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1
Abd, El-Maksoud Sarah. "Performance of microfinance institutions." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/8363.
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Microfinance is regarded as a financial development tool used in fighting poverty by providing the poor with financial services such as microloans, savings, insurance and money transfers thereby gradually lifting them out of poverty. Improving the performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) makes them more capable of better serving more poor people, contributing to the development and enhancement of their economies and improving the welfare of the poor. It is therefore of great importance to study the performance of MFIs from different aspects in order to understand how they operate, what causes their success/failure, and try to find ways to enhance MFI performance to get the most possible benefit out of them. This thesis consists of three interconnected studies, each of which addresses the performance of MFIs from a different aspect. The first study examines the effect of the external environment on MFI performance worldwide in order to identify the context that is best suitable for MFI success, with a special emphasis on the MENA region. The second study investigates the causal relationship between microfinance and formal banking sector development in order to help improve the performance of MFIs with the possible help of the banking sector. The third study tests whether a trade-off exists between the two most pursued goals by MFIs: profitability and outreach in order to help MFIs find a way to achieve both goals simultaneously. A balanced panel dataset of 124 MFIs from 45 countries worldwide for the period 2004-2011 is used in conducting the three studies by applying multiple linear regression models and PVAR model using GMM. Results reveal that the external environment surrounding an MFI significantly influences MFI performance which helps in explaining the uneven performance of MFIs worldwide. It is also concluded that MFIs in the MENA region are the most profitable on average compared to MFIs in other regions which is mainly driven by GDP per capita, whereas South Asian MFIs tend to outperform MFIs in the MENA region when it comes to outreach. Additionally, it is concluded that MFI sustainability and banking sector development do not Granger cause each other, but MFI outreach tends to Granger cause formal banking sector development. Finally, no evidence of trade-off between MFI profitability and outreach is found except when the effect of profitability on outreach is disaggregated by MFI type.
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Vu, Chi Thi Cam. "Microsavings and performance of microfinance institutions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7272/.
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This thesis investigates the effects of micro-saving on the performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) using unbalanced panels that straddle the period 2000-2012. This issue is also examined in a country-specific case study of Vietnam. There are four important findings. First, we found that serving more voluntary savers is costly and curtails depth of microfinance outreach. Second, micro-savings, in terms of the total deposits and the number of deposit accounts per staff member have a positive and significant impact on financial sustainability, cost-efficiency and breadth of outreach of MFIs. Third, a trade-off between financial sustainability and depth of outreach was found for deposit-taking MFIs, compared with MFIs that do not offer micro-savings financial products. Fourth, the findings from the cross-country studies are consistent with the findings from Vietnam. Overall, these findings have important implications for policy makers, microfinance practitioners and researchers.
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Annim, Samuel Kobina. "Microfinance paradigm : institutional performance and outreach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microfinance-paradigm-institutional-performance-and-outreach(2b19d49b-ce81-49fe-b8ff-e65c20c7aa21).html.
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Microfinance research concerns addressed in this thesis relate to: (1) targeting of clients vis-à-vis financial sustainability; (2) loan size effect of interest rate and clients’ well-being status; (3) economic governance and the dual objectives of microfinance institutions; and (4) patterns, trends and drivers of microfinance institution’s efficiency. The thesis emphasises operational issues that affect institutional performance and outreach of microfinance institutions rather than impact of microfinance intervention on poverty reduction. The thesis revolves around four empirical chapters that seek to address the above research concerns. Both micro and macro-level analyses have been explored with the aim of identifying institutional and public policies that drive the success of microfinance interventions. Micro level data from households in Ghana and cross country data mainly from the Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) market are used. Varied microeconometric techniques (ordinary least squares, instrumental variable estimation, quantile regression, pooled regression, fixed and random effects estimations, Hausman-Taylor, Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition, stochastic frontier analysis and non-parametric efficiency estimations) are used depending on the hypotheses being considered in each of the empirical chapters. The main findings are: observed trade-off between financial sustainability and reaching poorer clients; formal institutions dispensing their own funds target poorer clients; pronounced variations in responsiveness of loan size to interest rate changes; semi-elasticity of loan amount responsiveness to a unit change in interest rate is more than proportionate and very significant for the poorest group; lesser time in securing property and availability of credit information show positive effects in targeting poorer clients; both type (pure technical and scale) and scope (narrow and broad) of financial efficiency show varying trends; and lastly, negative effects of bureaucracies in property registration and lack of credit information on social efficiency are also observed. This thesis suggests the following recommendations both for management of microfinance institutions and other stakeholders including international microfinance investors and government: harmonizing microfinance programmes irrespective of the source of funds; segmenting microfinance outreach markets based on socio-economic well-being; curtailing bureaucracies in property registration; and providing credit related information. These are paramount to the success of the microfinance paradigm, especially in achieving its social objective.
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Berglind, Viktor, and Arizo Karimi. "Repayment performance in Microfinance: a theoretical analysis." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8540.
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<p>Offering financial services to the unprivileged is a complex task and past attempts have been rather unsuccessful. One commendable effort that has sprung from the failures of commercial banks is microfinance and thanks to innovative ideas microfinance institutions have managed to cope with many of the challenges previously experienced by the formal bank sector in the 1970’s through the 90’s.</p><p>The “new” approach has successfully managed to overcome obstacles such as lack of collateral and information asymmetry. By using joint-liability schemes and by requiring frequent installments microfinance institutions have managed to reduce their risk exposure and by outsourcing the screening process to the borrowers they have dealt with the lack of information on their clients.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what microfinance institutions do that make them more suitable for delivering financial services to the poor. We will look at the supply driven efforts carried out in the past and see how they differ from the demand driven approach taken today.</p><p>We will evaluate some of the most common mechanisms of microfinance and assess their potential contribution to achieving the high repayment rates that many of these institutions obtain today.</p><p>The main finding is that group lending subject to social sanctions should improve the repayment rate. Other mechanisms that may enhance the performance are the use of dynamic incentives and regular repayment schedules. The effect of targeting women and social programs on repayment rates are ambiguous although their empowerment effect is notable.</p><p>By joining forces with NGOs, local authorities and the commercial financial sector microfinance has emerged as a viable poverty reduction tool alongside traditional aid.</p>
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Silva, Berta Arsénio da. "O desempenho das instituições de microfinanças: uma análise empírica transnacional (1996-2009)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3395.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais<br>Este trabalho intitulado a "O Desempenho das Instituições de Microfinanças: Uma Análise Empírica Transnacional (1996-2009)" foi motivado por duas razões, primeiro, fruto do contacto com a parte operacional da agência Aga Khan para as Microfinanças (AKAM) em Moçambique, e pela oportunidade de realizar o trabalho final de mestrado nesta área financeira específica. As microfinanças integram projectos de desenvolvimento e de inclusão financeira para as pessoas que por diversas razões não têm acesso a serviços financeiros convencionais. Inúmeros estudos foram já realizados sobre o impacto das microfinanças como estratégia de desenvolvimento, bem como sobre a sustentabilidade destas instituições. Este estudo tem por objectivo avaliar e aprofundar o impacto de determinadas variáveis chave no desempenho das instituições de microfinanças (IMF), como sejam: macroeconómicas; institucionais; regulamentares; políticas; condições locais; e características geográficas e humanas do país. Através da revisão de literatura pretende-se, ainda, testar empiricamente algumas teorias, isto é: se um melhor funcionamento das IMF está associado a contextos economicamente mais adversos, pela maior permanência destas nestes ambientes; ou se as microfinanças funcionam como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento que precede a industrialização dos países; ou, ainda, se a performance das IMF tende a melhorar com o tempo. Utilizaram-se indicadores financeiros de sustentabilidade, de eficiência e de incumprimento para avaliar o desempenho das IMF com recurso a modelos econométricos e dados de painel. A amostra foi constituída por IMF distribuídas por diversos países do mundo, com diferentes estatutos (bancos, cooperativas, bancos rurais, NGO, NBFI) e maturidades. Após se efectuarem correcções de maneira a tornar os resultados econometricamente mais robustos, estes, para a maioria das variáveis externas, e não controláveis pelas IMF aqui consideradas, não têm impacto estatisticamente significativo nos indicadores de desempenho das instituições. Contudo, os resultados apontam para um impacto positivo e estatisticamente significativo entre o rendimento per capita do país e o rácio de créditos em mora, e para um impacto negativo, e igualmente significativo, entre o rendimento per capita do período anterior e o rácio de write-off. Paralelamente, o aumento do sector formal está associado a uma melhoria na qualidade do portfolio (reflectido no sinal obtido para o estimador da variável participação da força de trabalho no rácio de créditos em mora) das instituições, enquanto que, uma maior fracção da indústria no PIB está associada a piores rácios de write-off. A inflação é outra das variáveis relevantes com impacto positivo e estatisticamente significativo no indicador de eficiência - custo por cliente. Por último, comprova-se que os anos de experiência têm um efeito positivo mas marginalmente decrescente na sustentabilidade das IMF.<br>This research is entitled as "Microfinance Institutions Performance: an Inter-Regional Empirical Analysis (1996-2009)" the inspiration was a consequence of a field visit to the work inside Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM) in Mozambique, and the opportunity to finalize the Masters degree in this specific social area. Microfinance is a development and financial inclusion strategy for non-bankable people that, because of different reasons, do not have access to traditional financial services. Several studies have already been conducted, focused on poverty alleviation and the social impact of microfinance (outreach of microfinance), as well as, on the challenges of a microfinance institutions (MFI) to reach financial sustainability. This study aims to evaluate in more depth the impact of different key-variables on IMF performance, namely: macroeconomic; institutional framework; regulation; political; local conditions; geographic and human characteristics of the country. Based on literature review this study also intends to empirically test some theoretical ideas, for example: microfinance is more developed in economic unstable areas due to a historical presence in these contexts; and microfinance as a development strategy that preceded industrialization ofthe countries; or even iftime tends to improve MFI performance. Econometric models and panel data regressions were used to assess the IMF performance in terms of sustainability, efficiency and default. The MFI dataset is distributed for different countries around the world, with different legal status (bank, cooperative/credit union, NGO and non-bank financial institutions) and different age/maturities. After using statistical techniques in order to increase the econometric robustness of the results, overall estimates show no statistical significant relationship between most external and non controlled variables studied on the performance indicators of IMF. However, the results showed a positive statistical significant impact of the current per capita income on at-risk ratio, and a negative significant impact of the previous year's per capita income on write-off ratio. Furthermore, an increase in the formal labor market is associated with a better portfolio quality (reflected by at-risk ratio coefficient on the workforce participation rate) of the institutions, whereas a larger share of manufacturing is associated with a higher write-off ratio. Inflation is another important variable with a positive and significant impact on efficiency indicators - cost per borrower. Finally, the results prove that MFI's tend to perform better initially and then taper off.
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Amin, Azmat Najma. "Commercialisation de Microfinance : comment les Institutions de Microfinance (IMFs) peut attirer les investisseurs ?" Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2029/document.
