR) and vertical resistance (VR) can act simultaneously, being complex and difficult to quantify. This study aimed to characterize the type of leaf injury pathossystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei verify clonal susceptibility to pathogens, to analyze the frequency of infection to quantify the resistance in the pathosystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei and suggest different clones of rubber and quantifies the races of M. ulei in Brazil. Monocyclic parameters (latent period and lesion diameter) are applicable in the quantification of resistance in the pathosystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei. The latency period had little variation among clones. The diameter of the lesion was wide variation between the clones, being a discriminant parameter for horizontal resistance and vertical resistance. Several races of this pathogen have been described in Brazil, based on a number of clones’ differentiators. Grounded on the reactions of 11 different clones already known in the literature: MDF 180, Fx 3844, Fx 985, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 2804, Fx 3899, IAN 6158, IAN 3087, IAN 717 and PA 31 containing the species Hevea brasiliensis, Hevea benthamiana and Hevea pauciflora, we performed an analysis grouping for the binary data referring to virulence ...

Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Coorientador: José Raimundo De Souza Passos
Banca: Juliana Cristina Sodario Cruz
Banca: Ana Carolina Firmino
Resumo: O maior entrave à expansão da heveicultura no Brasil é a doença conhecida por mal das folhas causada pelo fungo Microcyclus ulei, cujos sintomas ocorrem nas folhas jovens, causando intensas desfolhas, diminuindo a produção de látex e até mesmo a morte em plantas suscetíveis. Consiste numa ameaça constante aos plantios do Oriente. Com a evolução dos programas de melhoramento genético tradicional, atualmente são utilizados clones híbridos interespecíficos, os quais são mais produtivos e apresentam melhor resistência aos patógenos. Através dos programas de melhoramento genético tradicional, não houve progresso significativo quanto à resistência ao mal das folhas, devido à seleção serem dirigida para clones com resistência completa. Neste patossistema a resistência horizontal (RH) e resistência vertical (RV) podem agir simultaneamente, sendo complexa e de difícil quantificação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o tipo de lesão foliar do patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei, verificar a suscetibilidade clonal aos patógenos, analisar a freqüência de infecção visando quantificar a resistência no patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei e sugerir clones diferenciadores de seringueira além de quantificar as raças de M. ulei no Brasil. Os parâmetros monocíclicos (período latente e diâmetro de lesão) são aplicáveis na quantificação de resistência no patossistema Hevea sp. x M. ulei. O período de latência teve pouca variação entre os clones. O diâmetro de lesão teve variação ampla entre os clones, sendo um parâmetro discriminante para a resistência horizontal e resistência vertical. Várias raças deste patógeno foram descritas no Brasil, baseada em uma série de clones diferenciadores. Diante disso foi utilizado testes com 11 clones diferenciadores já conhecidos na literatura: MDF 180, Fx 3844, Fx 985, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 2804, Fx 3899, IAN 6158, IAN 3087, ...
Abstract: The biggest barrier to expansion of rubber cultivation in Brazil is the disease known as leaf blight caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei whose symptoms occur in young leaves, causing severe defoliation, reducing the production of latex and even death in susceptible plants. Is a constant threat to the plantations of the East. With the evolution of traditional breeding programs currently interspecific hybrid clones are used, which are more productive and have better resistance to pathogens. Through traditional breeding programs, there was no significant progress for resistance to leaf blight, due to selection be directed to clones with complete resistance. This pathosystem horizontal resistance (HR) and vertical resistance (VR) can act simultaneously, being complex and difficult to quantify. This study aimed to characterize the type of leaf injury pathossystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei verify clonal susceptibility to pathogens, to analyze the frequency of infection to quantify the resistance in the pathosystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei and suggest different clones of rubber and quantifies the races of M. ulei in Brazil. Monocyclic parameters (latent period and lesion diameter) are applicable in the quantification of resistance in the pathosystem Hevea sp. x M. ulei. The latency period had little variation among clones. The diameter of the lesion was wide variation between the clones, being a discriminant parameter for horizontal resistance and vertical resistance. Several races of this pathogen have been described in Brazil, based on a number of clones' differentiators. Grounded on the reactions of 11 different clones already known in the literature: MDF 180, Fx 3844, Fx 985, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 2804, Fx 3899, IAN 6158, IAN 3087, IAN 717 and PA 31 containing the species Hevea brasiliensis, Hevea benthamiana and Hevea pauciflora, we performed an analysis grouping for the binary data referring to virulence ...
Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2009.
