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Journal articles on the topic 'Microelectrode array'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Castagnola, Elisa, Nasim Winchester Vahidi, Surabhi Nimbalkar, Srihita Rudraraju, Marvin Thielk, Elena Zucchini, Claudia Cea, et al. "In Vivo Dopamine Detection and Single Unit Recordings Using Intracortical Glassy Carbon Microelectrode Arrays." MRS Advances 3, no. 29 (2018): 1629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.98.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, we present a 4-channel intracortical glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode array on a flexible substrate for the simultaneous in vivo neural activity recording and dopamine (DA) concentration measurement at four different brain locations (220µm vertical spacing). The ability of GC microelectrodes to detect DA was firstly assessed in vitro in phosphate-buffered saline solution and then validated in vivo measuring spontaneous DA concentration in the Striatum of European Starling songbird through fast scan cyclic voltammetry(FSCV). The capability of GC microelectrode arrays and commercial penetrating metal microelectrode arrays to record neural activity from the Caudomedial Neostriatum of European starling songbird was compared. Preliminary results demonstrated the ability of GC microelectrodes in detecting neurotransmitters release and recording neural activity in vivo. GC microelectrodes array may, therefore, offer a new opportunity to understand the intimate relations linking electrophysiological parameters with neurotransmitters release.

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2

Buyong, M. R., J. Yunas, A. A. Hamzah, B. Yeop Majlis, F. Larki, and N. Abd Aziz. "Design, fabrication and characterization of dielectrophoretic microelectrode array for particle capture." Microelectronics International 32, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-10-2014-0041.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to design and characterize the dielectrophoretic (DEP) microelectrodes with various array structure arrangements in order to produce optimum non-uniform electric field for particle capture. The DEP-electrodes with 2D electrode structure was fabricated and characterized to see the effect of electrode structure configuration on the capture capability of the cells suspending in the solution. Design/methodology/approach – The presented microelectrode array structures are made of planar conductive metal structure having same size and geometry. Dielectrophoretic force (FDEP) generated in the fluidic medium is initially simulated using COMSOL Multi-physics performed on two microelectrodes poles, which is then continued on three-pole microelectrodes. The proposed design is fabricated using standard MEMS fabrication process. Furthermore, the effect of different sinusoidal signals of 5, 10 and 15 volt peak to peak voltage (Vpp) at fixed frequency of 1.5 MHz on capturing efficiency of microelectrodes were also investigated using graphite metalloids particles as the suspended particles in the medium. The graphite particles that are captured at the microelectrode edges are characterized over a given time period. Findings – Based on analysis, the capturing efficiency of microelectrodes at the microelectrode edges is increased as voltage input increases, confirming its dependency to the FDEP strength and direction of non-uniform electric field. This dependency to field consequently increases the surface area of the accumulated graphite. It is also showed that the minimum ratio of the surface accumulated area of captured graphite is 1, 2.75 and 9 μm2 for 5, 10 and 15 Vpp, respectively. The simulation result also indicates a significant improvement on the performance of microelectrodes by implementing third pole in the design. The third pole effect the particles in the medium by creating stronger non-uniform electric field as well as more selective force toward the microelectrodes’ edges. Originality/value – The microelectrode array arrangement is found as a reliable method to increase the strength and selectivity of non-uniform electric field distribution that affect FDEP. The presented findings are verified through experimental test and simulation results.

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Cheng, E., Ben Xing, Shanshan Li, Chengzhuang Yu, Junwei Li, Chunyang Wei, and Cheng Cheng. "Pressure-Driven Micro-Casting for Electrode Fabrication and Its Applications in Wear Grain Detections." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 3710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223710.

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The microelectrode is an essential and vital part in microsensors that are largely used in industrial, chemical, and biological applications. To obtain desired microelectrodes in great quality, it is also of great necessity and significance to develop a robust method to fabricate the microelectrode pattern. This work developed a four-terminal differential microelectrode that aims at recognizing microparticles in fluids. This microelectrode pair consisted of a high height–width ratio microelectrode array fabricated using a pre-designed microelectrode pattern (a micro-scale channel) and melted liquid metal. The surface treatment of microelectrodes was also investigated to reveal its impacts on the continuality of melting metal and the quality of the fabricated microelectrode patterns. To evaluate the performance of micro-casting fabricated electrodes, a microfluidic device was packaged using a microelectrode layer and a flow layer. Then impedance cytometer experiments were performed using sample fluids with polymer particles in two different sizes in diameter (5 μm and 10 μm). In addition, engine oil was tested on the microelectrodes as complex samples. The number of abrasive particles in the engine oil can be collected from the developed microfluidic device for further analysis.

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4

Sun, Ji Zhou, Yang Li, Chao Bian, Jian Hua Tong, Han Peng Dong, Hong Zhang, Qing Yong Chen, and Shan Hong Xia. "3D Pyramidal Micropool Array Electrode for Amperometric Microsensor." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.103.