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Cette recherche examine le lien entre la Responsabilité Sociale d’Enterprise (RSE) des Institutions de Microfinance (IMFs) et les investisseurs étrangers (F.Is) dans le contexte où la micro finance commercialisée a un double objectif (DBL). Le cadre théorique et conceptuel de cette étude comprend la théorie de l'agence, la théorie des parties prenantes, la théorie de la dépendance aux ressources et le concept d'Investissement Socialement Responsable (ISR). L'étude empirique est basée sur un processus en deux étapes, une première étude qualitative exploratoire réalisée à travers des entretiens semi-directif avec 9 gestionnaires de fonds (ISR) afin de bien comprendre le sujet et d'enrichir les théories et les concepts. La deuxième étape consiste en une analyse quantitative à l'aide des modèles des moindres carrés ordinaires (OLS) et de la régression logistique en utilisant les données de 615 IMF pour l'année 2012 pour vérifier le lien entre les F.Is et la RSE et si la performance financière joue un rôle de médiateur ou de modérateur. Pour la première fois en microfinance, une définition globale / multi dimensionnelle de la RSE est utilisée et des indicateurs calculés sur la base de cela. Les résultats montrent que la RSE est un facteur clé dans les décisions d'investissement de F.Is et il montre un effet de médiation de la performance financière sur la relation entre la RSE et F.Is. Afin d'assurer l'accès aux services financiers au bas de la pyramide, les IMFs ont besoin d'avoir accès aux investisseurs étrangers. Comme la RSE est prise en compte par les investisseurs dans leur décision d'investissement, les IMF doivent donc se concentrer sur la gestion et la présentation des activités pertinentes de RSE afin d'attirer et de satisfaire ces investisseurs<br>This research examines the link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and foreign investors (F.Is) in the context that commercialized Microfinance has double-bottom-line. The theoretical and conceptual framework for this study includes the agency theory, stakeholder’s theory, resource dependence theory and the concept of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). The empirical study is based on a two-step process, an initial exploratory qualitative study carried out through semi-structured interviews with 9 fund managers (SRI) in order to understand well the topic and enrich the theories and concepts. The second step is a quantitative analysis through ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models using data of 615 MFIs for the year 2012 to verify the link between F.I and CSR and if financial performance plays a mediator or moderator role. For the first time in microfinance, a comprehensive/multi-dimensional definition of CSR is used and indicators calculated based on that. The results show that CSR is a key factor in investment decisions of F.Is and it shows a mediation effect of financial performance on the relationship between CSR and F.Is. In order to provide access to financial services at the bottom of the pyramid, MFIs need access to foreign investors. As CSR is taken into account by investors in their investment decision, therefore, MFIs need to focus on managing and reporting relevant CSR activities in order to attract and satisfy these investors
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Onomo, Michel Bertrand Cyrille. "Mécanismes de gouvernance en microfinance : apport sur la performance des institutions de microfinance au Cameroun." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUED003.
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Les limites des pratiques de gouvernance constituent l’un des risques majeurs qui menacent la viabilité des institutions de microfinance (IMF). Les IMF localisées en Afrique centrale, et notamment au Cameroun, ces limites se rapportent au manque de transparence dans les procédures de recrutement des dirigeants, dans les procédures de prise de décision organisationnelle et dans le mode de choix ou d’élection des administrateurs, et au système de contrôle des dirigeants. L’objectif de ce travail était de comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes de gouvernance des IMF au Cameroun. Il s’agissait précisément d’une part de mettre en relief les mécanismes de gouvernance à l’œuvre dans ces institutions, et d’autre part, de déterminer les liens entre ces mécanismes et les indicateurs de la performance de ces dernières. De l’étude empirique, il ressort que le Conseil d’administration (CA) est l’organe central de la gouvernance dans les IMF au Cameroun. A côté de ce mécanisme, la politique de rémunération du dirigeant, les contrôles par les autorités monétaires, et par l’organe faitier (dans le cas spécifique des coopératives d’épargne et de crédit appartenant à des réseaux) et l’évaluation de l’activité de l’IMF par les agences de notation sont des mécanismes supplémentaires qui assurent la discipline des dirigeants de ces institutions. Par ailleurs, la structure monale du leadership au conseil d’administration, le nombre de métiers différents que compte le conseil d’administration, les contrôles des autorités monétaires et des organes faitiers, l’évaluation de l’activité de l’IMF par des agences de notation, le niveau d’études et l’ancienneté du dirigeant, ont une influence positive sur les indicateurs de la performance de ces institutions. A contrario, la présence des femmes an conseil d’administration et le nombre annuel de rencontres du conseil d’administration, ont une influence négative sur ces indicateurs. Cependant, le nombre d’administrateurs, l’indépendance du conseil d’administration vis à vis de la direction et l’audit (externe) régulier des comptes de ces institutions, n’ont aucune influence sur leurs indicateurs de performance<br>The drawbacks of governance practices constitute one of the major risks that threaten le viability of microfinancial institutions (MFI). With regards to MFIs located in Central Africa and particularly in Cameroon, these limitations are related to the lack of transparency in the hiring processes of managers, in the process of organisational decision taking and in the method of choice or election of directors as well as in the system of control of chief executive. The aim of this work is to understand the functioning of governance systems of MFIs in Caemroon. Precisely, it was a matter of highlighting on one hand the governance mechanisms put in place in these institutions, and on the other hand to determine the link between these mechanisms and the performance governance in MFIs in Cameroon. Next to this mechanism, the chief executive compensation, controls y monetary authorities and by the credit’s union central organi (specifically in the case of credit union belonging to networks) and the evaluation of activities by rating agencies are additional mechanismes that assure the control of chief executive in these institutions. Moreover, the structure of leadership in the board of directors, the number of different trades counted bu the board of directions, controls by monetary authorities and by credit union central organ, evaluation by rating agencies, the level of education and the sentant of the chief executive have a positive influence on the performance indicators of these institutions. Unlikely, the presence of women in the board of directors and the number of annual meetings of the said board have a negative influence on these indicators. However, the number of directors, the independence of the board of directors vis-a-vis management and the regular (external) audit of the accounts of these institutions have no influence on their performance indicators
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Schmied, Julian. "Financial performance and social goals of microfinance institutions." Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6769/.
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Critics argue that there has been a trend among Microfinance Institutions (MFI) to focus on profitability in order to stay financially sustainable. This made some institutions neglect the social mission of microfinancing. In this paper I intend to examine if empirical evidence supports this so called mission drift hypothesis as well as other claims in this context. Using the global panel data set of the MIX (Microfinance Information Exchange), which gathers from 1995 to 2010 and contains up to 1400 institutions with a high variety of organizational forms, I was able to identify a world-wide mission drift effect in their social goal of reaching out the poorest part of the population. Furthermore, I find that, on average, the outreach of an MFI has a significant negative influence on its short and long term financial performance. Despite that, I eventually proved that the probability that an MFI worsens its social performance substantially increases if its profitability has decreased in the previous years.<br>Das Konzept der Mikrofinanzierung wurde, insbesondere im Zuge der Mikrofinanzkrisen in Asien und Südamerika zunehmend kritisiert. Dabei stand vor allem die Kommerzialisierung der Branche im Zentrum der Kritik. In dieser Studie soll daher unter anderem die sogenannte „Mission Drifts”-These also dass das eigentliche Ziel des Mikrokreditwesen aus den Augen verloren wurde, empirisch überprüft werden. Mit Hilfe des Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) Datensatzes, wurden Paneldaten von bis zu 1.400 Kreditinstitutionen, mit unterschiedlichen (Rechts-)formen, aus den Jahren 1995 bis 2010 ausgewertet. Die Regressionsanalyse hat gezeigt, dass Profitablität in der Tat einen negativen Einfluss auf das Ziel hat, möglichst arme Menschen zu erreichen. Auch der Trade-off zwischen der Reichweite von Mikrokrediten und kurzfristiger sowie langfristiger Profitabilität konnte nachgewiesen werden. Die Daten zeigten aber auch, dass Mikrofinanzinstitution dazu tendieren soziale Ziele zu vernachlässigen, wenn es im vergangenen Geschäftsjahr finanziell bergab ging.
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Toindepi, Joseph. "Microfinance in Zimbabwe : social performance and coping strategies." Thesis, University of Derby, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/592915.
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This study is an investigation into poverty coping strategies of microfinance and its social performance in crisis environments using empirical evidence from Zimbabwe. Microfinance has close association with informal microcredit, mainly self-help schemes and Government led rural agricultural credit, which was based on the idea of lending for the poor up to the 1960s through to the early 1970s. Whilst informal microcredit was viewed to be a success on many forms for some decades, it was clear that tailor-made changes were needed to respond specifically to the poor’s financial needs and help them fight poverty. Thus, it was seen as necessary to experiment on an institution based/formal financial service sector for the poor in the late 1970s through to the 1990s, which could perhaps tackle poverty reduction more systematically and effectively. In this, microcredit transformed into microfinance having incorporated more financial services on offer in addition to credit and was regarded as the new step forward and backed by several development agencies including the United Nations. In fact, microfinance was hailed as the most innovative poverty alleviation tool, able to deal with poverty whilst at the same time generating sufficient extra income to cover operating costs. Over four decades on since its inception, the microfinance sector has grown tremendously but, as is commonly acknowledged, the shackles of global poverty are just as visible as ever and in some cases are even stronger. This study critically explores and analyses the state of the microfinance sector in Zimbabwe following a recent political, economic and social crisis characterised by hyperinflation reaching six figure digits, which led to a revamp of the microfinance sector in 2009. The findings this study reflect a systematic departure of the original hopes and ideals of microfinance as a poverty-reduction centred programming to that of a profit-led business approach and the emergence of a new breed of microfinance institutions (MFIs). In this new world of “microfinance”, very poor social performance causing distressful situations for borrowers where in certain instances have been known to take their own lives (as In India) due to debt pressures has been witnessed. Ironically, also visible are the microfinance millionaires and successful MFI banks floating on the stock. Not surprisingly, as a result, microfinance has attracted a lot of public scrutiny particularly among academics and policy makers with its credibility as a poverty alleviation tool being seriously questioned. Consequently, both the supporters of microfinance wanting to prove that microfinance reduces poverty as well as the critics of microfinance wishing to discredit those results have carried out several randomised-control trials (RCT) impact studies. In some cases previous studies that had claimed that microfinance reduces poverty were revisited by opposing academics in an effort to refute findings. However, both supporters and critics each found just as much evidence for both positive impact in reducing poverty in some places as well as the negative impact on poverty elsewhere. Neither side could be conclusive about whether microfinance actually does help to reduce poverty. As discussed in the literature review, this resulted in a surge in the number of available studies on the subject of microfinance impact, prompting even more systematic reviews of such studies in an attempt to reconcile the critical question of the role of microfinance in poverty reduction. As before, the systematic reviews also confirmed just as much evidence in favour of microfinance positive impacts on poverty as those against in the negative impacts, thereby failing yet again to provide conclusive evidence on either side of the argument. Such arguments suggest that microfinance delivered in a certain way and under certain conditions can help reduce poverty, but may equally have little effect at all on poverty or can even worsen the poverty situation of individuals when delivered under certain conditions and in a certain way. To the best of my knowledge, no known previous studies have attempted to associate the model of microfinance delivery and conditions to ascertain whether different forms of microfinance operations can produce different impact on poverty even where conditions are similar in order to inform best practice for social performance and help poor individuals to cope with high income-risks. High income-risk is part of life for most people in Zimbabwe as in other developing countries. Zimbabwe was affected by frequent droughts, political turmoil, extreme economic challenges due to sanctions and questionable economic policies between 2000 and 2008, and finally the global financial crisis of 2007/8, creating extraordinarily harsh operating environment for microfinance institutions, characterised by depleted loan portfolio investment, skyrocketing inflation eroding the loan book value and growing default rates. The country’s GDP declined by about 40 percent during the period. Hyperinflation in 2007-2008 peaked at 500 billion percent leading to the collapse of the national currency in February 2009. The Zimbabwean dollar disappeared from circulation in instant literarily forcing MFIs and other financial institutions to freeze all balances in their books which was in local currency and raise new capital in the US dollar and South African Rand. The political and economic challenges negatively affected the Zimbabwean microfinance “industry,” causing the sector to suffer significantly. Both the number of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in the country and the quality and range of services were eroded. Capital, social performance, and viability concerns plagued the microfinance sector forcing the government to introduce sector specific regulation with immediate minimum capital requirement for MFIs resulting in small institutions leaving the market, increasing monopoly by large institutions. Within this uncertainty of the role and effectiveness of microfinance in poverty reduction, and the difficult political and economic circumstances that Zimbabweans have experienced recently, this study looked at the coping strategies of microfinance stakeholders including practitioners and regulators. It employed an exploratory inductive approach using mixed methods methodology. This included a survey questionnaire using both closed and open-ended questions randomly administered to 60 registered microfinance clients and potential clients collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. In addition, comprehensive case assessments were carried out on 3 MFIs. The assessments concluded that there exist two different approaches to microfinance: (1) the Capital Market Driven (CMD) approach characterised by private equity investments and (2) the Poverty Reduction Driven (PRD) approach characterised by emphasis on poverty alleviation and social performance. This thesis argues that the two approaches may have very different impact on poverty. Therefore, a clear distinction between the CMD and PRD are necessary in debates about microfinance impact, whether positive or negative.