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A seringueira (Hevea spp.) é uma planta nativa da região amazônica, da qual se extrai o látex para a fabricação da borracha natural. O Brasil já foi o maior produtor mundial de látex, e este já foi responsável por 40% da exportações brasileiras. Esta planta é suscetível ao ataque do fitopatógeno Microcyclus ulei, causador do mal das folhas da seringueira, que é também endêmico da região amazônica e o principal responsável pela queda de produção de látex na América Latina e perda do mercado para países asiáticos como Sri Lanka e Malásia. Entretanto, surgiu dentro deste contexto o fungo micopatogênico Dicyma pulvinata que apresenta alta capacidade de controle do fitopatógeno M. ulei. Considerando esse fato, D. pulvinata pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta para o controle biológico do mal das folhas da seringueira. Neste trabalho foi analisada a capacidade de produção de glicosil hidrolases (β−1,3-, β−1,3-1-4- e β−1,4-glucanase e quitinase ) por dois isolados CEN62 e CEN93, que haviam demonstrado, em estudos anteriores, serem bons antagonistas do fitopatógeno M. ulei. Assim, foi iniciado um projeto de avaliação da capacidade de produção dessas enzimas por estes dois isolados, e a caracterização de suas propriedades bioquímico-moleculares. Os dois isolados demonstraram capacidades de produção das enzimas β−1,3-, β−1,3-1,4-glucanase e quitinase. No entanto, apenas o isolado CEN62 apresentou atividade de β-glucanase no sobrenadante do meio de cultura. Nenhum dos dois isolados secretou atividade de quitinase. Entretanto, a atividade de quitinase significativa foi encontrada associada ao micélio. Não foi possível, no entanto, a identificação de moléculas relacionadas a essa atividade, quer seja procedendo a lise do micélio na presença de detergente, quer procedendo a lise por sonicação Assim, foi escolhido o sobrenadante do meio de cultura do isolado CEN62 para etapas posteriores de purificação, por apresentar uma atividade de β−1,3-glucanase. O sobrenadante do meio de cultura do isolado CEN62 foi então caracterizado bioquimicamente, observando-se que a atividade de β−1,3-glucanase teve um máximo a 60ºC e pH 5,5, e a atividade de β 1,3-1,4-glucanase o máximo foi de 50ºC e pH 5,5. A β−1,3-glucanase apresentou atividade correspondente a uma meia vida de 10 e 1 minutos a 70ºC e 80ºC respectivamente. O sobrenadante do meio de cultura do isolado CEN62 de D. pulvinata , crescido por dez dias em meio contendo quitina como fonte de carbono, apresentando atividade de β-1,3-glucanase, foi ultrafiltrado com uma membrana de exclusão de 30kDa, concentrado e submetido a uma cromatografia de troca iônica em resina S-Sepharose. Essa cromatografia resultou em um pico de proteínas com atividade de β-1,3-glucanase o qual foi em seguida, recromatografado em uma coluna de troca iônica (DEAE-Sepharose). Um novo pico de proteínas com três espécies protéicas foi obtido, conforme mostrado em gel de poliacrilamida em condições desnaturantes. O rendimento deste processo de purificação parcial desta β-1,3-glucanase foi de 0,023%, e o fator de purificação de 345,3 vezes. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The rubber tree (Hevea spp.) is a native plant from the amazonic region, from which the latex is extracted in order to make the natural rubber. Brazil once was the mundial leader in latex production, and it was the responsible for 40% of brazilian exportations. However, this plant is vulnerable to the attacks from the phytopathogen Microcyclus ulei, agent of the leaf blight of the rubber tree, and is also endemic from the amazonic region and the main responsible for the fall in production in latex in latin America, and loss of market shares for the asian countries of Sri Lanka and Malasia. Nonetheless, in this context, the mycopathogen fungus Dicyma pulvinata came forth, and shows high capacities in the biological control of M. ulei. Base don this, there is a new alternative for the biological control for the leaf blight of the rubber tree. In this work the capacity of production of glicosyl hidrolases (β−1,3-, β−1,3-1-4- e β−1,4-glucanase e quitinase) of two isolates CEN62 e CEN93, which had demonstrated in anterior studies to be good antagonists of the phytopatogen M. ulei, were analyzed. Then, a project started to evaluate the capacity of production of these enzymes by these two isolates, and the characterization of their biochemical and molecular properties. The two isolates have demonstrated capacity to product the enzymes β−1,3-, β−1,3-1,4-glucanase and quitinase. Nevertheless, just the isolate CEN62 demonstrated activity of β-glucanase in the medium filtrate. None of the isolates secreted quitinase activity. However, a significant activity of quitinase was found associated to the mycelium. It was not possible, however, to extract this activity nor by cell lysis using detergent, nor by lysing by sonication.Then, the CEN62 medium filtrate was chosen for further purification steps, by showing β−1,3-glucanase activity. The isolate CEN62 medium filtrate was then biochemically characterized, being possible to evaluate that the β−1,3-glucanase activity had a maximum at 60ºC and pH 5,5, and the β 1,3-1,4-glucanase activity had its maximum at 50ºC and pH 5,5. The β−1,3-glucanase activity showed a half-life period of tem and one minutes at 70ºC e 80ºC respectively. The CEN62 medium filtrate of D. pulvinata after growing for tem days in medium containing chitin as carbon source, and containing β-1,3-glucanase activity was ultrafiltrated with an exclusion membrane of 30kDa, and the concentrated was submitted to ion exchange chromatography in S-Sepharose resin. This chromatography resulted in a protein peak with β-1,3-glucanase activity, which was, thereafter, rechromatographed in a ion exchange column (DEAE-Sepharose), resulting in a new protein peak, with three protein species as shown in SDS-PAGE. The yield of this process of β-1,3-glucanase partial purification was of 0,023%, and purification factor of 345,3 times.