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This paper reports a novel three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode to enhance the sensitivity and current output of the amperometric microsensor. Based on silicon bulk micromachining technology and the introduction of nanomaterials, the 3D microelectrodes (3DME) are fabricated as working electrodes of the amperometric sensor. It comprises both sensitive microstructures and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. The 3D micro structure can enlarge the effective surface area of working electrode and make more analyte to approach electrode surface more easily. This design provides a better microenvironment for electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticales. It further improves the enhancement effect of catalytic efficiency and electroactivity for the microelectrode. The sensor has been successfully used to detect H2O2, which is a vital target analyte in glucose detection and enzyme-linked immunodetection. Compared with amperometric biosensor based on planar microelectrode (PME), this sensor has advantages of lower detection limit, higher current signal and higher sensitivity.

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5

Zeng, Wei Liang, Yan Ping Gong, Ying Liu, and Zhen Long Wang. "Experimental Study of Microelectrode Array and Micro-Hole Array Fabricated by Ultrasonic Enhanced Micro-EDM." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.482.

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Micro electrical discharge machining (EDM), enhanced with ultrasonic vibration, is explored and assessed as a method for developing microelectrode array, for microelectrode array fabricated by LIGA has shortcomings such as complex technology and high price. Based on the mechanism of micro-EDM, micro-hole array discharges to fabricate microelectrode array by reverse copying. In the process of reverse copying, the thicker rod electrode can not rotate, resulting in electric arc and short-circuit occurring easily, so it is necessary to add ultrasonic vibration on the plane plate electrode, in order to exclude debris as soon as possible and stabilize machining process. In the process of machining, four parameters, such as working voltage, working capacity, ultrasonic amplitude and holes spacing, are important to machining efficiency, each parameter has four typical values. In order to reduce experiment times, a scheme of orthogonal experiment was designed with different parameters combination. With result of experiments, the ratio of mean square deviation to error mean square deviation of each parameter was calculated and significance of each parameter was obtained, and the best parameters combination was asserted through theoretical calculation. Also, experimental study of using microelectrode array to machine micro-hole array by Micro- EDM was made and influence curve of each parameter was drawn. Finally, 5×5 arrays of microelectrode were obtained, the diameter of single electrode is less than about 30.m and heightto- width aspect ratios is more than 8, moreover, these microelectrode arrays have good coaxiality and surface quality.

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6

Cui, Jianli, Junping Duan, Binzhen Zhang, and Xueli Nan. "Flexible pressure sensor with a “V-type” array microelectrode on a grating PDMS substrate." Sensor Review 36, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2016-0028.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a fabrication and measurement of a highly stretchable pressure sensor with a “V-type” array microelectrode on a grating PDMS substrate. Design/methodology/approach First, the “V-type” array structure on the silicon wafer was fabricated by the MEMS technology, and the fabrication process included ultra-violet lithography and silicon etching. The “V-type” array structure on the master mold was then replicated into polycarbonate, which served as an intermediate, negative mold, using a conventional nanoimprint lithography technique. The negative mold was subsequently used in the PDMS molding process to produce PDMS “V-type” array structures with the same structures as the master mold. An Ag film was coated on the PDMS “V-type” array structure surface by the magnetron sputtering process to obtain PDMS “V-type” array microelectrodes. Finally, a PDMS prepolymer was prepared using a Sylgard184 curing agent with a weight ratio of a 20:1 and applied to the cavity at the middle of the two-layer PDMS “V-type” array microelectrode template to complete hot-press bonding, and a pressure sensor was realized. Findings The experimental results showed that the PDMS “V-type” array microelectrode has high stretchability of 65 per cent, temperature stability of 0.0248, humidity stability of 0.000204, bending stability and cycle stability. Capacitive pressure sensors with a “V-type” array microelectrode exhibit ideal initial capacitance (111.45 pF), good pressure sensitivity of 0.1143 MPa-1 (0-0.35 Mpa), fast response and relaxation times (<200 ms), high bending stability, high temperature/humidity stability and high cycle stability. Originality/value The PDMS “V-type” array structure microelectrode can be used to fabricate pressure sensors and is highly flexible, crack-free and durable.

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Zhelyaskov, Valentin R., Elizabeth T. Milne, Jamille F. Hetke, and Michael D. Morris. "Silicon Substrate Microelectrode Array for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 12 (December 1995): 1793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953966028.

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Electrode sites of a photolithographically fabricated microelectrode array have been demonstrated to function as surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) microelectrodes. The 5 × 15 μm iridium electrodes on the substrate are electroplated with silver and activated by standard procedures. Working and counter-electrode functions are integrated onto the same assembly. The electrode is shown to yield adenosine and pyridine spectra at low concentrations and submilliwatt laser power.

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8

Chen, Da Feng, He Jun Du, Wei Hua Li, and Hai Qing Gong. "Dielectrophoresis of Microparticles with Planar Microelectrode Systems." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.253.