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Wagenaar, Kim. "Profit and purpose : organisational type, social performance and outreach in microfinance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708673.
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Allet, Marion. "Microfinance and the environmental bottom line." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209516.
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Microfinance has strongly developed over the past decades on the promise of reaching a double bottom line of financial viability and social impact. Recently, some actors have started to advocate that microfinance, to be truly responsible, should include a third environmental objective as well. However, little scientific knowledge exists today on environmental management within microfinance institutions (MFIs). The objective of this PhD thesis is to shed light on how MFIs manage their environmental bottom line. More specifically, we identify the strategies adopted by MFIs to improve their environmental bottom line, we propose a new framework to assess the environmental performance of MFIs, and we analyze their motives for going green, the characteristics of MFIs involved in environmental management, and the challenges that they face when implementing environmental programs./La microfinance s’est fortement développée ces dernières années sur la base d’une double promesse :celle d’atteindre une viabilité financière tout en ayant un impact social. Récemment, certains acteurs ont commencé à déclarer que la microfinance, afin d’être véritablement responsable, devrait inclure un troisième objectif, environnemental. Aujourd’hui, les connaissances scientifiques liées à la gestion environnementale au sein des institutions de microfinance (IMF) sont toutefois limitées. Cette thèse s’intéresse donc à la manière dont les IMF gèrent leur impact environnemental. Plus particulièrement, elle identifie les stratégies adoptées par les IMF pour améliorer leur performance environnementale, propose un outil de mesure de la performance environnementale des IMF, et analyse leurs motivations pour devenir vertes, les caractéristiques des IMF engagées dans la gestion environnementale, et les défis auxquels elles sont confrontées lors de la mise en œuvre de programmes environnementaux.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Mustapha, Nazar S. "Banking and Microfinance Performance: Market Power, Efficiency, Performance, Outreach and Sustainability Perspectives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2347.
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This dissertation consists of two empirical papers that explore recent phenomena in Banking and Microfinance Performance. Chapter 1, “Market Power and Bank Performance in MENA Countries,” examines the determinants of market power in 12 Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), specifically within six Gulf Cooperation Countries and six non-Gulf countries. We examine the dynamics of bank competition in MENA countries, provide an up-to-date assessment of market power, investigate the factors impacting bank competition, and explore the evolution of market power during the financial crisis. Our results show an overall increase in market power following the GFC for both regions. We find that bank size, capitalization, and diversification affect market power differently in the pre-crisis and post-crisis years. Larger banks enjoy cost advantages and the diversification impact on market power has decreased in the post-crisis years and the impact of capitalization on market power increased during the GFC. Overall, banks with higher capitalization can better weather the crisis. Chapter 2, “The impact of firm-level characteristic and county-specific attributes on the performance and efficiency of the Microfinance institutions,” estimates the impact of country-specific macro-variables and firm-specific attributes on the financial performance and the efficiency of microfinance institutions (MFIs). We use a large international up-to-date database consisting of over 10,000 firm-years for MFIs over 89 countries during the period 2008-2015. Several interesting findings emerge: a) regulation and outreach are negatively correlated. b) There is a negative and highly statistically significant correlation between the percentage of female borrowers and loan size, which is evidence of “mission drift”. c) An increase in the percentage of female board member has positive and statistically significant effect on MFIs profitability and ROA; which emphasizes the importance of female participation in leading position in MFIs.
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Maitrot, Mathilde Rose Louise. "The social performance of microfinance institutions in rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-social-performance-of-microfinance-institutions-in-rural-bangladesh(19928eac-5064-4610-b163-a852371cf7f1).html.
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Microfinance was rapidly hailed as a poverty alleviation tool by development agencies, researchers and practitioners. Despite the increasing capacity of MFIs to manage their financial sustainability, impact studies available report disappointingly low social achievements. Social performance assessment tools available struggle to combat a narrow MFI-centric approach which often overlooks contextual issues and institutional characteristics which can influence MFIs’ poverty reduction potential. This research’s main objective is to identify which and explain how organisational structures and management systems impact on MFIs’ social performance. This work uses a bottom-up research strategy, based on a 10-month extensive fieldwork in Bangladesh, a 490 household data-set, an ethnographic community study in Modhupur and institutional analyses of ASA and PDBF. It analyses the livelihoods, capitals and strategies of rural households in Bangladesh, explores their perceptions and experiences of microfinance and examines the management of socio-financial trade-offs within MFIs at different hierarchical levels. The research’s main findings seriously question the poverty reducing potential of standardised commercialised microfinance in settings characterised by vulnerability, shocks and seasonality, such as rural Bangladesh. It finds that although most MFIs have similar poverty reduction missions it is the way in which their organisational structures, managementsystems and working cultures are arranged that shapes their financial and social achievements. There is strong evidence that commercial MFIs can experience a silent practice drift at the field level in Bangladesh and that the commercialisation of MFIs provides strong incentives for the field staff to prioritise the achievement of their financial targets to the detriment of social performance, discouraging them from reporting low social performance. There are therefore few reasons why MFI senior managers should question their model and policies. This drift can manifest itself through malpractices hard-selling of loans, poor client selection and follow-up procedures, forcing clients into borrowing more and larger loans, using extreme forms of pressure through abusive language and behaviours and micro-collateral. This process usually has longer-term negative impacts on clients, especially the very poor who adopt successive short-term coping tactics to meet inflexible repayment schedules. This thesis concludes that commercial microfinance should not be targeted to the poorest and that more consideration should be given to clientselection and follow-up procedures. This thesis argues that the commercialisation of the global microfinance industry serves the interests of diverse stakeholders who contribute to maintaining the industry’s reputation though the media. This can be deemed an iceberg industry (that shows little of its actual workings and impacts to the public) which is sustained through considerable support from an increasing number of private investors for whom MFIs’ commercial expansion (regardless of its social achievements) serves their financial and political interests.
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Mahmoudi, Mehdi. "Les effets de la microfinance sur le développement durable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2024ORLE1040_va.pdf.
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Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres qui apportent une contribution à la littérature théorique et empirique concernant la relation entre la microfinance et le développement durable. Le premier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de la relation entre la microfinance et le développement économique. Les résultats confirment l’existence d’une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle au sens de Granger allant de la microfinance au développement économique et une causalité bidirectionnelle entre l’indice de développement Humain avec le nombre de clients d’une part, et avec le pourcentage de femmes entrepreneuses d’autre part. Des causalités unidirectionnelles de Granger sont également présentes allant de l’indice de développement humain au portefeuille à risque, ainsi que de l’indice de développement humain à l’autosuffisance opérationnelle. De plus, nous identifions une relation unidirectionnelle allant des charges d’exploitation à l’indice de développement humain. Le deuxième chapitre propose une méthode pour construire un indice multidimensionnel de microfinance en utilisant l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP). Les résultats montrent que les trois dimensions étudiées (pénétration, disponibilité et utilisation) sont essentielles pour expliquer le développement de la microfinance. En classant les pays d’abord selon leurs sous-indices puis selon l’indice global de développement de la microfinance, nous avons identifié les économies les plus avancées en développement de microfinance, telles que l’Afghanistan, le Burkina Faso et la République démocratique du Congo, ainsi que celles présentant les niveaux les plus bas de développement en microfinance, telles que l’Angola et la Côte d’Ivoire. Le troisième chapitre examine le rôle modérateur de la microfinance sur la courbe environnementale de Kuznets, en utilisant deux modèles : les effets principaux et les effets d’interaction. À court terme, la microfinance n’a pas d’impact significatif sur les émissions de CO2, mais à long terme, elle a un effet significatif et négatif, suggérant une réduction des émissions. Les interactions montrent que la microfinance modère l’effet de la croissance économique et de la consommation énergétique sur les émissions de CO2, réduisant l’impact du PIB, mais augmentant celui de la consommation énergétique<br>This thesis is composed of three chapters that contribute to the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between microfinance and sustainable development. The first chapter examines the relationship between microfinance and economic development. The results confirm the existence of a unidirectional Granger causality from microfinance to economic development,and a bidirectional causality between the Human Development Index and the number of clients, on the one hand, and the percentage of women entrepreneurs, on the other. Unidirectional Granger causalities are also present, from HDI to portfolio at risk, and fromHDI to operational self-sufficiency. In addition, we identify a unidirectional relationship from operating expenses to the human development index. The second chapter proposes a method for constructing a multidimensional microfinance index using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that the three studied dimensions (penetration, availability, and usage) are essential for explaining the development of microfinance. By ranking countries first according to their sub-indices and then according to the global microfinance development index, we identified the most advanced economies in microfinance development, such as Afghanistan,Burkina Faso, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as those with the lowest levels of microfinance development, such as Angola and Côte d’Ivoire. The third chapter examines the moderating role of microfinance on the environmental Kuznets curve, using two models : main effects and interaction effects. In the short term, microfinance has no significant impact on CO2 emissions,but in the long term, it has a significant and negative effect, suggesting a reduction in emissions. The interactions show that microfinance moderates the effect of economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions, reducing the impact of GDP but increasing that of energy consumption
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Nguyen, Quynh Anh Mai. "Financial services for the poor in Vietnam : a comprehensive analysis on the performance and sustainability of microfinance sector." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13135797/?lang=0, 2020. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13135797/?lang=0.
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The dissertation chooses Vietnam as a typical case to address the gap in microfinance studies. Instead of focusing on the beneficiaries of the microfinance system, as many studies have been done, the subjects of this study are microfinance institutions (MFIs). The objective is to suggest a balanced sustainability approach for MFIs in Vietnam that refers to governance practices, legal environmental, and social and financial objectives as equally important. Particularly, it identifies the constraints and the potential, and suggests workable approaches to support Vietnam microfinance providers in extending and developing services throughout the country in a financially sustainable manner.<br>博士(現代アジア研究)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary Asian Studies<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University
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Khachatryan, Knar. "Managing microfinance institutions : linking performance with service and capital portfolios." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911726.
