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Journal articles on the topic 'Micronesia - Guam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Pobutsky, Ann M., Lee Buenconsejo-Lum, Catherine Chow, Neal Palafox, and Gregory G. Maskarinec. "Micronesian Migrants in Hawaii." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v3i4.1782.

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More than 20,000 Micronesians have migrated to Guam, Hawaii, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Of these migrants, more than 8,000 now live in Hawaii. Factors in their home islands driving the recent emigration include the limited economic resources and struggling health care systems. Education systems in Micronesia are inadequate, and there are few job opportunities. The rates of infectious diseases remain high while at the same time, the epidemiologic transition in health has led to an explosion of non-communicable diseases. In Hawaii, the impact of the Micronesians emigration has been significant with most health and education expenses un-reimbursed. The health care costs alone are substantial as many Micronesians travel to Guam or Hawaii for medical treatment unavailable in their home islands. At the same time, Micronesians have difficulty accessing and navigating the health care system. While governmental, private, and academic programs already provide innovative and communitybased services to the Micronesian population, more work remains to be done. Not only are additional services, tailored to the culture and needs of Micronesian migrants, needed but a keener awareness and understanding of the issues surrounding Hawaii’s migrant population must be promoted among all public health stakeholders to ensure that the priority necessary to successfully address these challenges is recognized.

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2

Diaz, Maria-Elena D. "The Geopolitical Context of Chamorro Cultural Preservation in Guam, U.S.A." Ethnic Studies Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2012.35.1.101.

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An unincorporated Pacific Island territory of the United States, Guam has been under American rule since 1 898. While proudly “Chamorro,” the descendants of indigenous islanders have been American citizens since 1 950. U.S. foreign policy, Americanization of island institutions, immigration flows from Asia and Micronesia, and economic uncertainty present challenges to the perpetuation of Chamorro culture-a syncretic blend of indigenous, Spanish, and American influences that has endured through centuries of foreign domination. As a gateway from the East to the United States and a frequent destination for Micronesian immigrants from the Compacts of Free Association, Guam regularly receives immigrants from Asia and other Micronesian islands. Many immigrants arrive on Guam to fill labor shortages as professionals or construction workers, while others arrive with limited resources and skills that don't easily transfer across cultures. Adding to this mix, a major U.S. military build-up is underway to transform Guam into a forward base in the Pacific. This article provides a case study of Guam through an overview of historical influences on Chamorro culture, a description of the island's contemporary multicultural society, and a discussion of current geopolitical and social forces impacting Chamorro culture in the land “where America's day begins.”

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3

Cronau, Peter. "'Censorship by exile' In Micronesia." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 4, no. 1 (November 1, 1997): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v4i1.621.

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Now living in Guam, banned editor Sherry O'Sullivan launched in August her Micronesia News Magazine, distributing it widely. The first issue contained a barrage of information embarrassing the FSM government, including on corruption.

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4

Manuel, Jake, W. John Tennent, Donald W. Buden, and Aubrey Moore. "First record of Doleschallia tongana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for Guam Island." F1000Research 7 (March 23, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14316.1.

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A single specimen of the butterfly,Doleshallia tongana Hopkins 1927, was collected on Guam Island on October 23, 2017 (13.430478°N, 144.800419°E). This is a new species record for Guam and Micronesia, indicating a geographical range expansion forD. tongana.

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5

Buente, Wayne, Francis Dalisay, Pallav Pokhrel, Hanae Kurihara Kramer, and Ian Pagano. "An Instagram-Based Study to Understand Betel Nut Use Culture in Micronesia: Exploratory Content Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): e13954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13954.

