Journal articles: 'Microcycle'

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Parmley, James, Ben Jones, Tom Sawczuk, and Dan Weaving. "A four-season study quantifying the weekly external training loads during different between match microcycle lengths in professional rugby league." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e0263093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263093.

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This study investigated differences in external training load between microcycle lengths and its variation between microcycles, players, and head coaches. Commonly used external training load variables including total-, high-speed- (5–7 m∙s-1), and sprint-distance (> 7 m∙s-1) alongside combined high acceleration and deceleration distance (> 2 m∙s-2). Which were also expressed relative to time were collected using microtechnology within a repeated measures design from 54 male rugby league players from one Super League team over four seasons. 4337 individual observations across ninety-one separate microcycles and six individual microcycle lengths (5 to 10 day) were included. Linear mixed effects models established the differences in training load between microcycle-length and the variation between-microcycles, players and head coaches. The largest magnitude of difference in training load was seen when comparing 5-day with 9-day (ES = 0.31 to 0.53) and 10-day (ES = 0.19 to 0.66) microcycles. The greatest number of differences between microcycles were observed in high- (ES = 0.3 to 0.53) and sprint-speed (ES = 0.2 to 0.42) variables. Between-microcycle variability ranged between 11% to 35% dependent on training load variable. Training load also varied between players (5–65%) and head coaches (6–20%) with most variability existing within high-speed (19–43%) and sprinting (19–65%). Overall, differences in training load between microcycle lengths exist, likely due to manipulation of session duration. Furthermore, training load varies between microcycle, player and head coach.

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McLean, Blake D., Aaron J. Coutts, Vince Kelly, Michael R. McGuigan, and Stuart J. Cormack. "Neuromuscular, Endocrine, and Perceptual Fatigue Responses During Different Length Between-Match Microcycles in Professional Rugby League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 5, no. 3 (September 2010): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.367.

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Introduction:The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in neuromuscular, perceptual and hormonal measures following professional rugby league matches during different length between-match microcycles.Methods:Twelve professional rugby league players from the same team were assessed for changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance (fight time and relative power), perceptual responses (fatigue, well-being and muscle soreness) and salivary hormone (testosterone [T] and cortisol [C]) levels during 5, 7 and 9 d between-match training microcycles. All training was prescribed by the club coaches and was monitored using the session-RPE method.Results:Lower mean daily training load was completed on the 5 d compared with the 7 and 9 d microcycles. CMJ fight time and relative power, perception of fatigue, overall well-being and muscle soreness were signifcantly reduced in the 48 h following the match in each microcycle (P < .05). Most CMJ variables returned to near baseline values following 4 d in each microcycle. Countermovement jump relative power was lower in the 7 d microcycle in comparison with the 9 d microcycle (P < .05). There was increased fatigue at 48 h in the 7 and 9 d microcycles (P < .05) but had returned to baseline in the 5 d microcycle. Salivary T and C did not change in response to the match.Discussion:Neuromuscular performance and perception of fatigue are reduced for at least 48 h following a rugby league match but can be recovered to baseline levels within 4 d. These fndings show that with appropriate training, it is possible to recover neuromuscular and perceptual measures within 4 d after a rugby league match.

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Bolshoy, Alexander V., and Oleg I. Zagrevsky. "Variable Load Distribution for the Main Groups of Exercises in the Competitive Mesocycle of Highly Qualified Weightlifters." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 458 (2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/23.

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In weightlifting, throughout its existence, the search for optimal methods of organizing the training process is underway. In their works, researchers emphasize the importance of load distribution in annual periods, mesocycles, and microcycles. The aim of this study was to improve the training process of highly qualified weightlifters based on the application of diverse variations of load in intensity zones for the main groups of exercises in the microcycles of the competitive mesocycle. Working on the article, the authors analyzed scientific and methodological literature on the topic. The obtained data became the basis for the development of two options of a program for training weightlifters in a 4-week competitive mesocycle. The developed program was tested experimentally. In the course of the experiment, two equal experimental groups of eight people in each were formed from weightlifters with the qualification of master of sports of Russia. During the experiment, athletes of both groups performed the same amount of training load: 1608 NBL (number of barbell lifts). The load distribution for microcycles within the competition mesocycle was also the same for all athletes. The sequence of microcycles was as follows: recovery microcycle (340 NBL) → shock microcycle (603 NBL); → basic microcycle (483 NBL) → competitive microcycle (182 NBL). The authors assumed that with the same total load volumes and the identical sequence of types of microcycles in experimental groups, the variable distribution of load by intensity zones and main groups of exercises within individual microcycles of the competition mesocycle would allow achieving an increase in the result at competitions. The end of the experiment was the performance of athletes at all-Russian competitions. Athletes of Group 1 were able to improve the result in the total of the double event by 5.6 kg. Athletes of Group 2 showed a negative dynamics of results in the double event by 1.9 kg. The results of the study show that the increase in NBL in classical exercises by 8.5 % per month (competitive mesocycle) with a similar reduction in the load in special training exercises allows improving weightlifters’ competitive result without increasing the total amount of load under the following conditions: load in the snatch and jerk exercises in the intensity zones of 81–100% should increase by 40% per month; load reduction in pull exercises and barbell squats should be distributed relatively evenly across all applied intensity zones; load distribution by microcycles inside the competition mesocycle should follow the scheme: recovery → shock → basic → competitive; the greatest variations of load in classical and special preparatory exercises should be applied in the shock microcycle.

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Lincango Naranjo, José, Leonardo Xavier Quintanilla Ayala, and Victor Vimos. "Physical Differences in Ecuadorian Professional Soccer Players in Microcycles vs. Matches." Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes 27, no. 288 (May 1, 2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46642/efd.v27i288.3396.

