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1
Lin, Hong, and Yue Ma. "Optimization of multi-integrated energy microgrid scheduling under carbon trading mechanism." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2788, no. 1 (2024): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2788/1/012015.
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Abstract Realizing the power transaction and benefit distribution among multi-integrated energy microgrids with different interests in the system, a multi-microgrid cooperative operation optimization scheduling method under a carbon-trading mechanism is proposed. Considering the microgrid’s electric energy interaction, a model of multi-microgrid cooperation is established. The multi-microgrid cooperative game model is equivalently transformed into two sub-problems, multi-microgrid cooperative operation cost minimization and internal power transaction bargaining, and to solve the two sub-problems successively. The simulation results show that the method is valid.
2
Albaker, Abdullah, Mansoor Alturki, Rabeh Abbassi, and Khalid Alqunun. "Zonal-Based Optimal Microgrids Identification." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072446.
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Even though many studies have been deployed to determine the optimal planning and operation of microgrids, limited research was discussed to determine the optimal microgrids’ geographical boundaries. This paper proposes a zonal-based optimal microgrid identification model aiming at identifying the optimal microgrids topology in the current distribution systems through zoning the network into several clusters. In addition, the proposed model was developed as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem that identifies the optimal capacity and location of installing distributed energy resources (DERs), including but not limited to renewable energy resources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), within the determined microgrid’s boundaries. Moreover, it investigates the impact of incorporating the BESS in boosting the DERs’ penetration on the optimal centralized microgrid. Numerical simulations on the IEEE-33 bus test system demonstrate the features and effectiveness of the proposed model on identifying the optimal microgrid geographical boundaries on current distribution grids as well as its capability on defining the optimal sizes and locations of installing DERs within the microgrid’s zonal area.
3
Kull, Tobias, Bernd Zeilmann, and Gerhard Fischerauer. "Modular Model Composition for Rapid Implementations of Embedded Economic Model Predictive Control in Microgrids." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (2021): 10602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210602.
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Economic model predictive control in microgrids combined with dynamic pricing of grid electricity is a promising technique to make the power system more flexible. However, to date, each individual microgrid requires major efforts for the mathematical modelling, the implementation on embedded devices, and the qualification of the control. In this work, a field-suitable generalised linear microgrid model is presented. This scalable model is instantiated on field-typical hardware and in a modular way, so that a class of various microgrids can be easily controlled. This significantly reduces the modelling effort during commissioning, decreases the necessary qualification of commissioning staff, and allows for the easy integration of additional microgrid devices during operation. An exemplary model, derived from an existing production facility microgrid, is instantiated, and the characteristics of the results are analysed.
4
Aditya, Sharma, and K. Palwalia D. "Small Signal Modelling and Stability Analysis of a Grid Connected Inverted Based Microgrid." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 19 (2024): 2024–37. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i19.379.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> This work focuses on the stability analysis of grid connected microgrids. It considers the impact of load disturbance and grid voltage change on voltage and current levels, as well as reactive and active power responses, is analysed. <strong>Methods:</strong> A comprehensive small-signal state-space model is developed for an inverter-based microgrid, incorporating submodules of inverters, phase-locked loops (PLLs), and LCL filters. The model is linearized around a stable operating point, and eigenvalue analysis is performed and validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. A current controller operating in the d-q frame is proposed to enhance stable power conversion and maintain microgrid stability. <strong>Findings:</strong> The proposed model and control strategy demonstrate the microgrid's ability to maintain transient voltage stability under severe dynamic conditions. During a 10% grid voltage fluctuation, the microgrid exhibits stable active and reactive power responses, with currents and voltages at the point of common coupling stabilizing within 0.2 seconds. Furthermore, when a 25 kVA active load is disconnected, the microgrid effectively manages the power transition, maintaining stable operation with minimal deviations in key parameters. The current controller simplifies AC current control, integrating active power management from solar input, DC-link voltage stability, and reactive power control.<strong> Novelty:</strong> The novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of transient voltage stability in grid-connected microgrids under grid voltage fluctuations and load disturbances, areas that have received limited attention in previous research. By developing a detailed small-signal state-space model incorporating PLL and LCL filter dynamics and proposing a robust control strategy with the current controller, this study offers new insights into enhancing the resilience and reliability of grid-connected microgrids during transient events. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Microgrid, Small Signal Stability, Voltage Source Inverter, State Space model, Eigen Values
5
Huang, Jing, and Kui Wu. "Energy Optimal Scheduling Method of Microgrid with Wind and Solar Storage Based on Demand Response." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503, no. 1 (2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012017.
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Abstract In the operation of a microgrid with wind and light storage, energy dispatching will directly affect its operating cost, which is a core technology of microgrid operation. This paper designs an energy optimization method for a microgrid with wind and solar storage based on demand response to realizing more scientific micro-power energy scheduling. Considering the wind-solar storage microgrid’s lowest demand response cost and other comprehensive costs, an energy-optimal scheduling model of the wind-solar storage microgrid is constructed. The model sets the constraints of energy storage devices and ties line transmission power and power balance. A model-solving algorithm based on an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is designed to realize the optimal energy scheduling of wind and solar storage microgrids. The experimental results show that the cost of microgrid operation has decreased in winter and summer after the optimal scheduling is implemented using the design method, and an excellent economic operation effect has been achieved.
6
Zhao, Yuhao, Sen Yang, Songlin Liu, Shouming Zhang, and Zhenyu Zhong. "Optimal Economic Research of Microgrids Based on Multi-Strategy Integrated Sparrow Search Algorithm under Carbon Emission Constraints." Symmetry 16, no. 4 (2024): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16040388.
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In the global transition towards sustainable energy, microgrids are emerging as a core component of distributed energy systems and a pivotal technology driving this transformation. By integrating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, microgrids not only enhance energy efficiency and reduce reliance on traditional energy sources but also bolster grid stability and mitigate the risk of widespread power outages. Consequently, microgrids demonstrate significant potential in improving the reliability of power supply and facilitating flexibility in energy consumption. However, the operational planning and optimization of microgrids are faced with complex challenges characterized by multiple objectives and constraints, making the reduction in operational costs a focal point of research. This study fully considers an operational model for a microgrid that incorporates distributed energy resources and comprehensive costs, integrating a battery storage system to ensure three-phase balance. The microgrid model includes photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, fuel cells, micro-gas turbines, energy storage systems, and loads. The objectives of operating and maintaining this microgrid primarily involve optimizing dispatch, energy consumption, and pollution emissions, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and minimize total costs. To achieve these goals, the study introduces a carbon emission constraint strategy and proposes an improved Multi-Strategy Integrated Sparrow Search Algorithm (MISSA). By applying the MISSA to solve the operational problems of the microgrid and comparing it with other algorithms, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the carbon emission constraint strategy in the microgrid’s operation. Furthermore, the results prove that the MISSA can achieve the lowest comprehensive operational costs for the microgrid, confirming its effectiveness in addressing the operational challenges of the microgrid.
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Silva, Vanderlei Aparecido, Alexandre Rasi Aoki, and Germano Lambert-Torres. "Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling of Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage System." Energies 13, no. 19 (2020): 5188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195188.
