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Journal articles on the topic 'Microflora of the skin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 May 2022

Last updated: 5 May 2022

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1

Leyden, James J., Kenneth J. McGinley, Katrina M. Nordstrom, and Guy F. Webster. "Skin Microflora." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 88, s3 (March 1987): 65s—72s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12468965.

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2

Leydcn, James J., Kenneth J. McGinley, Katrina M. Nordstrom, and Guy F. Webster. "Skin Microflora." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 88, no. 3 (March 1987): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.1987.13.

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3

Soltani, Keyoumars. "The Skin Microflora and Microbial Skin Diseases." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 38, no. 2 (1995): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1995.0004.

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4

Wortman, Paul D. "The Skin Microflora and Microbial Skin Disease." Archives of Dermatology 130, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1994.01690090152030.

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5

Spencer, R. C. "The skin microflora and microbial skin disease." Journal of Hospital Infection 24, no. 1 (May 1993): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(93)90095-h.

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6

Chiller, Katarina, Bryan A. Selkin, and George J. Murakawa. "Skin Microflora and Bacterial Infections of the Skin." Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 6, no. 3 (December 2001): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00043.x.

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7

Hoefer, Dirk, and Timo R. Hammer. "Antimicrobial Active Clothes Display No Adverse Effects on the Ecological Balance of the Healthy Human Skin Microflora." ISRN Dermatology 2011 (April 4, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/369603.

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The progressive public use of antimicrobial clothes has raised issues concerning skin health. A placebo-controlled side-to-side study was run with antimicrobial clothes versus fabrics of similar structure but minus the antimicrobial activity, to evaluate possible adverse effects on the healthy skin microflora. Sixty volunteers were enrolled. Each participant received a set of form-fitting T-shirts constructed in 2 halves: an antibacterial half, displaying activities of 3–5 log-step reductions due to silver-finishes or silver-loaded fibres and a nonantibacterial control side. The microflora of the scapular skin was analyzed weekly for opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms over six weeks. The antibacterial halves did not disturb the microflora in number or composition, whereas a silver-containing deodorant displayed a short-term disturbance. Furthermore, parameters of skin morphology and function (TEWL, pH, moisture) did not show any significant shifts. In summary, antimicrobial clothes did not show adverse effects on the ecological balance of the healthy skin microflora.

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8

CONNER, D. E., and S. F. BILGILI. "Skin Attachment Model for Improved Laboratory Evaluation of Potential Carcass Disinfectants for their Efficacy Against Salmonella Attached to Broiler Skin." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.8.684.

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An improved laboratory system for testing the efficacy of potential broiler carcass disinfectants against attached Salmonella was developed. Breast skin from freshly processed chilled broilers was cut into 10 cm diameter pieces, irradiated to inactivate vegetative microflora and served as the attachment surface. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella montevideo were grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 23 or 37°C, diluted in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (KPB), and inoculated onto skin samples as a coarse aerosol spray. At 10, 20 or 30 min post inoculation, skins were vigorously rinsed twice with phosphate buffer (PB) to remove “loose” cells. To enumerate salmonellae remaining on the skin (“attached” cells), skins were blended with fresh PB and plated onto tryptic soy agar (TSA). Applying 102, 103 or 104 cells/skin consistently resulted in attachment of 23 to 44% of the applied inoculum. Culturing temperature and serotype did not affect attachment. The described skin attachment model (SAM) provides a reliable and repeatable procedure for studying the efficacy of various treatments for removing or inactivating enteropathogens that are attached to poultry skin. The SAM allows for consistency in testing of antimicrobial agents against attached bacteria and enables utilization of specific bacteria without interference from background microflora using non-selective recovery techniques.

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9

BOND, R. "THE SKIN MICROFLORA AND MICROBIAL SKIN DISEASE. W. C. Noble, ed." Veterinary Dermatology 5, no. 1 (March 1994): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1994.tb00009.x.

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10

Keswick, B. H., and D. Frank. "Modified scrub technique for sampling infant skin microflora." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 12 (1987): 2400–2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.12.2400-2401.1987.