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Introduction: The microcycles are structured to prepare the player competitively, organizing the physical abilities adapted to the soccer reality. Although a training model is a reality approximation, the game itself dictates characteristics to keep in mind. Objective: To compare the physical demands (total distance covered, maximum speed, player load and time/speed bands) that occur during a soccer match, with those that occur in microcycles. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Club Deportivo Especializado Independiente del Valle in the "Reserve" category, collecting data with GPS. Results: In the microcycle, 29 players (mean age 20.9 ± 1.1 years) were analyzed, and analyzing 20 players (mean age 21.0 ± 1.0 years) during match. The average total distance covered was greater during the matches (6,540.61 meters) compared to microcycles (3,961.64 meters) (p=0.001). Player load was higher during matches (734.59), and in microcycles (484.90) (p=0.001). Also, Band 4 (13.0-16.9 km/h), 5 (17.0-20.9 km/h), 6 (21.0-24.9 km/h), 7 (25.0-28.9 km/h) and Band 8 (>29.0 km/h) tend to be the most elapsed during matches compared to microcycles (p=0.001). The extremes were the ones that used the last two bands the most. Conclusions: The physical requirements in competition were not fully satisfied by the microcycle load. The number of training sessions, frequency and intensity that players receive only in certain sectors should be increased, without underestimating the player injuring risk.

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Bolshoy, A. V., and O. I. Zagrevskiy. "PARAMETERS OF VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF TRAINING LOAD OF QUALIFIED WEIGHTLIFTERS PREPARING FOR COMPETITIONS." Pedagogical IMAGE 14, no. 4 (2020): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32343/2409-5052-2020-14-4-629-638.

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Abstract. Introduction. Nowadays, the training load of qualified weightlifters reaches the values close to the limit, which enhances the importance of an optimal relationship between the parameters of volume and intensity of load. Materials and methods. The work involved an analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the topic of research published in recent years. This study has also examined diaries and training plans of some athletes who took part in the national and international competitions in 2000-2020. Results. The paper presents averaged volume and intensity parameters that can be used in the development of model load characteristics in micro-and mesocycles of competitive training of qualified weightlifters. Conclusions. The dynamics of changes in load parameters for qualified weightlifters depends on the type of microcycle and the training period in the annual training cycle. The greatest change in the load value is observed in shock and competition microcycles. Keyword: weightlifting, training load, volume, intensity, mesocycle, microcycle.

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Williams, Tyler D., Michael R. Esco, Michael V. Fedewa, and Phillip A. Bishop. "Inter- and Intra-Day Comparisons of Smartphone-Derived Heart Rate Variability across Resistance Training Overload and Taper Microcycles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010177.

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The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine if smartphone-derived heart rate variability (HRV) could detect changes in training load during an overload microcycle and taper, and (2) to determine the reliability of HRV measured in the morning and measured immediately prior to the testing session. Twelve powerlifters (male = 10, female = 2) completed a 3-week resistance training program consisting of an introduction microcycle, overload microcycle, and taper. Using a validated smartphone application, daily measures of resting, ultra-short natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences were recorded in the morning (LnRMSSDM) and immediately before the test session (LnRMSSDT) following baseline, post-overload, and post-taper testing. LnRMSSDM decreased from baseline (82.9 ± 13.0) to post-overload (75.0 ± 9.9, p = 0.019), while post-taper LnRMSSDM (81.9 ± 7.1) was not different from post-overload (p = 0.056) or baseline (p = 0.998). No differences in LnRMSSDT (p < 0.05) were observed between baseline (78.3 ± 9.0), post-overload (74.4 ± 10.2), and post-taper (78.3 ± 8.0). LnRMSSDM and LnRMSSDT were strongly correlated at baseline (ICC = 0.71, p < 0.001) and post-overload (ICC = 0.65, p = 0.010), whereas there was no relationship at post-taper (ICC = 0.44, p = 0.054). Bland–Altman analyses suggest extremely wide limits of agreement (Bias ± 1.96 SD) between LnRMSSDM and LnRMSSDT at baseline (4.7 ± 15.2), post-overload (0.5 ± 16.9), and post-taper (3.7 ± 15.3). Smartphone-derived HRV, recorded upon waking, was sensitive to resistance training loads across an overload and taper microcycles in competitive strength athletes, whereas the HRV was taken immediately prior to the testing session was not.

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Hanlin, Richard T. "Microcycle conidiation–A review." Mycoscience 35, no. 1 (April 1994): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02268539.

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Chena, Marcos, José Alfonso Morcillo, María Luisa Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan Carlos Zapardiel, Adam Owen, and Demetrio Lozano. "The Effect of Weekly Training Load across a Competitive Microcycle on Contextual Variables in Professional Soccer." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105091.

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Analysis of the key performance variables in soccer is one of the most continuous and attractive research topics. Using global positioning devices (GPS), the primary aim of this study was to highlight the physiological response of a professional soccer team across competitive microcycles in-season according to the most influential contextual performance variables. Determining the training load (TL), a work ratio was established between all recorded data within the training sessions and the competitive profile (CP). Each microcycle was classified in accordance with the contextual variables: opponent level (high, medium, low), match location (home and away) and score (win, draw, lose). Results revealed that the team were significantly more successful (games won) in competitive games against high-level opponents and when played at home. Cumulative microcycle/weekly training load (WTL) was significantly lower when the team won. In addition to the opponent level and the match location, WTL could condition the athlete’s performance in the competition. Competitive performance responses are the main source of information for the planning of training programs. The results of this study could be used as a reference to structure TL and WTL according to contextual variables in the competition. This study, which is the first of its kind, revealed that WTL effects the performance of the players in the competition.

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Latgé, J. P., R. L. Cabrera Cabrera, and M. C. Prévost. "Microcycle conidiation in Hirsutella thompsonii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-103.

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A fermenter method for producing conidiospores of the acarine pathogen, Hirsutella thompsonii, was developed using a strain able to produce microcycle conidiation in submerged culture. The morphological changes occurring during microcycle formation were followed under electron microscopy. Growth and sporulation patterns of the fungus were examined in batch culture. An average of 2–5 × 108 spores/mL was obtained after 3 days of growth.