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Optimal scheduling is a requirement for microgrids to participate in current and future energy markets. Although the number of research articles on this subject is on the rise, there is a shortage of papers containing detailed mathematical modeling of the distributed energy resources available in a microgrid. To address this gap, this paper presents in detail how to mathematically model resources such as battery energy storage systems, solar generation systems, directly controllable loads, load shedding, scheduled intentional islanding, and generation curtailment in the microgrid optimal scheduling problem. The proposed modeling also includes a methodology to determine the availability cost of battery and solar systems assets. Simulations were carried out considering energy prices from an actual time-of-use tariff, costs based on real market data, and scenarios with scheduled islanding. Simulation results provide support to validate the proposed model. Data illustrate how energy arbitrage can reduce microgrid costs in a time-of-use tariff. Results also show how the microgrid’s self-sufficiency and the storage system’s capacity can impact the microgrid’s energy bill. The findings also bring out the need to consider the scheduled islanding event in the day-ahead optimization for microgrids.
8
Hamed, Ahmadi, Shafiee Qobad, and Bevrani Hassan. "Dynamic modeling and transient stability analysis of distributed generators in a microgrid system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 3692–703. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3692-3703.
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Increasing the penetration level of distributed generation units as well as power electronic devices adds more complexity and variability to the dynamic behaviour of the microgrids. For such systems, studying the transient modelling and stability is essential. One of the major disadvantages of most studies on microgrid modelling is their excessive attention to the steady state period and the lack of attention to microgrid performance during the transient period. In most of the research works, the behaviour of different microgrid loads has not been studied. One of the mechanisms of power systems stability studies is the application of state space modelling. This paper presents a mathematical model for connected inverters in microgrid systems with many variations of operating conditions. Nonlineal tools, phase-plane trajectory analysis, and Lyapunov method were employed to evaluate the limits of small signal models. Based on the results of the present study, applying the model allows for the analysis of the system when subjected to a severe transient disturbance such as loss of large load or generation. Studying the transient stability of microgrid systems in the standalone utility grid is useful and necessary for improving the design of the microgrid’s architecture.
9
Peng, Yuxiang, Wenqian Jiang, Xingqiu Wei, Juntao Pan, Xiangyu Kong, and Zhou Yang. "Microgrid Optimal Dispatch Based on Distributed Economic Model Predictive Control Algorithm." Energies 16, no. 12 (2023): 4658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124658.
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A microgrid cluster is composed of multiple interconnected microgrids and operates in the form of cluster, which can realize energy complementation between microgrids and significantly improve their renewable energy consumption capacity and system operation reliability. A microgrid optimal dispatch based on a distributed economic model predictive control algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the control task of the microgrid power generation system is defined, which is required to meet the load demand while reducing the economic loss of the system and realize dynamic economic optimization. The global objective function is designed based on the control task, and the detailed design method of the distributed economic model predictive controller is given. The control law is obtained by an iterative calculation using the Nash optimal method, which can effectively reduce the amount of data in the communication network. Finally, a microgrid group composed of four microgrids is used as an example for simulation verification. The simulation results show that the distributed economic model predictive control algorithm proposed in this paper has good economic benefits for microgrid dispatching.
10
Dwi Atmaja, Tinton, Dalila Mat Said, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Ahmad Fudholi, Mohd Hafiz Habibuddin, and Ahmad Rajani. "A Review of Failure Rate Models for Deterioration in Rural Microgrids: Evaluating Model Complexity and Data Extensiveness." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 22, no. 1 (2023): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.435.
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Microgrids in rural areas is crucial for providing reliable and sustainable electricity to remote communities. The deterioration of these microgrids can result in power outages and decreased efficiency. A failure rate model is a tool used to predict and mitigate the risk of deterioration. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various failure rate models for deterioration in rural microgrid systems, with a focus on evaluating the model complexity and data extensiveness. A total of fourteen failure rate models were analyzed based on their complexity and data requirements. Complexity was evaluated in four levels, ranging from simple to expert. Data extensiveness was evaluated in four levels, ranging from basic to expert. The results show that the complexity and extensiveness of the models vary significantly, with some models being more appropriate for certain types of microgrid systems than others. The study also highlights the importance of considering the complexity and extensiveness of a model when selecting it for a particular microgrid system. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, microgrid engineers, and microgrid operators in selecting the most appropriate failure rate model for their rural microgrid systems. The findings emphasize the need to consider the complexity and extensiveness of the model to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency in predicting and mitigating the risk of deterioration.
11
Sharma, Aditya, and D. K. Palwalia. "Small Signal Modelling and Stability Analysis of a Grid Connected Inverted Based Microgrid." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 19 (2024): 2024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i19.379.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: This work focuses on the stability analysis of grid connected microgrids. It considers the impact of load disturbance and grid voltage change on voltage and current levels, as well as reactive and active power responses, is analysed. Methods: A comprehensive small-signal state-space model is developed for an inverter-based microgrid, incorporating submodules of inverters, phase-locked loops (PLLs), and LCL filters. The model is linearized around a stable operating point, and eigenvalue analysis is performed and validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. A current controller operating in the d-q frame is proposed to enhance stable power conversion and maintain microgrid stability. Findings: The proposed model and control strategy demonstrate the microgrid's ability to maintain transient voltage stability under severe dynamic conditions. During a 10% grid voltage fluctuation, the microgrid exhibits stable active and reactive power responses, with currents and voltages at the point of common coupling stabilizing within 0.2 seconds. Furthermore, when a 25 kVA active load is disconnected, the microgrid effectively manages the power transition, maintaining stable operation with minimal deviations in key parameters. The current controller simplifies AC current control, integrating active power management from solar input, DC-link voltage stability, and reactive power control. Novelty: The novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of transient voltage stability in grid-connected microgrids under grid voltage fluctuations and load disturbances, areas that have received limited attention in previous research. By developing a detailed small-signal state-space model incorporating PLL and LCL filter dynamics and proposing a robust control strategy with the current controller, this study offers new insights into enhancing the resilience and reliability of grid-connected microgrids during transient events. Keywords: Microgrid, Small Signal Stability, Voltage Source Inverter, State Space model, Eigen Values
12
Joshal, Karan Singh, and Neeraj Gupta. "Microgrids with Model Predictive Control: A Critical Review." Energies 16, no. 13 (2023): 4851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134851.
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Microgrids face significant challenges due to the unpredictability of distributed generation (DG) technologies and fluctuating load demands. These challenges result in complex power management systems characterised by voltage/frequency variations and intricate interactions with the utility grid. Model predictive control (MPC) has emerged as a powerful technique to effectively address these challenges. By applying a receding horizon control strategy, MPC offers promising solutions for optimising constraints and enhancing microgrid operations. The purpose of this review paper is to comprehensively analyse the application of MPC in microgrids, covering various levels of the hierarchical control structure. Furthermore, this paper explores the emerging trend of employing MPC across microgrid applications, ranging from converter control levels for power quality to overarching energy management systems. It also investigates the future research perspectives by considering the challenges associated with establishing MPC-based microgrid control. The key conclusion derived from this review paper is that the implementation of MPC techniques in microgrid operations can greatly improve their overall performance, efficiency, and resilience. This paper thoroughly examines the various challenges faced in MPC-based microgrid operations, underscoring the significance of conducting research in advanced artificial intelligence (AI)-based MPC methods. It highlights how these cutting-edge AI techniques can bring about economic benefits in microgrid operations, addressing the complex demands of efficient energy management in a rapidly evolving landscape. The presented insights strive to enhance the comprehension and adoption of MPC techniques in microgrid settings, actively contributing to the ongoing improvement of their operational processes. By shedding light on key aspects and offering valuable guidance, this work aims to propel the advancement and effective utilisation of MPC methodologies in microgrids, ultimately leading to optimised performance and enhanced overall operations.