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11

Martykanova, Dilyara, Ilya Zemlenuhin, Ollga Reshetnik, Dilyara Kamaldinova, and Nailya Davletova. "Sensitivity of staphylococcus microflora of wrestlers’ skin to bacteriophages." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 3 (September 2019): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-3-136-141.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of bacteriocenosis of wrestlers’ skin and to determine the sensitivity of staphylococcal microflora to bacteriophages. Methods and organization of the research. The experiment involved 15 athletes aged 17-21 years engaged in national wrestling and belt wrestling. Qualifications ranged from 1st adult rank to the master of sports. We used the method of microbiological seeding on yolk-salt agar (JSA) to analyze the washes from the intact skin of the medial part of forearms of wrestlers before and immediately after training. We identified the grown colonies of microorganisms using MALDI Microflex Biotyper mass-spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). In addition to the total microbial abundance, the frequency of occurrence of hemolytic forms of bacteria on wrestlers’ skin was determined before and after training. We determined the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to staphylococcal bacteriophage and polyvalent pyobacteriophage by the diameter of the bacteria lysis zone. Results and discussion. The research revealed the following facts. 1) S. aureus appears more often than other staphylococci on the skin of the medial part of wrestlers’ forearms both before and after training. 2) We detected high frequency of occurrence of hemolytic forms of Staphylococcus bacteria, which indicates the dysbiosis of wrestlers’ skin. 3) It is more efficient to use a staphylococcal bacteriophage than polyvalent pyobacteriophage for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of wrestlers’ skin caused by S. aureus. Conclusion. Athletes of contact sports demonstrate an increased risk of skin infectious diseases, and they need effective means of protection and prevention.

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12

Li, X., L. Xing, R. Lai, C. Yuan, and P. Humbert. "Literature mapping: association of microscopic skin microflora and biomarkers with macroscopic skin health." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 46, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.14353.

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13

Austin, B. "The Bacterial Microflora of Fish." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 558–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.137.

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The results of numerous studies indicate that fish possess bacterial populations on or in their skin, gills, digestive tract, and light-emitting organs. In addition, the internal organs (kidney, liver, and spleen) of healthy fish may contain bacteria, but there is debate on whether or not muscle is actually sterile. The numbers and taxonomic composition of the bacterial populations often reflect those of the surrounding water. The role of the bacteria includes the ability to degrade complex molecules (therefore exercising a potential benefit in nutrition), to produce vitamins and polymers, and to be responsible for the emission of light by the light-emitting organs of deep-sea fish. Taxa, includingPseudomonas, may contribute to spoilage by the production of histamines in fish tissue.

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14

Poroshina, L. A. "PECULIARITIES OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF INFECTED ECZEMA AND APPROACHES TO CHOOSING ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2015-12-3-8.

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Infected eczema is considered to be a widespread skin disease. Recently it has had a tendency for severe disease course, resistance to therapy and frequent relapse. This article describes clinical features of manifestations of the disease, studies microflora of patient's skin lesions, antibiotic sensitivity of these microorganisms.

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15

Voronina, V. R., A. N. Pampura, E. S. Fedenko, V. R. Voronina, PampuraA N, and E. S. Fedenko. "Skin microflora in atopic dermatitis patients and treatment of it's complications." Russian Journal of Allergy 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2007): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja61.

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The digest is dedicated to the influence of skin microflora and secondary skin infections on atopic dermatitis clinical course. It covers the influence of St. aureus on allergic inflammation in atopic dermatitis. The digest shows the data of pyoderma clinical features and therapy solutions in patients with this disorder.

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16

Skowronek, Paweł, Artur Wojciechowski, Piotr Leszczyński, Paweł Olszewski, Marcin Sibiński, Michał Polguj, and Marek Synder. "Can diagnostic ultrasound scanners be a potential vector of opportunistic bacterial infection?" Medical Ultrasonography 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2016): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.183.sko.