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Priklerová, Silvia. "Effects of conditioning programme on the changes of motor performance in youth categories in handball." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 58, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2018-0012.

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Abstract The ability to perform the stable playing performance during the whole match to larger extent depends on sufficient level of development of conditioning abilities. Technique of playing activities of an individual, decision-making process of players and especially speed of the game are influenced by already mentioned abilities. The aim of our study was to recognize the level of motor performance in regional centres of handball and at the same time to verify the efficiency of sports preparation. This programme includes the change of weekly microcycle practice, consisting of 2 conditioning trainings focused on strength and endurance. The research was realized in these age categories: younger (n=40) and older juniors (n=38). To evaluate the level of motor abilities we selected 5 simply performed activities: bench press (explosive strength of upper extremities ), run for 8x5 metres (speed with change of direction), sit-ups for 2 minutes (power of abdominal muscles), standing long jump with legs together (explosive strength of lower extremities) and 12 minutes run (aerobic endurance). When following microcycle programme weekly, the results of motor test pointed out the positive influence of this programme on the development of strength and aerobic endurance (p≤0.05). In category of older juniors the performance in test of 12 minutes run has fallen significantly in comparison with the first testing (p≤0.05). The result of this study indicates the lack of recommended aerobic running practice in weekly microcycles of monitored teams.

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Lapaire, Carrie L., and Larry D. Dunkle. "Microcycle Conidiation in Cercospora zeae-maydis." Phytopathology® 93, no. 2 (February 2003): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.2.193.

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Conidia of Cercospora zeae-maydis are the primary inoculum causing gray leaf spot of maize. On nutrient-deficient substrates, but not on water on the leaf surface, conidia germinate and develop secondary conidia on conidiophores produced from germ tubes or conidial cells. A population of conidia increases its numbers more than twofold by 2 days on the surface of a water droplet and by fourfold on trichomes. This microcycle conidiation is suppressed by hydrogen peroxide and ammonium compounds but not by nitrate compounds, amino acids, or simple sugars. Microcycle conidiation is sensitive to α-amanitin and cycloheximide, suggesting that new RNA and proteins must be synthesized. Upon transfer from a humid to a dry atmosphere, secondary conidia and conidiophores dehydrate and collapse. Mature, dehydrated, secondary conidia are liberated by wind speeds approximately one-third those required to liberate hydrated conidia. The dispersed secondary conidia can rehydrate and germinate normally. Because this microcycle conidiation occurs at the expense of endogenous reserves, the ability to produce secondary conidia is lost after four successive cycles without a period of growth on nutrient media. This alternative method of maintaining inoculum potential during periods of fluctuating relative humidity may have epidemiological consequences when primary conidia fail to infect.

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Baptista, Ivan, Dag Johansen, Pedro Figueiredo, António Rebelo, and Svein A. Pettersen. "Positional Differences in Peak- and Accumulated- Training Load Relative to Match Load in Elite Football." Sports 8, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8010001.

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Quantification of training and match load is an important method to personalize the training stimulus’ prescription to players according to their match demands. The present study used time-motion analysis and triaxial-accelerometer to quantify and compare: a) The most demanding passages of play in training sessions and matches (5-min peaks); b) and the accumulated load of typical microcycles and official matches, by playing position. Players performance data in 15 official home matches and 11 in-season microcycles were collected for analysis. Players were divided into four different playing positions: Centre-backs, wing-backs, centre midfielders, and centre forwards. The results show that match demands were overperformed for acceleration counts (acccounts) (131%–166%) and deceleration counts (deccounts) (108%–134%), by all positions. However, relative to match values, training values for sprint distance (sprintdist) and high-intensity run distance (HIRdist) were considerably lower (36%–61% and 57%–71%) than for accelerations and decelerations. The most pronounced difference on the 5-min peaks was observed in sprints (sprintpeak), with wing-backs achieving during the microcycle only 64% of the sprintpeak in matches, while centre backs, centre midfielders, and centre forwards levelled and overperformed the match values (107%, 100%, and 107%, respectively). Differences observed across playing positions in matches and microcycles underline the lack of position specificity of common training drills/sessions adopted by coaches in elite football.

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Ayuso-Moreno, Rosa Mª, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Hadi Nobari, and Santos Villafaina. "Impact of the Result of Soccer Matches on the Heart Rate Variability of Women Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179414.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a match lost and a match won on post-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) in semi-professional female soccer athletes. A total of 13 players, with a mean age of 23.75 (5.32), from the Cáceres Women Football Club of the Spanish Second National Division participated in our study. They were evaluated in two microcycles which correspond to a match lost and a match won. For each microcycle, baseline and post-competitive measures were collected. Results indicate that HRV was significantly reduced before a match lost and won. Significant differences in HRV variables were observed when compared the lost match, and the match won. Results highlight the importance and usefulness of analyzing the HRV as an indicator of post-competitive fatigue in semiprofessional soccer players. Therefore, a competition’s results could be considered a relevant variable to consider when programming training load.

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Punja, Zamir K. "Influence of culture conditions on mycelial growth and phialospore production and germination in Chalara elegans." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-049.

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Mycelial growth, both linear extension and biomass accumulation, and phialospore production in three Chalara elegans strains from diverse geographical areas were greatest at 20–25 °C. Growth and sporulation were minimal at 10 °C and nil at 35 °C. The optimal pH range for growth was 4.0–6.5, and no growth was observed at pH 3.0 or 7.75. Phialospore production was most abundant at pH 5.5–6.5. A reduction in the osmotic potential of the medium from −0.2 to −0.6 MPa using PEG 8000- or CaCl2-enhanced phialospore production by twofold to threefold and increased mycelial biomass by approximately 35%. With further reductions in osmotic potential, there were corresponding decreases in growth and sporulation, both of which were nil at −1.8 MPa. Cultures grown in continuous darkness had slightly greater growth and sporulation than cultures exposed to light. Phialospores germinated on 1 % Noble water agar in the absence of exogenous nutrients, with 80–96% germination at pH 4.0–6.0, temperatures of 15–25 °C, and an osmotic potential of −0.2 to −0.4 MPa. The germ tubes either developed into extensive hyphae or terminated in short phialides within which secondary phialospores were produced without an intervening mycelial phase (microcycle conidiation). Germination to produce microcycle conidiation was strain dependent, was greater in older (8 week) than in younger (3 week) cultures, and was not affected by the density of spores plated onto the agar surface. The addition of 50 mM glucose enhanced the hyphal form of germination in all strains, whereas heat stress (40 °C for 22 h) enhanced microcycle conidiation in one strain. An osmotic stress provided by 50 mM NaCl or CaCl2 had no effect on the two forms of germination. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of root diseases caused by C. elegans. Key words: black root rot, dematiaceous hyphomycete, endoconidia, microcycle conidiation, Thielaviopsis basicola.