Des etudes statistiques ont permis de correler la resistance des jeunes feuilles d'hevea a colletotrichum gloeosporioides et microcyclus ulei a l'abondance de certains flavanes et flavonols. La localisation epidermique des flavonols semble bien adaptee a leur eventuelle implication dans la defense contre les pathogenes. La resistance des feuilles agees de tous les clones pourrait etre due a des flavanes. La resistance de certains clones vis-a-vis de m. Ulei pourrait etre en rapport avec la fongitoxicite de leurs extraits foliaires aqueux et avec des phenols presents dans ces extraits. L'inoculation par c. Gloeosporioides induit apparemment de plus fortes productions de scopoletine et accumulations de flavanes et de derives hydroxycinnamiques chez un clone resistant que chez un clone sensible. L'extension de l'infection s'accompagne d'un appauvrissement en phenols solubles vraisemblablement par fixation aux parois et/ou oxydation

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O mal das folhas da seringueira (MDF) é uma doença destrutiva causada pelo fungo Pseudocercospora ulei que pode afetar severamente a seringueira em monocultura na América tropical. O agente causal da doença é um patógeno hemibiotrófico que apresenta crescimento lento in vitro. O isolamento de DNA de boa qualidade em quantidades adequadas não é uma tarefa fácil devido à falta de um protocolo padrão e a dificuldade de cultivar P. ulei em condições de laboratório. Embora o MDF seja conhecido por mais de um século, informações sobre a estrutura genética na região amazônica, seu centro de origem, permanecem desconhecidas. Neste trabalho foram avaliados protocolos adequados para a extração de DNA e a estrutura genética da população de P. ulei na região amazônica. Foram comparados seis protocolos de extração em relação a pureza e ao rendimento do DNA. Um total de 61 isolados foram amostrados ao longo das bacias hidrográficas Madeira, Purus e Juruá localizadas na região amazônica e genotipados para 12 locos SSR. O protocolo de extração de DNA de Doyle e Doyle foi o único que apresentou concentração consistente e melhor qualidade do DNA extraído. Houve desequilíbrio de ligação entre os alelos e diferenciação genética entre populações geograficamente distantes foi detectada. A análise de componentes principais revelou agrupamento dos isolados de acordo com os limites das bacias hidrográficas. Foram formados dois grupos, um constituído pelos indivíduos da bacia do rio Madeira e o outro composto por indivíduos dos rios Purus e Juruá.
South American leaf blight (SALB) is a destructive disease caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora ulei that can severely affect rubber tree in monoculture in tropical America. The causal agent of the disease is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, that grows slowly under in vitro conditions. Isolation of good quality DNA in proper quantities is not an easy task due to the difficulties in the handling of P. ulei under laboratory conditions and the lack of a standard protocol. Although SALB has been known for nearly a century, information on the genetic structure of P. ulei in the Amazon region, its center of origin, remains unknown. In this work, adequate protocols for DNA extraction were assessed and the population genetic structure of P. ulei in the Amazon region was determined using 12 microsatellite loci (SSR). Six extraction protocols were compared regarding yield and purity of the DNA. A total of 61 isolates were sampled along the Madeira, Purus and Juruá watersheds located in the Amazon region and SSR genotyped. The Doyle and Doyle DNA extraction protocol was the one that presented consistent and better quality extracted DNA. There was linkage disequilibrium between alleles and genetic differentiation between geographically distant populations was detected. Principal component analysis revealed clustering of the isolates according to the watershed boundaries. Two groups were formed, one comprised by individuals from the Madeira river and the other comprised of individuals from the Purus and Juruá rivers.