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Background A 2012 World Health Organization report recognizes betel nut use as an urgent public health threat faced by the Western Pacific region. However, compared with other addictive substances, little is known about how betel nuts are depicted on social media platforms. In particular, image-based social media platforms can be powerful tools for health communication. Studying the content of substance use on visual social media may provide valuable insights into public health interventions. Objective This study aimed to explore and document the ways that betel nut is portrayed on the photo-sharing site Instagram. The analysis focuses on the hashtag #pugua, which refers to the local term for betel nut in Guam and other parts of Micronesia. Methods An exploratory content analysis of 242 Instagram posts tagged #pugua was conducted based on previous research on substance use and Instagram and betel nut practices in Micronesia. In addition, the study examined the social engagement of betel nut content on the image-based platform. Results The study findings revealed content themes referencing the betel nut or betel nut tree, betel nut preparation practices, and the unique social and cultural context surrounding betel nut activity in Guam and Micronesia. In addition, certain practices and cultural themes encouraged social engagement on Instagram. Conclusions The findings from this study emphasize the cultural relevance of betel nut use in Micronesia. These findings provide a basis for empirically testing hypotheses related to the etiological roles of cultural identity and pride in shaping betel nut use behavior among Micronesians, particularly youths and young adults. Such research is likely to inform the development of culturally relevant betel nut prevention and cessation programs.

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6

Swanson, Dustin A., and Will K. Reeves. "New records of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Guam Island, USA." Check List 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.3.313.

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The ceratopogonid fauna of Guam has attracted minimal interest since the 1959 survey of the insects of Micronesia. We report on new distribution records for three species previously unknown from the island of Guam: Culicoides peliliouensis Tokunaga, Dasyhelea carolinensis Tokunaga, and Dasyhelea dupliforceps Tokunaga.

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7

Fujie, Linda, and Hikaru Koide. "Music of Micronesia: Guam, Northern Marianas, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands." Yearbook for Traditional Music 27 (1995): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/768145.

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8

Friday, James B., Diane L. Haase, Ruddy Estoy, James Manglona, and Ryan Talken. "Reforestation of Degraded Landscapes in Micronesia." Land 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090926.

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Wildfires on degraded grasslands cause extensive soil erosion and cause environmental and economic damage worldwide. We conducted fertilizer, lime, and mulch trials to improve growth of trees planted in acid soils in degraded grasslands on the Micronesian islands of Guam, Rota, and Yap. Fertilizer application had no effect on height growth of Acacia auriculiformis seedlings on a Mollisol on Guam while lime application had a small but significant positive effect on height growth. Fertilizer application had a significant positive effect on height growth of Acacia confusa seedlings planted on an Oxisol on Rota but lime had no effect. Mulch application increased height growth of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings planted on an Oxisol on Yap but lime application had no effect. Collaboration between university researchers and local forestry agencies can improve reforestation success, but researchers need to consider local capabilities and local knowledge.

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9

Goetzfridt, Nicholas J., and Mark C. Goniwiecha. "Language Dictionaries and Grammars of Guam and Micronesia." Reference Services Review 18, no. 1 (January 1990): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb049080.

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10

Fuke, Yusuke, and Makoto Sasazuka. "First record of Macrobrachium grandimanus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Guam, Micronesia." Check List 17, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.3.759.

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The Hawaiian river shrimp Macrobrachium grandimanus (Randall, 1840) is an amphidromous brackish water prawn that inhabits the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Ryukyu Islands, Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia), and Polynesia (Tonga). Here, we report a new record of this species from Guam, Micronesia. Two genetically and morphologically differentiated lineages of this species are known: the Hawaiian and the Ryukyu lineages. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the Guam population is closely related to the Ryukyu lineage.

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11

Stoicovy, Catherine E., and Matilda Naputi Rivera. "Digital Storytelling as a Culturally Responsive Instructional Strategy for Pacific Islanders in Guam and Micronesia." International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design 9, no. 2 (April 2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijopcd.2019040103.