13
Muqeet, Hafiz Abdul, Haseeb Javed, Muhammad Naveed Akhter, et al. "Sustainable Solutions for Advanced Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids: Model Opportunities and Future Challenges." Sensors 22, no. 6 (2022): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062345.
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Distributed generation connected with AC, DC, or hybrid loads and energy storage systems is known as a microgrid. Campus microgrids are an important load type. A university campus microgrids, usually, contains distributed generation resources, energy storage, and electric vehicles. The main aim of the microgrid is to provide sustainable, economical energy, and a reliable system. The advanced energy management system (AEMS) provides a smooth energy flow to the microgrid. Over the last few years, many studies were carried out to review various aspects such as energy sustainability, demand response strategies, control systems, energy management systems with different types of optimization techniques that are used to optimize the microgrid system. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the energy management system of campus microgrids is presented. In this survey, the existing literature review of different objective functions, renewable energy resources and solution tools are also reviewed. Furthermore, the research directions and related issues to be considered in future microgrid scheduling studies are also presented.
14
Huang, Leiyu, Xiwang Abuduwayiti, Qin Chao, Zijie Zheng, and Chengkang Guo. "Research on power sharing optimization strategy based on hybrid multi-microgrid." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2662, no. 1 (2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2662/1/012007.
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Abstract To alleviate the increasing distributed energy penetration problem in the distribution network under the “double carbon”, a P2P multi-microgrid power sharing and trading method based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) are proposed in the hybrid multi-microgrid. The paper constructs the optimization model of each sub-microgrid and a multi-microgrid model for P2P power sharing transactions based on the ADMM algorithm. Finally, the proposed model is simulated and verified using a multi-microgrid composed of three microgrids. The results show that the electric energy trading tariff between microgrids obtained from the model in this paper is reasonable, which can improve the utilization rate of new energy and reduce the penetration rate of distributed energy in the distribution network.
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Rezaei, Omid, Omid Mirzapour, Mohammad Panahazari, and Hassan Gholami. "Hybrid AC/DC Provisional Microgrid Planning Model Considering Converter Aging." Electricity 3, no. 2 (2022): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity3020014.
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Renewable energy deployment through distributed energy resources is among the central goals of future power systems. Microgrids have proven to be an economically viable solution for distributed energy resources’ integration into the power system and benefits customers with uninterrupted power supply. In this context, provisional microgrids have been introduced with the main goal of rapid renewable energy resource deployment. Since a considerable portion of renewable energy resources, as well as residential loads, are DC, and this portion is expected to grow even further, hybrid AC/DC design of provisional microgrids can improve both efficiency and economic benefit through an optimal arrangement of AC/DC feeders and converters. This paper presents a planning model for hybrid provisional microgrids considering the long-term influence of energy storage and the aging process of converters on economic revenues. Due to several intrinsic uncertainties involved in provisional microgrid operation, robust optimization is applied to the problem to ensure optimality under worst-case conditions. Results show the economic benefits of a hybrid provisional microgrid compared to a provisional microgrid and independent microgrid. Several sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify critical factors in planning.
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Mehta, Sahil, and Prasenjit Basak. "A Novel Design, Economic Assessment, and Fuzzy-Based Technical Validation of an Islanded Microgrid: A Case Study on Load Model of Kibber Village in Himachal Pradesh." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (November 10, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9639253.
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Rural and remote area electrification is of grave concern around the globe. Therefore, well-planned and cost-effective microgrids integrating renewable energy sources are emerging as effective solutions. However, the microgrid's stable operation and its future deployment is affected by the perturbations caused due to uncertainity in renewable sources, dependency on the battery state of charge, and load variation. So, considering the possible concerns affecting the planning and development of a microgrid for any given region, this paper proposes a comprehensive performance assessment of the hybrid residential microgrid based on a load model of Kibber village in Himachal Pradesh, India. The proposed approach is divided into three parts for the best planning of microgrids. Firstly, the MATLAB–Simulink software technically analyzes the system performance under perturbations considering the available renewable sources. Secondly, an economic analysis using HOMER Pro software is done to examine the cost-effectiveness of the proposed microgrid model through the simulation of electrical loads for Kibber village, considering the available renewable sources. Lastly, a real-time analysis of the proposed prototype of programmable logic controller-based hardware test bench has been developed, aiming for future regional microgrid deployment. System voltage, frequency, power shared, percentage of load met, energy cost, available renewable energy resource, etc. have been considered for validating the proposed controller. The proposed comprehensive assessment of the microgrid model is reproducible with necessary modifications for any geographical location. It will be helpful for its future deployment aiming at rural and remote electrification.
17
Wu, Xiong, Shuo Shi, and Zhao Wang. "Microgrid Planning Considering the Supply Adequacy of Critical Loads under the Uncertain Formation of Sub-Microgrids." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (2019): 4683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174683.
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A microgrid can be partitioned into several autonomous sub-microgrids in case of multiple faults in natural disasters. How to guarantee the supply adequacy of critical loads in sub-microgrids is a problem that should be considered at the planning stage. This paper proposes a microgrid planning model considering the supply adequacy of critical loads under the uncertain formation of sub-microgrids. The proposed model minimizes the total cost during the project life, which includes the construction cost and operation cost for the candidate distributed energy resources (DERs). The supply adequacy of critical loads in sub-microgrids is taken into account in the model. As we only know the critical load areas, the locations of switches which divide the microgrid into sub-microgrids are unknown at the planning stage. Considering this uncertainty, the microgrid planning issue is finally formulated as a robust model against the worst formation of sub-microgrids. The developed model is tested on two systems: IEEE 33-bus and 123-bus distribution systems. Simulation indicates (1) the proposed method is more robust than deterministic strategy as critical load loss is intolerable in sub-microgrids; (2) the investment cost is the same with that of the deterministic case when the number of sub-microgrids is within two.
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Ahmadi, Hamed, Qobad Shafiee, and Hassan Bevrani. "Dynamic modeling and transient stability analysis of distributed generators in a microgrid system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (2021): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3692-3703.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing the penetration level of distributed generation units as well as power electronic devices adds more complexity and variability to the dynamic behaviour of the microgrids. For such systems, studying the transient modelling and stability is essential. One of the major disadvantages of most studies on microgrid modelling is their excessive attention to the steady state period and the lack of attention to microgrid performance during the transient period. In most of the research works, the behaviour of different microgrid loads has not been studied. One of the mechanisms of power systems stability studies is the application of state space modelling. This paper presents a mathematical model for connected inverters in microgrid systems with many variations of operating conditions. Nonlineal tools, phase-plane trajectory analysis, and Lyapunov method were employed to evaluate the limits of small signal models. Based on the results of the present study, applying the model allows for the analysis of the system when subjected to a severe transient disturbance such as loss of large load or generation. Studying the transient stability of microgrid systems in the standalone utility grid is useful and necessary for improving the design of the microgrid’s architecture.
19
Mohammadyari, Milad, and Mohsen Eskandari. "Stochastic Convex Cone Programming for Joint Optimal BESS Operation and Q-Placement in Net-Zero Microgrids." Energies 17, no. 17 (2024): 4292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17174292.