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Nieto-Jiménez, Claudio, José Francisco Ruso-Álvarez, Elena Pardos-Mainer, Magdalena Schnettler-Ramírez, and José Naranjo-Orellana. "Basal and post-exercise heart rate variability correlates with training load in endurance athletes." Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 13, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33155/j.rmd.2020.02.011.

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Objective: Heart rate variability has been proposed as a valid method to examine the individual response to training load in endurance athletes. Thanks to this tool, the relationship between basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements can be analyzed during a microcycle (one week) using straight values or their coefficients of variation. Method: Ten amateur endurance athletes (n = 5 men, n = 5 women) were monitored during a 7-day microcycle that included three road-cycling sessions, two running sessions and two trail-running sessions. The RR series were measured for 5 minutes upon wake up and after training, in a seating position, using a chest strap. Results: Basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements showed high correlation when weekly mean values were used, very similar to when coefficients of variation values were used. In women, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was: r= 0.73; RMSSD coefficients of variation (RMSSDcv) was: r= 0.66; natural logarithm (Ln) RMSSD: r= 0.68; LnRMSSDcv: r= 0.79; and in men it RMSSD was: r= 0.78; RMSSDcv: r= -0.62; LnRMSSD: r= 0.75; LnRMSSDcv: r= -0.73). Conclusion: the relationship between these two measurements could be useful to program the training loads of the following microcycle.

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Franco Lima, Ricardo, Jose Palao, Henrique Castro, and Filipe Clemente. "Measuring the training external jump load of elite male volleyball players: an exploratory study in Portuguese League (Medición de la carga externa de entrenamiento de los jugadores de voleibol masculino de élite: un estudio exploratorio en la Liga Portug." Retos, no. 36 (June 6, 2019): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.68321.

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The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess the external jump-training load of different playing positions in male professional volleyball players during regular competitive microcycles. Five male elite volleyball players participated in this study. The sample was composed by five male elite volleyball players of a team from Portugal’s first division.was composed of 8,532 jumps were analyzed during 12 practice sessions of four competitive microcycles of the regular season (three practices in each microcycle). A descriptive design was implemented to analyze the number of jumps, jump heights, and rest time by players’ playing positions (middle blockers, setter, and outside hitters), by training sessions, and by microcycles. The jump height and jump moment were recorded using an inertial measurement device. The setter made a significantly greater number of jumps than middle blockers and outside hitters. Middle blockers and outside hitters accumulate their jumps in specific moments (frontcourt). No significant differences were found in the jump intensity with player positions and with different training days of the microcycle. Significant lower amount of jumps were found on the training day before the competition. Results show how the coach modified the jump-training load of the session in the day prior to the competition.Resumen. El propósito de este estudio exploratorio fue evaluar la carga externa de entrenamiento de salto de diferentes posiciones de juego en jugadores de voleibol profesionales masculinos durante microciclos competitivos regulares. Cinco jugadores masculinos de voleibol de élite participaron en este estudio. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cinco jugadores de voleibol de élite masculinos de un equipo de la primera división de Portugal. Se compuso de 8,532 saltos y se analizaron durante 12 sesiones de práctica de cuatro microciclos competitivos de la temporada regular (tres prácticas en cada microciclo). Se implementó un diseño descriptivo para analizar la cantidad de saltos, alturas de salto y tiempo de descanso por las posiciones de juego de los jugadores (bloqueadores medios, colocadores y bateadores externos), por sesiones de entrenamiento y por microciclos. La altura de salto y el momento de salto se registraron utilizando un dispositivo de medición inercial. Setter hizo un número significativamente mayor de saltos que los bloqueadores medios y los bateadores externos. Los bloqueadores medios y los bateadores externos acumulan sus saltos en momentos específicos primera línea. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la intensidad del salto con las posiciones de los jugadores y con los diferentes días de entrenamiento del microciclo. Se encontró una cantidad de saltos significativamente menor en el día de entrenamiento antes de la competición. Los resultados muestran cómo el entrenador modificó la carga de entrenamiento de salto de la sesión en el día anterior a la competición.

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Lopuha, Hanna, Yuliia Mykhailenko, and Valeriia Reshetylova. "Characteristics of a Competitive Microcycle in Pair-Group Acrobatics at Different Stages of Long-Term Preparation." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 2, no. 2 (340) (2021): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-2(340)-2-192-205.

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The purpose: to study the indicators of loads of competitive microcycles at all stages of long-term preparation in pair-group acrobatics, determination of the average data of the main parameters of the load of a 4-week competitive microcycle (MCC) of highly qualified acrobats. Material: the structure of the competitive microcycle by the types of pair-group acrobatics at all stages of long-term preparation, the average data of the main parameters of the load of the 4-week competitive MCC of highly qualified women's and men's pairs. Results: The results of average indicators of competitive loads in various types of pair-group acrobatics are presented. The loads were studied on the day of testing (arrival), the competitive day (an arbitrary program and / or the final program). Correlation analysis of the connection between the results of the competitions (in points) with the indicator of the total number of elements, the number of tracks, the total time of the training process, the number of training days, the intensity index. Reliable correlation relationships were revealed which showed a high (r = 0,698-0,846) and average (r = 0,422-0,688) degree of interrelation between the main load indicators and the sporting and technical result. The average data of the main load parameters of a 4-week competitive MCC pre-competition stage of preparation on the example of women's and men's pairs of highly qualified sports improvement groups of the second and third years of training and groups of higher sports skills were developed and presented. Conclusions: within the framework of this study, reliable correlation relationships of the main load indicators with sports and technical results were revealed; confirmed and refined data of a number of authors about the fact that the subsystem of competitive loads can be included as a separate element of the overall sports and technical structure of acrobats' readiness, can allow to supplement and effectively plan, manage the training and competitive process, make the necessary adjustments to the pre-competition training of acrobats.