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In this paper, the behavior of microparticles subjected to the AC electric fields generated by planar microelectrode systems is studied. Microelectrodes including interdigitated array, castellated array, and jagged array are constructed using microfabrication techniques. Micron-sized latex beads are used to study their movements. Positive and negative dielectrophoresis (DEP) are studied. In the interdigitated electrodes, particles experiencing n-DEP are levitated stably to certain heights where the vertical DEP force is balanced by the gravitational force. The levitation heights of the particles are measured using the consecutively focusing method. The results provide significant instructions for the dielectrophoretic manipulation and separation of bioparticles.

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9

Heid, Andreas, Lena Bleck, Rene von Metzen, and Volker Bucher. "A demonstrator for a flexible active microelectrode array with high electrode number." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0068.

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AbstractThe integration of dies is a possibility to reduce the number of conducting tracks within electrical active implants. For passive microelectrode arrays the number of conducting tracks limits the number of electrodes. By embedding an array of small dies (250 μm edge length) employed to amplify and multiplex the signals of 25 electrodes each into a flexible foil we create a flexible active microelectrode array with more than 1000 electrodes. A fabrication process was developed containing a transfer process for the dies as well as an embedding procedure. Here a non-functional Dummy-System is presented as a demonstrator proving the feasibility of the proposed microelectrode array.

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10

SAID, RA'A, NIDAL ALSHWAWREH, and YOUSEF HAIK. "FABRICATION OF ARRAY MICROSTRUCTURES USING SERIAL AND PARALLEL LOCALIZED ELECTRODEPOSITION." International Journal of Nanoscience 08, no. 03 (June 2009): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x09006109.

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To add to the development efforts in enhancing the capabilities of localized electrodeposition (LED) fabrication technique, this paper presents serial and parallel deposition algorithms to fabricate array microstructures. Such arrays can be implemented as microsensors in neural recording applications or as antenna arrays in ultra high frequency applications. Also, magnetic tip microarrays for tissue engineering can be realized. In the case of serial fabrication, an array of high aspect ratio microstructures is realized using the conventional single-tip microelectrode while implementing a multistep fabrication algorithm. In this algorithm, the fabricated microstructure elements within the array are realized one at a time. In the parallel deposition algorithm, the array is realized using a multitip array microelectrode while implementing a single step fabrication algorithm. In this algorithm, the microstructure elements within the array are fabricated simultaneously. The proposed algorithms are compared through a demonstration of fabricated array microstructures.

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11

Pagels, Markus, Clive E. Hall, Nathan S. Lawrence, Andrew Meredith, Timothy G. J. Jones, Herman P. Godfried, C. S. James Pickles, et al. "All-Diamond Microelectrode Array Device." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 11 (June 2005): 3705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0502100.

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12

Choi, Bong-Jun, Ju-Hwan Kim, Woo-Jin Yang, Dong-Jun Han, Jaewon Park, and Dong-Wook Park. "Parylene-Based Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for the Electrical Recording of Muscles and the Effect of Electrode Size." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207364.

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Miniaturized flexible microelectrode arrays are desirable for small-area surface electromyography (sEMG) to detect the electrical activity generated by muscles in a specific area of the body. Here, we present a flexible 8-channel microelectrode array with electrodes of diameter 150–300 μm for small-area sEMG recordings. The microelectrode arrays based on a flexible Parylene C substrate recorded the sEMG signals from a curved skin surface with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 21.4 dB. The sEMG signals recorded from a small area of 17671–59325 μm2 showed a clear distinction between the signal and noise. Further, the sEMG data were analyzed in the frequency domain by converting the signals via fast Fourier transform (FFT), and it was verified that the proposed microelectrode could reliably record multichannel sEMGs over a small area. Moreover, a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) experiment was performed to confirm the recording capability of the microelectrode array, which showed consistency with the previous reports. Finally, we demonstrated the effects of the electrode size by comparing the results for two different electrode sizes. When the electrode size was increased 3.37 times, the root-mean-square value of the amplitude (Vrms) increased 2.64 times, consequently increasing the SNR from 16.9 to 21.4 dB. This study demonstrates the expanded utility of Parylene-based flexible microelectrode arrays.

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Wang, Yu Kui, Zhen Long Wang, Mao Sheng Li, Wei Liang Zeng, and M. H. Weng. "Microelectrode Array Fabrication by Micro-WEDM." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.79.

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In the paper, in order to overcome machining limits in throughput and precision because of positioning error and tool wear of a single tool electrode, a method for the microelectrode array fabrication by micro-WEDM is described and assessed. Characteristics of the microelectrode array fabrication by micro-WEDM, such as machining open voltage, pulse peak current, discharge duration and servo feed rate so on, are investigated through a series of experiments. A 10 10 squared electrode array is machined by micro-WEDM and the width of each squared electrode is about 40µm. The microelectrode array with good quality is obtained by applying decreased open voltage and peak current, increased discharge duration and optimized machining speed. Then micro hole-array is processed by applying obtained electrode array in micro-EDM method. The diameter of each squared hole in the array is about 50 µm due to appropriate control strategy that per micro pulse energy is decreased and periodic jump-down is applied during the machining process. Experiments have demonstrated that the combination process of microelectrode array fabricated by micro-WEDM and micro-hole array done by micro-EDM is a novel method of process which makes it more feasible and efficient to fabricate microelectrode array and high-density hole-array.