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It has been commonly acknowledged that in order to reach the target clienteles with loans at attractive terms and conditions, an appropriate technology for delivering financial services must be developed. Next to this, current developments in microfinance industry encourage MFIs to offer wide-ranging services within a multiservice portfolio including microsavings, microinsurance, remittances, mobile banking etc. One of the main pillars of this trend has become MFIs increasing interest in the expansion into the savings market to reach more poor clients as well as to lower costs by attracting presumably cheaper deposits. Joint services are tailored to better meet needs of the poor and aim at building sustainable financial systems and establishing closer and long-term relationship with clients. Furthermore, the rapid evolution of microfinance has generated another essential and closely related trend: commercialization. The focus of this dissertation is on three emerging issues associated with the development of microfinance sector: incentive mechanisms to address contract enforcement and screening problems, performance of MFIs though the lenses of combined microfinance services (credit plus savings), and performance of MFIs though the lenses of capital structure. The essays in the dissertation vary in research methodology: one essay is theoretical and two are empirical. Moreover, the data come from diverse microfinance units: Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) online database and Microfinance Centre for Central & Eastern Europe and the New Independent States (MFC). As far as methods are concerned the empirical essays use less frequently applied methodologies in microfinance studies: seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) and propensity score matching (PSM).
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Apiri, Tonye Richard. "Loan performance and default rate of financing SME's by microfinance bank: a case study of Accoin Microfinance Bank PLC." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95646.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>This study examines the default rate and performance of Microfinance bank (MFBs) loans to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria based on the case study of Accion Microfinance Bank Limited (AMFB), Lagos State. Responses from 150 employees of AMFB revealed that the causes of default rate and performance of SMEs reflect the risk and vulnerability of the SME sector in Nigeria. It further showed that MFBs apply stringent credit criteria in granting loans to SME borrowers, coupled with the existing high cost of funds. The attitude, lack of transparency on the part of SME owners and fund diversion were identified as major factors responsible for the high default rate among SME borrowers. These and other factors warrant the need for further study in the areas of the impact of MFB loans on SME development given the new revised microfinance policy framework in Nigeria.
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Berguiga, Imène. "La microfinance entre performance sociale et performance financière : une application à la région MENA." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST3002.
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La microfinance est un moyen de lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays en développement, à travers le financement des activités génératrices de revenus des ménages pauvres. Cependant, la meilleure manière d'aider les pauvres à avoir accès aux services financiers suscite des débats entre deux approches opposées : les welfarists et les institutionalists. Ces approches oscillent entre deux exigences fondamentales de la microfinance : le principe de solidarité qui renvoie à la performance sociale et la rentabilité de l'institution qui relève de la performance financière. Y-a- t- il arbitrage ou compatibilité entre ces deux performances? L'état d'avancement de la recherche sur cette question suggère la compatibilité, voire la complémentarité, de ces deux exigences de la microfinance.Une analyse factorielle en coupe instantanée (année 2008) sur un échantillon de 52 IMF dans 9 pays de la région MENA examine la relation entre ces deux performances. Les résultats de cette analyse soulignent que la plupart des IMF d'Egypte sont à la fois socialement et financièrement performantes alors que celles du Yémen ne sont que socialement performantes et celles de la Jordanie ne sont que financièrement performantes. Les facteurs déterminants de ces deux performances varient notamment selon le statut (ONG vs. non ONG), la maturité, la méthodologie de prêt (solidaire vs. individuel), la zone d'intervention (rurale vs. urbaine), le niveau de transparence informationnelle, la localisation géographique (pays) et la réglementation des IMF.Une étude économétrique en panel (1998-2008) examine la causalité univoque et interactive entre la performance sociale et la performance financière. Les résultats des régressions statistiquement significatives montrent que la performance sociale a un impact négatif sur la performance financière et inversement ; l'interaction à long terme entre ces deux performances est encore floue. Les résultats montrent aussi que les principaux déterminants de ces deux performances varient selon le cycle de vie de l'IMF ; la relation entre l'âge et la performance n'est pas linéaire ; la règlementation de l'IMF dépend non seulement de son pays mais aussi de son statut institutionnel ; les effets macroéconomiques sont importants dans l'atteinte de deux performances ; les IMF matures cherchent à assurer un bon taux de remboursement au lieu d'augmenter les rendements de leurs portefeuilles<br>Microfinance is a means of the struggle against poverty in developing countries through financing activities that generate incomes for poor households. The issue regarding the best way to provide financial services to the poor has fuelled intensive debates between two different schools of thought: institutionalists and welfarists. This opposition faces two requirements of microfinance: Targeting the poorest among the poor, which refers to the social performance and enhancing the profitability of the institution (financial performance). Is there a trade-off between these two performances or can they combine? The state of research upon this issue suggests that these two requirements are compatible and may even be complementary.Following a cross-section factor analysis, we examine the relationship between social performance and financial performance on a sample of 52 MFIs in 9 selected countries of the MENA region: Most MFIs in Egypt are both socially and financially successful, whereas those in Yemen are socially successful and those in Jordan are financially successful. The determinants of these performances vary according to the status (NGO vs. non NGO), maturity, credit methodology (collective vs. individual), the level of information disclosure, geographical location (countries) and regulations of MFIs.An econometric panel study (1998-2008) examines the unequivocal causality and causal interaction between social performance and financial performance. The regression results show that social performance has a negative impact on financial performance and conversely, and the causal interaction between these two types of performances remains unclear in the long run. The results also show that the main determinants of these two performances depend on the life cycle of MFIs, the relationship between age and performance is not linear, the regulation of MFIs depends not only on their countries but also on their institutional status, macroeconomic effects are important in achieving performances, mature MFIs seek to ensure good repayment rates instead of increasing portfolio yield
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Acclassato, Houensou Denis. "Réglementation et performances des institutions de microfinance dans l'UEMOA : analyse des expériences au Bénin." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE0511.
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Au sein de l’Union Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA), une réglementation spécifique desactivités de microfinance existe mais bon nombre de ces institutions continuent d’exercer enmarge de la réglementation sans que les autorités de régulation ne soient en mesure d’y mettrefin. La réglementation a des avantages mais aussi des coûts pour les institutions demicrofinance (IMF) déclarées et l’anticipation des pertes ou des gains nets par ces institutionspeut accélérer ou ralentir leur mise en conformité avec la loi. Les travaux de cette thèse ontanalysé la réponse des institutions de microfinance à la mise en place de cette réglementation.De façon spécifique, elle a renseigné le lien entre réglementation et performance à partir desdonnées empiriques dans le but d’évaluer les incitations à la demande de réglementation. Ilest possible de substituer la régulation prudentielle à la discipline de marché dans la microintermédiationfinancière car l’effet bénéfique net pour les systèmes de financementdécentralisés est positif. Malgré leur vocation sociale, toutes les institutions de microfinancen’assurent pas pleinement leur double mission d’équilibre financier et de performance sociale.En effet, nombreuses sont celles qui ont une stratégie orientée vers la performance financière.Les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent également d’accroître l’effort de surveillance de lagouvernance des IMF jusqu’à un niveau minimum requis afin d’améliorer leur revenufinancier<br>In West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), microfinance institutions (MFIs)are regulated by specific laws but many of them operate outside the regulatory framework.Regulation has advantages but also costs for regulated institutions and the anticipation ofgains or costs may strengthen or limit their incentives for regulation. We analyze MFIsreactions to the implementation of that regulation. In other way, we investigate the linkbetween regulation and performance by using empirical data to estimate the incentives forregulation. We find, it is possible to substitute the prudential regulation for market disciplinein the microfinance intermediation because the net benefit is positive. In spite of their socialvocation, some MFIs prefer ensuring financial performance. Our findings also suggest thatincreasing governance's effort improves MFIs financial income
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Kendo, Corine. "La consolidation en microfinance : le cas africain." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0311/document.
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Cette thèse part du constat selon lequel, malgré le développement important du secteur de la microfinance ces deux dernières décennies, sa performance auprès des pauvres reste faible, notamment en Afrique. Malgré son essor, il y existe une multiplicité d’acteurs de petite taille, ayant des portefeuilles de produits financiers relativement peu diversifiés et adaptés au financement des activités génératrices de revenu des populations à situation précaire et des ménages pauvres. De plus, les profits réalisés restent faibles, limités et les capacités d’autofinancement sont instables et limitées. La solution à ces différentes sources d’inefficacité nous semble résider dans le choix de l’option de la consolidation du secteur de la microfinance africaine.Cette thèse s’intéresse donc à la consolidation de l’industrie de la microfinance, avec comme principal but, l’amélioration de l’inclusion financière des pauvres. On admet que la consolidation peut améliorer les performances des institutions de microfinance, et contribuer efficacement à réduire le taux de pauvreté. Notre travail s’inscrit au cœur du débat initié entre l’approche « welfariste », et l’approche « institutionnaliste » de la microfinance, et démontre que non seulement l’atteinte du double objectif à savoir, l’obtention de la soutenabilité financière et l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations pauvres, est possible, mais aussi que son impact n’est finalement pas une illusion.Pour illustrer cet objectif, nous avons tout d’abord examiné le secteur de la microfinance en identifiant les motifs de la consolidation (Première Partie). Puis nous avons développé et évalué les formes de consolidation en microfinance (Deuxième Partie). Cette étude s’est principalement inspirée des leçons relatives à la consolidation des secteurs bancaires américain, européen, et africain. L’examen des motifs de la consolidation en microfinance porte essentiellement sur les questions de la segmentation de l’offre, de la formation des microstructures de marchés, des performances limitées du secteur de la microfinance. L’analyse des formes consolidation s’intéresse à l’évaluation comparative de l’efficacité des IMF, à la présentation de l’approche « fédérale des caisses coopératives », et de l’approche commerciale des IMF en vue de leur transition au statut de banque de microfinance.Ces différentes formes de consolidation des IMF assurent la mise en place et le développement des institutions de grande taille, qui réduiront le taux d’exclusion financière et produiront probablement des effets positifs sur la croissance économique, et le niveau de vie des agents économiques<br>Starting from the observation that despite the important development of the microfinance sector over the past two decades, its performance with the poor remains low. In spite of its growth, there is a very large number of small actors, with portfolios of financial products slightly diversified and adapted to the financing income-generating activities of the populations, widely posited under the poverty line. In addition, the profits remain weak, limited and the capacity of self-financing remains precarious. We try to show that these limits can be reversed in the context of financial consolidation.Our main interest relies on the consolidation of the industry of microfinance, with the main goal of improving financial inclusion for the poors. We admit that the financial consolidation can improve the performance of microfinance institutions, and contribute effectively to reduce the poverty rate. Our work fits in the heart of the debate between the "welfarist" approach and the "institutionalist" approach of microfinance, and demonstrates that not only achieving the double objective namely, obtaining financial sustainability and the improvement of the living conditions of the poors, is possible, but also that its impact is ultimately not an illusion.Hence we first examine the microfinance sector by identifying the various motives of financial consolidation. Then we develop and evaluate patterns of consolidation in microfinance. This study is primarily inspired by the literature on the banking consolidation in United Stated, Europe, and Africa.The exam of the financial consolidation motives evidences the large on the segmentation of supply, the formation of market microstructures, and the bounded performance. The development of consolidation models aims to benchmark the MFI’S efficiency, by presenting the “Federal cooperative unions” approach, "downscaling" and "upscaling" approaches of microfinance banks.These models of MFI’S development ensure the establishment and the development of large institutions, which will certainly in the future reduce the rate of financial exclusion and produce positive effects on economic growth, and on the quality of life of private agents
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Obame, Biyoghe Lin Martial. "Analyse de la performance et des outils de contrôle des institutions de microfinance : le cas du Bénin." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2039/document.
