Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microélectronique – Mesure'
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Paccard, Caroline. "Développement d'outils statistiques pour la mise en place de boucles de régulation en microélectronique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/536/.
Full textIn semiconductor manufacturing, classical process control is no sufficient anymore for new technologies. A more accurate control can be achieved with closed-loop control (run-to-run). This thesis designs a statistical methodology aimed at deploying closed-loop control in semiconductor manufacturing. This methodology remains general and can be easily transposed to other industries. Studying closed-loop control, we have come to the issue of measurement reliability. Thus we have created a new indicator of measurement variability, called global capability, which can be applied when one parameter is measured by several metrology tools. An operational solution has been proposed through a software creation. It has been implemented and put into production to compute this new indicator. After its definition, the methodology for closed-loop control design has been applied to a polishing process. It has conducted us to an original process modeling thanks to a linear mixed model. We have also compared and optimized several regulation algorithms (EWMA, double EWMA, Kalman filter. . . ). For cost reasons, the considered regulation algorithms could not be all tested and compared in production. As a result, we have designed a process simulation based on production data and on a process modeling. This simulation can predict and compare what will be the regulation algorithm behavior in production. For the polishing process, an optimal algorithm has been chosen
Fallet, Clément. "Angle resolved Mueller polarimetry, applications to periodic structures." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/65/17/38/PDF/ThA_se_FALLET_75p.pdf.
Full textWith the constant decrease of the size of the transistors in microelectronics, the characterization tools have to be more and more accurate and have to provide higher and higher throughput. Semiconductor manufacturing being a layer-by-layer process, the fine positioning of the stack is crucial. The misalignment of the stack is called overlay and we here propose a new tool and method to accurately characterize overlay by measuring a single target built in the scribe lines. The method uses the fundamental symmetry properties of the Mueller matrix acquired in the back focal plane of a high-aperture microscope objective and enables a characterization of the overlay with a total measurement uncertainty of 2nm. After a brief introduction to polarization and the Mueller matrix, we describe the new design of the instrument and its complete calibration. The main body of this manuscript is dedicated to the overlay characterization but the applications of this instrument are very diverse so we also detail how our instrument can shed some light on the characterization and the understanding of the auto-organization of some scarab beetles' exoskeleton. These beetles exhibit a very strong circular dichroism and many research groups around theworld try to mimic their exoskeleton. We conclude this manuscript with a brief overview of the main perspectives from our instrument
De, Souza e. Silva Ivan Sebastião. "Circuits mixtes reconfigurables appliqués à la mesure de signaux biomédicaux : réjection de l'interférence de mode commun." Paris, ENST, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENST0041.
Full textPower line interference during biopotential signal measurements is a quite common problem. It must be carrefully dealed with when high quality results are required for more exact diagnosis concerning a certain physiological function behaviour. Particularly if these signals interpretation is performed by digital systems, it becomes essential that power line interference be mitigated in a way that the critical points of the biopotential signal waveform are precisely obtained. Measuring resetable mixed circuits allow a new configuration after the manufacturing process, in the direction of tuning themseleves to a specific use. Therefore, such circuits are suitable for projects in which their specifications must be changed according to the sensors in use and to the measured signal properties. In this work, it is proposed a resetable mixed circuit for biopotential signal measurements, in particular for electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromyogram and electroretinogram signals acquisition. In the circuit, is included a block which dynamically performs the compensations instability that exist in between the electrodes impedances, reducing the common mode interference due to the power network-patient coupling
Ndoye, Gueye Aminata. "Conception, réalisation et test d'un capteur électronique Si-LiF-Si destiné à la spectrométrie et à la dosimétrie des neutrons." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0038.
Full textReche, Jérôme. "Nouvelle méthodologie hybride pour la mesure de rugosités sub-nanométriques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT050.
Full textRoughness at Sub-nanometric scale determination becomes a critical issue, especially for patterns with critical dimensions below 10nm. Currently, there is no metrology technique able to provide a result with high precision and accuracy. A way, based on hybrid metrology, is currently explored and dedicated to dimensional measurements. This hybrid metrology uses data fusion algorithms in order to address data coming from different tools. This thesis presents some improvements on line roughness analysis thanks to frequency decomposition and associated model. The current techniques used for roughness determination are explained and a new one SAXS (Small Angle X-rays Scattering) is used to push again limits of extraction of roughness. This technique has a high potential to determine sub nanometrics patterns. Moreover, the design and manufacturing of reference line roughness samples is made, following the state of art with periodic roughness, but also more complex roughness determined by a statistical model usually used for measurement. Finally, this work focus on hybridization methods and more especially on neural network utilization. Thus, the establishment of a neural network is detailed through the multitude of parameters which must be set. In addition, training of the neural network on simulation leads to the capability to generate different metrology
Latorre, Laurent. "Evaluation des techniques microélectroniques contribuant à la réalisation de microsystèmes : application à la mesure du champ magnétique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00397734.
Full textL'objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est le développement de méthodologies qui conduisent à la caractérisation de la technologie FSBM et à la conception de microsystèmes électromécaniques.
L'étude expérimentale d'une structure de test appelée "cantilever U-Shape" est présentée. Cette étude permet l'extraction des paramètres mécaniques qui ne sont pas caractérisés dans la cadre d'une utilisation traditionnelle de la technologie en microélectronique.
Afin de proposer aux concepteurs de MEMS des outils de simulation, le cantilever FSBM fait l'objet d'une modélisation qui s'appuie sur une étude théorique de poutres composites. Le codage de ces modèles dans le langage VHDL Analogique montre alors comment il est possible d'intégrer les composants mécaniques dans le flot de conception microélectronique.