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Ultrasound examinations are recognised as being safe. The greatest epidemiological threat during the performance of examination is the transfer of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms between patients and from personnel to patients. Colonization of the skin with opportunistic bacteria of immunocompromised and high risk patients may lead to infection following an ultrasound scan. Aim: To identify and evaluate the strains of bacteria occurring on ultrasound equipment subjected to unexpected control performed by a local infectious diseases control team. We assumed that transducers, gel holders and gel bottles can be contaminated with normal human skin microflora. The remaining tested parts of the ultrasound equipment could possibly be contaminated with normal human skin microflora and other pathogens. Material and methods: The swabs were taken from ultrasound scanners located in various hospital settings, from out-patient based radiology scanning rooms to operating theatre, and cultured. Results: Among all isolated 23% strains were classified as environmental microflora; 8% as strains related to patient’s skin contamination; and 13 % strains constituted pathogenic Gram-negative rods.. The remaining strains were classified as opportunistic flora 38%. High prevalence of opportunistic bacteria cultured in our study lead to the modification of the ultrasound cleaning procedures in both institutions and recommendation of the use of antibacterial wipes to clean all parts of ultrasound equipment in contact with patients’ skin and examiners. Conclusions: Contamination not only affects parts of diagnostic equipment placed in direct contact with the patient, but also, those surfaces that only medical personnel have had contact with.

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17

Walter, Nancy, Rachel H. McQueen, and Monika Keelan. "In vivo assessment of antimicrobial-treated textiles on skin microflora." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-12-2012-0078.

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Purpose – Antimicrobials may be incorporated into garments to protect the textiles, control malodour or to potentially reduce the spread of infection. Yet still not well understood is how antimicrobial-treated textiles may influence a person's resident microflora during wear, as limited in vivo testing has previously been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether normal skin microflora was altered as a result of contact with selected antimicrobial-treated fabrics. Design/methodology/approach – Three selected antimicrobial-treated fabrics (i.e. Fabric 1: triclosan; Fabric 2: zinc pyrithione derivative; and Fabric 3: silver chloride and titanium dioxide) were placed on the forearm of participants (n=19). Bacterial counts obtained under treated and untreated fabrics following 24 hours of occlusion were compared. The antimicrobial efficacy of fabrics displayed in vitro was also compared with the activity displayed in vivo. Findings – Two of the three fabrics (Fabrics 1 and 2) reduced bacterial populations on the skin following 24 hours occlusion compared to the matched control fabrics (Fabric 1: p<0.05; Fabric 2: p<0.001). Whereas, following occlusion with Fabric 3 bacterial populations were not significantly different than the matched control. The present study demonstrated that in vitro assessment of antimicrobial capacities of fabrics do not necessarily predict the effects of such fabrics during wear. Originality/value – The paper highlights that in vivo studies are a necessary and important tool for understanding the interactions of an antimicrobial-treated fabric with the wearer's skin. As well, the new method developed can be used by other researchers to examine the potential impact on skin microflora due to contact with antimicrobial-treated textiles.

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18

Peng, Mengfei, and Debabrata Biswas. "Environmental Influences of High-Density Agricultural Animal Operation on Human Forearm Skin Microflora." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101481.

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The human forearm skin microbiome ecosystem contains rich and diverse microbes, which are influenced by environmental exposures. The microbial representatives can be exchanged between human and environment, specifically animals, by which they share certain or similar epidermal microbes. Livestock and poultry are the microbial sources that are associated with the transmission of community-based pathogenic infections. Here, in this study, we proposed investigating the environmental influences introduced by livestock/poultry operations on forearm skin microflora of on-site farm workers. A total of 30 human skin swab samples were collected from 20 animal workers in dairy or integrated farms and 10 healthy volunteer controls. The skin microbiome was 16S metagenomics that were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq system. For skin microbial community analysis, the abundance of major phyla and genera as well as alpha and beta diversities were compared across groups. We identified distinctive microbial compositional patterns on skin of workers in farm with different animal commodities. Workers in integrated farms containing various animals were associated with higher abundances of epidermal Proteobacteria, especially Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, but lower Actinobacteria, especially Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium. For those workers with frequent dairy cattle operations, their Firmicutes in the forearm skin microbiota were enriched. Furthermore, farm animal operations also reduced Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as modulated the microbial biodiversity in farm workers’ skin microbiome. The alterations of forearm skin microflora in farm workers, influenced by their frequent farm animal operations, may increase their risk in skin infections with unusual pathogens and epidermal diseases.