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Microgrids have emerged as a pivotal solution in the quest for efficient, resilient, and sustainable energy systems. Comprising diverse distributed energy resources, microgrids present a compelling opportunity to revolutionize how we generate, store, and distribute electricity, while simultaneously reducing carbon footprints. This paper proposes an optimal battery energy storage system (BESS) management scheme, along with capacitor placement for reactive power (Q)-compensation, and scheduling for the purpose of a renewable-based microgrid’s loss minimization. The proposed model evaluates the impact of BESS management on energy efficiency and analyzes how optimal scheduling of BESS influences system losses. Furthermore, it investigates the coordinated planning and operation of active assets within the microgrid, such as controllable capacitor banks, in enhancing overall efficiency. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem which is solved for both deterministic and stochastic generation and consumption data. The proposed model is tested on a 21-bus microgrid comprising photovoltaic and hydropower energy resources, and the efficacy of the model is approved by several case studies. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce microgrid energy losses by approximately 12 percent using the deterministic approach and around 14 percent with the stochastic approach.
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Han, Fangyuan, and Enrico Zio. "Modeling an electric power microgrid by model predictive control for analyzing its characteristics from reliability, controllability and topological perspectives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 2 (2018): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x17744382.
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Microgrids can be a key solution for integrating renewable and distributed energy resources. This article analyzes microgrids’ characteristics adopting model predictive control. We study the microgrid performance under two operation modes: grid-connected and stand-alone. For each mode, we consider different faulty scenarios, and by dynamic simulations, we investigate the importance of the microgrid components from different perspectives: topological, reliability and controllability. This analysis enables evaluation of the microgrid performance and quantification of the importance of each component with respect to the different perspectives considered. The findings provide information for the design and operation of a microgrid, seeking the right balance of multiple characteristics.
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Hasti, Afianti, Penangsang Ontoseno, and Soeprijanto Adi. "Stability and reliability of low voltage hybrid AC-DC microgrids power flow model in islanding operation." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 19, no. 1 (2020): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp32-41.
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The problem of decreasing and increasing power flow in hybrid AC-DC microgrids in islanding operations is the concern of this study. This condition arises if one sub-microgrid cannot supply load power requirements, either because of a decrease in power at the source or an increase in load on the sub-microgrid network. The result, in this study using a bidirectional converter as an interlinking converter, the converter can change the power flow from ac sub microgrid to dc sub microgrid and vice versa. With this converter, load requirements can be met despite a lack of power in one of the sub microgrids. The simulations in this study are supported by Simulink / Matlab software. This model is built in a low voltage system, and power flow analysis is in steady state with two different cases. Simulation results show the stability and reliability of power flow in both sub microgrids with stable frequency and voltage when power and load changes occur.
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Xia, Chuyang. "Microgrid Development Model and Control Strategy for Dual Carbon Target." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qz6cjm53.
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In recent years, in the face of China's increasingly serious environmental pollution and energy structure problems, the country has proposed the double carbon target of "peak carbon" by 2030 and "carbon neutral" by 2060, and microgrids, as a kind of small-scale power generation and distribution system with economy and environmental protection, can better absorb distributed energy. In the context of the dual carbon target, it is important to study the development mode and control strategy of microgrids energy. This paper firstly elaborates the advantages of combining microgrid and distributed energy, divides microgrid into grid-connected microgrid and stand-alone microgrid according to the operation mode, and gives the mathematical model of distributed energy. Based on the above, this paper studies grid-connected and stand-alone microgrids. Additionally, single-objective and multi-objective models under different strategies have been presented. The single-objective model aims to minimize operating costs, while the multi-objective model aims to minimize operating costs and carbon emissions simultaneously. Genetic algorithms have been employed to solve this problem, and MATLAB simulations have been used to analyze the models. The results of the simulations demonstrate that this strategy can significantly reduce carbon emissions with only a marginal increase in costs, thus validating the correctness and effectiveness of this approach.
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Wang, Xiaocun, Yanjun Xu, Chenlan Ji, and Yun Su. "Continuous auction mechanism model for safety electric energy market transaction." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 24, no. 1 (2024): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-226984.
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With the rapid development of microgrid in the electric power industry, the microgrid electric energy transaction has begun to be marketized, and the research on the microgrid electric energy trusted transaction has important theoretical research value and social value. The existing blockchain-based microgrid electric energy trusted transaction models mostly focus on energy management and scheduling control between microgrids when conducting electric energy transactions, and do not fully consider the bidding problems in the market-based transaction of microgrid electric energy, resulting in trading strategies are difficult to adapt to new market changes. In response to this problem, this paper proposes a reliable transaction approach for microgrid electric energy based on a continuous two-way auction mechanism. The proposed strategy accounts for the volatility of electricity prices in the microgrid trading market and employs the continuous two-way auction mechanism to evaluate the microgrid electricity trading tactics. In the microgrid electric energy transaction, the self-adaptive learning theory is applied to adjust the quotations of both parties, so that both parties can make reasonable quotations according to the market environment. By simulating experimental data, the findings indicate that the continuous two-way auction mechanism transaction strategy enables both parties to modify their quotations based on market transaction information, thereby displaying a high degree of flexibility in microgrid electricity’s market-oriented trading.
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Wang, Pengchao, Xianzhen Meng, Hongtao Wang, Xin Yuan, and Yong Wang. "A multi-objective optimization method based on internal search algorithm for wind energy access to rural microgrid power supply grid architecture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2935, no. 1 (2025): 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2935/1/012007.
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Abstract The conventional multi-objective optimization method of microgrid power supply grid architecture mainly uses MLIML (multi-load intermediate main line) to obtain multi-segment correction parameters, which are easily affected by the dynamic changes of power extreme values, resulting in poor optimization indicators. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization method for a rural microgrid’s power supply network architecture is proposed based on an internal search algorithm. That is, a multi-objective optimization model for the microgrid power supply grid architecture is constructed, and an internal search algorithm is used to generate a multi-objective optimization process for the microgrid power supply grid architecture, thereby achieving multi-objective optimization of the microgrid power supply grid architecture. The experimental results show that the multi-objective optimization method of the designed wind and solar power supply grid architecture for rural microgrids has good optimization results. All indicators meet the economic requirements and have certain application values. It has contributed to improving the power supply and distribution quality of the rural microgrid and reducing the comprehensive operation risk.
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Li, Jie, Shengyuan Ji, Xiuli Wang, et al. "A Stackelberg Game-Based Optimal Scheduling Model for Multi-Microgrid Systems Considering Photovoltaic Consumption and Integrated Demand Response." Energies 17, no. 23 (2024): 6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17236002.
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To enhance the interests of all stakeholders in the multi-microgrid integrated energy system and to promote photovoltaic consumption, this paper proposes a master–slave game operation optimization strategy for a multi-microgrid system considering photovoltaic consumption and integrated demand response. Initially, an energy interaction model was established to delineate the relationships between each microgrid and the distribution network, as well as the interactions among the microgrids. Additionally, an integrated demand response model for end-users was developed. This framework leads to the formulation of a one-leader multi-follower interaction equilibrium model, wherein the multi-microgrid system acts as the leader and the users of the multi-microgrid serve as followers. It is proven that a unique equilibrium solution for the Stackelberg game exists. The upper level iteratively optimizes variables such as energy-selling prices, equipment output, and energy interactions among microgrids, subsequently announcing the energy-selling prices to the lower level. The lower level is responsible for optimizing energy load and returning the actual load demand to the upper level. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are demonstrated through the case analysis. Thus, the profitability of the multi-microgrid system is enhanced, along with the overall benefits for each microgrid user, and the amount of photovoltaic curtailment is significantly reduced.