L'utilisation conjointe des résultats de caractérisation et des modèles théoriques conduit finalement à l'évaluation de la structure "U-Shape" excitée par la force de Laplace en tant que capteur de champ magnétique.
En perspective à ces travaux, des solutions alternatives pour la mesure du champ magnétique à l'aide de microstructures sont proposées.
Roy, Sébastien. "Mesure de l'adhérence et des propriétés mécaniques de couches minces par des essais dérivés de la nanoindentation : application à la microélectronique et au biomédical." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00289845.
Full textRoy, Sébastien. "Mesure de l’adhérence et des propriétés mécaniques de couches minces par des essais dérivés de la nanoindentation. Application à la microélectronique et au biomédical." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00289845.
Full textThree different tests, developed on a nanoindentation apparatus, are used for the mechanical characterization of various thin films: Cu, SiN and SiCN films for microelectronics (interconnection) and polymer films for biomedicals (drug eluting stent). Basic nanoindentation test is used for the measurement of mechanical properties of 500 nm Cu thin films deposited on Ta/TaN/SiO2/Si substrate. The experimental results and the 2D finite element calculations show the inadequacy of the Oliver and Pharr analysis for this kind of materials, because of the growth of a pile-up around the contact area. A work-hardening effect also induces a huge increase of the hardness values during penetration. This work-hardening effect is influenced by annealing temperature of the Cu films. Mechanical adhesion of Cu films was then measured by Cross Sectional Nanoindentation (CSN). The experimental procedure and the mechanical interpretation of this test were strongly improved. Results show the influence of annealing temperature and substrate patterning on Cu adhesion. A 3D numerical simulation is developed to calculate deformation energy spent during film delamination. A micro-scratch test was employed for adhesion measurement of SiN and SiCN thin films (40 to 120 nm) deposited on Cu/Ta/TaN/SiO2/Si substrate. The influence of the film thickness and the wear of the indenter tip on the critical force are studied. Finite element calculations show that the delamination at critical force is due to high stress in the SiCN film and at SiCN/Cu interface. Micro-scratch test was then applied to polymer films (500 to 1000 nm) deposited on stainless steel. The results show the enhancement of the adhesion when an electro-grafted sub-layer is used to promote steel/polymer interface
Vũ, Văn Yem. "Conception et réalisation d'un sondeur de canal multi-capteur utilisant les corrélateurs "cinq-ports" pour la mesure de propagation à l'intérieur des bâtiments." Paris, ENST, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENST0052.
Full textThe five-port correlator in microstrip technology consists of a ring with 5 arms and three diode power detectors. The ratio of two waves (Radio Frequency and Local Oscillator) is determined as a linear combination of the power levels measured at the five -port's outputs. Advantages of using five-port are its low-cost, its less sensibility to phase and amplitude imbalances and its operation in a wide frequency band. We propose a spatio-temporal channel sounder that consists of an 8 quasi-Yagi antenna elements and of 8 five-ports at reception The channel sounder designed for indoor propagation measurements follows us to measure time delay (TOA: Time Of Arrival) and Direction Of Arrival (DOA) in azimuth and in elevation of multi-path signals simultaneously. The DOA is estimated by measuring the phase difference of signals picked up by an antenna array and the estimation of TOA is based on the phase difference measured at two successive frequencies in the band from 2. 3 GHz to 2. 5 GHz with frequency step of 4 MHz at one five-port. The high resolution algorithm MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) associated with spatial smoothing pre-processing is used for TOA and DOA estimation. The simulation and measurement results show that we can estimate a number of signals bigger than the number of antenna elements. The proposed channel sounder has a low-cost and the measurement is performed simultaneously
Dagher, Gulnar. "Mesure directe et non destructive de la distribution de charges d'espace à l'échelle nanométrique dans les isolants et les semi-conducteurs : application à la microélectronique." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066573.
Full textHijazi, Ragheb. "Intégration sur silicium des capteurs et des fonctions de traitement de signal généré par des rayonnements nucléaires : application à la mesure du radon." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/81e9cb7e-b6b8-422b-8727-7380c45dcdd2/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4011.pdf.
Full textThis work presented in this thesis was realized in the laboratory XLIM C2S2 team. It is oriented towards protecting people against exposure to radon at their places. The designed active devices should permit measuring the concentration activity of radon in the atmosphere. This work presents a literature overview of nuclear radiation detectors, and presents specially the semiconductor detectors. This work is based on the microelectronics design. The main task is to design analog blocks of integrated circuits for signal processing. To achieve this goal, we had to use AMS 0. 35 μm CMOS technology, as for simulation and design, Cadence CAD tool was mainly used. The designed blocks are: a charge sensitive preamplifier, an integrator, a differentiator, an amplifier and a threshold discriminator. The design of these blocks took into account the low power and the low noise. A prototype was tested in radon’s atmosphere
Lartigau, Isabelle. "Mesure et modélisation du bruit de fond électrique basse fréquence dans les transistors intégrés MOS pour l'exploration des pièges et des défauts dans les technologies SOI récentes." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2059.
Full textPetit, Jérôme. "Contrôle dimensionnel sub-micrométrique utilisant un appareil goniométrique bidimensionnel rapide." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10211.
Full textThis work deals with Optical Critical Dimension metrology in microelectronics and with the use of an unusual tool for this application. The first keypoint of this metrology technique is the ability to calculate the scattered light pattern from a periodic structure and the second key point is the apparatus used to measure the diffracted pattern. We present here a goniometric instrument based on optical Fourier Transform. This equipment has been change for the metrological application and we describe in this text the different steps we had to deal with to achieve. These steps are the description of the measurement head, the understanding and the instrument analysis to adapt our numerical means to the problem needs. Then we validated the metrological function of the instrument on samples like opticallayers or gratings. We compare each etched structure measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry and Scanning Electron microscopy. Each result has been analyzed to evaluate accuracy on parameters. At last, we used instrument peculiarities to go through qualitative study of complex structures like line with roughness and overlay
Godet, Sylvain. "Instrumentation de mesure sur puce pour systèmes autotestables. Application à la mesure de bruit de phase basée sur des résonnateurs BAW." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509145.