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19

Silina, L. V., T. V. Bibicheva, and N. I. Myatenko. "Species composition of skin microflora in patients with atopic dermatitis." Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya 17, no. 3 (2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/klinderma201817385.

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20

Masako, Katsuyama, Kobayashi Yusuke, Ichikawa Hideyuki, Mizuno Atsuko, Miyachi Yoshiki, Matsunaga Kayoko, and Kawashima Makoto. "A novel method to control the balance of skin microflora." Journal of Dermatological Science 38, no. 3 (June 2005): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.01.003.

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21

Masako, Katsuyama, Ichikawa Hideyuki, Ogawa Shigeyuki, and Ikezawa Zenro. "A novel method to control the balance of skin microflora." Journal of Dermatological Science 38, no. 3 (June 2005): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.01.006.

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22

Weyers, Steven, Hans Verstraelen, Jan Gerris, Stan Monstrey, Guido dos Santos Lopes Santiago, Bart Saerens, Ellen De Backer, Geert Claeys, Mario Vaneechoutte, and Rita Verhelst. "Microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina of transsexual women." BMC Microbiology 9, no. 1 (2009): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-102.

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23

RENNIE, P. J., D. B. GOWER, K. T. HOLLAND, A. I. MALLET, and W. J. WATKINS. "The skin microflora and the formation of human axillary odour." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 12, no. 5 (October 1990): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1990.tb00535.x.

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24

Mijouin, Lily, Mélanie Hillion, Yasmina Ramdani, Thomas Jaouen, Cécile Duclairoir-Poc, Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye, Elian Lati, et al. "Effects of a Skin Neuropeptide (Substance P) on Cutaneous Microflora." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 8, 2013): e78773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078773.

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25

GOODYEAR, H. M., P. J. WATSON, S. A. EGAN, E. H. PRICE, P. A. KENNY, and J. I. HARPER. "Skin microflora of atopic eczema in first time hospital attenders." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 18, no. 4 (July 1993): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1993.tb02202.x.

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26

Rawat, Himani, Ritika Jaggi, and Mahesh Singh Danu. "Impact of Sanitizer on Normal Human Microflora: A Review on Effect of Frequent Use of Sanitizer on Normal Human Microflora." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40261.

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Abstract: In the current situation of covid 19, uses of sanitizers are increasing rapidly which have direct bad impact on normal human microflora. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, including the skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Uses of sanitizers are increasing in covid pandemic situation due to the fact that it reduces the chances of infection by pathogenic microorganisms including coronavirus. This review paper contains the information and facts about effect of sanitizers on human microflora and advantages and disadvantages of using sanitizers a lot. This paper also includes the effect of sanitizers of different brands on normal human microflora. Keywords: Microflora, Sanitizers, Microbiome, Pathogens, Disinfectants

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27

Shakirova, Firdauz Mubarakovna, Lada Konstantinovna Govorkova, Olga Konstantinovna Anokhina, and Guzel Damirovna Valieva. "Microbiota of the aquatic environment and rainbow trout when grown in the RAS." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2106-06.

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Fish production in closed systems is an intensive way of fish farming. However, keeping fish in plants with a closed water supply does not solve the problem of diseases in aquaculture facilities. The greatest damage is caused by bacterial diseases. In this regard, the study of the sanitary state of the aquatic environment of fish is relevant. The article provides information on the physicochemical parameters of water, the species composition of the microflora of the aquatic environment in the basin, microbiological indicators of the sanitary state of water, the total microbial count (TMC) and the number of bacteria of the E. coli group (BCGC) in the RAS when growing rainbow trout. Sanitary indicators of water quality in the pool, both in the first days of keeping rainbow trout, and after a week were within the normal range. There was only a numerical increase in the total microbial number and bacteria of the E. coli group in water samples taken after a week of finding the trout in the pools. According to the results of a study of the contamination of the skin and gills of rainbow trout, as well as the water in which it is contained, an increase in time was revealed from 69 to 73 CFU/ml on the skin and from 85 to 89 CFU/ml on the gills within a week. The qualitative composition of the microflora of the skin and gills of rainbow trout is represented by bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, which is similar to the qualitative composition of the microflora of water. The study of the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout revealed that it also contains bacteria of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter. At the same time, lactic acid, streptococcal, staphylococcal bacteria, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida were found, which are normal representatives of the intestinal microflora in small quantities.