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14

Shaw, Fu-Zen, Tsung-Fu Yang, Chien-Chun Huang, Keng-Hung Yeh, Tao-Chih Chang, and Fang-Jun Leu. "MULTICHANNEL PLANAR MICROELECTRODE ARRAY FOR SOMATIC MAPPING IN RATS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, no. 06 (December 2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002840.

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Planar electrode array is an important tool to evaluate perceptual or cognitive functions of the cortex and prosthetic applications. Many construction methods have been developed. To maximize the usefulness of an array electrode, a low-cost, precise, and flexible microelectrode array with low man power and short construction duration is crucial. In this study, we introduced an 8 × 8 microelectrode array on a flexible polyimide film through microelectronics fabrication. The array dimension was capable of covering the primary somatosensory cortex of a rat. The microelectrode array was insulated with biocompatible Parylene-C except of microelectrode tip. Each electrode tip was 66 μm height and separated with 0.5 mm to refine a detail somatic sensory processing. In pentobarbital anesthetized rats, stable spontaneous brain activity was successfully recorded through the electrode array. In addition, positive peaks of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited by stimulating rat's whisker pad, forepaw, hindpaw, and tail were obviously and consistently recorded. Latencies of SEPs increased as caudal part of the body was stimulated. The SEPs from stimulation of 4 body parts revealed different spatiotemporal patterns, which indicated a somatotopic organization of the rat. Our results demonstrated the superiority of the planar microelectrode array on the application of simultaneous recording and analysis of the brain activity in rats.

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House, Paul A., Joel D. MacDonald, Patrick A. Tresco, and Richard A. Normann. "Acute microelectrode array implantation into human neocortex: preliminary technique and histological considerations." Neurosurgical Focus 20, no. 5 (May 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2006.20.5.5.

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Object Researchers at The Center for Neural Interfaces at the University of Utah have designed and produced a silicon-based high-density microelectrode array that has been used successfully in mammalian models. The authors investigate the ability to transfer array insertion techniques to humans and examine the acute response of human cortical tissue to array implantation. Methods Six patients who were scheduled to undergo temporal lobectomy surgery were enrolled in an Institutional Review Board–approved protocol. Before the patients underwent lateral temporal cortical resection, one or two high-density microelectrode arrays were implanted in each individual by using a pneumatic insertion device. Cortical tissue was then excised and preserved in formalin. The specimens were sectioned and stained for histological examination. Pneumatic insertion of a microelectrode array into human cortex in the operating room was feasible. There were no clinical complications associated with implantation and no evidence of significant insertion-related hemorrhage. Tissue responses ranged from mild cortical deformity to small focal hemorrhages several millimeters below the electrode tines. Based on initial results, the insertion device was modified. A footplate that mechanically isolates a small area of cortex and a calibrated micromanipulator were added to improve the reproducibility of insertion. Conclusions A high-density microelectrode array designed to function as a direct cortical interface device can be implanted into human cortical tissue without acute clinical complications. Further modifications to the insertion device and array design are ongoing and future work will assess the functional significance of the tissue reactions observed.

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Zhang, Xiao-Ling, Zhong Yang, Xiao-Ping Wan, Ning Hu, Xiao-Lin Zheng, and Jun Yang. "SOI SUBSTRATE-BASED MICROFLUIDIC CHIP FOR CELL ELECTROFUSION." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 26, no. 02 (March 12, 2014): 1450019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237214500197.

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A microelectrode array-based cell electrofusion chip was fabricated by using the MEMS technique. Because of the short distance between two counter microelectrodes, the working voltage on this chip was only 1/100–1/20 as that in the traditional cell electrofusion method. Simulation method was used to analyze the on-chip electric field distribution and optimize the structure of the microelectrodes. The results showed the length and width of the microelectrode, and the distance between two microelectrodes in the horizontal and vertical direction would impact the strength and distribution of the electric field. Thus, optimized chip architecture was obtained, on which six individual chambers were integrated. At least 1680 microelectrodes were patterned within any one chamber. Alternating current signals have been used to manipulate and align cells, and most cells were aligned as cell–cell twins. High-intensity (~103 V/cm) electric pulses were used to fuse the aligned cell–cell twins. The fusion efficiency was about 40%, which was much higher than that in traditional chemical method (less than 1‰) and electrofusion methods (less than 5%).

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Wei, Wen Jing, Yi Lin Song, Wen Tao Shi, Chun Xiu Liu, Ting Jun Jiang, and Xin Xia Cai. "A Novel Microelectrode Array Probe Integrated with Electrophysiology Reference Electrode for Neural Recording." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.67.