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Castagna, Carlo, Mario Bizzini, Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas, and Stefano D’Ottavio. "Timing Effect on Training-Session Rating of Perceived Exertion in Top-Class Soccer Referees." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 9 (October 2017): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0626.

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Purpose:To examine the effect of recall timing on training-session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) in a population of athletes well familiarized with the method and procedures during a 5-d training microcycle. Methods:Fifty-one top-class field referees (FRs) (age 38.4 ± 3.3 y, height 181 ± 5.6 cm, body mass 76.8 ± 6.8 kg, body-mass index 23.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2, body fat 20.4% ± 3.6%, international refereeing experience 5 ± 3.5 y) from 43 national football associations worldwide, preselected by the FIFA refereeing department for officiating during the FIFA World Cup 2014 Brazil, volunteered for this study. The FRs were randomly allocated into 3 assessment groups (n = 17 each), defined according to the timing of the sRPE, ie, immediately at the end of or 30 min or 7 h after the training sessions’ end. The CR10 Borg scale was used to rate the training sessions (n = 5). All FRs again rated each training session of the 5-d training microcycle on the next morning (~20 h after) for confirmation (absolute and relative reliability). Results:No significant timing effect was found between or within groups. Relative reliability ranged from large to very large with trivial within- and between-groups differences. Conclusions:This study showed no effect of recall timing on postexercise RPE when well-familiarized athletes are submitted to training during a weekly microcycle. Posttraining RPE was reported to be a reliable subjective measure; however, specific timing is advisable to reduce difference in RPE values.

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Wilke, Carolina F., Samuel P. Wanner, Weslley H. M. Santos, Eduardo M. Penna, Guilherme P. Ramos, Fabio Y. Nakamura, and Rob Duffield. "Influence of Faster and Slower Recovery-Profile Classifications, Self-Reported Sleep, Acute Training Load, and Phase of the Microcycle on Perceived Recovery in Futsal Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0201.

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Purpose: To determine whether daily perceived recovery is explained from a multifactorial single-session classification of recovery (ie, faster vs slower) or other circumstantial factors (ie, previous training load, self-reported sleep, or phase of the microcycle). Methods: Nineteen elite male futsal players were initially allocated to a recovery-classification group (faster recovery, slower physiological, or slower perceptual) based on previous research using a multifactorial cluster-analysis technique. During 4 ensuing weeks of preseason, training loads were monitored via player load, training impulse, and session rating of perceived exertion. Before each day’s training, players reported their perception of recovery (Total Quality of Recovery scale [TQR]) and the number of hours and perceived quality of sleep the night prior. A hierarchical linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of the different recovery profiles, training load, sleep, and phase of the microcycle (ie, start, middle, end) on daily TQR. Results: The recovery classification of players (P = .20), training load (training impulse, P = .32; player load, P = .23; session rating of perceived exertion, P = .46), and self-reported hours slept the night before (P = .45) did not significantly influence TQR. However, perceived sleep quality (P < .01) and phase of the microcycle (P < .01) were significantly associated with TQR (r2 = .41). Conclusions: Neither recovery classification nor prior training load influenced perceived recovery during the preseason. However, higher TQR was evident with better self-reported sleep quality, whereas lower values were associated with phases of the training week.

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Diaz-Seradilla, Elba, Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández, José Antonio Rodríguez-Marroyo, Daniel Castillo, Javier Raya-González, and José Gerardo Villa Vicente. "Inter- and intra-microcycle external load analysis in female professional soccer players: A playing position approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2022): e0264908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264908.

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This study analyzes the inter- and intra-differences in external load across the microcycle in professional female soccer players. External load during four consecutive microcycles (i.e., M1, M2, M3, and M4) and training sessions (i.e., MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1) and a match day (i.e., MD) were registered in seventeen female professional soccer players (age: 26.3 ± 4.6 years; height: 166.3 ± 6.1 cm; body mass: 59.8 ± 6.8 kg; and body mass index: 21.6 ± 1.7 kg·m-2) who belonged to the same team in Spanish first division. A 10-Hz GPS that integrated a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer was used to register external load. The results showed lower decelerations in M2 compared to M1 and M3 (p < 0.05), lower high-intensity distance (>16.0 km·h-1) in M3 vs. M2, and greater relative sprint distance (>21.0 km·min-1) in M4 vs. M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). MD-3 registered the highest load for all variables (p < 0.05). Forwards (FWs) performed (p < 0.05) significantly more sprints (meters and number > 21.0 km·h-1) than central midfielders (CMs) and central defenders (CDs) in MD-2 and MD. Both, fitness and conditioning staff should pay special attention to the external loads for each playing position in training sessions to optimize the training process.

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Son, Hokyoung, Myung-Gu Kim, Kyunghun Min, Jae Yun Lim, Gyung Ja Choi, Jin-Cheol Kim, Suhn-Kee Chae, and Yin-Won Lee. "WetA Is Required for Conidiogenesis and Conidium Maturation in the Ascomycete Fungus Fusarium graminearum." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00220-13.

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ABSTRACTFusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis inF. graminearum, we functionally characterized theF. graminearumortholog ofAspergillus nidulanswetA, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. Deletion ofF. graminearumwetAdid not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but thewetAdeletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from theF. graminearumwetAdeletion mutants was reduced. ThewetAdeletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidial dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation inF. graminearum. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated that most of the putative conidiation-related genes are expressed constitutively and that only a few genes are specifically involved inF. graminearumconidiogenesis. The conserved and distinct roles identified for WetA inF. graminearumprovide new insights into the genetics of conidiation in filamentous fungi.