Menace potentielle pour l'hévéaculture mondiale, la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa provoquée par le champignon Microcyclus ulei est aussi responsable du faible développement de cette culture en Amérique latine. La sélection de variétés résistantes est privilégiée pour anticiper une apparition accidentelle de la maladie dans les pays encore épargnés et pour développer la culture de l'hévéa dans les zones infestées. La principale source de résistance décrite jusqu'à présent n'est pas fonctionnelle face à des isolats très agressifs du champignon. Une autre source de résistance identifiée chez un cultivar originaire du Pérou se maintient depuis plus de trente ans en conditions de forte infestation. La cartographie génétique réalisée sur la descendance de ce cultivar en croisement révèle l'existence de deux gènes majeurs de résistance, l'un situé sur le groupe de liaison g15 et efficace contre les isolats de Guyane et l'autre sur le groupe de liaison g13 efficace vis-à-vis des isolats de l'état de Bahia. L'analyse de la diversité des populations naturelles du sud-ouest Amazonien fait apparaître une structure en trois groupes principaux recouvrant les états brésiliens de l'Acre, du Rondônia et du Mato Grosso. La population Madre de Dios au Pérou est rattachée au groupe de l'Acre. La différentiation entre les populations est expliquée par l'isolement par la distance et par l'existence de bassins hydrographiques. Le déséquilibre de liaison entre marqueurs liés est plus étendu dans le groupe Acre que dans le groupe Rondônia, mais reste faible dans les deux cas. Une association avec le caractère de résistance à M. Ulei est détectée avec un marqueur microsatellite situé à proximité du gène majeur de résistance du groupe de liaison g15. Une autre association est détectée dans une portion du génome où aucun locus de résistance n'était identifié jusqu'à présent. L'importance de ces résultats pour la sélection de nouveaux cultivars résistants à M. Ulei est discutée
South American Leaf Blight (SALB) caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei is a serious threat to worldwide rubber tree cultivation and also responsible for the poor development of this culture in South and Central America. The breeding of resistant cultivars is considered as the best way to anticipate an accidental introduction of SALB in disease free countries and to develop rubber tree cultivation in diseased areas. The main resistance source described until now proved to be ineffective against the most aggressive fungus isolates. Another resistance source identified in a Peruvian cultivar holds for more than thirty years in high infestation conditions. Genetic mapping carried out on the progeny of a cross between this cultivar and a susceptible one revealed two major resistance genes, one located on linkage group g15 and effective against M. Ulei isolates from French Guiana, and the other one on linkage group g13 effective against isolates from Bahia state (Brazil). Diversity analysis in South-West Amazonian natural populations shows populations structured in three main clusters corresponding to the Brazilian states of Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The Madre de Dios population in Peru is part of the Acre genetic cluster. Differentiation among populations is mainly explained by isolation by distance and secondarily by the existence of hydrographical basins. The linkage disequilibrium between linked neutral genetic markers is wider in Acre cluster than in Rondônia cluster, but remains low in both cases. A genetic association with the SALB resistant trait is detected with a microsatellite marker located close to the major resistance gene in linkage group g15. Another association is also detected in a genomic area where no resistant locus was expected until now. Importance of these results for breeding of new SALB resistant cultivars is discussed

Menace potentielle pour l'hévéaculture mondiale, la maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l'hévéa provoquée par le champignon Microcyclus ulei est aussi responsable du faible développement de cette culture en Amérique latine. La sélection de variétés résistantes est privilégiée pour anticiper une apparition accidentelle de la maladie dans les pays encore épargnés et pour développer la culture de l'hévéa dans les zones infestées. La principale source de résistance décrite jusqu'à présent n'est pas fonctionnelle face à des isolats très agressifs du champignon. Une autre source de résistance identifiée chez un cultivar originaire du Pérou se maintient depuis plus de trente ans en conditions de forte infestation. La cartographie génétique réalisée sur la descendance de ce cultivar en croisement révèle l'existence de deux gènes majeurs de résistance, l'un situé sur le groupe de liaison g15 et efficace contre les isolats de Guyane et l'autre sur le groupe de liaison g13 efficace vis-à-vis des isolats de l'état de Bahia. L'analyse de la diversité des populations naturelles du sud-ouest Amazonien fait apparaître une structure en trois groupes principaux recouvrant les états brésiliens de l'Acre, du Rondônia et du Mato Grosso. La population Madre de Dios au Pérou est rattachée au groupe de l'Acre. La différentiation entre les populations est expliquée principalement par l'isolement par la distance et secondairement par l'existence de bassins hydrographiques. Le déséquilibre de liaison entre marqueurs liés est plus étendu dans le groupe Acre que dans le groupe Rondônia, mais reste faible dans les deux cas. Une association avec le caractère de résistance à M. ulei est détectée avec un marqueur microsatellite situé à proximité du gène majeur de résistance du groupe de liaison g15. Une autre association est détectée dans une portion du génome où aucun locus de résistance n'était identifié jusqu'à présent. L'importance de ces résultats pour la sélection de nouveaux cultivars résistants à M. ulei est discutée.

La maladie sud-américaine des feuilles de l’hévéa (Microcyclus ulei, Ascomycètes), est la plus grave des maladies de l’hévéa. Elle est un obstacle à sa culture à très grande échelle en Amérique latine et constitue une menace sérieuse pour la filière caoutchouc naturel en cas d’introduction en Asie et en Afrique. La lutte s’est orientée définitivement, depuis plus de vingt ans, vers la sélection de clones d’hévéas résistants et vers la culture de l’hévéa dans des zones où les dégâts sont tolérables pour une hévéaculture rentable, mais les études sur l’épidémiologie de la maladie sont peu nombreuses. Ce travail aborde la maladie aux échelles de la feuille et du rameau en conditions naturelles, sur trois clones de sensibilités diverses. Elle montre qu’à de telles échelles, l’incidence clonale sur la dynamique de la maladie est détectable mais minime. L’effet de la phénologie, en relation avec le facteur clonal, ne s’exerce, en revanche, qu’à des échelles supérieures. Le climat, en région équatoriale, n’est quasiment jamais limitant, les infections étant possibles toute l’année. Son influence s’exerce surtout par l’intermédiaire des pluies, qui déclenchent la libération des ascospores et stimulent la production de jeunes feuilles sensibles. Mes résultats indiquent que les ascospores sont à l’origine de la dispersion de la maladie à longue distance et de son apparition dans des zones saines. Les conidies assurent la multiplication du champignon et la propagation de la maladie à courte distance en période de végétation des hévéas. Les infections sont favorisées par l’humectation des feuilles, qui n’est toutefois jamais limitante dans le contexte de l’étude. L’effet du climat est plus perceptible sur les clones sensibles que sur le clone résistant. La disponibilité en inoculum et la réceptivité de l’hôte apparaissent essentiels pour l’installation de la maladie, dont la propagation se révèle assez lente, conditionnée essentiellement par la présence de feuillage réceptif.