Full textDavid-Grignot, Stéphane. "Mesure de bruit de phase faible coût à l'aide de ressources de test numériques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS055/document.
Full textIn recent decades, the microelectronics industry has experienced a wide democratization of the use of telecommunication applications. The improved process design and manufacturing have produced complex and high performance analog, mixed and radio frequency circuits for these applications. However, the test cost of these integrated circuits still represents a large part of the manufacturing cost. Indeed, very often, analog testing is not just a functional test but needs measurements for specification validations. These measurements require the use of dedicated instruments expensive resources on standard industrial test equipment.One of the essential but costly specifications to validate in RF circuitry is the phase noise level. The currently used industrial technique consists in capturing the signal from the circuit under test using an RF tester channel equipped with a high performance analog to digital converter; a Fourier transform is then applied to the digitized signal and the phase noise is measured on the resulting spectrum.The approach proposed in this thesis is to achieve the phase noise measurement using solely digital low-cost resources. The basic idea is to perform 1-bit capture of the analog signal with a standard digital channel and develop post-processing algorithms dedicated for phase noise evaluation from the zero-crossings of the signal.Two methods are presented. The first method is based on an estimate of the instantaneous signal frequency and an analysis of their dispersion induced by phase noise. This method imposes a strong constraint on the sampling frequency to be used and proved to be sensitive to noise amplitude, limiting the range of possible measures. A second method is then proposed to overcome these limitations. From the binary capture of the analog signal, a reconstruction of the instantaneous phase of the signal is carried out, then filtered and characterized by a common tool of frequency stability assessment: the Allan variance. This technique, robust to amplitude noise and jitter, can be parametrized and enables efficient characterization of phase noise without fundamental constraint.In addition to the simulations, these techniques are subject to a stochastic study and are validated experimentally on different types of signals to be measured - artificially generated or from chips on the market - and with different measuring instruments - on oscilloscope or industrial tester, in laboratory and on a production line-. An On-chip implementation is also proposed and validated with a FPGA prototype
Belharet, Djaffar. "Etude et validation de boucles d’asservissement permettant le contrôle avancé des procédés en microélectronique : application à l’étape d’isolation par tranchées peu profondes en technologie CMOS." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EMSE515M.
Full textThis work belongs to the development of Advanced Process Control (APC) applications in the microelectronics industry. The APC component studied here is the implementation of close regulation loops which can adjust the process parameters in real time. This technique is applied on the isolation module of the CMOS circuits. The shallow trench isolation (STI) is the chosen solution for the technologies below 0. 25 µm. The impact of the STI morphology on the mechanical stress is confirmed and the influence of the STI on the electrical parameters through different correlation analysis is demonstrated. An electrical indicator for the monitoring of the regulation close loop is defined. This parameter is the punch-through voltage of the parasitic transistors. The step height dispersion affects directly the punch-through voltage of the parasitic transistors. In order to reduce this dispersion, we proposed to achieve three regulation closed loops. The processes to be regulated are: the high density plasma CVD deposition, the chemical mechanical polishing and the wet etching. The process models represent the heart of the regulation close loop and have been established from Design Of Experiments (DOE)
Oster, Stephane. "Etude et réalisation d'un prototype avancé de plateforme de mesure de micro et nanoforce par lévitation diamagnétique." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913279.
Full textChrétien, Nicolas. "Électroniques dédiées à l'asservissement d'oscillateurs et à la mesure physique à l'aide de capteurs à ondes élastiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056972.
Full textVelayudhan, Vipin. "Méthodes de mesure pour l’analyse vectorielle aux fréquences millimétriques en technologie intégrée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT035/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of vectorial measurement methods for analysing microelectronic circuits in integrated technology at millimeter wave frequencies. Current calibration and de-embedding methods are less precise for successfully extracting the intrinsic parameters of devices and circuits at millimeter wave frequencies, while the targeted operating frequencies are above 100 GHz. This is especially true for the characterization of passive devices such as propagation lines. The initial motivation of this thesis work was to explain the exact origin of the additional loss measured in Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides (S-CPW) lines at millimeter wave frequencies. Was it a problem of raw measurement or a problem of de-embedding method, which underestimates the losses? Or was it a problem of insufficient modeling of the effects of adjacent cells, or even the creation of a perturbation mode of propagation?This work consists of estimating many de-embedding methods beyond 65 GHz and classifies these methods into three groups to be able to compare them in a meaningful way. This study was conducted in three phases.In the first phase, we compared all the de-embedding methods with known electrical model parasitics of pad/accessline. This phase identifies the optimal conditions to use and apply these de-embedding methods.In the second phase, the modeling of test structures is performed using a 3D electromagnetic simulator based on finite element method. This phase tested the robustness of the methods and considered an original de-embedding method called Half-Thru de-embedding method. This method gives comparable results to the TRL method, which remains the most effective method. However, it remains difficult to explain the origin of additional losses obtained in measured S-CPW line.A third modeling phase was analysed to take into account the measurement of probes and the adjacent cells near our device under test. More than 80 test structures were designed in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology to compare the different de-embedding methods and analyse the link with adjacent cells, measuring probes and perturbation mode of propagation.Finally, this work has identified a number of precautions to consider for the attention of microelectronic circuit designers wishing to characterize their circuit with precision beyond 110 GHz. It also helped to establish Half-Thru Method de-embedding method, which is not based on electrical model, unlike other methods
Jatlaoui, Mohamed Mehdi. "Capteurs passifs à transduction électromagnétique pour la mesure sans fil de la pression." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00559628.