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Sysko-Romańczuk, Sylwia, Grzegorz Kluj, Liliana Hawrysz, Łukasz Rokicki, and Sylwester Robak. "Scalable Microgrid Process Model: The Results of an Off-Grid Household Experiment." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217139.
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The security of national energy systems as well as the transition to a low-carbon future are two hot topics of discussion in the international political arena. Research on the stability of centralized energy systems is currently focused on distributed generation. Developing a scalable microgrid model enabling its massive adoption is one of the safest and feasible ways to solve such problem. The paper aims to fill an existing gap regarding the operation model of microgrids that is a barrier for the large-scale integration of those in the conventional grid network. In the proposed approach the authors identified key processes to be considered when operating microgrids, in the conditions shown through an experimental (simulation) campaign. A three-phase research was performed: (1) systematic literature review to explore the management models of a stand-alone microgrid design and management; (2) a household experiment; and (3) a computer simulation of energy balance for a selected household. We identified eight key processes constituting a scalable microgrid: five core processes, two supporting processes, and one management process. Subsequently, we developed a map of these processes obtaining a microgrid process model for massive adoption. The model of processes can be considered as a repeatable pattern of conduct in the creation and maintenance of microgrids, which their future owners can follow. To support our literature findings, we performed an experiment and a computer simulation of three sub-processes of the (re)design of the infrastructure process: (1) wind turbine selection, (2) photovoltaic power plant selection, and (3) energy-storage selection. Results confirm conditional stability of the analyzed microgrid and the need for cyclical simulation exercises until unconditional stability is achieved. In terms of sustainability, to keep the microgrid permanently in a positive energy balance will require the implementation of all key processes.
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Yao, Jinke, Jiachen Xu, Ning Zhang, and Yajuan Guan. "Model-Based Reinforcement Learning Method for Microgrid Optimization Scheduling." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (2023): 9235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129235.
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Due to the uncertainty and randomness of clean energy, microgrid operation is often prone to instability, which requires the implementation of a robust and adaptive optimization scheduling method. In this paper, a model-based reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to the optimal scheduling problem of microgrids. During the training process, the current learned networks are used to assist Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) in completing game history accumulation, and updating the learning network parameters to obtain optimal microgrid scheduling strategies and a simulated environmental dynamics model. We establish a microgrid environment simulator that includes Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, Photovoltaic (PV) systems, and Energy Storage (ES) systems for simulation. The simulation results show that the operation of microgrids in both islanded and connected modes does not affect the training effectiveness of the algorithm. After 200 training steps, the algorithm can avoid the punishment of exceeding the red line of the bus voltage, and after 800 training steps, the training result converges and the loss values of the value and reward network converge to 0, showing good effectiveness. This proves that the algorithm proposed in this paper can be applied to the optimization scheduling problem of microgrids.
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Zhao, Yuhao, Yixing Liu, Zhiheng Wu, Shouming Zhang, and Liang Zhang. "Improving Sparrow Search Algorithm for Optimal Operation Planning of Hydrogen–Electric Hybrid Microgrids Considering Demand Response." Symmetry 15, no. 4 (2023): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15040919.
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Microgrid operation planning is crucial for ensuring the safe and efficient output of distributed energy resources (DERs) and stable operation of the microgrid power system. The integration of hydrogen fuel cells into microgrids can increase the absorption rate of renewable energy, while the incorporation of lithium batteries facilitates the adjustment of microgrid power supply voltage and frequency, ensuring the three-phase symmetry of the system. This paper proposes an economic scheduling method for a grid-connected microgrid that considers demand response and combines hydrogen and electricity. Based on the operating costs of renewable energy, maintenance and operation costs of nonrenewable energy, interaction costs between the microgrid and main grid, and pollution control costs, an optimization model for dispatching a hydrogen–electric hybrid microgrid under grid-connected mode is established. The primary objective is to minimize the operating cost, while the secondary objective is to minimize the impact on the user’s power consumption comfort. Therefore, an improved demand response strategy is introduced, and an enhanced sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) is proposed, which incorporates a nonlinear weighting factor and improves the global search capability based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). The ISSA is used to solve the optimal operation problem of the demand-response-integrated microgrid. After comparison with different algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), sooty tern optimization algorithm (STOA), and dingo optimization algorithm (DOA), the results show that the proposed method using demand response and ISSA achieves the lowest comprehensive operating cost for the microgrid, making the microgrid’s operation safer and with minimum impact on user satisfaction. Therefore, the feasibility of the demand response strategy is demonstrated, and ISSA is proved to have better performance in solving optimal operation planning problems for hydrogen–electric hybrid microgrids.
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Peterson, Christopher J., Douglas L. Van Bossuyt, Ronald E. Giachetti, and Giovanna Oriti. "Analyzing Mission Impact of Military Installations Microgrid for Resilience." Systems 9, no. 3 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9030069.
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This article develops a method to model, analyze, and design military microgrids with the objective to improve their resilience in the face of disconnections from the larger electrical grid. Military microgrids provide power to installation and base facilities to enable base mission objective accomplishments that are related to national security. Previous research, tools, and methods for microgrid design and assessment do not adequately address resilience in terms of accomplishing mission objectives and instead primarily focus on economic outcomes. This article proposes a novel metric to quantify microgrid resilience in terms of its ability to minimize the impact of power disruption on missions supported by the microgrid. The metric is used in a novel design method to ensure an islanded military microgrid can continue operations while disconnected for a two-week duration. Our model examines the ability to continue mission operations subject to various microgrid disruptions as well as equipment reliability.
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Dong, Jun, Yuanyuan Wang, Xihao Dou, Zhengpeng Chen, Yaoyu Zhang, and Yao Liu. "Research on Decision Optimization Model of Microgrid Participating in Spot Market Transaction." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126577.
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The development of electricity spot trading provides an opportunity for microgrids to participate in the spot market transaction, which is of great significance to the research of microgrids participating in the electricity spot market. Under the background of spot market construction, this paper takes the microgrid including wind power, photovoltaic (PV), gas turbine, battery storage, and demand response as the research object, uses the stochastic optimization method to deal with the uncertainty of wind and PV power, and constructs a decision optimization model with the goal of maximizing the expected revenue of microgrids in the spot market. Through the case study, the optimal bidding electricity of microgrid operators in the spot market is obtained, and the revenue is USD 923.07. Then, this paper further investigates the effects of demand response, meteorological factors, market price coefficients, and cost coefficients on the expected revenue of microgrids. The results demonstrate that the demand response adopted in this paper has better social–economic benefits, which can reduce the peak load while ensuring the reliability of the microgrid, and the optimization model also ensure profits while extreme weather and related economic coefficients change, providing a set of scientific quantitative analysis tools for microgrids to trade electricity in the spot market.
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Lanas, Fernando J., Francisco J. Martínez-Conde, Diego Alvarado, Rodrigo Moreno, Patricio Mendoza-Araya, and Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez. "Non-Strategic Capacity Withholding from Distributed Energy Storage within Microgrids Providing Energy and Reserve Services." Energies 13, no. 19 (2020): 5235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195235.