O sucesso de uma equipa se verifica pela capacidade que esta tem em marcar mais golos que o adversário, num determinado jogo. Como tal, a obtenção de golos é o ponto fulcral para qualquer equipa de sucesso. Devido ao facto do lado defensivo (do jogo) ter melhorado substancialmente, tem sido cada vez mais difícil de surpreender os adversários, pelo que os treinadores têm apostado cada vez mais nos esquemas táticos (ET) para poderem resolver um jogo e alcançar a vitória. Os ET acontecem de forma muito frequente durante um jogo de Futebol pois, sendo um jogo de oposição em que o contacto físico é permitido, as faltas acontecem frequentemente. Assim podemos testemunhar a verdadeira importância que os ET podem deter no Futebol moderno. No campo de ação da realização da prática profissional não só compreendemos melhor a relação entre o modelo de jogo, de treino e de observação do jogo, como também a forma como se relaciona o processo de observação com o processo de treino. Ainda nos foi possível perceber de forma mais aprofundada a forma como a construção de um plantel pode ser determinante para os Esquemas Táticos; No âmbito do estudo de investigação, observámos um total de 278 jogos, nos quais foram observados 632 golos, dos quais 170 foram obtidos através de ET. Do total de golos marcados através de ET, importa referir que 66 correspondem aos jogos do Sporting Clube de Portugal (épocas 2016/2018), 13 correspondem aos jogos do Clube Sport Marítimo (época 2017/2018) e os restantes 91 correspondem à UEFA Champions League (época 2017/2018). Assim, o estudo baseou-se na análise de 171 golos de ET com o objetivo de analisar os golos obtidos através dos ET (pontapés de livre, de canto e de penálti) no futebol atual. Identificou-se que na equipa do Sporting Clube de Portugal nas épocas 2016/17 e 2017/18 houve grande prevalência de golos marcados através de ET nos pontapés de canto. Contudo, observámos diferenças na forma de execução dos mesmos nas duas épocas. Na primeira época analisada, a predominância na execução era através de Spin- In, enquanto que na época subsequente, a predominância era através de Spin-Out. Este facto pode demonstrar a adaptação que ocorreu devido às diferenças nos executantes dos ET. Além disso, observámos também que a zona de finalização onde ocorrem a maioria dos golos através de ET (pontapés de canto e pontapés de livre) é a zona central. Na área de relação com a comunidade, desenvolveu-se um seminário dedicado à temática “Preparação e Construção do Modelo de Jogo”. Este seminário teve como preletor o treinador Bruno Dias. Do balanço efetuado, concluiu-se que: i) o trabalho do treinador consiste em três Pilares: Planear, Operacionalizar e Refletir; ii) os Modelos de Jogo, de Treino e de Observação são processos inacabados em constante evolução e reflexão para serem cada vez mais melhorado ao longo do tempo; iii) a capacidade de adaptação do treinador é uma característica importante para a liderança da equipa, uma vez que muitas vezes o que é planeado tem de ser replaneado; iv) os valores do treinador têm de estar em consonância com os dos jogadores, para que estes acreditem nas ideias do Modelo de Jogo.