Full textGermain, Fabien. "Sécurité cryptographique par la conception spécifique de circuits intégrés." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001858.
Full textLöw, Peter. "Thermométrie submicrométrique par fluorescence : caractérisation de micro et nanostructures en milieux sec et liquide." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/303/.
Full textThis thesis presents the development of an improved fluorescent thermometry approach for the thermal characterization of Joule-heated submicrometer wires in dry and liquid conditions. The design parameters of the wire systems are studied by the use of finite element modeling (FEM) in order to optimize their thermal behavior. A high spatial confinement of the temperature changes is experimentally demonstrated when using a nickel submicrometer wire on a silicon substrate as a heat source. The thermal time constants of the wire systems are shown to lie below one millisecond. The results of this thesis are of great interest in the development of new tools for the sensing, recognition and fundamental studies of molecules (for instance the folding of proteins and DNA) based on fast temperature modulation
Baudin, David. "Development of a CdTe spectro-imaging for space application." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS019.
Full textThis manuscript details the work in the scope of a hard X-Ray spatial instrumentation project. Previous developments have reached the design and fabrication of a Cadmium Telluride detector (CdTe) allowing precise photoelectric conversion of light in the hard X-Ray energy range (1keV – 100 keV).This thesis describes all of the design steps of a charge conversion integrated circuit with several specificities: a good spectral resolution, a good spatial resolution, and a four-side abutability.This work organizes through three principal steps. The technology choice for integrated circuit fabrication. The design, fabrication and test of prototypes dedicated to develop the circuit architecture. In addition, the design and test of the final circuit named IDeF-X D²R₂. This circuit of 8.5 mm x 8.5 mm, contains 1024 pixels matrix of 32 x 32) of 250 x 250 µm² each of one allowing charge measurement with a low noise of 40 electrons, a dynamic up to 110 000 electrons (500 keV CdTe), for a nominal power consumption of 200 µW/pixel. A system approach has been done to be compatible to a 32 channels analog to digital converter developed prior to the thesis named OWB-1 leading to a digital output spectro-imaging system. Developments and results are promising for the conception of modular detection plan for future spatial missions in the hard X-Ray energy range, allowing study of energetic celestial objects
Fadda, Emilienne. "Evaluation des composantes de l'énergie de surface par la technique des angles de contact : application à la mise au point et au controle de procédés en microélectronique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10222.
Full textGriesbach, schuch Nivea. "Métrologie Hybride pour le contrôle dimensionnel en lithographie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT063/document.
Full textThe industry of semiconductors continues to evolve at a fast pace, proposing a new technology node around every two years. Each new technology node presents reduced feature sizes and stricter dimension control. As the features of devices continue to shrink, allowed tolerances for metrology errors must shrink as well, pushing the evolution of the metrology tools.No individual metrology technique alone can answer the tight requirements of the industry today, not to mention in the next technology generations. Besides the limitations of the metrology methods, other constraints such as the amount of metrology data available for higher order analysis and the time required for generating such data are also relevant and impact the usage of metrology in production. For the production of advanced technology nodes, neither speed nor precision may be sacrificed, which calls for cleverer metrology approaches, such as the Hybrid Metrology.Hybrid Metrology consists of employing different metrology strategies together in order to combine their strengths while mitigating their weaknesses. This hybrid approach goal is to improve the measurements in such a way that the final data presents better characteristics that each method separately. One of the techniques than can be used to combine the data coming from different metrology techniques is called Data Fusion. There are a large number of developed methods of Data Fusion, using different mathematical tools, to address the data fusion process.The first goal of this thesis project was to start developing the topics of Data Fusion and Hybrid Metrology within the two laboratories whose cooperation made this work possible: LTM (Laboratoire des Technologies de la Microélectronique) and LETI (Laboratoire d'électronique et de technologie de l'information). This thesis presents the concepts of Data Fusion in the context of Hybrid Metrology applied to dimensional measuring for the semiconductors industry. This concept can be extensively used in many other fields of applications.In this work the basics of state-of-the-art metrology techniques is presented and discussed. The focus is the CD-SEM, for its fast and almost-non-destructive metrology; the AFM, for its accurate profile view of patterns and non-destructive characteristic; the Scatterometry, for its precision, global and fast measurements; and the FIB-STEM, as a reference on accuracy for any type of profile, although destructive. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods were discussed in order to introduce the need of Hybrid Metrology and to identify the role that each of those methods can play in this context.Several experiments were performed during this thesis work in order to provide further knowledge about the characteristics and limitations of each metrology method and to be used as either inputs or reference on the different Hybrid Metrology scenarios proposed.The selected method for fuse the data coming from different metrology methods was the Bayesian approach. This technique was evaluated in different experimental contexts, both for Height and CD metrology combining different metrology methods. Results were evaluated for both the debiasing step alone and for the complete fusion flow. In both cases, it was clear the advantages of using a Hybrid Metrology approach for improving the measurement precision and accuracy.The presented Hybrid Metrology technique may be used by the semiconductor industry in different steps of the fabrication process. This technique can also provide information for machine calibration, such as a CD-SEM tool being calibrated based on Hybrid Metrology results generated using the CD-SEM itself together with Scatterometry data
Vigouroux, Mathieu Pierre. "Mesure de déformation et cristallinité à l'échelle nanométrique par diffraction électronique en mode précession." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY012/document.