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L’objet de la thèse est de présenter la conception de la performance défendue par les IMF au Bénin sur la base d’une définition large de la performance et de ses moyens de suivi, au-delà d’une approche uniquement duale économique et sociale prédominante dans la littérature en microfinance. Notre modèle de recherche se base sur une analyse multivariée de la performance des IMF d’une part, et sur la question de son degré de pertinence dans l’analyse de la performance de ces institutions en contexte béninois d’autre part. Le travail empirique effectué se base sur une étude qualitative du sujet au travers d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 14 institutions de microfinance (IMF) béninoises. Il nous a permis de confirmer que l’approche de la performance de ces institutions répond à des objectifs multiples, et les systèmes de contrôle et de pilotage retenus par ces organisations se fondent sur trois leviers imbriqués. Le contrôle par les valeurs dites fondamentales, le contrôle par la fixation d’objectifs et de limites amont et en aval de l’action des IMF par ses propriétaires-dirigeants, et le contrôle par le reporting reposant sur une approche multidimensionnelle de la performance. Au niveau des axes composant le levier reporting, en plus des axes financier, processus interne, apprentissage organisationnel et clients, nous verrons que l’environnement et les contraintes règlementaires sont également des variables retenues par nombre d’IMF dans l’analyse et la consolidation de leur performance. Notre travail, en plus d’analyser la conception de la performance des IMF, introduit des recommandations dans un but d’amélioration<br>The purpose of the thesis is to present the conception of the performance defended by MFI in Benin on the basis of a broad definition of performance and its means of monitoring, beyond a purely dual economic and social approach predominant in the microfinance literature. Our research model is based on a multi a varied analysis of the performance of MFI on one hand, and on the question of its degree of relevance in the analysis of the performance of these institutions in the Beninese context on the other hand. The empirical work carried out is based on a qualitative study of the subject through semi-structured interviews with 14 microfinance institutions (MFI) in Benin. It allowed us to confirm that the approach of the performance of these institutions meets multiple objectives, and the leading control systems retained by these organizations are based on three interlocking levers. Control by so-called fundamental values, control by setting objectives and limits upstream and downstream of the action of MFI by its owner-managers, and control by reporting based on a multidimensional approach to performance. At the level of the axes composing the reporting lever, in addition to financial, internal process, organizational learning and customers, we will see that the environment and the regulatory constraints are also variables retained by many MFI in the analysis and the consolidation of their performance. Our work, in addition to analyzing the design of MFI performance, introduces recommendations for improvement
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Ali, Adnan, and M. Ashan Alam. "Role and Performance of Microcredit in Pakistan." Thesis, University West, Department of Economics and IT, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2508.
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<p>Microcredit provides small loans to poor people and small enterprises. It is the best solution of removing poverty. This research provides an overview of the role and performance of microcredit in Pakistan. The major objective of the study is to show the microfinance sector performance and impact of the microcredit on the different poverty levels. This study is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods in order to answer the thesis questions. The result of the study was that microcredit helps in the poverty alleviation of different categories of poor people and has the positive effects on their living standards. It was found that there is a high interest rate on micro loans because of the administrative cost. We discovered that there are three types of organizations that provide services of microfinance in Pakistan. The government takes interest and supports the microfinance sector and of their main initiative is microfinance ordinance 2001. It was observed that there is improvement in the microfinance sector in the recent years in terms of investments, active borrowers, branches and personnel.</p>
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Králová, Tereza. "Analysis of present techniques of audit and social performance in microfinance investment vehicles." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258903.
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This diploma thesis deals with research in global microfinance sector. Currently the paper is focused at techniques of audit used by microfinance investment vehicles to control or to check the transparency or reliability of microfinance institutions. Also, this audit techniques could be used to check achievement of the social goals of microfinance institutions. The analyzed data are from last decade (between 2005 and 2015) provided by microfinance institutions to microfinance web based platform Microfinance Institution Exchange Market. The audit techniques examined in this thesis are the following: due diligence, rating and social performance. This paper insists on objective assessment of all data and information provided freely which relate to audit of microfinance institutions. These data and information are progressively investigated through the whole thesis in two main areas, i.e. quantitative and qualitative. The main objective of this paper is to find the most effective way how to do audit in microfinance or to find out the combination of the available methods.
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Top, Papa Madior. "Impact de la microfinance sur la performance des firmes et le bien-être des entrepreneurs au Panama." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10495.
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Dans ce document, nous évaluons l’impact de la microfinance sur des entrepreneurs panaméens, aussi bien sur leur niveau de performance de leurs entreprises que sur leur niveau de vie. Nous allons utiliser une méthode de différence-en-différence et un appariement pour voir l’effet des institutions financières sur les entrepreneurs. La principale contribution de ce mémoire est d’évaluer l’impact des prêts sur les entrepreneurs à travers le temps et pour ce, nous utilisons la différence-en-différence dynamique. D’après nos résultats, la microfinance ne semble pas avoir une influence significative sur les entrepreneurs avec la différence-en-différence. Ce constat est valable aussi bien sur les variables de performances des entrepreneurs que sur les variables de bien-être. Cependant, l’obtention de prêt auprès d’une IMF a un effet sur le revenu avec le modèle d’appariement.
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Mwembe, Yolam [Verfasser]. "Credit management and loan portfolio performance in Pride Microfinance Ltd / Yolam Mwembe." München : GRIN Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118803037X/34.
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Dambricourt, Cécile. "Le rôle renouvelé des institutions de microfinance dans le développement économique des pays en développement : la microfinance, un outil informationnel au service des initiatives d’investissement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1107/document.
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En financiarisant des populations exclues de la finance traditionnelle (banque, marchés financiers), la Microfinance s'est vu assigner une mission de lutte contre la pauvreté : elle permettrait ainsi aux individus de financer leurs propres activités économiques génératrices de richesse. Mais la financiarisation de ces populations induit certains effets, non anticipés, et dont les conséquences sur leur comportement ne sont pas négligeables : pour pouvoir les servir, les Institutions de Microfinance ont transféré sur ces populations le risque de crédit et le coût de sélection. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser, à travers la théorie de l'entrepreneur, les conséquences d'un tel transfert sur les aptitudes entrepreneuriales des individus. D'après notre analyse, au-delà d'une certaine dose de risque, il est vain de penser qu'un individu endossera davantage de risques économiques en se lançant dans une activité innovante porteuse de richesse. Dans le contexte particulièrement risqué dans lequel vivent les populations bénéficiaires de services de Microfinance, il faut réfléchir à des solutions qui permettent de réduire le risque supporté par l'entrepreneur et non à des solutions qui ont pour conséquence l'augmentation du niveau de risque supporté par celui-ci. Notre travail participe à cette réflexion et à la recherche de solutions viables<br>By financing people excluded from traditional finance (banking, financial markets), microfinance has been assigned a mission to fight against poverty by enabling individuals to finance their own activities generating economic wealth. But financialization of these populations involves some effects yet to unanticipated consequences on the behavior of beneficiaries: to be able to serve them, microfinance institutions have transferred credit risk and the cost of selection. Through the theory of the entrepreneur, this thesis will analyze the consequences of such a transfer on the individual's entrepreneurial skills. According to our analysis, beyond a certain amount of risk, it is pointless to consider an individual endorse more economic risks by engaging in innovative activity. In a particularly risky environment in which beneficiaries of microfinance services live, it is necessary to consider solutions that reduce the risk borne by the contractor and not solutions which result in increased levels risk supported by the individual. Our work launch this debate and search a viable solution
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Simtowe, Franklin. "Performance and impact of microfinance evidence from joint liability lending programs in Malawi." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2006.
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Noipom, Tawat. "Assessing the performance and scope of Islamic microfinance in Thailand : developments and prospects." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7379/.
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Microfinance has become very important for inclusive finance and micro-based economic development and the rise of Islamic finance responds to this change in many parts of the world. In Thailand, the first Islamic microfinance institution was established in the Muslim populated Pattani Province in 1987 and several others followed over the years. Yet, very few studies have been conducted to systematically document the basic aspects of this endeavour. The aim of this study is to examine the development and prospects of Islamic microfinance (IsMF) and assess the perceptions of the customers on the products, impact, performance and scope in Thailand. In doing so, this study is one the first to provide an overview of IsMF industry in Thailand and identifies factors affecting demand for IsMF services. Importantly, it will analyse the impacts of various IsMF services of the socio-economy of the Thai society. The study also evaluates outreach and sustainability of the IsMFIs. In an attempt to accomplish the aims of the study, a triangulation research method was employed. First, the questionnaire-based survey was administered to the customers of the IsMFIs in order to ascertain the factors affecting demand for products and impacts of IsMF. Secondly, a semi-structure interview was subsequently conducted with the customers in order to develop an in-depth understanding on demand for and impacts of IsMF. Thirdly, secondary data from financial reports of the IsMFIs were collected to compute relevant financial ratios, indicating outreach, sustainability, and efficiency and profitability of these IsMFIs. The findings from the survey analysis reveal that the demand for IsMF services are driven by the needs in various life cycle events, affordability, awareness and exposure of IsMF regulations and procedures. In addition, IsMF services have enhanced the well-being of the poor and financially excluded in different aspects. The levels of impacts are influenced by the emerging needs, affordability and exposure factors in varying degrees. Interestingly, IsMFIs have achieved operational sustainability, reached considerable number of the client-base, and been profitable. The findings not only provide valuable information in terms of behavioural dimensions and customer preferences, they are also useful for the microfinance providers and government in considering the future development related to Islamic microfinance programmes.
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Bellows, Jeffrey Scott. "Performance in microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa : the role of organisational trust." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12433/.
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The current research examines organisational trust in three Sub-Saharan African countries. The study seeks to investigate organisational trust’s relationship with desirable workplace outcomes. The sample surveyed 423 loan officers and loan officer supervisors across 22 different microfinance institutions in Tanzania, Zambia, and Uganda. Relationships between two different referents of supervisor and top management trustworthiness perceptions and organisational trust attitudes were examined with organisation commitment as an attitude mediator on intention to quit and behaviour variables in-role behaviour and organisational citizenship behaviour. The contribution of the research involves testing the frequently quoted but less often used Gillespie (2003) reliance and disclosure measures of organisational trust in both an industry and countries that organisational trust research never previously occurred. Inasmuch, the study tests the models in the microfinance industry in Zambia, Tanzania, and Uganda examined through the confirmatory factor analysis of structural equation modeling of the structural model. The study supports existing knowledge that trustworthiness perceptions in top management do relate positively with organisational trust, but also finds several differences in relationships between variables compared to previous studies conducted in North America, Europe, and Asia. The research finds that the Mayer, Allen et al. (1995) trustworthiness measures have mixed relationships to organisational trust in contrast with previous studies. Perceptions of supervisor ability have no significant relationship with reliance and actually hold a negative relationship with disclosure. Benevolence perceptions relate significantly and positively only with disclosure and not reliance while integrity relates strongly with both reliance and disclosure. Employee intentions to rely on both supervisors and top management relate positively and strongly with organisation commitment, but disclosure and organisation commitment possess no significant relationship. Organisation commitment relates positively and significantly with in-role behaviour and organisation citizenship behaviour in both models. However, organisation commitment relates unexpectedly positively with intention to quit in the supervisor model, but negative in the top management model as found in previous research studies. The supervisor hypothesized model had a statistically significant chi-squared value x2 (394) = 707.168, df = 384, p < .0001, and showed appropriateness of fit with RMSEA = .046, CFI = .941, SRMR = .048. The top management hypothesized model had a statistically significant chi-squared value x2 (394) = 700.034, df = 384, p < .0001, and showed appropriateness of fit with RMSEA = .046, CFI = .942, SRMR = .047. Plausible explanations are discussed along with implications for theory and practice.
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Gravesteijn, Robin. "Models of social enterprise? : microfinance organisations as promoters of decent work in Central Asia." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619146.