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28

Austin, B. "The Bacterial Microflora of Fish, Revised." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.181.

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The results of numerous studies indicate that fish possess bacterial populations on or in their skin, gills, digestive tract, and light-emitting organs. In addition, the internal organs (kidney, liver, and spleen) of healthy fish may contain bacteria, but there is debate about whether or not muscle is actually sterile. Using traditional culture-dependent techniques, the numbers and taxonomic composition of the bacterial populations generally reflect those of the surrounding water. More modern culture-independent approaches have permitted the recognition of previously uncultured bacteria. The role of the organisms includes the ability to degrade complex molecules (therefore exercising a potential benefit in nutrition), to produce vitamins and polymers, and to be responsible for the emission of light by the light-emitting organs of deep-sea fish. Taxa, including Pseudomonas, may contribute to spoilage by the production of histamines in fish tissue.

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29

Zinkeviciene, Aukse, Nemira Vaiciulioniene, Irena Baranauskiene, Violeta Kvedariene, Regina Emuzyte, and Donaldas Citavicius. "Cutaneous yeast microflora in patients with atopic dermatitis." Open Medicine 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0075-4.

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AbstractThe skin of persons with atopic dermatitis (AD) is very susceptible to cutaneous infection, and some yeast species may also aggravate AD. The total yeast population of an AD patient’s skin and its relation with individual age and body part remains poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in cutaneous yeast flora by age and body parts of AD patients.By swabbing affected body parts (hands, legs, face, neck or trunk), 241 samples were collected from patients with AD (132 children and 109 adults), and as controls, 40 samples were taken from healthy individuals (20 children, 20 adults).In all, 89 (36.9%) of samples were positive; the yeast isolated belonged to three genera: Candida (27.4%), Malassezia (6.6%), and Rhodotorula (2.9%). Cutaneous colonization with yeasts was two-fold higher in the adults than in children (P<0.0001). The distribution of the yeast species was dependent on the body part sampled: Malassezia predominated in the face, neck, and trunk regions (P=0.0047); Candida more frequently colonized hands and legs (P=0.0029).Our study showed that cutaneous yeast flora and distribution of yeast species depends significantly on the age of the AD patient and the body part affected by atopic dermatitis.

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30

Imanishi, Ichiro, Jumpei Uchiyama, Toshihiro Tsukui, Junzo Hisatsune, Kaori Ide, Shigenobu Matsuzaki, Motoyuki Sugai, and Koji Nishifuji. "Therapeutic Potential of an Endolysin Derived from Kayvirus S25-3 for Staphylococcal Impetigo." Viruses 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090769.

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Impetigo is a contagious skin infection predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Decontamination of S. aureus from the skin is becoming more difficult because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Bacteriophage endolysins are less likely to invoke resistance and can eliminate the target bacteria without disturbance of the normal microflora. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a recombinant endolysin derived from kayvirus S25-3 against staphylococcal impetigo in an experimental setting. First, the recombinant S25-3 endolysin required an incubation period of over 15 minutes to exhibit efficient bactericidal effects against S. aureus. Second, topical application of the recombinant S25-3 endolysin decreased the number of intraepidermal staphylococci and the size of pustules in an experimental mouse model of impetigo. Third, treatment with the recombinant S25-3 endolysin increased the diversity of the skin microbiota in the same mice. Finally, we revealed the genus-specific bacteriolytic effect of recombinant S25-3 endolysin against staphylococci, particularly S. aureus, among human skin commensal bacteria. Therefore, topical treatment with recombinant S25-3 endolysin can be a promising disease management procedure for staphylococcal impetigo by efficient bacteriolysis of S. aureus while improving the cutaneous bacterial microflora.