Full textPrecession electron diffraction (PED) is a recent technique used to minimize acquired diffractionpatterns dynamic effects. The primary intention of this PhD work is to improve PED (PrecessionElectron Diffraction) data analysis and treatment methodologies in order to measure the strain at thenanoscale. The strain measurement is intended to reach a 10-3 strain precision as well as usualmicroscopy techniques like high-resolution imaging. To this end, measurements were made with aJEOL 2010A with a Digistar Nanomegas precession module.The approach developed has been used and tested by measuring the strain in a Si/SiGe multilayeredreference sample with a known Ge Content. Strain measurements reached 1x10-4 sensitivity withexcellent finite element strain simulation agreement. This process has been also applied to measure thestrain in microelectronic InGaAs Quantum Well and an "Ω-gate" experimental transistor devices.The second approach developed has been made to provide a robust means of studying electrontransparent nanomaterial polycrystallinity with precession. Examples of applications of this analysismethod are shown on different devices
Grandfond, Antonin. "Etude de la fiabilité des mesures électriques par la microscopie à force atomique sur couches diélectriques ultra-minces : Développement d'une technique de pompage de charge résolue spatialement pour la caractérisation des défauts d'interface." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0133/document.
Full textThe rapid progress of the microelectronic is obtained by the strong reduction of the dimensions of the MOS transistor. In order to reduce the leakage currents SiO2 is nox replaced by HfO2, but new dielectrics with a high permittivity (high-k) will have to be integrated in the future so that the progession continues. The atomic force microscope (AFM) in Conductive-AFM (C-AFM) mode is an ideal tools for the electrical characterization of thin oxide films at the nanometric scale. In our work, we have tried to study the limits of the C-AFM. C-AFM consists in using an AFM tip as a top electrode in order to perform Intensity-Current (I-V) curves or mapping the current. We have tried and identify the phenomenon which lead to the degradation of the dielectric layer during the application of the positive voltage bias on the tip, which results in a deformation of the surface under study. We have shown that it is a thermal effect due to a large density of current, which is different from dielectric induced breakdown epitaxy (DBIE) observed on the devices, and which may even lead to the degradation of the susbstrate at the interface. This phenomon is favored by the presence of water on the surface although it is not its consequence. This confirms that such electrical measurements should be performed in ultra-high vacuum in spite of the consequences in terms of complexity of the measurement setup. As a consequence, the study of the dielectric material are questionned since the degradation process is partly due to the AFM technique itself and does not allow to extrapolate easily the behaviour of the integrated device. Moreover, the statistical study of the degradation of the layer (Weibull), commonly used, is affected by a bias (measurements are interdependent). In the same way, the modeling of the conduction through the layer must be questionned because the surface of the electrical contact between the tip and the dielectric layer remains a very variable parameter. The charge pumping technique, which consists in caracterizing the traps at the semiconductor / dielectric interface by filling/emptying them with the application of an alternating gate voltage. It allows to extract the states density (Dit(E) and the capture cross section (σ(E)) but does not provide any information about their repartition on the interface. So, we have adapted this technique to the scanning probe microscopy with the conducting AFM probe as a gate. Using gate-less transistors fabricated in the frame of this work, we have demonstrated the feasability of this technique with a satisfying agreement with macroscopic measurements. We are able to measure a signal that can be related to charge pumping. However, the signal is distorted compared to macroscopic measurements. Modeling is needed because in our case, minority carriers must travel from source to drain via a non polarised area. As a perspective, an energetically resolved method to map the interfacial defects might be developed
Alaeldine, Ali. "Contribution à l'étude des méthodes de modélisation de l'immunité électromagnétique des circuits intégrés." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355945.
Full textGuillet, Bruno. "Lecture et contrôle faible bruit de température à très haute résolution : application à la mesure de bruit excédentaire, à la bolométrie résistive, et à la radiométrie à substitution électrique." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011373.
Full textQin, Shiyu. "Effet électrique des contaminants métalliques dans les dispositifs microélectroniques avancés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4304/document.
Full textIn this work which is part of the FUI project COMET (AAP9), intentional metallic contaminations have been realized for different contaminants (Ni, Mo, Cr, Fe, Au) either on the surface of silicon wafers by a spin-coating technique or in the bulk of silicon wafers by ion implantation. Then various devices (diodes, MOS transistor ...) were fabricated on these wafers contaminated.Secondly, in order to study the impact of metallic contamination on the performance of devices, some electrical characterizations have been carried out on these samples: Current-voltage characteristics I(V), Capacitance-Voltage C(V) and ZERBST. Surface contamination by nickel resulted in a significant impact on the degradation of the generation lifetime of minority carriers. The study of the characteristics I(V) on implanted samples by molybdenum showed that the reverse current of a Schottky diode increased with the concentration of contamination. The numerous electrical measurements on devices manufactured in the industry (MOS process) on wafers which have been contaminated intentionally by deposition solution on the silicon surface of Ni, Mo and Cr before the MOS process showed the absence of significant influence of degradation on the performances of devices.Finally, the software SYNOPSYS Sentaurus TCAD was used to develop the models to reproduce the impact of metallic contaminants on the electrical characteristics or reliability of the devices
Crattelet, Jonathan. "Conception et réalisation d'un microsystème pour la mesure d'encrassement organique, minéral et biologique dans les procédés - : intégration des régimes thermiques périodiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0028.