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Thomas, K. C., G. G. Khachatourians, and W. M. Ingledew. "Production and properties of Beauveria bassiana conidia cultivated in submerged culture." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-003.

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Under submerged growth in a defined medium (TKI broth), the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, produced conidia; it produced only blastospores in complex media. Production of such "submerged" conidia depended on the nature of the carbon source and the presence of nitrate as a nitrogen source. Maximum yield of conidia (5 × 108 mL) was obtained when glucose was the carbon source and when the glucose to nitrate ratio was 5:1. Other carbon sources gave rise to both conidia and blastospores. Reducing the phosphate concentration resulted in the production of conidia which resembled "aerial" conidia in morphology and germination rates. The surfaces of "submerged" conidia were relatively smooth, but had a tendency to acquire the rough, warty, brittle surface characteristics of aerial conidia. Blastospores produced in defined media gave rise to conidia through microcycle conidiation without going through the vegetative phase of growth. In more complex media, blastospores did not undergo microcycle conidiation.

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Khurana, N., R. K. Saxena, R. Gupta, and M. V. Rajam. "Polyamines as Modulators of Microcycle Conidiation in Aspergillus Flavus." Microbiology 142, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-142-3-517.

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Maheshwari, R. "Microcycle conidiation and its genetic basis in Neurospora crassa." Journal of General Microbiology 137, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-137-9-2103.

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Chatzinikolaou, Athanasios, Christos Christoforidis, Alexandra Avloniti, Dimitris Draganidis, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, Theodoros Stampoulis, Giorgos Ermidis, et al. "A Microcycle of Inflammation Following a Team Handball Game." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28, no. 7 (July 2014): 1981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000330.

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Fernandez, F. A., D. A. Glawe, and J. B. Sinclair. "Microcycle Conidiation and Nuclear Behavior During Conidiogenesis inCercospora Kikuchii." Mycologia 83, no. 6 (November 1991): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1991.12026080.

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Št'astná, J., P. Kvapil, J. Čáslavská, and J. C. Ensign. "Microcycle sporogenesis in some streptomycetes without shift down treatment." Archives of Microbiology 156, no. 4 (September 1991): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00262995.

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Wiewelhove, Thimo, Christian Raeder, Tim Meyer, Michael Kellmann, Mark Pfeiffer, and Alexander Ferrauti. "Effect of Repeated Active Recovery During a High-Intensity Interval-Training Shock Microcycle on Markers of Fatigue." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 8 (November 2016): 1060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0494.

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Purpose:To investigate the effect of repeated use of active recovery during a 4-d shock microcycle with 7 high-intensity interval-training (HIT) sessions on markers of fatigue. Methods:Eight elite male junior tennis players (age 15.1 ± 1.4 y) with an international ranking between 59 and 907 (International Tennis Federation) participated in this study. After each training session, they completed 15 min of either moderate jogging (active recovery [ACT]) or passive recovery (PAS) with a crossover design, which was interrupted by a 4-mo washout period. Countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and perceived recovery and stress (Short Recovery and Stress Scale) were measured 24 h before and 24 h after the training program. Results:The HIT shock microcycle induced a large decrease in CMJ performance (ACT: effect size [ES] = –1.39, P < .05; PAS: ES = –1.42, P < .05) and perceived recovery (ACT: ES = –1.79, P < .05; PAS: ES = –2.39, P < .05), as well as a moderate to large increase in CK levels (ACT: ES = 0.76, P > .05; PAS: ES = 0.81, P >.05), DOMS (ACT: ES = 2.02, P < .05; PAS: ES = 2.17, P < .05), and perceived stress (ACT: ES = 1.98, P < .05; PAS: ES = 3.06, P < .05), compared with the values before the intervention. However, no significant recovery intervention × time interactions or meaningful differences in changes were noted in any of the markers between ACT and PAS. Conclusions:Repeated use of individualized ACT, consisting of 15 min of moderate jogging, after finishing each training session during an HIT shock microcycle did not affect exercise-induced fatigue.

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Reese, Samantha, Cynthia Chelius, Wayne Riekhof, Mark R. Marten, and Steven D. Harris. "Micafungin-Induced Cell Wall Damage Stimulates Morphological Changes Consistent with Microcycle Conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070525.

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Fungal cell wall receptors relay messages about the state of the cell wall to the nucleus through the Cell Wall Integrity Signaling (CWIS) pathway. The ultimate role of the CWIS pathway is to coordinate repair of cell wall damage and to restore normal hyphal growth. Echinocandins such as micafungin represent a class of antifungals that trigger cell wall damage by affecting synthesis of β-glucans. To obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of the CWIS response and its multiple effects, we have coupled dynamic transcriptome analysis with morphological studies of Aspergillus nidulans hyphae in responds to micafungin. Our results reveal that expression of the master regulator of asexual development, BrlA, is induced by micafungin exposure. Further study showed that micafungin elicits morphological changes consistent with microcycle conidiation and that this effect is abolished in the absence of MpkA. Our results suggest that microcycle conidiation may be a general response to cell wall perturbation which in some cases would enable fungi to tolerate or survive otherwise lethal damage.

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Puente-Fernández, Joel, Marcos Seijo, Eneko Larumbe-Zabala, Alfonso Jiménez, Gary Liguori, Claire J. L. Rossato, Xian Mayo, and Fernando Naclerio. "Effects of Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation across a Five-Day Resistance and Endurance Training Microcycle in Middle-Aged Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123778.