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Nowadays, the study of brain function is advanced by implantable microelectrode arrays for they can simultaneously record signals from different groups of neurons regarding complex neural processes. This article presents the fabrication, characterization and use in vivo neural recording of an implantable microelectrode array probe which integrated with electrophysiology reference electrode. The probe was implemented on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) methods, so the recording-site configurations and high-density electrode placement could be precisely defined. The 16 recording sites and the reference electrode were made of platinum. Double layers of platinum electrodes were used so that the width of the reference electrode was as small as 6 μm. The average impedance of the microelectrodes was 0.13 MΩ at 1 kHz. The probe has been employed to record the neural signals of rat, and the results showed that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the novel probe was as high as 10 and the ordinary probe was 3. Among the 16 recording sites, there are 9 effective sites having recorded useful signals for the probe with reference electrode and 6 for the ordinary probe.

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Yang, Haesik, Chang Auck Choi, Kwang Hyo Chung, Chi-Hoon Jun, and Youn Tae Kim. "An Independent, Temperature-Controllable Microelectrode Array." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 5 (March 2004): 1537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac035270p.

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Dill, Kilian, Donald D. Montgomery, Wei Wang, and Julie C. Tsai. "Antigen detection using microelectrode array microchips." Analytica Chimica Acta 444, no. 1 (October 2001): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01155-2.

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Bradley, Jenifer A., and Christopher J. Strock. "Screening for Neurotoxicity with Microelectrode Array." Current Protocols in Toxicology 79, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): e67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cptx.67.

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Wang, Ming-Fang, Teimour Maleki, and Babak Ziaie. "A self-assembled 3D microelectrode array." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 20, no. 3 (February 9, 2010): 035013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/20/3/035013.

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Hinkers, H., C. Sundermeier, R. Lürick, F. Walfort, K. Cammann, and M. Knoll. "Amperometric microelectrode array in containment technology." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 27, no. 1-3 (June 1995): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01626-s.

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Lin, JianHui, XiaoMing Wu, PengSheng Huang, Lei Feng, TianLing Ren, and LiTian Liu. "Development of silicon-based microelectrode array." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52, no. 8 (September 23, 2008): 2391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-008-0176-8.

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Gao, Ziyao, Valentina Carabelli, Emilio Carbone, Elisabetta Colombo, Michele Dipalo, Chiara Manfredotti, Alberto Pasquarelli, et al. "Transparent microelectrode array in diamond technology." Journal of Micro-Nano Mechatronics 6, no. 1-2 (December 21, 2010): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12213-010-0032-3.

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Halbach, M., M. Reppel, F. Pillekamp, K. Brockmeier, and J. Hescheler. "Characterization of microelectrode array field potentials." Journal of Electrocardiology 39, no. 4 (October 2006): S32—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.08.045.

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Weaver, Isaac A., Austin W. Li, Brenda C. Shields, and Michael R. Tadross. "An open-source transparent microelectrode array." Journal of Neural Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac620d.

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Abstract Objective. The micro-electrode array (MEA) is a cell-culture surface with integrated electrodes used for assays of electrically excitable cells and tissues. MEAs have been a workhorse in the study of neurons and myocytes, owing to the scalability and millisecond temporal resolution of the technology. However, traditional MEAs are opaque, precluding inverted microscope access to modern genetically encoded optical sensors and effectors. Approach. To address this gap, transparent MEAs have been developed. However, for many labs, transparent MEAs remain out of reach due to the cost of commercially available products, and the complexity of custom fabrication. Here, we describe an open-source transparent MEA based on the OpenEphys platform (Siegle et al 2017 J. Neural Eng. 14 045003). Main results. We demonstrate the performance of this transparent MEA in a multiplexed electrical and optogenetic assay of primary rat hippocampal neurons. Significance. This open-source transparent MEA and recording platform is designed to be accessible, requiring minimal microelectrode fabrication or circuit design experience. We include low-noise connectors for seamless integration with the Intan Technologies headstage, and a mechanically stable adaptor conforming to the 24-well plate footprint for compatibility with most inverted microscopes.

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Malik, M. Rizwan, Tie Lin Shi, and Zi Rong Tang. "Trapping and Manipulation of Bioparticles by a 3-D Optimal Multiple-Designed Offset Carbon-Microelectrode Array in C-MEMS Fabrication." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10 (May 2011): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.10.25.

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A dielectrophoretic approach with latest developed three-dimensional (3-D) carbon micro-electro-mechanical system (C-MEMS) has been extended as a potential route with idyllic solution to recommend a low-cost, biocompatible and high throughput manipulation and positioning for bio-particles as compared to 2D-planar microelectrodes. Presented in this paper is a novel platform for modelling and simulation of C-MEMS microfabrication process for dielectrophoresis (DEP) force based on various 3-D offset-microelectrode configurations. Numerical solutions are employed to investigate the upshots of multi-designed microelectrodes, applied voltage, electrode edge-to-edge gap and geometric size of microelectrodes on the electric field intensity gradient, induced by an AC voltage for the deployment of broad categories of bioparticles creation, utilization and their manipulation (separation, concentration, transportation and focusing). Sharp edge electrodes are the principle focus of this paper for DEP manipulation that is more convenient to enhance the electric field intensity distribution. The results show that square column electrodes configuration comparatively create large gradient magnitude in electric field intensity as compared to all other configurations. It is also observed that electric field extends drastically with increases in microelectrode height. These findings are consistent with literature experimental reports and will provide vital strategy for optimal design of DEP devices with 3-D C-MEMS.