Full textIn industrial processes including agro and bioprocess, fouling is considered to be a complex and misunderstood phenomenon. Unit operations (including heat, mass and momentum transfers) are carried out in continuous, batch or fed-batch processes. During these operations, the products may evolve (chemical and biochemical reactions, microorganisms growth and activity, etc.) and fouling may occur with a wide range of kinetics from minutes up to years and dimensions from micrometers up to centimeters. Research issued from INRA led to develop a fouling sensor based on local differential thermal analysis and to patent this system. The device enables on-line and continuous monitoring of fouling propensity. Neosens company acquired an exclusive licence and develop and commercialize the sensor whose operating limits are known. In this work, our scientific and technological objectives are to break new locks through: (i) the realization of a fouling sensor based on microsystems technologies, (ii) the investigation and validation of an alternative thermal working mode and a method for fouling monitoring. Based on the previous work, our research deals with conception, realisation and integration of components based on microsystems technologies, integration of permanent and periodic thermal regimes with on-line data treatment and experimental validation at laboratory, pilot-plant and industrial scales for new geometries and configurations.This work led to metrology improvement and reliability. The resulting microsensor seems to be a complement of previous sensor regarding detection and quantification limits
Diop, Mamadou Diobet. "Contribution à l'étude mécanique et électrique du contact localisé : Adaptation de la nanoidendentation à la micro-insertion." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00467529.
Full textTournier, Eric. "Conception et intégration silicium de circuits et SoC analogiques et numériques micro-ondes appliqués à la synthèse agile de fréquences." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629717.
Full textFernandez, Thomas. "Contribution à l'évaluation de la technique de génération d'harmonique par faisceau laser pour la mesure des champs électriques dans les circuits intégrés (EFISHG)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13846/document.
Full textThis work concerns the elaboration of an industrial method for Single Event Effect (SEE) sensitivity testing on integrated circuits. The concerned SEEs are those produced by heavy ions and are mainly Single Event Upset (SEU) and Single Event Latchup (SEL). The original test approach chosen in this study relies on the use of infrared laser pulses striking the backside of the tested device. Laser pulse and heavy ion interaction with semiconductor materials are described and a presentation of the particle accelerator test and some former laser test methods is also given. Advantages and drawbacks of those two techniques are discussed. The developed experimental setup uses a near infrared fiber coupled Neodyme/YAG pulsed laser. Its different elements are described. Using this tool to characterise the SEU sensitivity of several modern SRAMs has allowed to define a test methodology. Its efficiency is discussed and illustrated by different experimental results
Denneulin, Thibaud. "Holographie électronique en champ sombre : une technique fiable pour mesurer des déformations dans les dispositifs de la microélectronique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844107.
Full textFaurax, Olivier. "Méthodologie d'évaluation par simulation de la sécurité des circuits face aux attaques par faute." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22106.pdf.
Full textMicroelectronic security devices are more and more present in our lives (smartcards, SIM cards) and they contains sensitive informations that must be protected (account number, cryptographic key, personal data). Recently, attacks on cryptographic algorithms appeared, based on the use of faults. Adding a fault during a device computation enables one to obtain a faulty result. Using a certain amount of correct results and the corresponding faulty ones, it is possible to extract secret data and, in some cases, complete cryptographic keys. However, physical perturbations used in practice (laser, radiations, power glitch) rarely match with faults needed to successfully perform theoretical attacks. In this work, we propose a methodology to test circuits under fault attacks, using simulation. The use of simulation enables to test the circuit before its physical realization, but needs a lot of time. That is why our methodology helps the user to choose the most important faults in order to significantly reduce the simulation time. The tool and the corresponding methodology have been tested on a cryptographic circuit (AES) using a delay fault model. We showed that use of delays to make faults can generate faults suitable for performing known attacks
Gribaldo, Sébastien. "Modélisation non-linéaire et en bruit de composants micro-ondes pour applications à faible bruit de phase." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339514.
Full textHüe, Florian. "Mesures de déformations dans des dispositifs de la microélectronique par microscopie électronique en transmission en haute résolution et holographie en champ sombre." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/325/.
Full textStrained silicon is now an integral feature of microelectronic devices due to the associated enhancement in carrier mobility. The general aim of this thesis is to explore how transmission electron microscopy can be used to measure strain in such systems. We show in particular how Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA) of High Resolution Electron Microscopy images (HREM) can be used to study thin layers of strained silicon grown upon virtual substrates of Si1-xGex. By studying different virtual substrate compositions and different layer thicknesses we have optimized the technique and evaluated its accuracy and reliability. Accuracy in strain measurement can reach 0. 2% for fields of view of 200 nm x 200 nm. The detailed comparison of experimental measurements and finite element simulations allows the quantification of thin foil relaxation for TEM lamellas. We show, for the first time, that strain can be mapped in two dimensions in an actual device, a p-MOSFET, with a spatial resolution of 2 nm. The second part concerns a new method developed in the CEMES-CNRS laboratory: dark-field holography. With the aid of a field emission gun and a biprism, interferometric fringes are created between a diffracted wave coming from a perfect crystal and a diffracted wave coming from a distorted area. Analysis of the hologram allows us to determine strain. Very large field of view (500 nm by 2 µm) can be obtained with an even better precision than HREM: 0. 02%. Finally, the complementarity of the two techniques is demonstrated through the study of various systems such as multichannel, uniaxial compressed p-MOSFETs (SiGe) with different channel lengths or uniaxial tensile strained n-MOSFETs (Si:C)
Valade, Charles. "Développement d'une méthodologie adaptée à l'industrie microélectronique pour la reconstruction topographique par imagerie SEM à faisceau inclinable." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT015.