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31

Kudryavtseva, Y. V., V. V. Podyninogina, L. V. Demakova, and N. V. Ogorodova. "Composition of the conjunctive microflora of the patients before outbulatory cataract surgery." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-5-42-44.

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Purpose. Study of the composition of the conjunctival cavity in healthy patients before elective outpatient cataract surgery. Material and methods. The contents of the conjunctival cavity were examined in 30 patients who were admitted to the ophthalmological departments of the Kirov Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital for the surgical treatment of cataracts as planned. Results. The growth of microflora was detected in 100% of the studied patients when examining crops from the conjunctiva. Most of the identified microorganisms are representatives of the normal microflora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Conclusion. 1. The structure of the conjunctival microflora in patients before elective cataract surgery has a wide spectrum – aerobes (Staphilococcus aureus, Staphilococcus epidermidis) and anaerobes (Propionibacterium granulosum), gram-positive (Corinebacterium spp.) and gram-negative (Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms, as well as fungi of the genus Candida. 2. The most common representatives of the conjunctival cavity microflora are Candida fungi (72.4%), E. coli (65.5%), Enterococcus sp. (55.2%), Klebsiella sp. (55.2%), Strp.pyogenes (51.7%), which should be taken into account when prescribing antibacterial therapy in the pre – and postoperative period. Key words: cataract surgery, conjunctival microflora.

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32

Braks, M. A. H., R. A. Anderson, and B. G. J. Knols. "Infochemicals in Mosquito Host Selection: Human Skin Microflora and Plasmodium Parasites." Parasitology Today 15, no. 10 (October 1999): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01514-8.

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33

Yegneswaran Prakash, Peralam. "Fungal microflora of the skin and their role in biofilm infection." International Wound Journal 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2012): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481x.2012.01020.x.

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34

Shotts, E. B., T. F. Albert, R. E. Wooley, and J. Brown. "MICROFLORA ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKIN OF THE BOWHEAD WHALE (BALAENA MYSTICETUS)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26, no. 3 (July 1990): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-26.3.351.

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35

DOLEŽALOVÁ, M., Z. MOLATOVÁ, F. BUŇKA, P. BŘEZINA, and M. MAROUNEK. "EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON GROWTH OF CHILLED CHICKEN SKIN MICROFLORA." Journal of Food Safety 30, no. 2 (May 2010): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00212.x.

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36

Nordstrom, Katrina M., Anne M. Belcher, Gisela Epple, Kay L. Greenfield, James J. Leyden, and Amos B. Smith. "Skin surface microflora of the saddle-back tamarin monkey,Saguinus fuscicollis." Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, no. 2 (February 1989): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01014706.

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37

KIM, JEONG-WEON, and STEPHANIE DOORES. "Influence of Three Defeathering Systems on Microtopography of Turkey Skin and Adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.4.286.

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The microtopography of turkey skin resulting from three different defeathering systems and consequent effect of skin microtopography on the adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium were examined. Turkeys from common flocks were scalded and picked using conventional, kosher, and steam-spray systems. Breast skin was subsequently removed, irradiated to eliminate the resident microflora, then inoculated with S. typhimurium for 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy revealed that three processes caused different skin microtopographies, which resulted in different amounts of bacterial adhesion. Conventional skin had a comparatively smoother surface and less bacterial attachment. Kosher skin was very rough with a scaly keratinized epidermis and showed little bacterial attachment. Steam-spray skin had a highly convoluted surface (probably with underlying collagen fiber bundles) and showed three times higher attachment of cells than conventional and kosher skins. Contrary to counts of attached cells obtained by scanning electron microscopy, plate counts of all inoculated skins were similar and increased linearly with increasing inoculum concentration. The highest Sm value (an indirect measurement of attachment strength) of kosher skin reflected deep penetration/entrapment of cells within the skin rather than strong attachment of cells, whereas the high Sm value of steam-spray skin would reflect the strong attachment of cells to the specific receptors in the skin. The lowest Sm value and much bigger cell size of S. typhimurium on conventional skin reflected loose bacterial attachment and different surface properties, respectively.