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In simultaneously pursuing commercial and social goals, specialist microfinance organisations (MFOs) are leading examples of social enterprises working in development. Yet evidence of the feasibility of such ‘double bottom line’ management is limited. The thesis takes a comparative case study approach to investigating the dynamics of a social enterprise model of microfinance, with particular emphasis on its role in promoting employment related goals. Case study material consists primarily of the experience of two Central Asian MFOs that participated in an action research project ‘Microfinance for Decent Work’ implemented by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Data was obtained through participant observation, staff interviews, client level surveys, and it also includes reflective practice arising from my participation in the ILO project as a consultant to both MFOs between 2008 and 2012. The findings are mixed. One of the MFOs was more strongly internally motivated to achieve social goals, and was more successful in implementing social performance management initiatives. The other was motivated more by the goal to demonstrate social performance to external stakeholders, and was less responsive to the evidence generated. The thesis also illustrates both path dependence in the evolution of social performance management, and the limited capacity of external agencies such as the ILO to influence the institutionalisation of development management within MFOs.
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Vanroose, Annabel. "The Uneven development of the microfinance sector." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209955.
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Microfinance relates to the provision, by specialized microfinance institutions (MFIs), of small-scale financial services - such as credit, savings, and insurance - to the poorer sections of the population. These sections have traditionally been excluded by the financial system. Microfinance is viewed as a system put into place in order to overcome market failures that are created by banks and that are omnipresent in the developing world. In development policy, microfinance has received considerable attention during the last twenty years, and the industry has grown substantially. Interestingly, the sector has been more successful in reaching out to people in some countries than in others. The sector has also developed in an unequal way within countries. The reasons why this happened are not directly apparent. This doctoral dissertation addresses the uneven development of the microfinance sector and aims at identifying factors that explain it.<p><p>The dissertation consists of three main parts. The first part, which consists of two papers, combines different datasets on the outreach of MFIs to assess in which countries MFIs have developed most. The papers indicate that the microfinance sector is more present in the richer countries of the developing world. It also reaches more clients in countries that receive more international aid. Population density also plays a stimulating role, which partially explains why the sector is still underdeveloped in rural areas.<p><p>The second part of the dissertation, which exists of one paper, explores in more depth the relationship between traditional financial sector development and microfinance institutions. The paper, co-authored with Bert D’Espallier, shows that MFIs reach more clients and are more profitable in countries where access to the traditional financial system is low. This is in line with the market-failure hypothesis. Along the same line, we find that MFIs serve poorer people in countries with well-developed financial systems. This observation is an important element to take into account in the debate on mission drift of the sector, where it is feared that MFIs drift away from serving the poor. The paper shows that MFIs in countries with well-developed banking sectors have less space to move up market and consequently to drift from the sector’s general mission.<p><p>The third and final part of the dissertation is a quantitative study on the spread and expansion process of MFIs in one Latin American country, Peru. The roles that district characteristics play in the decision to open an MFI branch are scrutinized. The paper finds that MFIs mainly increase financial access in districts with higher levels of development. Districts where banks are already present also have a higher probability that MFIs will open a branch there. This demonstrates that the two kinds of institutions co-exist in several districts, but most probably serve another clientele. Overall, although strategies differ between different types of Peruvian MFIs, the paper finds that they do not seem to be driven by a pure developmental logic that would push them towards the poorest or totally unbanked regions of the country. <p><p>On the whole, the main conclusions of the dissertation can be summarized as follows. First, the dissertation demonstrates that the outreach of the microfinance sector is influenced by a number of macro factors. Consequently, country-specific and macro-economic factors should be taken into account when evaluating MFI performance. Second, the dissertation shows that MFIs substitute the traditional banking sector. MFIs thus fulfill an important part of their mission, i.e. they have helped to increase financial access in the developing world. However, the study also suggests that MFIs still fail to serve a significant number of poor people. This leads to a third important observation, namely that MFIs may in fact not strive to serve the poor as such. Rather, it seems that they are currently focusing on the un-served market in general. The observation indicates that there is a need for a more thorough investigation on the issue of whom the unbanked in the developing countries are and whom MFIs actually strive to serve. Finally, since the outreach and performance of MFIs is dependent on the presence of a stimulating macro-environment, it remains a challenge to serve the financially excluded in the more remote areas of the developing countries and the people in the poorest ones. <p><p><p><br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Schreiner, Mark Joseph. "A Framework for the Analysis of the Performance and Sustainability of Subsidized Microfinance Organizations with Application to Bancosol of Bolivia and Grameen Bank of Bangladesh." Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1216056969.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1997.<br>Advisor: Douglas H. Graham, Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Program. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-296). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Ngo, Trong Vi. "Capital structure and microfinance performance : a cross-country analysis and case study of Vietnam." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4428/.
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Due to the limitations of the extant literature on the impact of microfinance funding on performance, with particular regard to a cross-country analysis and case study of Vietnam, this thesis has been written in an effort to fill this major gap by conducting an empirical investigation into the link between funding and the performance of microfinance institutions. It also employs the most common indicators for microfinance performance and introduces new evidence and possible explanations from an explicit perspective that might be relevant in the context of scale of operation, profit status, regulated status and legal status. First, the link between funding and microfinance performance varies with the heterogeneity of microfinance institution’ characteristics. Second, profitable and regulated microfinance institutions which take on considerably more commercial funds are therefore shown to have higher sustainability, efficiency and outreach. Third, a large scale of operation helps microfinance institutions achieve higher efficiency, profitability, sustainability and outreach (breadth and depth). Fourth, there is no trade-off between the breadth of outreach and efficiency. Fifth, larger loan sizes are associated with higher loan costs. Sixth, the global financial crisis has had a minor impact on the performance of microfinance institutions since they have a low level of self-sufficiency, associated with a low degree of financial integration.
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Dambricourt, Cécile. "Le rôle renouvelé des institutions de microfinance dans le développement économique des pays en développement : la microfinance, un outil informationnel au service des initiatives d’investissement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1107.
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En financiarisant des populations exclues de la finance traditionnelle (banque, marchés financiers), la Microfinance s'est vu assigner une mission de lutte contre la pauvreté : elle permettrait ainsi aux individus de financer leurs propres activités économiques génératrices de richesse. Mais la financiarisation de ces populations induit certains effets, non anticipés, et dont les conséquences sur leur comportement ne sont pas négligeables : pour pouvoir les servir, les Institutions de Microfinance ont transféré sur ces populations le risque de crédit et le coût de sélection. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser, à travers la théorie de l'entrepreneur, les conséquences d'un tel transfert sur les aptitudes entrepreneuriales des individus. D'après notre analyse, au-delà d'une certaine dose de risque, il est vain de penser qu'un individu endossera davantage de risques économiques en se lançant dans une activité innovante porteuse de richesse. Dans le contexte particulièrement risqué dans lequel vivent les populations bénéficiaires de services de Microfinance, il faut réfléchir à des solutions qui permettent de réduire le risque supporté par l'entrepreneur et non à des solutions qui ont pour conséquence l'augmentation du niveau de risque supporté par celui-ci. Notre travail participe à cette réflexion et à la recherche de solutions viables<br>By financing people excluded from traditional finance (banking, financial markets), microfinance has been assigned a mission to fight against poverty by enabling individuals to finance their own activities generating economic wealth. But financialization of these populations involves some effects yet to unanticipated consequences on the behavior of beneficiaries: to be able to serve them, microfinance institutions have transferred credit risk and the cost of selection. Through the theory of the entrepreneur, this thesis will analyze the consequences of such a transfer on the individual's entrepreneurial skills. According to our analysis, beyond a certain amount of risk, it is pointless to consider an individual endorse more economic risks by engaging in innovative activity. In a particularly risky environment in which beneficiaries of microfinance services live, it is necessary to consider solutions that reduce the risk borne by the contractor and not solutions which result in increased levels risk supported by the individual. Our work launch this debate and search a viable solution
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Arrassen, Wassini. "La microfinance : quelles leçons tirées des expériences des pays en développement ?" Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00945886.
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Après une synthèse des principales avancées en microfinance, la thèse offre un aperçu sur les institutions de microfinance (Imf) dans les pays en développement entre 2000 et 2009. Une étude approfondie du marché de l'Afrique Subsaharienne est également proposée. Elle sert de prélude à l'analyse économétrique des déterminants des performances financière et sociale des Imf dans cette région ainsi qu'à l'examen des arbitrages entre les deux objectifs. Le modèle est également estimé avec les données de l'Amérique Latine et Caraïbes afin de tester, entre autres, sa robustesse spatiale. Les résultats montrent que malgré la forte croissance affichée, les Imf demeurent fragiles à cause des retards de paiement et de la faible rentabilité. En outre, il n'existe pas de modèle universel de la microfinance sans spécificités régionales. La commercialisation du secteur est remise en cause car même si elle ne s'accompagne pas nécessairement d'une déviation de la mission sociale, elle n'améliore pas la performance financière. Enfin, la richesse du secteur provient de sa segmentation alors que sa faiblesse est due à son manque d'organisation, avec une concurrence se traduisant par une recrudescence des risques au lieu d'une diversification des produits.
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Reichert, Patrick. "Subsidies, Profits and Trade-offs in Social Finance: Applications to Microfinance." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/273177.