Full textWith the advancement of microelectronics technologies, the architecture of electronic components is becoming increasingly complicated. However, knowledge of the dimensional characteristics of the structures is important in order to be able to understand and optimize the behavior of these components. This is why there is a need to develop rapid, non-destructive three-dimensional measurement methods.The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is widely used to carry out dimensional measurements because it responds to the problems of speed and non-destructivity. However, obtaining quantitative and precise three-dimensional information is a challenge.Thanks to an electron microscope whose electron beam can be tilted, it is possible to obtain images at different viewing angles. From the analysis of these images, the height and the sidewall angles of the observed pattern can be determined geometrically.However, since electronic imaging is the result of electron-matter interactions, it is important to understand the origin of the formation of SEM images, in order to be able to analyze them correctly. This is why a study was carried out using physical simulation software to observe and understand the impact of the topography of a pattern on the resulting SEM image.From these observations, metrics were created on the SEM images to analyze them quantitatively.A linear model was then created using physical simulations to estimate the topographic quantities from these metrics. It was then calibrated on real SEM measurements, by comparing them to three-dimensional reference measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This model was created for the reconstruction of “line” type patterns in etched silicon. Thanks to this model, reconstructions of real patterns were made. Finally, work was started on the creation of a model for "trench" and "dense" type patterns in etched silicon
Montaner, Denis. "Investigations optiques submicroniques par microscopie à saut de phase et par microscopie à glissement de franges (nanoscopie) des défauts dans les couches minces et les dispositifs microélectroniques." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20120.
Full textVignetti, Matteo Maria. "Development of a 3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector (3D-SiCAD) for charged particle tracking." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI017/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to develop a novel position sensitive charged particle detector referred to as "3D Silicon Coincidence Avalanche Detector" (3D-SiCAD). The working principle of this novel device relies on a "time-coincidence" mode detection between a pair of vertically aligned Geiger-mode avalanche diodes, with the aim of achieving negligible noise levels with respect to detectors based on conventional avalanche diodes, such as Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPM), and, at the same time, providing single charged particle detection capability thanks to the high charge multiplication gain, inherent of the Geiger-mode operation. A 3D-SiCAD could be particularly suitable for nuclear physics applications, in the field of High Energy Physics experiments and emerging Medical Physics applications such as hadron-therapy and Proton Computed Tomography whose future developments demand unprecedented figures in terms of material budget, noise, spatial resolution, radiation hardness, power consumption and cost-effectiveness. In this work, a 3D-SiCAD demonstrator has been successfully developed and fabricated in the Austria Micro-Systems High-Voltage 0.35 μm CMOS technology by adopting a “flip-chip” approach for the 3D-assembling. The characterization results allowed demonstrating the feasibility of this novel device and validating the expected performances in terms of excellent particle detection efficiency and noise rejection capability with respect to background counts
Demolliens, Antoine. "Apport de la microscopie électronique en transmission à l'étude des mémoires non volatiles de nouvelle génération." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646295.
Full textEl, Kalioubi Ismail. "Développement de la technique de scattérométrie neuronale dynamique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT033/document.
Full textThe decrease of the components size has been widely witnessed in the past decades. Hence, microelectronic field, and more generally speaking, nanofabrication requires very efficient dimensional metrology tools. The improvement of relevant points like the speed, the accuracy and the repeatability of the tool will allow real time process monitoring and thus enhance the production yield while restricting the waste due to process drift. In this framework, scatterometry, an optical dimensional metrology technique based on the analysis of the diffracted light, has proven its ability to meet real time applications requirements. It is composed of a measuring phase, done by an experimental setup (ellipsometer in our case) and an inverse problem resolution phase. The chosen method used in order to process this last step determines the compatibility with real time. Library method and a method based on artificial neural networks possess the required qualifications. The first one has already been validated for etching process monitoring in microelectronics and the second one has been validated only on static cases after a technological step. This PhD involves assessing neural networks for dynamic scatterometry. Based on qualitative and quantitative criteria, this study underlines the difficulty of comparing different metrology techniques objectively. This work draws up a meticulous comparison of these two real time adapted methods in order to bring out their working specifications. Finally, scatterometry using neural networks is studied on a resist etching plasma case. In fact, this is a microelectronic fabrication process for which in-situ control is of an important concern in the future
Bérubé, Benoit-Louis. "Développement d'une technologie NMOS pour la conception de fonctions électroniques avancées." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1567.
Full textBaldé, Mamadou Saliou. "Etude et développement de microtechnologies sur substrat papier : application à la structuration d'AL2O3 poreux pour la faisabilité d'un capteur d'humidité." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20065.
Full textThe primary objective of this project is the implementation of microelectronics/microtechnology processes compatible with the use of paper-based substrate. For this purpose, techniques such as thermal vacuum evaporation, photolithography, electroplating and anodizing aluminum have been developed and adapted to this substrate. Structural, electrical and flexible characterizations benches have also been implemented to study the reliability of the layers deposited on such substrate. A moisture sensor based on flexible aluminum oxide was made and humidity tests have shown excellent results which validate the work
Martin, Simon. "Caractérisation électrique multi-échelle d'oxydes minces ferroélectriques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI145/document.
Full textFerroelectric materials show a spontaneous dielectric polarisation even in the absence of applied electric field, which confers them interesting possibilities of applications. The reduction of the thickness of ferroelectric layers towards ultra-thin values has been necessary in view of their integration in micro and nano-electronic devices. However, the reduction of thickness has been accompanied by unwanted phenomena in thin layers such as tunneling currents and more generally leakage currents. The electrical characterization of these materials remains a challenge which aims at better understanding the physical mechanisms at play, and requires now a nanometric spatial resolution. To do so, it is thus mandatory to enhance the techniques of electrical measurement. In this work, we measure the dielectric polarisation of ferroelectric films from mesoscopic scale down to the nanometric scale using purely electric characterisation techniques (Polarisation vs Voltage, Capacitance vs Voltage, Current vs Voltage), but also electro-mechanical techniques like Piezoresponse Force Microscopy which derives from Atomic Force Microscopy. We show the limits of several classical techniques as well as the artefacts which affect electrical or electro-mechanical measurement and may lead to an incorrect interpretation of the data. In order to push the investigation further, we have developed and we describe new measurement techniques which aim at avoiding some parasitic signals. We present the first direct measurement of the remnent polarisation at the nanoscale thanks to a technique which we call « nano-PUND ». These techniques and methods are applied to a large variety of materials like Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, GaFeO3 or BaTiO3 which (for some of them), ferroelectricity has not been measured experimentally
Valette, Nicolas. "Intégration de Logique Reconfigurable dans les Circuits Sécurisés." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341820.