It is widely accepted that a team’s success is verified by their ability to score more goals than its opponent during a game. Therefore, scoring is the major point for any successful team. Due to the fact that the defensive side (of the game) has substantially improved, it has been increasingly difficult to surprise the opponents, so the coaches have bet on set pieces (SP) to be able to solve a match and be victorious. The SP occur very frequently during a football match, because regarding it is an opposition game, in which physical contact is allowed, faults frequently happen. Thus, we can verify the true importance that the SP may hold in modern football. In the field of action, the practice allowed us not only to understand the relationship between the game model, training model and game observation model, but also to relate the observation process to the training process. It has still been possible for us to achieve how the construction of a squad can be decisive for Set Pieces; In the research study, we have watched a total of 278 games, during which 632 goals were analysed, of which 170 were obtained through SP. Of the total number of goals scored through SP, it should be mentioned that 66 correspond to Sporting Clube de Portugal matches (2016/2018 seasons), 13 correspond to Club Sport Marítimo matches (season 2017/2018) and the remaining 91 were goals scored in the UEFA Champions League (2017/2018 season). Thus being, the study was based on the analysis of 171 SP goals with the objective to only analyse the ones obtained through SP (free kick, corner kick and penalty kick) in the modern football. It was identified that in Sporting Clube de Portugal in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons there was high prevalence of goals scored through ET in the corner kicks. However, we also observed differences in the way they were executed in both seasons. In the first period analysed, the Spin-In kicks were the more prevalent, whereas in the second period, the Spin-Out kicks took more relevance. This may demonstrate the adaptation that occurred due to differences in ET performers. Moreover, we concluded that the finishing zone where most goals are scored through ET (corner kicks and free kicks) is the central zone. Regarding the area of community relations, we organized a seminary with the theme “Preparação e Construção do Modelo de Jogo”. It was conducted by Bruno Dias, a football coach. In summary: i) a coach’s work is based on three pillars: planning, operationalising and reflecting; ii) the team playing model, the training model and game analysis model are unfinished processes in constant evolution and in need of reflection in order to be improved in time; iii) a coach’s adapting capabilities is a crucial characteristic for leadership, regarding that many times what was planned has to be replanned; iv) the coach’s virtues have to be in line with those of his players so that they believe in the ideas of the Game Model.

A presente dissertação consiste num estudo, que se debruça sobre o sistema de controlo de gestão (SCG) da empresa Ferro – Grupo Ferpinta. O método de investigação utilizado para o efeito é puramente qualitativo. Foram realizadas quatro entrevistas a indivíduos com responsabilidades distintas na organização, com vista à obtenção de uma visão o mais holística possível. O estudo inicia-se com uma descrição da organização e suas componentes, assim como dos principais marcos históricos e estratégicos. Num segundo momento, é realizada uma aplicação do modelo Execution Premium à realidade da Ferro, procurando evidenciar as principais componentes do seu SCG e a forma como é feita a sua interligação. Aqui são identificados os principais mecanismos e ferramentas de monitorização do SCG. Com vista a avaliar o impacto destas ferramentas na execução do sistema, é conduzido um estudo direcionado à avaliação das suas caraterísticas, como a intensidade de utilização, que acaba por questionar o próprio framework do modelo e a sua adaptabilidade à realidade da organização em análise. Como forma de dar resposta a esta condição, esta tese estabelece um paralelismo entre o Execution Premium e uma outra ferramenta, procurando evidenciar as caraterísticas de um modelo cíclico. Através desta análise, a dissertação termina com a racionalização da forma cíclica do framework e ainda, a materialização de uma nova perspetiva – os Microciclos Estratégicos – que justificam a importância e contributo das ferramentas de monitorização.
This dissertation consists of a study which focuses on the management control system (MCS) of the company Ferro - Grupo Ferpinta. The research method used for this purpose is purely qualitative. Four interviews were done with individuals all having different responsibilities in the company aiming to obtain a holistic view. The study begins with a description of the organization and its components, as well as the main historical and strategic milestones. Secondly, the Execution Premium model is applied to Ferro's reality, seeking to highlight the main components of its MCS and the way in which it is interconnected. Here the main mechanisms and tools for monitoring the MCS are identified. In order to assess the impact of these tools on the system's execution, a study is conducted to assess their characteristics, such as the intensity of use, which ends up questioning the model's own framework and its adaptability to the reality of the organization under analysis. As a way of responding to this condition, this thesis establishes a parallel between Execution Premium and another tool, seeking to highlight the characteristics of a cyclical model. Through this analysis, the dissertation ends with the rationalization of the cyclical form of the framework and also the materialization of a new perspective - the Strategic Microcycles - that justify the importance and contribution of the monitoring tools.

Зайцев Є. А. Методика виховання точності кидків на уроках фізичної культури з баскетболу : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 017 "Фізична культура і спорт" / наук. керівник П. Ф. Пиптюк. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2021. 51 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається з 51 сторінки, 4 таблиць, 51 літературних джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – навчально-тренувальний процес дівчат середнього шкільного віку, які займаються баскетболом. Мета дослідження – пошук методики спрямованої на підвищення точності кидків дівчат середнього шкільного віку, які займаються баскетболом. Методи дослідження – аналіз і узагальнення даних науково-методичної літератури з теми дослідження, контрольні випробування, метод педагогічного спостереження, порівняльний аналіз, методи математичної статистики (середнє арифметичне значення ( ), середнє арифметичне відхилення ( ), відхилення середнього арифметичного значення (m), критерій вірогідності Стьюдента (t). За результатами проведеного дослідження виявлено, що на початку дослідження за показниками спеціальної підготовки юні баскетболістки контрольної і експериментальної груп не мали суттєвих відмінностей. Наприкінці дослідження отримані результати виявили перевагу дівчат-баскетболісток експериментальної групи над баскетболістками контрольної групи за чотирма тестами з чотирьох. Відмінності між показниками груп були достовірними. Позитивний вплив розробленої методики підтверджено наприкінці дослідження і показниками приросту результатів тестування спеціальної підготовки. Як у контрольній, так і у експериментальній групі був відмічений позитивний приріст за всіма тестовими вправами, проте приріст результатів спеціальної підготовки юних баскетболісток експериментальної групи був значно вищим.