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Preworkout multi-ingredient admixtures are used to maximise exercise performance. The present double-blind, cross-over study compared the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout multi-ingredient (PREW) admixture vs. carbohydrate (CHO) over a week (microcycle) comprising three resistance training (RT) workouts alternated with two 30-min low-intensity endurance sessions (END) on RT volume (kg lifted) and END substrate oxidation. Additionally, postworkout decreases of muscle function and subjective responses were analysed. Following a baseline assessment, fourteen recreationally trained, middle-aged adults (seven females, 48.8 ± 4.7 years old) completed two identical microcycles separated by a two-week washout period while receiving either PREW or CHO (15 min prior to workout). The RT volume, per session (SVOL) and for the entire week (WVOL), was calculated. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) during 30-min cycling corresponding to their individually determined maximal fat oxidation was measured using expired gasses and indirect calorimetry. Assessments of performance and tensiomyography were conducted within 20 min after each RT. Higher (p = 0.001) SVOL and WVOL along with a larger proportion of FAO (p = 0.05) during the second END workout were determined under the PREW treatment. No other statistically significant differences were observed between conditions. Compared to CHO, a preworkout multi-ingredient appears to increase resistance volume and favour fat oxidation during low-intensity endurance exercises.

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Luo, Xi, Jorge Varela Barreras, Clementine L. Chambon, Billy Wu, and Efstratios Batzelis. "Hybridizing Lead–Acid Batteries with Supercapacitors: A Methodology." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020507.

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Hybridizing a lead–acid battery energy storage system (ESS) with supercapacitors is a promising solution to cope with the increased battery degradation in standalone microgrids that suffer from irregular electricity profiles. There are many studies in the literature on such hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), usually examining the various hybridization aspects separately. This paper provides a holistic look at the design of an HESS. A new control scheme is proposed that applies power filtering to smooth out the battery profile, while strictly adhering to the supercapacitors’ voltage limits. A new lead–acid battery model is introduced, which accounts for the combined effects of a microcycle’s depth of discharge (DoD) and battery temperature, usually considered separately in the literature. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis on the thermal parameters and an economic analysis were performed using a 90-day electricity profile from an actual DC microgrid in India to infer the hybridization benefit. The results show that the hybridization is beneficial mainly at poor thermal conditions and highlight the need for a battery degradation model that considers both the DoD effect with microcycle resolution and temperate impact to accurately assess the gain from such a hybridization.

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Fernandez, F. A., D. A. Glawe, and J. B. Sinclair. "Microcycle Conidiation and Nuclear Behavior during Conidiogenesis in Cercospora kikuchii." Mycologia 83, no. 6 (November 1991): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760432.

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Maftei, Alexandru, Roxana Maria Hadmaş, and Ștefan Adrian Martin. "Urinary parameters’ evolution during junior male water polo microcycle training." Palestrica Of The Third Millennium - Civilization And Sport 19, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26659/pm3.2018.19.1.13.

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Kristiansen, B., and A. T. Al-Rawi. "Effect of medium composition on microcycle conidiation in Aspergillus niger." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 86, no. 2 (March 1986): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80154-1.

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HUGHES, GLENDA M., BARRY DAVIS, and IAN M. SPENCER. "Lipase and esterase activity during microcycle growth of Aspergillus niger." Biochemical Society Transactions 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0160790.

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HUGHES, GLENDA M., BARRY DAVIS, and IAN M. SPENCER. "Utilization of carbon substrates during microcycle growth of Aspergillus niger." Biochemical Society Transactions 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 791–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0160791.

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Bosch, Alejandra, and Osvaldo Yantorno. "Microcycle conidiation in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana bals. (vuill.)." Process Biochemistry 34, no. 6-7 (September 1999): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(98)00145-9.

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Dolci, Filippo, Andrew E. Kilding, Paola Chivers, Ben Piggott, and Nicolas H. Hart. "High-Intensity Interval Training Shock Microcycle for Enhancing Sport Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 4 (April 2020): 1188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003499.

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Lago-Fuentes, Carlos, Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Marián Fernández-Villarino, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Bruno Travassos, and Ezequiel Rey. "Monitoring Workloads of a Professional Female Futsal Team over a Season: A Case Study." Sports 8, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8050069.

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The aims of this study were to describe the external and internal workloads in a professional female futsal team during a whole season and to compare workloads during different periods of the season. Ten professional female futsal players (age 22.8 ± 4.3 years; 5.1 ± 2.4 years of experience; weight 61.9 ± 7.1 kg; height 1.66 ± 0.06 m) participated voluntarily in this study during the whole season. The internal workload was measured by the session-Rate of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method, while the external workload was indirectly measured by considering the training and match volume and the type of contents of each session over 43 weeks. Mean sRPE throughout the season was 319.9 ± 127.1 arbitrary units (AU). Higher internal loads (total weekly training load and strain) were reported during the pre-season compared with the in-season mesocycles (p < 0.05); meanwhile, the fifth to eighth mesocycles of the in-season showed an oscillatory pattern. Finally, Monday was the most-demanding session during the in-season period over the Thursday (p < 0.05; effect size: 1.33) followed by match day, meanwhile no statistical differences were reported during different sessions of the pre-season microcycle (p > 0.05). This study suggests that microcycles of pre-season present a stable load pattern, meanwhile workloads during the in-season period report a tapering strategy in a professional female futsal team.

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Hebisz, Paulina, Rafał Hebisz, and Agnieszka Jastrzębska. "An Attempt to Predict Changes in Heart Rate Variability in the Training Intensification Process among Cyclists." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 7636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147636.

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Individual changes in resting heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were assessed in seven Polish cyclists during a training process consisting of: a six-week period (P1) of predominantly low- and moderate-intensity training (L-MIT) and a six-week period (P2) where the proportion of high-intensity interval training (HIT) increased. Daily recorded HRV parameters included high-frequency spectral power (HF), square root of the mean squared difference between successive normal-to-normal RR intervals (RMSSD), and standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN). In each training microcycle, the average values of HFav, RMSSDav, and SDNNav were calculated individually for each participant. In three cyclists, HF was higher in P2 compared to P1, whereas in one cyclist, HF was higher in P1 than in P2. Each of these four cyclists presented an individual correlation between the average daily duration HIT effort in training microcycles (HITav) and HFav. Cyclists with low baseline values of HRV parameters showed increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, while in the cyclist with high baseline values of HRV parameters, an opposite change was observed. In conclusion, changes in resting HRV parameters between period P1 and P2 can be individualised. In the investigated group, it was possible to predict how HRV would change as a result of training intensification on the basis of HRV baseline values.