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Kim, Yoontae, Stella Alimperti, Paul Choi, and Moses Noh. "An Inkjet Printed Flexible Electrocorticography (ECoG) Microelectrode Array on a Thin Parylene-C Film." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031277.

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Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a conventional, invasive technique for recording brain signals from the cortical surface using an array of electrodes. In this study, we developed a highly flexible 22-channel ECoG microelectrode array on a thin Parylene film using novel fabrication techniques. Narrow (<40 µm) and thin (<500 nm) microelectrode patterns were first printed on PDMS, then the patterns were transferred onto Parylene films via vapor deposition and peeling. A custom-designed, 3D-printed connector was built and assembled with the Parylene-based flexible ECoG microelectrode array without soldering. The impedance of the assembled ECoG electrode array was measured in vitro by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the result was consistent. In addition, we conducted in vivo studies by implanting the flexible ECoG sensor in a rat and successfully recording brain signals.

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Waziri, Allen, Catherine A. Schevon, Joshua Cappell, Ronald G. Emerson, Guy M. McKhann, and Robert R. Goodman. "INITIAL SURGICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A DENSE CORTICAL MICROARRAY IN EPILEPTIC PATIENTS UNDERGOING CRANIOTOMY FOR SUBDURAL ELECTRODE IMPLANTATION." Neurosurgery 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000337575.63861.10.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Detailed investigations of cortical physiology require the ability to record brain electrical activity at a submillimeter scale. Standard intracranial electrodes result in significant averaging of potentials generated by large numbers of neurons. In contrast, microelectrode arrays allow for recording of local field potentials and single-unit activity. We describe our initial surgical experience with the NeuroPort microelectrode array (Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) in a series of patients undergoing subdural electrode implantation for epilepsy monitoring. METHODS Seven patients were implanted with and underwent semichronic recording from the NeuroPort array during standard subdural electrode monitoring for epilepsy. The electrode was placed according to company specifications in putative noneloquent epileptogenic cortex. After the monitoring period, microelectrode arrays were removed during explantation of subdural electrodes and resection of epileptogenic tissue. RESULTS Successful implantation of the microelectrode array was achieved in all patients, with minor operative difficulties. Robust and durable local field potentials and single-unit recordings were obtained from all implanted individuals. Implantation times ranged from 3 to 28 days; histological analysis of implanted tissue demonstrated no significant tissue injury or inflammatory response. There were no neurological complications or infections associated with electrode implantation or prolonged monitoring. Two patients developed postresection issues with wound healing at the site of scalp egress, with 1 requiring operative wound revision. CONCLUSION Our experience demonstrates that semichronic microelectroencephalographic recording can be safely and effectively achieved using the NeuroPort microarray. Although significant tissue injury, infection, or cerebrospinal fluid leak was not encountered, the large profile of the connection pedestal resulted in suboptimal wound closure and healing in several patients. We predict that this problem will be easily addressed in second-generation devices.

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Zou, Zhixiang, Zhongning Guo, Qinming Huang, Taiman Yue, Jiangwen Liu, and Xiaolei Chen. "Precision EDM of Micron-Scale Diameter Hole Array Using in-Process Wire Electro-Discharge Grinding High-Aspect-Ratio Microelectrodes." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010017.

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Micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is a good candidate for processing micro-hole arrays, which are critical features of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), diesel injector nozzles, inkjet printheads and turbine blades, etc. In this study, the wire vibration of the wire electro-discharge grinding (WEDG) system has been analyzed theoretically, and, accordingly, an improved WEDG method was developed to fabricate micron-scale diameter and high-aspect-ratio microelectrodes for the in-process micro-EDM of hole array with hole diameter smaller than 20 μm. The improved method has a new feature of a positioning device to address the wire vibration problem, and thus to enhance microelectrodes fabrication precision. Using this method, 14 μm diameter microelectrodes with less than 0.4 μm deviation and an aspect ratio of 142, which is the largest aspect ratio ever reported in the literature, were successfully fabricated. These microelectrodes were then used to in-process micro-EDM of hole array in stainless steel. The effects of applied voltage, current and pulse frequency on hole dimensional accuracy and microelectrode wear were investigated. The optimal processing parameters were selected using response–surface experiments. To improve machining accuracy, an in-process touch-measurement compensation strategy was applied to reduce the cumulative compensation error of the micro-EDM process. Using such a system, micro-hole array (2 × 80) with average entrance diameter 18.91 μm and average exit diameter 17.65 μm were produced in 50 μm thickness stainless steel sheets, and standard deviations of hole entrance and exit sides of 0.44 and 0.38 μm, respectively, were achieved.