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Embedding social and financial goals into investment decisions and organizational missions is an increasing hallmark of social finance, a rapidly growing phenomenon that aims to create sustainable solutions to some of society’s largest challenges such as poverty alleviation (Mosley & Hulme, 1998; Burgess & Pande, 2005; Beck et al. 2007a), wealth inequality (Buera et al. 2014; Lagoarde-Segot, 2017) and environmental preservation (Nicholls & Pharoah, 2008) among others (Benedikter, 2011). In recent years, the concept of social finance has emerged through applications such as venture philanthropy (Moody, 2008; Scarlata & Alemany, 2010), socially responsible investing (Renneboog et al. 2008; Nofsinger & Varma, 2014; Gutiérrez-Nieto et al. 2016), impact investing (Bugg-Levine & Emerson, 2011; Höchstädter & Scheck, 2015), corporate social responsibility (Falck & Heblich, 2007; Jha & Cox, 2015), crowdfunding sites that appeal to the charitable intentions of retail investors (Lehner, 2013; Lehner & Nicholls, 2014) and microfinance (Morduch, 1999; Beck et al. 2007b; Armendáriz & Labie, 2011). The microfinance industry is particularly suited to explore the nuances of social finance due to the wide range of actors present in the sector, including not only public, private and nonprofit actors (D’Espallier et al. 2016) but also a wide range of investor profiles including commercial rate, concessionary and fully donative funders (Dorfleitner et al, 2017). To meet these innovations in social finance, a substantial body of scholarly research has materialized in various areas: corporate finance (Bogan, 2012; Tchuigoua, 2014), investing (Dorfleitner et al. 2012; Brière & Szafarz, 2015), nonprofit finance (Jegers, 2011; Roberts, 2013), banking (Gutiérrez-Nieto et al. 2009; Cornée et al. 2016), entrepreneurship (Nicholls, 2010; Bruton et al. 2015), development economics (Cull et al. 2009; Ahlin et al. 2011; Hermes et al. 2011; Hartarska et al. 2013), business ethics (Sandberg et al. 2009; Arjaliès, 2010; Hudon & Sandberg, 2013), organizational theory (Battilana & Dorado, 2012; Pache & Santos, 2013), legal studies (Henderson & Malani, 2009), public economics (Duncan, 2004; Andreoni & Payne, 2011) and management studies (Cobb et al. 2016). However, these theories are often siloed within a particular domain and used separately. Despite a long research tradition on microfinance, there is still an ongoing debate on how to assess profits in a heterogeneous environment with multiple organizational objectives, the comparative advantages of public and private funders and their associated financial instruments to scale the microfinance sector and the nature of trade-offs between the financial and social objectives of microfinance institutions (MFIs). This dissertation aims to fill these gaps by analyzing social finance from an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim is to further nuance our understanding of the compatibility between financial and social objectives and how the trade-off between these two elements is moderated through financial mechanisms from donors and social investors. By analyzing the dimensions where trade-offs are most acute for social enterprises, this dissertation aims to put forth a conceptual framework to help assess profitability. Our analysis focuses on the microfinance industry, which offers a rich research setting due the wide range of institutional profiles active in the sector, including nonprofit, cooperative, for-profit and government agents and its global contributions to financial inclusion, poverty reduction and female empowerment. This dissertation is structured into three chapters, each of which addresses a different research question using different methods and units of analysis. The first chapter is a meta-analysis that uses statistical analysis of empirical research results to aggregate the existing findings on social and financial performance trade-offs as they pertain to microfinance institutions. The second chapter develops a typology of subsidy and donation instruments and then proposes a conceptual model to identify the crowding-in and crowding-out effects of public and private donors on private, commercial investors. The second chapter is complemented with an empirical analysis of a Mexican MFI, Banco Compartamos, using secondary data to suggest how the evolution of funding instruments attracted private commercial capital. Chapter three constructs a conceptual framework to identify fair profits for social enterprise, focusing on the case of microfinance. We then empirically apply the conceptual framework to an international dataset of microfinance institutions. Starting from the observation that no consensus has emerged regarding performance trade-offs between the financial and social objectives of microfinance institutions, Chapter 1 – A Meta-analysis Examining the Nature of Trade-offs in Microfinance – aggregates existing research findings to determine the dimensions of MFI performance, and study characteristics, that drive the confirmation of trade-offs. Specifically, after an initial screen of 3,299 articles, 623 empirical trade-off findings from 61 studies were coded into a dataset, where each empirical finding consists of a pairwise observation between a single financial performance variable and a single social performance variable. Using a probit model to analyze the direction and statistical significance across categories of social/financial performance and study artifacts, findings suggest that depth of outreach, cost of outreach, and efficiency indicators increase the prevalence of trade-offs, while risk indicators are associated with fewer trade-offs. Profitability indicators and outreach to women are found to have no significant effect on performance trade-offs. Study characteristics suggest that using an economic frontier methodology or publishing in development journals increases the incidence of trade-offs. These results help to understand the moderating factors that drive performance trade-offs and suggest that MFI managers and stakeholders may need to make difficult decisions regarding the social goals that may need to be sacrificed to achieve financial sustainability.Chapter 2 – Crowding-in without Crowding-out: Subsidy Design to Foster Commercialization – investigates the financial mechanisms that public and private donors have at their disposal and how they can use these instruments to attract fully commercial private capital to social enterprises. In this article, we first construct a typology to explain the ways in which private donors are complementing public donors in subsidy design. We argue that specific instruments such as corporate intangibles and credit guarantees can trigger permanent crowding-in effects that attract commercial partners, while preventing perverse effects such as crowding-out and soft budget constraints. Applying the typology and investment logics to the case of Compartamos, we observe that crowding-in and crowding-out effects can be present simultaneously, which allows us to suggest that subsidies and donations do not force path dependency towards commercialization but rather co-exist, for example attracting commercial debt investment while crowding-out commercial equity. Our research could help both private and public donors identify strategies to maximize social impact while reducing perverse mutual externalities. Finally, in the presence of performance trade-offs and donor pressures to commercialize operations and scale-up, Chapter 3 – What is an acceptable level of profit for a social enterprise? Insights from Microfinance – develops a conceptual framework for fair profits in social enterprise and then applies the framework to the microfinance industry. The fair profit framework is constructed on four dimensions: the level of profitability, the extent to which the organization adheres to its social mission, the pricing and the surplus distribution of the organization. Using a global sample of MFIs, our results suggest that satisfying all four dimensions is a difficult, although not impossible task as less than 3% of the sample fulfill all four criteria. Using our framework, we suggest that excessive profits in microfinance can be better understood relative to pricing, the social outreach of an organization, and the commitment to clients over time through reduced interest rates. This dissertation provides solid scientific evidence on the compatibility between financial and social returns in social finance. Our dissertation examines social finance through the lens of microfinance, and investigates the performance trade-offs facing MFIs as well as the moderating role of financing mechanisms to help MFIs fulfill their double-bottom-line mandate. We hope we demonstrate that the unique combination of financing technicalities significantly shape the evolution of recipient organizations. Some practical implications are also identified to help practitioners, regulators and managers navigate the ongoing debate on the compatibility of financial and social returns and the design of financial instruments for social enterprise. We firmly believe that these academic works contribute and bring new perspectives to social finance in development economics, and business ethics.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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MacDonald, Brian. "An Output-focused Perspective on Social Performance Management in Microfinance : The Case of ASA Bangladesh." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16244.
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Milan, Florence Marie [Verfasser], and Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Zeller. "Social performance of microfinance institutions : theory and empirical evidence / Florence Marie Milan. Betreuer: Manfred Zeller." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027760406/34.
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Villafani-Ibarnegaray, Marcelo. "Pooling versus separating regulation the performance of banks and microfinance in Bolivia under systemic shocks /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1213439744.
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Hossain, Shahadat. "The Role of Stakeholder Oriented Corporate Governance on Double Bottom Line Performance in Microfinance Institutions." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75610.
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This thesis examines the influence of internal and external governance mechanisms on double bottom line performance in microfinance institutions. As the internal governance mechanism, the thesis investigates the presence of founding directors, independent directors and employees on the board and their human and social capital attributes. As the external governance mechanism, the thesis examines competition in the market. The researcher uses Bangladesh data for the internal governance and cross-country data for the external governance study.
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Milly, Kwagala. "Management and performance indicators of micro-finance institutions in Uganda." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1641.
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The purpose of this study is to examine how the management of micro-finance institutions in Uganda has affected the performance indicators of these institutions, and whether or not the management of these institutions is responsible for their failure. The need to carry out this study arose as micro-finance institutions in Uganda failed to attain their planned performance indicators, to such a degree that most of them closed down. Although at their inception there was considerable entrepreneurial activity supported by a highly favourable government policy environment, their closure soon after establishment raised concern as to what caused them to fail. This study was encouraged by the observation that most of these institutions failed to realise their performance indicators as planned, but the underlying cause was not clear. Thus, the study focuses on establishing stakeholder perceptions of the management of the micro-finance institutions, and the relationship between their management (planning, implementation of planned programmes, and control) and their performance indicators, following the rationale of the functional and contingency paradigms of the concept of management. The study examines the way management dealt with these institutions‟ internal and external environments to influence their ability to realise their planned performance. The study is conducted using positivistic research methodology. This involved a collection of quantitative data from a sample of 454 respondents, including 64 managers, 177 employees, and 213 clients. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data, and purposive and convenience sampling were applied to select the respondents. The respondents were selected from 56 randomly selected micro-finance institutions operating in Central Uganda and representing 75 percent of the country‟s operational institutions by December 2009. The data were analysed using the narrative, chi-square test, the ANOVA, factor analysis, and correlation and regression methods of analysis aided by the SPSS programme. The findings show that 79.2 percent of stakeholders (managers, employees, and clients) perceived that the management of their institutions was not conducted well in terms of planning, plan implementation, and control. Eighty-one (81) percent of both managers and employees and 83.4 percent of clients held the perception that the institutions failed xvi to achieve their performance indicators as planned. Furthermore, 81.7 percent of both managers and employees described their institutions‟ internal environment as largely defined by unsatisfactory supervision, and 66.9 percent of them revealed that their institutions‟ external environment was defined by family relations. These relations adversely affected the ownership, decision-making, employee recruitment, and deployment in the institutions. The findings also show that there were significant positive but weak relationships between management (planning, implementation, control, and dealing with the internal environment and the impact of the external environment) and the performance indicators of the institutions. The management of the institutions realised only 24.8 percent of their predicted performance indicators. Of the 13 null hypotheses that were formulated for this study, seven were rejected and the alternative hypotheses were accepted, while six were accepted. All the dimensions of the management of the micro-finance institutions in Uganda need to be developed if the performance of the institutions is to be improved and sustained to desired levels. It is suggested that large performance improvements will be realised by ameliorating all the dimensions of the institutions' management, while placing more emphasis on improving the following dimensions: the organisation of the institutions; the managing of their internal environment and the impact of their external environment; the conduct of their internal concurrent control; and the planning of their performance indicators and marketing, involving all the stakeholders, in particular the managers, employees, clients, Government, and the Uganda Micro-finance Forum, where necessary. Further research is recommended into other factors affecting the performance indicators of the institutions, since none of the management functions had explained them properly.
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Aveh, Felix Kwame. "An evaluation of the performance of microfinance institutions in Ghana : an investigation into the factors that impact on sustainability and success of microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5164.
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The thesis examines factors that influence sustainability and success of microfinance institutions in Ghana. The topic is important, particularly in poverty stricken Africa, where microfinance institutions play a significant role in supporting governments' initiatives to reduce/alleviate poverty. The developed model is tested using data collected from 14 face-to-face interviews and 114 questionnaires. The data is analysed using different techniques- descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and regression analysis. The research design and scale of the study are appropriate to both the problem addressed and doctoral level research. A number of factors in the model developed were found to be influencing the sustainability and success of microfinance institutions. A model was proposed that seeks to offer an explanation of sustainability and success of Microfinance Institutions in Ghana. The proposed model identified five categories being: institutional characteristics, agency costs, business strategy, environment/governance and success. Single factor analysis established positive relationships between sustainability and all the five factors but placed more emphasis on three out of the five factors namely; success, business strategy and environment/ governance. Multiple factor analysis established no significant differences in the sustainability with respect to the type of MFI, ownership and source of funding. Multiple Regression which allows for the testing of theories or models established a significant relationship between the Operational Self Sufficiency (OSS) and the predictors, especially the drop-out rate of clients and average loans. The Subsidy Dependence Index (SDI) was calculated for the various types of MFIs and the result was a high dependency ratio especially among the FNGOs. Though the dependency is on the decline, it is very slow indicating that most MFIs will depend on subsidies for a very long time to come. Finally it was observed that the relatively high interest rates charged by most of the MFIs tended to defeat the purpose for which the microfinance movement came about. Not only did the study confirm the research model, but it also revealed that most owners did not exhibit a deep sense of involvement and used general knowledge to practice in Ghana. The study concluded that success factors, business strategy, and environment/governance were the most critical of the sustainability factors in Ghana. It is therefore important that managers develop institutional capacities especially in managing the agency problem effectively if they have to be sustainable and successful.
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Aveh, Felix K. "An evaluation of the performance of microfinance institutions in Ghana. An investigation into the factors that impact on sustainability and success of microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5164.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines factors that influence sustainability and success of microfinance institutions in Ghana. The topic is important, particularly in poverty stricken Africa, where microfinance institutions play a significant role in supporting governments¿ initiatives to reduce/alleviate poverty. The developed model is tested using data collected from 14 face-to-face interviews and 114 questionnaires. The data is analysed using different techniques- descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and regression analysis. The research design and scale of the study are appropriate to both the problem addressed and doctoral level research. A number of factors in the model developed were found to be influencing the sustainability and success of microfinance institutions.