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Kasbekar, Durgadas P. "Fungal senescence induced by the Neurospora sen mutation and mitochondrial plasmids - the contributions of Ramesh Maheshwari." International Journal of Developmental Biology 64, no. 1-2-3 (2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190162dk.

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This article describes some of the research contributions made by Prof. Ramesh Maheshwari and his colleagues at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. These include (1) the understanding of the Neurospora life cycle in agricultural (sugarcane) fields, (2) identification of Neurospora mutants that trigger vegetative spore development via microcycle conidiation, and (3) isolation of wild Neurospora strains in which the essential immortality of the fungal mycelia is subverted.

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Cascino, J. J., R. F. Harris, C. S. Smith, and J. H. Andrews. "Spore Yield and Microcycle Conidiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Liquid Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, no. 8 (1990): 2303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.8.2303-2310.1990.

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Chatzinikolaou, Athanasios, Dimitrios Draganidis, Alexandra Avloniti, Alexandros Karipidis, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, Chrysanthi L. Skevaki, Dimitrios Tsoukas, et al. "The microcycle of inflammation and performance changes after a basketball match." Journal of Sports Sciences 32, no. 9 (January 30, 2014): 870–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.865251.

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James, Carl, Aishwar Dhawan, Timothy Jones, and Olivier Girard. "Quantifying Training Demands of a 2-Week In-Season Squash Microcycle." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0306.

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Purpose: To quantify the demands of specific on- and off-court sessions, using internal and external training load metrics, in elite squash. Methods: A total of 15 professional squash players (11 males and 4 females) wore a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer/global positioning system unit and heart rate monitor during on-court “Group,” “Feeding,” “Ghosting,” “Matchplay,” and off-court “Conditioning” sessions across a 2-week in-season microcycle. Comparisons of absolute training load (total values) and relative intensity (per minute) were made between sessions for internal (session rating of perceived exertion, differential rating of perceived exertion, TRIMP) and external (Playerload, very high–intensity movements [>3.5 m·s−2]) metrics. Results: The Group sessions were the longest (79 [12] min), followed by Feeding (55 [15] min), Matchplay (46 [17] min), Conditioning (37 [9] min), and Ghosting (35 [6] min). Time >90% maximum heart rate was the lowest during Feeding (vs all others P < .05) but other sessions were not different (all P > .05). Relative Playerload during Conditioning (14.3 [3.3] arbitrary unit [a.u.] per min, all P < .05) was higher than Ghosting (7.5 [1.2] a.u./min) and Matchplay (6.9 [1.5] a.u./min), with no difference between these 2 sessions (P ≥ .999). Conditioning produced the highest Playerloads (519 [153] a.u., all P < .001), with the highest on-court Playerloads from Group (450 [94] a.u., all P < .001). The highest session rating of perceived exertion (all P < .001), Edward’s TRIMP (all P < .001), and TEAM-TRIMP (all P < .019) occurred during the Group sessions. Conclusions: Squash Matchplay does not systematically produce the highest training intensities and loads. Group sessions provide the highest training loads for many internal and external parameters and, therefore, play a central role within the training process. These findings facilitate planning or adjustment of intensity, volume, and frequency of sessions to achieve desirable physical outcomes.

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Stankevych, Lyudmyla, Yuliia Khmelnytska, Nataliia Vdovenko, Halyna Rossokha, and Valentyna Yefanova. "Peculiarities of adaptive changes of qualified athletes to middle mountain conditions." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник 1, no. 26 (March 31, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2022-1.001.

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purpose: to study the peculiarities of adaptive changes in high-class athletes to the effect of significant physical loads in middle mountain conditions. Material & Methods: determination of the level of urea and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood was carried out using a biochemical analyzer “Diaglobal” (Germany) using ready-made kits of reagents from the same company. results: the article discusses the ways to improve the efficiency of training process management in athletics (race walking) and modern pentathlon, based on the use of biochemical control over the development of adaptation in various climatic conditions of the body of highly qualified athletes under the influence of training and control-competitive activities. conclusions: the reaction to the load of the blood system on the hemoglobin in the second microcycle of modern pentathletes showed an unwillingness to perform these loads, due to the fact that most athletes perform training loads at this height for the first time, while in athletes engaged in race walking in the second microcycle adaptive polycythemia was developing. This ensures the formation of sustainable adaptation, which allows you to perform the planned program of training loads. A blood test of race walking athletes showed that the concentration of urea, which was determined before exercise at rest, gradually increased within normal limits, and characterized the tolerability of training loads.

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Slade, S. J., R. F. Harris, C. S. Smith, and J. H. Andrews. "Microcycle Conidiation and Spore-Carrying Capacity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Solid Media." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53, no. 9 (1987): 2106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.9.2106-2110.1987.

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Pazout, J., and P. Schroder. "Microcycle Conidiation in Submerged Cultures of Penicillium cyclopium Attained without Temperature Changes." Microbiology 134, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-134-10-2685.

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Claudio, Luiz, R. Stanganelli, and Sergio Miguel Zucas. "Monitoring Physiological Adaptations in Male Volleyball Athletes During a Microcycle of Preparation." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01447.

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Martín-García, Andrés, Antonio Gómez Díaz, Paul S. Bradley, Francesc Morera, and David Casamichana. "Quantification of a Professional Football Team's External Load Using a Microcycle Structure." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32, no. 12 (December 2018): 3511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002816.

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Claudio, Luiz, R. Stanganelli, and Sergio Miguel Zucas. "Monitoring Physiological Adaptations in Male Volleyball Athletes During a Microcycle of Preparation." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01447.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microcycle'

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