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CERQUERA, Edwin Alexander, Jeimy MUÑOZ, Joaquín ARAYA, and Olivero GÓMEZ. "REGISTRO DE ACTIVIDAD ELÉCTRICA EN LA RETINA DE UNA RATA ALBINA EMPLEANDO UNA MATRIZ DE MICROELECTRODOS." Acta Biológica Colombiana 20, no. 3 (July 24, 2015): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n3.46216.

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<p>Las matrices de microelectrodos son dispositivos que permiten la detección de potenciales de acción o espigas en poblaciones de células excitables, ofreciendo varias aplicaciones en el campo de las neurociencias y la biología. Este trabajo muestra un protocolo para el registro de espigas en una población de células ganglionares retinales empleando una matriz de microelectrodos. La retina de una rata albina fue extraída y preparada para ser estimulada <em>in vitro </em>con luz led blanca, con el fin de registrar sus espigas evocadas ante estos estímulos. Cada microelectrodo puede registrar espigas de más de una célula ganglionar, razón por la cual se determinó a qué célula pertenece cada espiga aplicando un procedimiento conocido como “clasificación de espigas”. El trabajo permitió obtener el registro de un periodo de estimulación y otro de no estimulación, con el fin de representar los potenciales de acción evocados con luz y los espontáneos. Los registros fueron almacenados para visualizar las espigas de las células ganglionares y poder aplicar la herramienta de clasificación de espigas. De este modo, se almacenan los instantes de tiempo en los cuales cada célula ganglionar registrada generó potenciales de acción. Este trabajo conllevó al establecimiento de un protocolo de experimentación básico enfocado al uso de matrices MEA en el laboratorio de adquisición de potenciales extracelulares de la Universidad Antonio Nariño Sede Bogotá, no sólo para caracterizar los potenciales de acción de células ganglionares retinales, sino también para otro tipo de células que puedan ser estudiadas empleando matrices de microelectrodos.</p><p align="center"><strong>Recording of Electrical Activity in the Retina of an Albino Rat Employing a Microelectrode Array</strong></p><p>The microelectrode arrays (MEA) are devices that allow the detection of action potentials or spikes in populations of excitable cells, offering a wide spectrum of applications in topics of Neurosciences and Biology. This work describes a protocol for recording of spikes in a population of retinal ganglion cells employing a microelectrode array. The retina of an albino rat was dissected and prepared to be stimulated<em> in vitro </em>with white led light and to record their evoked spikes. Each microelectrode can record spikes from more than a ganglion cell, for which it was necessary to determine which cell fires each spike applying a procedure known as spike sorting. The work allowed to obtain the recording of a stimulation period and another of non-stimulation, representing evoked and spontaneous action potentials. The recordings were saved, in order to visualize the action potentials of the ganglion cells detected and to apply a computational method for the spike sorting. In this way, it was saved the time stamps in which each action potential was fired by its respective cell. This work established a basic experimentation protocol focused to the use of MEA devices in the laboratory for acquisition of extracellular potentials at the Antonio Nariño University – Bogota Headquarters, not only for characterization of action potentials fired by retinal ganglion cells populations, but also for other kind of cells that can be studied employing MEA devices.</p><p> </p>

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JIN, Peng, Akira YAMAGUCHI, Fumika ASARI OI, Shigeki MATSUO, Jiubin TAN, and Hiroaki MISAWA. "Glucose Sensing Based on Interdigitated Array Microelectrode." Analytical Sciences 17, no. 7 (2001): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.17.841.

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Lin, Zhenyu, Yasufumi Takahashi, Yuusuke Kitagawa, Taizo Umemura, Hitoshi Shiku, and Tomokazu Matsue. "An Addressable Microelectrode Array for Electrochemical Detection." Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 17 (September 2008): 6830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac801389d.

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Said, N. A. Mohd, V. I. Ogurtsov, K. Twomey, L. C. Nagle, and G. Herzog. "Chemically Modified Electrodes for Recessed Microelectrode Array." Procedia Chemistry 20 (2016): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.07.002.

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Gobet, J., Ph Rychen, F. Cardot, and E. Santoli. "Microelectrode array sensor for water quality monitoring." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0102.

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A versatile microelectrode array sensor for water quality monitoring has been developed. The array fabrication, based on batch microelectronic processes, results in a highly stable passivation of the silicon chip surface and provides the possibility to use a backside contact. Packaging was optimized for on-line water operation at high pressures. Examples of applications include chlorine monitoring in drinking water, ozone monitoring in deionized water, dissolved oxygen in activated sludge and preliminary measurements of trace arsenic.

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Athias, P., S. Jacquir, C. Tissier, D. Vandroux, S. Binczak, J. M. Bilbault, and M. Rossé. "Excitation spread in cardiac myocyte cultures using paired microelectrode and microelectrode array recordings." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 42, no. 6 (June 2007): S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.03.007.