EN : Thesis consists of 51 pages, 4 tables, 51 references. The object of study – the training process of children of secondary school age who are engaged in basketball. The purpose of research – search techniques aimed at improving the special training of children of secondary school age who are engaged in basketball, in while preparing for a competition. Methods of research – analysis and compilation of scientific and methodological literature on the topic of research, routine tests, the method of teaching observation, comparative analysis, statistical methods (arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average ( ), the deviation of the arithmetic mean (m), the criterion reliability Student (t). According to the results of the study revealed that in the beginning of the study in terms of special training of young players the control and experimental groups had no significant differences. At the end of the study results obtained revealed the advantage of girls basketball players experimental group over the control group in four of four tests. Differences between groups were significant indicators. The positive impact of the developed method is confirmed at the end of the study, and rates of growth of test results special training. Both the control and the experimental group was positive gains all the exercise test, but the increase results special preparation of young basketball experimental group was significantly higher.

Este relatório surge no âmbito do Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, pretendendo dar a conhecer as minhas aprendizagens e trabalho desenvolvido durante o estágio de carater profissionalizante realizado com a equipa de natação absoluta da Associação Naval Amorense ao longo da época 2014/2016. Este estágio permitiu-me analisar e intervir em diversos aspetos integrados no processo de treino da modalidade de natação, tais como: a análise e correção técnica, análise do planeamento da época desportiva e intervenção, tanto em contexto de competição como também em tarefas das sessões de treino. Desta forma, foi-me possível não só obter um conhecimento mais abrangente e real dos processos de treino, mas também, o enquadramento da informação e conhecimento que foram fornecidos ao longo de todo o meu percurso académico. Foi ainda possível acrescentar uma componente de investigação a este mesmo relatório, através de um projeto cientifico realizado com alguns dos nadadores de referência do clube.
The present report is part of the Master’s degree in Sports Training. In it I will present my learning and working experience acquired during a professional internship with the absolute swimming team of Associação Naval Amorense, throughout the 2014/2016 season. The aforementioned internship allowed me to analyse and take part in several elements of the training process of a swimming team, namely: analysis and technical correction, analysis of a sporting season’s planning process, and intervention, both in the context of competitions and in specific elements of the training sessions. In this way, I was able to acquire a wider and more practical knowledge relative to training processes. At the same time, I was able to better integrate the technical framework learned throughout my academic path. I further complement this report with scientific research involving some of the main swimmers of Associação Naval Amorense.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
92
Anemia is the common hematological disorder. It’s difficult to differential both of thalassemia (THA) and Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) often seen belongs to microcyte anemia. The CBCs is objective clinically that physician diagnoses anemia in proportion 1:4 between Iron deficiency anemia with thalassemia because of two anemia express the feature similarly with MCV less than 80 fL (fluid ounces). It will be more serious to the therapy of the patient when physicians do the same diagnosis. It’s novel to use soft computing that include FCM, Competitive learning, and ANFIS that parallels the human mind to process imprecision and uncertain in circumstance. It suit for to assist with physicians to diagnose clinically of the anemia that with the imprecision and uncertain. There are 98% accurate rate inferred in 50 cases refer with documented diagnosis of hospital, it’s more accurate than diagnose by experienced. There are 92% of accurate rate employ ANFIS with 13 rules and 95.3% of accuracy rate when the inference value is 13.6. It improve the discriminant function to differential microcyte that Mantzer index only have accuracy rate 82% to identity THA and only have 90.6% accuracy rate to identity IDA and England index have accuracy rate 91.5% to identity THA. It’s obvious the hierarchical soft computing cut-off the time and cost than cooperate some of discriminate functions to differential microcyte.

O propósito deste trabalho é o seguimento de dois nadadores de uma equipa sénior de competição de natação, durante dois macrociclos da época desportiva de 2014-2015, neste caso trata-se da equipa do Estrelas São João de Brito. Foi traçado o perfil dos nadadores e os seus objetivos para a época, também é realizada uma caracterização/perfil técnico onde se dá enfase à técnica do nadador e a determinados erros técnicos. Faz parte deste relatório uma análise ao planeamento e a sua divisão ao longo de macrociclos, mesociclos e microciclos, bem como a quantificação das cargas de treino. É calculado também o volume de tarefas individualizadas, como tarefas de braços, de pernas, de barbatanas, entre outras e o volume no estilo principal. Neste trabalho foi realizado um projeto relativo à velocidade critica (VC), mais especificamente à velocidade crítica intermitente (VCI), em que se verá as vantagens deste tipo de exercício (exercícios intermitentes), em relação a exercícios contínuos.