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Chaudhary, Ansh, and Bhupendra Chaudhary. "Gut microbiota: changing the disease architecture." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 6 (May 22, 2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20202077.

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Gut microflora comprising of trillions of various bacteria, protozoan, virus and fungi who live as a super-complex ecosystem in human body mostly (around 70%) in gastrointestinal tract. In habitating skin, mouth, intestine and sexual organs they live as symbiotic, commensal or pathogenic organism in the human body. These gut microflora interplay with bodily metabolic, immune, endocrinal and nervous system which leads to various pathophysiological mechanism for the causation of related disorders. This altered ‘Brain gut axis’ is responsible for disorders like anxiety, depression, autism, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder and also diseases like Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.1

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Araviiskaia, E. R., and E. V. Sokolovskiy. "Microbiome: a new era in normal and pathological changes skin studies." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 92, no. 3 (June 24, 2016): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2016-92-3-102-109.

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The paper contains review of studies on microbiota and cutaneous microbiome using modern techniques of methagenomic analysis. The existing data on microflora of normal skin and among the patients with acne, seborrhoeic dermatitis, rosacea atopic dermatitis are consequently analyzed. The interaction between microbiome and innate/adaptive immunity is presented The perspectives of knowledge on microbiome both in dermatology and cosmetology are pointed out.

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Solomon, Steven L. "Host Factors in Whirlpool-AssociatedPseudomonas aeruginosaSkin Disease." Infection Control 6, no. 10 (October 1985): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700063487.

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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosafolliculitis is the most common recognizable infectious disease occurring after use of whirlpools and hot tubs. The factors that affect the host's susceptibility to whirlpool-related infection are the anatomic and physiologic defenses of normal skin, the microecology of the skin surface, factors intrinsic to the individual host, and behavioral factors. The structural components of the skin maintain an environment at the skin surface that makes human skin an inhospitable habitat for microflora. However, natural and experimental models ofP. aeruginosaskin infection suggest that immersion in whirlpools may negate many of the body's normal host defenses, especially the very low humidity at the skin surface. Transient colonization of skin withP. aeruginosamay lead to elaboration of toxins in vivo, resulting in the characteristic dermatitis.

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Platzek, T., C. Lang, G. Grohmann, U.-S. Gi, and W. Baltes. "Formation of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 9 (September 1999): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678845061.

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Azo dyes represent the major class of dyestuffs. They are metabolised to the corresponding amines by liver enzymes and the intestinal microflora following incorporation by both experimental animals and humans. For safety evaluation of the dermal exposure of consumers to azo dyes from wearing coloured textiles, a possible cleavage of azo dyes by the skin microflora should be considered since, in contrast to many dyes, aromatic amines are easily absorbed by the skin. A method for measuring the ability of human skin flora to reduce azo dyes was established. In a standard experiment, 361011 cells of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus wereincubatedinsyntheticsweat (pH 6.8, final volume 20 mL) at 288C for 24 h with Direct Blue 14 (C.I. 23850, DB 14). The reaction products were extracted and analysed using HPLC. The reduction product o-tolidine (3,3'-dimethylbenzidine, OT) could indeed be detected showing that the strain used was able to metabolise DB 14 to the corresponding aromatic amine. In addition to OT, two further metabolites of DB 14 were detected. Using mass spectrometry they were identified as 3,3'-dimethyl-4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and 3,3'-di methyl-4-aminobiphenyl. The ability to cleave azo dyes seems to be widely distributed among human skin bacteria, as, under these in vitro conditions, bacteria isolated from healthy human skin and human skin bacteria from strain collections also exhibited azo reductase activity. Further studies are in progress in order to include additional azo dyes and coloured textiles. At the moment, the meaning of the results with regard to consumer health cannot be finally assessed.