Full textBorrel, Nicolas. "Evaluation d'injection de fautes Laser et conception de contre-mesures sur une architecture à faible consommation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4358.
Full textIn many applications such as credit cards, confidential data is used. In this regard, the systems-on-chip used in these applications are often deliberately attacked. This puts the security of our data at a high risk. Furthermore, many SoC devices have become battery-powered and require very low power consumption. In this context, semiconductor manufacturers should propose secured and low-power solutions.This thesis presents a security evaluation and a countermeasures design for a low-power, triple-well architecture dedicated to low-power applications. The security context of this research focuses on a Laser sensitivity evaluation of this architecture.This paper first presents the state of the art of Laser fault injection techniques, focusing on the physical effects induced by a Laser beam. Afterward, we discuss the different dual-and triple-well architectures studied in order to compare their security robustness. Then, a physical study of these architectures as substrate resistor and capacitor modeling highlights their impact on security. This evaluation lets us anticipate the phenomena potentially induced by the Laser inside the biasing well (P-well, N-well) and the MOS transistors.Following the analysis of the physical phenomena resulting from the interaction between the laser and the silicon, electrical modeling of the CMOS gates was developed for dual and triple-well architectures. This enabled us to obtain a good correlation between measurements and electrical simulations.In conclusion, this work enabled us to determine possible design rules for increasing the security robustness of CMOS gates as well as the development of Laser sensors able to detect an attack
Nejat, Arash. "Tirer parti du masquage logique pour faciliter les méthodes de détection des chevaux de Troie hardware." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT004.
Full textThe ever-increasing complexity of integrated circuits (ICs) design and manufacturing has necessitated the employment of third parties such as design-houses, intellectual property (IP) providers and fabrication foundries to accelerate and economize the development process. The separation of these parties results in some security threats. Untrustworthy fabrication foundries are suspected of three security threats: hardware Trojans, IP piracy, and IC overproduction. Hardware Trojans are malicious circuitry alterations in IC layouts intended for sabotage objectives.Some IC design modifications, known as Design-for-Trust (DfTr) have been proposed to facilitate Trojan detection methods or prevent Trojan insertion. In addition, key-based modifications, known as design masking or obfuscation, have been proposed to protect IPs/ICs from IP piracy and IC overproduction. They obscure circuits’ functionality by modifying circuits such that they do not correctly work without being fed with a correct key.In this thesis, we propose three DfTr methods based on leveraging the masking approach to hinder Trojan insertion. The first proposed DfTr method aims to maximize obscurity and simultaneously minimize the rare signal counts in circuits under masking. Rare signals barely have transitions during circuit operations and so the use of them causes hardware Trojans will not be easily activated and detected during circuit tests. The second proposed DfTr facilitates path delay analysis-based Trojan detection methods. Since the delay of shorter paths varies less than longer ones’, the objective is to generate fake short paths for nets which only belong to long paths by repurposing the masking elements. Our experiments show that this DfTr method increases the Trojan detectability in modified circuits and also provides the advantages of masking methods. The aim of the third DfTr method is to facilitate power-analysis-based Trojan detection. In a masked circuit by the proposed method, one has more control over the switching activity of the different circuit parts. For instance, one can target one part of the circuit, increase its switching activity, and simultaneously decrease the other parts’ switching activity; consequently, if the target part includes an hardware Trojan, its switching activity and so power consumption rises, although the total power consumption of the circuit goes down due to low switching activity rates in most parts of the circuit. When the circuit consumes less power, the power measurement noise abates. The noise can disturb to observe Trojans’ effects on the power consumption of Trojan-infected circuits.In addition, in this thesis, we introduce a CAD tool that can run various masking algorithms on gate-level netlists. The tool can also perform logic simulation and estimate circuit area, power consumption, and performance at the gate level
Perin, Guilherme. "On the Resistance of RSA Countermeasures at Algorithmic, Arithmetic and Hardware Levels Against Chosen-Message, Correlation and Single-Execution Side-Channel Attacks." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20039/document.
Full textNot only designers of cryptographic devices have to implement the algorithmsefficiently, they also have to ensure that sensible information that leaks throughseveral side-channels (time, temperature, power consumption, electromagneticemanations, etc.) during the execution of an algorithm, remains unexploitedby an attacker. If not sufficiently protected, both symmetric and asymmetriccryptographic implementations are vulnerable to these so-called side-channelattacks (SCA). For public-key algorithms such as RSA, the main operation to bearmoured consists of a multi-digit exponentiation over a finite ring.Countermeasures to defeat most of side-channel attacks onexponentiations are based on randomization of processed data. The exponentand the message blinding are particular techniques to thwartsimple, collisions, differential and correlation analyses. Attacks based ona single (trace) execution of exponentiations, like horizontal correlationanalysis and profiled template attacks, have shown to be efficient againstmost of popular countermeasures.This work proposes a hardware and software implementations of RSA based on Residue Number System (RNS). Different countermeasures are implemented on different abstraction levels. Then, chosen-message and correlation attacks, based on both multi-trace and single-trace attacks are applied to evaluate the robustness of adopted countermeasures. Finally, we propose an improved single-execution attack based on unsupervised learning and multi-resolution analysis using the wavelet transform