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Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in the main system’s energy and ancillary services market. The traditional minimum-cost operation, however, can undermine microgrid’s ability to hold reserve capacity for operation in islanded mode and can rapidly degrade distributed batteries. This paper studies the impacts of various operational strategies from distributed energy storage plants on their revenues and on market prices, considering an array of microgrids that act in a synchronized fashion. The operational model minimizes the entire electric power system cost, considering transmission-connected and distributed energy resources, and capturing capacity degradation of batteries as part of the cost function. Additionally, microgrid-based, distributed batteries can provide energy arbitrage and both system-level and microgrid-level security services. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the economic impacts of distributed energy storage providing these services, including also capacity degradation. We also demonstrate the benefits of providing reserve services in terms of extra revenue and battery lifespan. Finally, we conclude that limitations in the provision of system-level services from distributed batteries due to degradation considerations and higher microgrid-level security requirements may, counterintuitively, increase system-level revenues for storage owners, if such degradation considerations and microgrid-level security requirements are adopted, at once, by a large number of microgrids, leading to unintended, non-strategic capacity withholding by distributed storage owners.
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Zhao, Ensheng, Yang Han, Hao Zeng, et al. "Accurate Peer-to-Peer Hierarchical Control Method for Hybrid DC Microgrid Clusters." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010421.
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Hybrid DC microgrid clusters contain various types of converters such as BOOST, BUCK, and bidirectional DC/DC converters, making the control strategy complex and difficult to achieve plug-and-play. The common master–slave hierarchical control strategy makes it difficult to achieve accurate and stable system control. This paper proposes an accurate peer-to-peer hierarchical control method for the hybrid DC microgrid cluster, and the working principle of this hierarchical control method is analyzed in detail. The microgrid cluster consists of three sub-microgrids, where sub-microgrid A consists of three BUCK converters, sub-microgrid B consists of three BOOST converters, and sub-microgrid C consists of two bidirectional DC/DC converters. According to all possible operations of various sub-microgrids in the microgrid cluster, the top-, mid-, and bottom-level controls are designed to solve the coordination control problem among different types of sub-microgrids. In this paper, a hybrid microgrid cluster simulation model is built in the PLECS simulation environment, and an experimental hardware platform is designed. The simulation and experiment results verified the accuracy of the proposed control strategy and its fast plug-and-play regulation ability for the system.
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Wang, Yubo, Zhen Hou, and Qian Yu. "Research on optimizing microgrid operation considering the uncertainties of new energy generation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2936, no. 1 (2025): 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2936/1/012036.
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Abstract Against the backdrop of rapid development in new energy, an increasing number of new energy output devices have been integrated into the power system, and the uncertainty in the output of these devices has affected the stable operation of the power system. This paper establishes an overall microgrid objective model based on economic considerations to achieve economically efficient and environmentally friendly microgrid operation. Assuming the microgrid operates in island mode, we design an economically optimized mathematical model that meets demand requirements. Focusing on the optimal energy distribution in the island mode of microgrids, we construct an optimal energy distribution model based on a multivariate particle swarm algorithm, considering factors such as economic efficiency, environmental protection, and reliability. This model realizes the optimal energy distribution for microgrids.
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Cheng, Boyuan, Xinshou Tian, and Limin Jia. "Resilience Assessment of An Expressway Microgrid Considering Network Reconfiguration." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2320, no. 1 (2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2320/1/012014.
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Abstract With the development of distributed generation, energy supply to the transportation industry through microgrids has become a reality. However, in recent years, affected by environmental changes, extreme weather has occurred frequently. Due to the simple topology, the safe operation of microgrids has been threatened. Therefore, it is necessary to analysis and assess the resilience of microgrids. At the same time, due to the high penetration rate of distributed generation, the microgrid can be reconfigured during extreme disasters to form distributed generation islands to ensure the power supply of local loads. This paper first introduces the resilience curve and resilience index of the expressway microgrid, and then proposes a mathematical model for network reconfiguration to improve the resilience of the microgrid. Finally, the resilience assessment method proposed in this paper is used to assess the resilience of an expressway microgrid under extreme storm weather, then, the reconfigured system is obtained by solving the model, which verifies the effectiveness of this method in improving the resilience.
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He, Justin J., Douglas L. Van Bossuyt, and Anthony Pollman. "Experimental Validation of Systems Engineering Resilience Models for Islanded Microgrids." Systems 10, no. 6 (2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10060245.
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Microgrids are used in many applications to power critical loads that have significant consequences if they lose power. Losing power to medical centers, water treatment plants, data centers, national defense installations, airports, and other critical infrastructure can cause loss of money and loss of life. Although such microgrids are generally reliable at providing stable power, their resilience to disruption can be poor. Common interruptions include natural disasters like earthquakes, and man-made causes such as cyber or physical attacks. Previous research into microgrid resilience evaluation efforts centered on theoretical modeling of total electrical microgrid loading, critical electrical load prioritization, assumed capacity of renewable energy sources and their associated energy storage systems, and assumed availability of emergency generators. This research assesses the validity of two microgrid resilience models developed for analyzing islanded microgrids by using experimental data from a scaled microgrid system. A national defense context is provided to motivate the work and align with the intended purpose two microgrid resilience models. The results of this research validate that the simulation models are valid to use in some situations, and highlight some areas for further model improvement.
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Liu, Jicheng, Fangqiu Xu, Shuaishuai Lin, Hua Cai, and Suli Yan. "A Multi-Agent-Based Optimization Model for Microgrid Operation Using Dynamic Guiding Chaotic Search Particle Swarm Optimization." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123286.
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The optimal operation of microgrids is a comprehensive and complex energy utilization and management problem. In order to guarantee the efficient and economic operation of microgrids, a three-layer multi-agent system including distributed management system agent, microgrid central control agent and microgrid control element agent is proposed considering energy storage units and demand response. Then, based on this multi-agent system and with the objective of cost minimization, an operation optimization model for microgrids is constructed from three aspects: operation cost, environmental impact and security. To solve this model, dynamic guiding chaotic search particle swarm optimization is adopted and three scenarios including basic scenario, energy storage participation and demand response participation are simulated and analyzed. The results show that both energy storage unit and demand response can effectively reduce the cost of microgrid, improve the operation and management level and ensure the safety and stability of power supply and utilization.
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Pan, Xuewei, Fan Yang, Peiwen Ma, Yijin Xing, Jinye Zhang, and Lingling Cao. "A Game-Theoretic Approach of Optimized Operation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Clusters." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155537.
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To maximize the benefits of microgrid clusters, a general model and analysis method for studying the optimized operation of AC/DC microgrid clusters using non-cooperative games is proposed. This paper first establishes the optimized objective function of an AC/DC microgrid for economic operations. Based on the supply and demand theory, the dynamic adjustment mechanism of electricity price is introduced into microgrid clusters, and a game model for the optimal operation of multiple microgrids is established. The Nash equilibrium solution of the established model is obtained by iterative search algorithm, and the convergence of the Nash equilibrium solution is also proven. Finally, the validity and economy of the proposed model are verified by the actual case.
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Elsayed, Yasser, and Hossam A. Gabbar. "FBG Sensing Technology for an Enhanced Microgrid Performance." Energies 15, no. 24 (2022): 9273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249273.