A model was proposed that seeks to offer an explanation of sustainability and success of Microfinance Institutions in Ghana. The proposed model identified five categories being: institutional characteristics, agency costs, business strategy, environment/governance and success.
Single factor analysis established positive relationships between sustainability and all the five factors but placed more emphasis on three out of the five factors namely; success, business strategy and environment/ governance. Multiple factor analysis established no significant differences in the sustainability with respect to the type of MFI, ownership and source of funding.
Multiple Regression which allows for the testing of theories or models established a significant relationship between the Operational Self Sufficiency (OSS) and the predictors, especially the drop-out rate of clients and average loans. The Subsidy Dependence Index (SDI) was calculated for the various types of MFIs and the result was a high dependency ratio especially among the FNGOs. Though the dependency is on the decline, it is very slow indicating that most MFIs will depend on subsidies for a very long time to come.
Finally it was observed that the relatively high interest rates charged by most of the MFIs tended to defeat the purpose for which the microfinance movement came about. Not only did the study confirm the research model, but it also revealed that most owners did not exhibit a deep sense of involvement and used general knowledge to practice in Ghana.
The study concluded that success factors, business strategy, and environment/governance were the most critical of the sustainability factors in Ghana. It is therefore important that managers develop institutional capacities especially in managing the agency problem effectively if they have to be sustainable and successful.
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Dlamini, Menzie Sithembiso. "The effect of subsidies on the performance and sustainability of microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28557.
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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the developing world have over the years attracted and received billions of US dollars (valued at over US$4 billion annually worldwide) in subsidies and concessionary funds. These subsidies are used to capitalize, promote growth, and help improve efficiency, operations and performance of newly established MFIs. At face value these interventions seem positive, yet studies have shown that they can be counterproductive in terms of their effect on the performance, efficiency and self-sustainability of the MFIs. This research addresses this issue by identifying four determinants of MFI’s performance and analysing the effect that subsidies have on them. A quantitative approach was used in the analysis in which the financial data of 92 MFIs were estimated using panel data estimation. The method of variable selection was based on the procedure used by Nawaz (2010). This method of determining the relationship between selected performance and sustainability indicators and subsidy was modelled on the Subsidy Dependant Index (SDI) method of analysis developed by Yaron (1992a) and the Return on Asset (ROA), Operational Self-Sufficiency (OSS) and Financial Self-Sufficiency (FSS) methods of analysis developed by the SEEP Network (2005). The summary results of the analysis showed that the majority of MFIs (90.22%) were not sustainable nor were they found to be profitable. However, the results show that all the institutions were operationally self-sufficient and that, on average, MFIs in SSA charged higher interest rates than MFIs in other parts of the world. The average OSS was 136.01% showing that MFIs are operationally self-sufficient. However, the average FSS value was 74.32% reflecting that the MFIs are not able to raise enough revenue to cover their capital and indirect costs which would ultimately result in them running out of equity funds. The inclusion of subsidies in the sustainability regressions resulted in a decline in the ability of the MFIs to attain operational and financial self-sufficiency, thus showing the negative effect subsidies have on the sustainability of MFIs. Inflation and interest rates charged on loans also had a negative effect on sustainability as they resulted in an increase in costs and a decline in the number of low income clients. MFIs located in wealthier countries were found to be more efficient because of the lower costs associated with having wealthier clients who have larger loan sizes. MFIs in lower income countries have to overcome limitations of weak infrastructures, low population densities and rural markets which increase operating costs. Older institutions were found to more likely be sustainable than new and young MFIs as expected because of their improved efficiency and productivity and also because they have more experience and are therefore better equipped to overcome challenges. However, by adding subsidy in the analysis the results show that the level of efficiency of MFIs is reduced. The results also show that with increased maturity MFIs are found to be more productive, however, when subsidies are included in the finances the levels of productivity will decline as costs increase. NBFIs are the most suitable business model to practice in MFIs in Africa according to the findings which reflect that NBFIs are more profitable and efficient than any of the other business models in the sample. However, cooperatives were found to be the most productive business model as they have a stronger borrower to staff ratio than the other institutional types. Furthermore, cooperatives and NBFIs tend to have clients who are better off and therefore can afford to take larger sized loans, unlike clients of NGOs who are poor who struggle to have a stable income. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development<br>unrestricted
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Borba, Paulo da Rocha Ferreira. "Relação entre desempenho financeiro e desempenho social de instituições de microfinanças na América Latina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-15082012-133426/.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre o desempenho financeiro e o desempenho social de instituições de microfinanças que atuam na América Latina. Dessa forma, o trabalho propõe, por meio da aplicação de métodos quantitativos como testes de correlação e de regressão, uma investigação acerca da relação entre variáveis representativas do desempenho social e do desempenho financeiro dessas organizações. Além disso, as variáveis de controle forma legal da organização (com ou sem fins lucrativos) e tamanho (ativo total) foram incluídas no modelo. A amostra foi constituída por instituições de microfinanças da América Latina que publicaram seus resultados financeiros e seus dados sociais na plataforma MIX Market entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. A necessidade de publicação dessas informações revelou-se a principal limitação do tamanho amostral da pesquisa. Os resultados alcançados revelam a importância da variável tamanho da instituição para que a organização alcance resultados financeiros e sociais superiores, o que indicaria a provável presença de economias de escala. Também se evidencia a preponderância da não rejeição da hipótese nula, ou seja, de que não é possível estabelecer uma relação entre desempenho financeiro e desempenho social das instituições de microfinanças. Para pesquisas futuras, aconselha-se a utilização de uma maior série temporal de dados e o aprimoramento do indicador social, a fim de que se torne mais abrangente e preciso.<br>The present thesis aims to analyze the relationship between financial and social performances of microfinance institutions that operate in Latin America. Thus, the paper proposes, through the application of quantitative methods as tests of correlation and regression, an investigation about the relationship between variables related to social performance and financial performance of these organizations. Furthermore, control variables as legal form of the organization (for profit or nonprofit) and size (total assets) were included in the model. The sample consisted of microfinance institutions in Latin America that published their financial results and their social data on the platform MIX Market between the years 2008 and 2009. The necessity of publication of this information proved to be the main limitation of the survey sample size. The results reveal the importance of the variable size of the institution for the organization to achieve higher social and financial results, which indicate the probable presence of economies of scale. The results also reveal the preponderance of evidence that does not reject the null hypothesis, i.e. that it is not possible to establish a relationship between financial and social performances of microfinance institutions. For future research, we recommend the use of a larger series of data and improvement of social indicator, so that it becomes more comprehensive and accurate.
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OSEI-ASSIBEY, Eric. "Microfinance in Ghana : A Comparative Study of Performance of the Formal versus Informal Rural Financial Institutions." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14548.
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Bangwan, Sureewan Bangwan. "The Effects of Catastrophic Risk on the Performance of the Thailand National Village and Urban Community Fund Program and Prospects for Managing it Through the Use of Weather Index Insurance." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534508998871764.
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Daowd, Ahmad. "The impact of social media on the performance of microfinance institutions in developing countries : a quantitative approach." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14819.
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Over the last few decades, microfinance industry has played an essential role in alleviating poverty level and helping the underprivileged, by enabling access to myriads of financial services. Statistics from the World Bank reveals that, currently, only 4% of the underprivileged were served out of the 3 billion potential clients. Such results were due to several claims, particularly the operational and financial challenges faced by the MFIs in the constant flux, inviting more attentions towards its performance. While explicit focuses were given by many researchers towards mobile banking and Information Communication Technology (ICT) and online services in improving the MFIs performance, the study on how Social Media, as a rapidly growing online phenomenon, could affect the MFIs performance remain scarce. Hence, this study was aimed at investigating and clarifying the impact of social media on MFIs, based on four dimensional performance indicators: efficiency, financial sustainability, portfolio quality, and outreach. A model was developed utilising Resource Based-View (RBV) Theory, to test the relationship between social media application and organisational performance. A quantitative approach has been adopted employing from web-based questionnaires, to collect data from MFIs employees in developing countries such as Kenya, India and Jordan. Structured Equation Modelling (SEM) technique (i.e. SPSS and AMOS 20 software) was used as a tool to analyse the responses. Results revealed a significant influence of the social media over the MFIs performance, offering valuable insights to both researchers and practitioners in the domain of micro-finance, as well as social media – conforming that the adoption of social media as marketing, advertising and communication tools could significantly improve the MFIs performance. Keywords: Microfinance, Microfinance Institution Performance, Social Media, Resource Based View Theory.
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Atmadja, Adwin Surja. "Understanding the Role of Microfinance (Microcredit) in Business Performance, Economic Empowerment and Subjective Wellbeing: A Case Study of Indonesia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367512.
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Poverty eradication has been a long-established and key challenge for governments, the international community, multilateral organisations and donor agencies in the world, especially in developing economies. Combined international, multilateral and donor efforts have resulted in significant reduction in poverty levels across countries. Aside from this remarkable achievement, the most current data show that in 2012, hundreds of millions of people in less developed economies still lived in extremely poor conditions, and the incidence of poverty remained uneven across regions, countries and genders.
More work is required to more effectively accomplish poverty reduction targets around the world. Recent and expanding research and empirical evidence suggest that a strategy of financial sector deepening through microfinance might be a useful channel.
For decades, microfinance has gained popularity in many developing countries, including Indonesia, as one of the key instruments for their poverty alleviation programmes. The Indonesian government, for instance, has emphasised increasing access to financial services as a priority component of its poverty and financial sector reform agenda, since significant barriers in accessing loan and saving instruments remain for households and enterprises of all sizes. The development of the country’s microfinance industry has been going well, and becoming one of the most commercialised in the world.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith Business School<br>Griffith Business School<br>Full Text
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SPINA, FRANCESCA. "La microfinanza e le donne: performance finanziaria, outreach e empowerment." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2913.
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La microfinanza e le donne sono sempre state intrinsecamente legate ( Mody 2000; Yunus 2002) . Ci sono tre principali argomenti che sostengono l'idea di avere come target di riferimento privilegiato le donne (Mayoux 2001): il principio della parità di genere , l'obiettivo della riduzione della povertà , e l'efficienza delle istituzioni di microfinanza. La tesi, sviluppata in tre articoli, mira a sottolineare l'importanza del genere femminile nel settore della microfinanza, secondo tre diversi punti di vista: la prima ricerca si propone di studiare l'influenza delle donne nella forza lavoro delle istituzioni di microfinanza (MFI) sulla performance finanziaria in tempi di crisi; il secondo studio prende spunto dal dibattito intorno alla relazione tra mission drift, performance finanziaria e outreach delle MFI, e considera le donne come target privilegiato, e il terzo documento vuole fornire una review della letteratura sull’ empowerment delle donne, sottolineando l'importanza del contesto, le criticità e i suggerimenti per la ricerca futura . I primi due documenti sono quantitativi , mentre il terzo è teorico .<br>Microfinance and women have always been intrinsically linked (Mody 2000; Yunus 2002). There are three main arguments which support the idea of targeting women (Mayoux 2001): the principle of gender equality, the microfinance aim of poverty reduction, and the MFIs’ efficiency. The thesis, developed in three papers, aims at highlighting the importance of the female gender in the microfinance industry, according to three different points of view: the first research aims at studying the influence of women in the workforce of microfinance institutions (MFIs) on the financial performance in times of crisis, the second study takes its cue from the debate around the relationship between mission drift, financial performance and outreach of MFIs, and considers women as privileged target, and the third paper wants to provide a review of the literature on women empowerment, underlining the importance of context, the downsides and suggestions for future research. The first two papers are quantitative, while the third one is theoretical.