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Lu, Yao, Wilson Truccolo, Fabien B. Wagner, Carlos E. Vargas-Irwin, Ilker Ozden, Jonas B. Zimmermann, Travis May, Naubahar S. Agha, Jing Wang, and Arto V. Nurmikko. "Optogenetically induced spatiotemporal gamma oscillations and neuronal spiking activity in primate motor cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00792.2014.

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Transient gamma-band (40–80 Hz) spatiotemporal patterns are hypothesized to play important roles in cortical function. Here we report the direct observation of gamma oscillations as spatiotemporal waves induced by targeted optogenetic stimulation, recorded by intracortical multichannel extracellular techniques in macaque monkeys during their awake resting states. Microelectrode arrays integrating an optical fiber at their center were chronically implanted in primary motor (M1) and ventral premotor (PMv) cortices of two subjects. Targeted brain tissue was transduced with the red-shifted opsin C1V1(T/T). Constant (1-s square pulses) and ramp stimulation induced narrowband gamma oscillations during awake resting states. Recordings across 95 microelectrodes (4 × 4-mm array) enabled us to track the transient gamma spatiotemporal patterns manifested, e.g., as concentric expanding and spiral waves. Gamma oscillations were induced well beyond the light stimulation volume, via network interactions at distal electrode sites, depending on optical power. Despite stimulation-related modulation in spiking rates, neuronal spiking remained highly asynchronous during induced gamma oscillations. In one subject we examined stimulation effects during preparation and execution of a motor task and observed that movement execution largely attenuated optically induced gamma oscillations. Our findings demonstrate that, beyond previously reported induced gamma activity under periodic drive, a prolonged constant stimulus above a certain threshold may carry primate motor cortex network dynamics into gamma oscillations, likely via a Hopf bifurcation. More broadly, the experimental capability in combining microelectrode array recordings and optogenetic stimulation provides an important approach for probing spatiotemporal dynamics in primate cortical networks during various physiological and behavioral conditions.

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Noda, Takahiro, Ryohei Kanzaki, and Hirokazu Takahashi. "Piezo-Driven Vibrating Insertion Device for Microelectrode Array." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 129, no. 1 (2009): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.129.25.

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Zhang, Shanqing, Huijun Zhao, and Richard John. "Development of a generic microelectrode array biosensing system." Analytica Chimica Acta 421, no. 2 (September 2000): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01043-6.

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Seo, Jong-Mo, Sung June Kim, Hum Chung, Eui Tae Kim, Hyeong Gon Yu, and Young Suk Yu. "Biocompatibility of polyimide microelectrode array for retinal stimulation." Materials Science and Engineering: C 24, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2003.09.019.

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Wheeler, Bruce C., and Yoonkey Nam. "In Vitro Microelectrode Array Technology and Neural Recordings." Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering 39, no. 1 (2011): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v39.i1.40.

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Peixoto, A. C., S. B. Goncalves, F. Pinho, A. F. Silva, N. S. Dias, and J. H. Correia. "Flexible three-dimensional microelectrode array for neural applications." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 217 (September 2014): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.06.020.

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Schöning, M. J., G. Buß, F. Faßbender, O. Glück, H. Emons, G. Schmitt, J. W. Schultze, and H. Lüth. "A silicon-based microelectrode array for chemical analysis." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 65, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(99)00338-x.

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Musallam, Sam, Martin J. Bak, Philip R. Troyk, and Richard A. Andersen. "A floating metal microelectrode array for chronic implantation." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 160, no. 1 (February 2007): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.09.005.

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JIANG, Feng, Jun YANG, Zhen-Yu WANG, Ning HU, Xiao-Lin ZHENG, Lin XIE, Zhong YANG, and Jie CHEN. "Study of Liposome Electrofusion on Microelectrode Array Chip." Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 40, no. 4 (April 2012): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2040(11)60540-9.

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Wang, Ke, Harvey A. Fishman, Hongjie Dai, and James S. Harris. "Neural Stimulation with a Carbon Nanotube Microelectrode Array." Nano Letters 6, no. 9 (September 2006): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl061241t.

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Cortés-Salazar, Fernando, Dmitry Momotenko, Andreas Lesch, Gunther Wittstock, and Hubert H. Girault. "Soft Microelectrode Linear Array for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy." Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 24 (December 15, 2010): 10037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac1019304.

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Wang, Joseph, and Qiang Chen. "Enzyme Microelectrode Array Strips for Glucose and Lactate." Analytical Chemistry 66, no. 7 (April 1994): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00079a013.

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Seo, Hee Won, Namju Kim, Jungryul Ahn, Seongkwang Cha, Yong Sook Goo, and Sohee Kim. "A 3D flexible microelectrode array for subretinal stimulation." Journal of Neural Engineering 16, no. 5 (August 21, 2019): 056016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab36ab.

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JIANG, Feng, Jun YANG, Zhen-Yu WANG, Ning HU, Xiao-Lin ZHENG, Lin XIE, Zhong YANG, and Jie CHEN. "Study of Liposome Electrofusion on Microelectrode Array Chip." CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) 40, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1096.2012.10963.

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