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Energy provided by microgrids should be considered, especially because their purpose is to supply loads from the available power source of the combined sources of energy, including the grid, optimally and efficiently to satisfy the load demand securely and economically. Sensing the accuracy of the different physical parameters of the combined power sources and energy storage plays a crucial part in the efficiency and resilience of microgrids. The present microgrids mostly use conventional sensors, which are greatly impacted by ambient conditions such as high-voltage (HV) and electromagnetic interference (EMI). So, this paper presents an enhanced microgrid based on replacing the conventional sensors with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors renowned for their immunity to EMI and HV, in addition to the virtue of distributing sensing capability. The enhanced microgrid based on FBG sensing was tested experimentally at different potential points predefined on the microgrid and validated with a microgrid simulation model. Real-time measurements of FBG and conventional sensors were recorded at the potential points and applied to the Simulink model to compare the performance for both cases. The unit and integration tests showed an obvious improvement in the accuracy and resiliency of the microgrid by using FBG sensors.
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Alejandro, Garcés-Ruiz. "Small-signal stability analysis of dc microgrids considering electric vehicles." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería –redin-, no. 89 (October 3, 2018): 52–58. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n89a07.
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This paper presents a generalized model for small signal stability in dc microgrids considering electric vehicles. The proposed model considers four type of terminals, namely: constant power, constant voltage, constant current and constant impedance. A Newton-Raphson methodology is used to calculate the operation point of the microgrid and a sensitivity analysis is also presented. Some general features of the dc microgrid based on the intrinsic characteristics of the model are presented. Simulation results on different type of microgrids show the proposed small signal model is accurate compared to dynamical simulations.
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Wang, Bowen, and Bingyan Zhao. "Operation optimization of hydrogen-containing energy storage cogeneration type microgrid based on improved dung beetle algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2820, no. 1 (2024): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2820/1/012111.
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Abstract An enhanced dung beetle optimization algorithm is used to solve the comprehensive optimization model of a cogeneration microgrid with hydrogen storage, with the optimization objective of minimizing the microgrid’s overall operation cost. The model is intended to address the issue of low thermal energy utilization efficiency of the hydrogen energy system of a cogeneration microgrid with hydrogen storage. The findings demonstrate that the suggested plan may more effectively satisfy the thermoelectric load requirements of the microgrid and guarantee the microgrid’s steady and independent operation, thereby fulfilling the objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction.
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Xingli and Ning. "Multi-Agent Consensus Algorithm-Based Optimal Power Dispatch for Islanded Multi-Microgrids." Processes 7, no. 10 (2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100679.
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Islanded multi-microgrids formed by interconnections of microgrids will be conducive to the improvement of system economic efficiency and supply reliability. Due to the lack of support from a main grid, the requirement of real-time power balance of the islanded multi-microgrid is relatively high. In order to solve real-time dispatch problems in an island multi-microgrid system, a real-time cooperative power dispatch framework is proposed by using the multi-agent consensus algorithm. On this basis, a regulation cost model for the microgrid is developed. Then a consensus algorithm of power dispatch is designed by selecting the regulation cost of each microgrid as the consensus variable to make all microgrids share the power unbalance, thus reducing the total regulation cost. Simulation results show that the proposed consensus algorithm can effectively solve the real-time power dispatch problem for islanded multi-microgrids.
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Cao, Xiaoming, Huabing Zhang, and Hongyu Shi. "A Distributed Adaptive Control Model for Microgrids with a Microservice-oriented Architecture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2404, no. 1 (2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2404/1/012038.
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Abstract In the face of increasingly complex application conditions, some distributed adaptive control models for microgrids suffer from large differences between voltage magnitudes and rated values. To address such shortcomings, a distributed adaptive control model for microgrids is designed for a microservice architecture. The mathematical expressions of the state integral control variables and control input variables under steady-state conditions are derived by extracting the integral control variables of the distributed generation units of the microgrid, and the current at the end of the line short circuit is used as the database to design the current quick-break protection mechanism for the microservice architecture. Experimental results is that the voltage magnitude of the distributed adaptive control model of the microgrid in the paper is 317.71V, which is closer to the rated output voltage value of 320V, indicating that the distributed adaptive control model of the microgrid is better when the microservice architecture is fully utilized.
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Zeinoddini-Meymand, Hamed, Reza Safipour, and Farhad Namdari. "A Novel Management Approach for Optimal Operation of Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid in the Presence of Wind and Load Uncertainties." Systems 13, no. 4 (2025): 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13040233.
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: The optimal operation of a hybrid AC-DC microgrid is investigated in this study. The operation of an AC microgrid connected to the main grid and an islanded DC microgrid has been examined under three management approaches. In the first approach, two microgrids are not connected, and the DC microgrid is operated in the islanded mode. In the second and third approaches, AC and DC microgrids are connected. The main difference between these two approaches is the energy management framework. In the second approach, each microgrid has its own management system, while the third approach integrates both into a single energy management system to form an AC-DC microgrid that minimizes overall operational costs. The main goal of the proposed model is to minimize the operating costs of two microgrids over a 24 h period. The investigated AC microgrid includes a microturbine, wind turbine and diesel generator in order to supply the residential load profile, and the DC microgrid includes an energy storage system, fuel cell, wind turbine and solar panel in order to supply the commercial load profile. Simulations are performed first with a wind and load scenario in order to show and compare the optimal points of using the decision variables in three approaches. Finally, in order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of uncertainties, the cost distribution function for the three approaches is presented by means of Monte Carlo simulation. Applying the proposed model results in the following the cost reduction: 67.9% in the DC microgrid, 14.2% in the AC microgrid and 24.4% overall. This reduction is primarily attributed to the microgrid central energy management system, which decreases reliance on the main grid and instead utilizes alternative sources such as fuel cells. Comparing the first and third approaches, the fuel cell’s contribution to supplying microgrid loads increased by 29%, while the main grid’s participation decreased by 26%.
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Almaleh, Abdulaziz, David Tipper, Saad F. Al-Gahtani, and Ragab El-Sehiemy. "A Novel Model for Enhancing the Resilience of Smart MicroGrids’ Critical Infrastructures with Multi-Criteria Decision Techniques." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (2022): 9756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199756.
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Microgrids have the potential to provide reliable electricity to key components of a smart city’s critical infrastructure after a disaster, hence boosting the microgrid power system’s resilience. Policymakers and electrical grid operators are increasingly concerned about the appropriate configuration and location of microgrids to sustain post-disaster critical infrastructure operations in smart cities. In this context, this paper presents a novel method for the microgrid allocation problem that considers several technical and economic infrastructure factors such as critical infrastructure components, geospatial positioning of infrastructures, power requirements, and microgrid cost. In particular, the geographic allocation of a microgrid is presented as an optimization problem to optimize a weighted combination of the relative importance of nodes across all key infrastructures and the associated costs. Furthermore, the simulation results of the formulated optimization problem are compared with a modified version of the heuristic method based on the critical node identification of an interdependent infrastructure for positioning microgrids in terms of the resilience of multiple smart critical infrastructures. Numerical results using infrastructure in the city of Pittsburgh in the USA are given as a practical case study to illustrate the methodology and trade-offs. The proposed method provides an effective method for localizing renewable energy resources based on infrastructural requirements.
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Xu, Deng, and Yong Long. "The Impact of Government Subsidy on Renewable Microgrid Investment Considering Double Externalities." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113168.