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Ishma, Touhida, H. M. Sayeed Uddin, Anik Paul, Farahnaaz Feroz, and Mrityunjoy Acharjee. "Inhibitory effects of different hand sanitizers against the resident microflora of skin." International Journal of Scientific Reports 5, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20195300.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Practice of hand washing is very important to eliminate the microbial contamination especially during the work in laboratories, hospital and even at home before taking food. Proper use of hand sanitizer can significantly reduce the rate of hospital acquired infection also.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The current investigation was designated to identify different bacterial species from the upper skin of hands of the laboratory managements through conventional culture methods and the efficacy of the samples (Dettol, Purell and Savlon) against the isolated bacteria through agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Different concentrations such as 25%, 50% and 100% of each of antimicrobial agents showed their antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus </em>spp., <em>Klebsiella </em>spp., <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Pseudomonas</em> spp. those were isolated from the hand. 25% of Dettol exhibited 20 mm zone diameter against <em>Klebsiella</em>spp. Whereas 25% of Purell and Savlon unveiled 15 mm and 22 mm zone of inhibition against <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Pseudomonas</em> spp. respectively. In case of 100% sample of Dettol, Purell and Savlon, the highest zone diameter was observed as 55 mm, 50 mm and 45 mm against <em>Klebsiella </em>spp.,<em> Staphylococcus </em>spp., and <em>E. coli</em> consecutively. The MIC of Dettol sample was 8 µl against <em>Staphylococcus </em>spp., and <em>Pseudomonas</em> spp. In case of Purell, the MIC was 128 µl against <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp., <em>Klebsiella </em>spp. and <em>Pseudomonas </em>spp. were inhibited at 4 µl samples.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The in-vitro antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizers was so satisfactory against the isolated bacteria. This finding would be very helpful for the laboratory management in order to minimize the rate of contamination during the research and supervision of the different experiment.</p>

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Masako, Katsuyama, Ichikawa Hideyuki, Ogawa Shigeyuki, and Ikezawa Zenro. "Corrigendum to “A novel method to control the balance of skin microflora." Journal of Dermatological Science 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.08.002.

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Masako, Katsuyama, Kobayashi Yusuke, Ichikawa Hideyuki, Mizuno Atsuko, Miyachi Yoshiki, Matsunaga Kayoko, and Kawashima Makoto. "Corrigendum to “A novel method to control the balance of skin microflora." Journal of Dermatological Science 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.08.003.

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AMAYA, Misato, Mami TAJIMA, Yukari OKUBO, Takashi SUGITA, Akemi NISHIKAWA, and Ryoji TSUBOI. "Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients." Journal of Dermatology 34, no. 9 (September 2007): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00343.x.

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Keswick, B. H., J. L. Seymour, and M. C. Milligan. "Diaper area skin microflora of normal children and children with atopic dermatitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 2 (1987): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.2.216-221.1987.

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Kleeff, Jörg, Mert Erkan, Carsten Jäger, Maximilian Menacher, Friedemann Gebhardt, and Mark Hartel. "Umbilical Microflora, Antiseptic Skin Preparation, and Surgical Site Infection in Abdominal Surgery." Surgical Infections 16, no. 4 (August 2015): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2014.163.

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Ogawa, T., K. Katsuoka, and S. Nishiyama. "Comparative study of skin surface microflora in atopic patients and healthy subjects." Journal of Dermatological Science 6, no. 1 (August 1993): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1811(93)91258-v.

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Blagojevic, B., D. Antic, M. Ducic, and S. Buncic. "Ratio between carcass-and skin-microflora as an abattoir process hygiene indicator." Food Control 22, no. 2 (February 2011): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.06.017.

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50

Malheiro, J. M. M., and L. R. S. Salvado. "Microscopic study of bacteria-textile material interaction for hygienic purpose." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S3 (July 2009): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609990778.

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AbstractUnderwear is the most intimate form of dress, and feminine panties are particularly in close contact with genital mucosa, vulvar skin and perineum area. In fact, despite some controversy, the textile material has been pointed out as promoter of vaginal infection, trough changes on the normal skin physiology. The physiology of vulvar skin is very specific in terms of temperature (≈ 34°C), moisture and pH (< 4.7). This region is also colonized by a very specific microflora that is essential either to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, either to maintain healthy conditions of temperature, moisture and pH.

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