The goal of this report is to assess two swimmers from a senior competing team, across two macrocycles of the 2014-2015 competition season. The team is Estrelas São João de Brito. In the first step, we built the profile of both swimmers along with their goals for the season. A technical assessment concerning each one's technique and their common mistakes was also performed in this first step. This report includes an analysis of the regime and the time gaps across the macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles, as well as a quantification of the training intensity. The weight of individual tasks, such as arm training, leg training and fins, alongside other tasks, was assessed, as well as the intensity of their main swimming style. We included a section concerning the critical velocity and the intermitente critical velocity, in which we were able to observe the advantages of intermitent training when compared with continuous training.

Um processo de estágio constitui sobretudo um conjunto de experiências vividas. Portanto, é sobretudo sobre essas experiências que este relatório pretende refletir, alicerçando a sua análise no conhecimento académico e científico imprescindível para a compreensão dos fenómenos retratados. Assim, suportada por uma robusta revisão da literatura de suporte à prática profissional, focámos a nossa análise nos processos de organização e gestão do treino e da competição num contexto de futebol profissional, com especial enfoque sobre o planeamento, programação e periodização do treino, atendendo particularmente à distribuição dos conteúdos, ao controlo da carga e à prescrição do treino complementar de potenciação do rendimento desportivo e de prevenção de lesões. Esta análise parte da descrição e apresentação de um Microciclo Padrão de treino e dos seus eixos estruturantes. Cumulativamente, apresentamos um projeto que culminou na elaboração de um Documento Técnico Orientador (DTO) para a formação desportiva do jovem futebolista do Vitória Futebol Clube Como a formação contínua de treinadores é um ponto fundamental para a aquisição e consolidação de conhecimentos que visem a obtenção de um maior e melhor grau de desempenho, organizámos um evento de relação com a comunidade, realizado na Faculdade de Motricidade Humana – o Dia do Futebol FMH 2017. O presente relatório resulta duma reflexão aprofundada sobre as vivências experienciadas no âmbito da concepção da formação desportiva a longo prazo e dos processos de treino e competição no alto rendimento em Futebol. A programação, implementação e avaliação sistemática de todos os processos e conteúdos assume uma posição central nestes domínios.
An Internship process is mainly a set of lived experiences. So, above all, it is on these experiences that this report intends to reflect, grounding its analysis on the academic and scientific knowledge essential for the understanding of the events described. Thus, supported by a strong supporting professional practice literature review, we focus our analysis on the organization and management of training and competition in a professional football context, with a special focus on the planning and operationalization of training, the distribution of its contents, the control of the training load and the prescription of the complementary training of performance potentiation and injury prevention. This analysis starts from the description and presentation of a standard training microcycle and the principles underlying its design. Cumulatively, we presented a project that results in the elaboration of a technical guidebook for the young footballers sports training process of the Vitória Futebol Clube. As the continued education of coaches is a fundamental point for the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge aimed to obtaining a greater and better performance, we’ve organized a community relationship event held at the Faculty of Human Kinetics - the FMH Football Day 2017. This report is the result of an in-depth reflection on the lived experiences about the conception of long-term youth football developmental programmes and the training and competition processes in high performance football teams. The programming, implementation and systematic evaluation of all processes and contents takes a central position in these domains.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Introduction: Regenerative endodontic therapy in immature teeth with necrotic pulps triggers continued root development, thereby improving the prognosis of these teeth. Disinfection of the canal is accomplished with an intracanal medicament, such as triple antibiotic paste (TAP) composed of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline. A modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) that replaces minocycline with clindamycin has recently been suggested to avoid the tooth discoloration and potential demineralization from minocycline. The effect these pastes have on radicular dentin is unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two intracanal medicaments used during endodontic regeneration, TAP and MTAP, at concentrations of 1 g/mL and 1 mg/mL, on the microhardness and chemical structure of radicular dentin. Materials and Methods: Roots from extracted, unrestored, non-carious human premolar teeth were sectioned. An antibiotic paste (MTAP or TAP) or sterile water (control) was applied to treatment groups and stored for four weeks in 80-percent humidity at 37 °C. The effect of each paste on the microhardness of radicular dentin was measured using a Vickers Microhardness Tester (n = 17) to take three pretreatment and post-treatment measurements at both 500 µm and 1000 µm from the pulp-dentin interface. The chemical structure was assessed from dentin specimens treated with the same medicaments or sterile water for four weeks. After treatment, three measurements were taken on each specimen using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to measure the phosphate/amide I ratios of dentin (n = 7). Results: The 1 g/mL of TAP or MTAP and the 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based TAP caused significant reduction in microhardness of roots compared with untreated control roots at 500 µm and 1000 µm from the pulp-dentin interface. Furthermore, the methylcellulose-based 1 mg/mL TAP and MTAP caused significantly less reduction in microhardness compared with 1 g/mL TAP and MTAP. The 1 g/mL of TAP and DAP caused significantly lower phosphate/amide I ratios compared with other groups. Conclusion: The use of methylcellulose based 1 mg/mL of TAP and MTAP may minimize the reduction in microhardness of roots compared with the currently used 1 g/mL concentration of these antibiotics.