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Since microgrids require public support to make economic sense, governments regularly subsidize renewable microgrids to increase their renewable energy market penetration. In this study, we investigated the optimal subsidy level for governments to correct the market failure of microgrids and analyzed the impacts of regulation on the interaction between a microgrid and a distribution network operator (DNO). Specifically, we proposed economic rationales for government subsidies for microgrids regarding public interest benefits in relation to double externalities (learning spillover effect and environmental externality). We incorporated the double externalities into a three-echelon game model in an electricity supply chain with one regulator, one microgrid, and one DNO, in which the regulator decides the subsidy level to achieve maximal social welfare. We found that the double externalities and double marginalization caused underinvestment in microgrid capacity in the scenario without government intervention. The government could choose the appropriate subsidy level to achieve the system optimum, which led to a triple win for the microgrid, the DNO, and the social planner. Our analytical results also showed that the microgrid gained more benefits from regulation than the DNO. The microgrid may offer a negative wholesale price to the DNO in exchange for more opportunities to import electricity into the grid, especially when the investment cost is sufficiently low. Our study suggests that supporting microgrids requires a subsidy phase-out mechanism and alternative market-oriented policies with the development of the microgrid industry.
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Saleh, Amr, Hany M. Hasanien, Rania A. Turky, et al. "Optimal Model Predictive Control for Virtual Inertia Control of Autonomous Microgrids." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065009.
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For the time being, renewable energy source (RES) penetration has significantly increased in power networks, particularly in microgrids. The overall system inertia is dramatically decreased by replacing traditional synchronous machines with RES. This negatively affects the microgrid dynamics under uncertainties, lowering the microgrid frequency stability, specifically in the islanded mode of operation. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the islanded microgrid frequency resilience using the virtual inertia frequency control concept. Additionally, optimal model predictive control (MPC) is employed in the virtual inertial control model. The optimum design of the MPC is attained using an optimization algorithm, the African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (AVOA). To certify the efficacy of the proposed controller, the AVOA-based MPC is compared with a conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller that is optimally designed using various optimization techniques. The actual data of RES is utilized, and a random load power pattern is applied to achieve practical simulation outcomes. Additionally, the microgrid paradigm contains battery energy storage (BES) units for enhancing the islanded microgrid transient stability. The simulation findings show the effectiveness of AVOA-based MPC in improving the microgrid frequency resilience. Furthermore, the results secure the role of BES in improving transient responses in the time domain simulations. The simulation outcomes are obtained using MATLAB software.
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Li, Peng, Huixuan Li, Yuanzhao Hao, Xianyu Yue, Wenjing Zu, and Hongkai Zhang. "Optimal planning of wind and solar complementary AC/DC microgrids under distributed power capacity constraints." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2846, no. 1 (2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2846/1/012021.
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Abstract The conventional AC/DC microgrid wind-solar complementary optimization planning method mainly uses the CvaR (conditional value at risk) risk value stochastic model to calculate the randomness of output electricity price, which is vulnerable to changes in load expectations, resulting in the per unit value of photovoltaic load output not meeting the actual demand of the microgrid. Therefore, under the constraints of distributed generation capacity, an optimal planning method of wind-solar complementation for AC/DC microgrids is designed. That is to say, considering the distributed generation capacity constraints, the optimal planning model of wind-solar complementation of AC and DC microgrids is constructed, and the bidirectional adjustment equation of the optimal planning of wind-solar complementation of AC and DC microgrids is generated, thus realizing the optimal planning of wind-solar complementation of AC and DC microgrids. The experimental results show that the PV output per unit value is higher and the load output per unit value is lower in the design of the wind-solar complementary optimization planning method of AC/DC microgrid considering distributed generation capacity constraints, which meets the requirements of efficient operation of the microgrid and has certain economic value.
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Gholami, Khalil, Ali Azizivahed, Ali Arefi, Li Li, Mohammad Taufiqul Arif, and Md Enamul Haque. "Coordinated Volt-Var Control of Reconfigurable Microgrids with Power-to-Hydrogen Systems." Energies 17, no. 24 (2024): 6442. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246442.
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The integration of electrolyzers and fuel cells can cause voltage fluctuations within microgrids if not properly scheduled. Therefore, controlling voltage and reactive power becomes crucial to mitigate the impact of fluctuating voltage levels, ensuring system stability and preventing damage to equipment. This paper, therefore, seeks to enhance voltage and reactive power control within reconfigurable microgrids in the presence of innovative power-to-hydrogen technologies via electrolyzers and hydrogen-to-power through fuel cells. Specifically, it focuses on the simultaneous coordination of an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, and a fuel cell alongside on-load tap changers, smart photovoltaic inverters, renewable energy sources, diesel generators, and electric vehicle aggregation within the microgrid system. Additionally, dynamic network reconfiguration is employed to enhance microgrid flexibility and improve the overall system adaptability. Given the inherent unpredictability linked to resources, the unscented transformation method is employed to account for these uncertainties in the proposed voltage and reactive power management. Finally, the model is formulated as a convex optimization problem and is solved through GUROBI version 11, which leads to having a time-efficient model with high accuracy. To assess the effectiveness of the model, it is eventually examined on a modified 33-bus microgrid in several cases. Through the results of the under-study microgrid, the developed model is a great remedy for the simultaneous operation of diverse resources in reconfigurable microgrids with a flatter voltage profile across the microgrid.
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Alvarado, Barrios Lázaro. "Optimising microgrid energy management: Leveraging flexible storage systems and full integration of renewable energy sources." Renewable Energy 229, no. 120701 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120701.
Full textAbstract:
The significance of microgrid systems has grown considerably. This research proposes an innovative approach to manage uncertainty in microgrids by employing energy storage systems as the exclusive flexible resource. To address this challenge, a mathematical problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model, considering two uncertainties in the microgrid: wind and photovoltaic production. The microgrid system encompasses multiple components, including a diesel generator, a microturbine, wind and photovoltaic power generation, an energy storage system, and the microgrid's demand. Notably, the microgrid exhibits two distinctive features: (i) the complete integration of wind and photovoltaic production, and (ii) the utilisation of an energy storage system as the sole flexible resource. The objective is to minimise the expected cost of the microgrid system while determining the optimal capacity of the energy storage system to meet the energy balance constraint. This constraint takes into account the varying scenarios of wind and photovoltaic production. The decisions are taking for a duration of 8760 h, a long-term evaluation. A case study is presented for actual data from Greece and the results show high volatility of the renewable energy sources implies higher energy storage system capacity as a sole flexible source for avoiding renewable curtailment.
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Huang, Xiu Qiong, Da Wei Yang, Jian Hua Yang, et al. "Analysis and Study on Microgrid Planning Based IEEE 1547." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.587.
Full textAbstract:
Distributed resources and microgrids may be designed for power supply in some rural areas. Basic design requirements based IEEE 1547 and optimal plan methods of the microgrids are focused in this paper. Some technical specifications and requirements to design and plan the microgrids are introduced. An optimal plan model is discussed to provide the size of a hybrid, renewable energy generation based the microgrid with the goal of minimizing the lifecycle cost while satisfying the required capacity shortage probability of power supply. The conception and the configuration of a microgrid cluster are put forward. Moreover, the energy modeling software for the microgrids, HOMER is applied in the study based the microgrid project information and data at an island in the southern China.