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This article explores the use of digital storytelling as a culturally responsive instructional strategy for Pacific Island students on the islands of Guam and Micronesia in the Western Pacific. A major feature of Pacific Island cultures is their orality; therefore, building on the oral tradition through digital storytelling might be one way to optimize language and literacy learning for Pacific Island students in Guam classrooms. The article also describes an accessible and easy-to-use model for digital storytelling using PowerPoint that teachers can use to implement digital storytelling in the classroom.

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12

Rapadas, Juan M. "Transmission of Violence: The Legacy of Colonialism in Guam and the Path to Peace." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.1.2.33.

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AbstractThe Western Pacific island of Guam, located in Micronesia has a long history of colonisation. Through centuries of warfare, violence, disease, subjugation, and disregard for basic human rights and freedom, the indigenous Chamoru people have been wounded and defeated in innumerable ways. They have persevered and survived throughout the centuries, despite their traumatic history, but not without consequences. This theoretical article explores those consequences and the traumatic ‘debris’ within the context of traumatology and post-traumatic stress disorder literature, the Jewish Holocaust experience, and the modern sociopolitical atmosphere on Guam. Finally, some recommendations that have themes of empowerment, reparations, cultural renaissance, and rebirth are offered to restore balance and peace to the lives of the native Chamoru of today's Guam.

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13

AVILA, C., M. BALLESTEROS, M. SLATTERY, J. STARMER, and V. J. PAUL. "PHYLLODESMIUM GUAMENSIS (NUDIBRANCHIA: AEOLIDOIDEA), A NEW SPECIES FROM GUAM(MICRONESIA)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 64, no. 2 (1998): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/64.2.147.

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14

Raymundo, L. J., D. Burdick, W. C. Hoot, R. M. Miller, V. Brown, T. Reynolds, J. Gault, J. Idechong, J. Fifer, and A. Williams. "Successive bleaching events cause mass coral mortality in Guam, Micronesia." Coral Reefs 38, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 677–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01836-2.

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15

PARK, JOON SANG, CHRISTOPHER S. LOBBAN, and KYUN-WOO LEE. "Diatoms associated with seaweeds from Moen Island in Chuuk Lagoon, Micronesia." Phytotaxa 351, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.351.2.1.

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In order to contribute understanding of the biodiversity of seaweed-associated diatoms at Moen Island in Chuuk lagoon, Micronesia in the tropical western Pacific, we collected four macroalgae (Halimeda sp., Padina sp., Sargassum sp., Dictyota sp.) that were distributed throughout at 5 subtidal sites of reef flat. These are the first records of diatoms from Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia. A total 148 taxa belonging to 30 families and 49 genera were briefly documented with the identification references, dimension and illustrations, but many taxa could only be identified to genus. There is much similarity to the flora of Guam, but 16 records are new for the region. Four nomenclatural changes were necessary in consequence of the findings of Ruck et al. (2016) on Surirellales and Rhopalodiales.

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16

ASAKURA, Akira. "UNIQUE SHELL UTILIZATION BY REEF-FLAT HERMIT CRABS IN GUAM, MICRONESIA." Researches on Crustasea 16 (1987): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18353/rcustacea.16.0_25.

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17

Mansperger, Mark. "Yap: A Case of Benevolent Tourism." Practicing Anthropology 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.14.2.p76t404146651365.

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Located a little over 870 kilometers southwest of Guam is a beautiful small-island state that many people believe to be one of the places least affected by modernization in the Pacific—the island of Yap. Sometimes referred to as "the island of stone money" because of the huge pieces of circular limestone currency that can be found there, Yap is part of the island nation of the Federated States of Micronesia.

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18

Colgan, Mitchell W. "Coral Reef Recovery on Guam (Micronesia) After Catastrophic Predation by Acanthaster Planci." Ecology 68, no. 6 (December 1987): 1592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939851.

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19

Carson, Mike T. "Cultural spaces inside and outside caves: a study in Guam, western Micronesia." Antiquity 91, no. 356 (April 2017): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.233.

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20

Villagomez, JT. "AIDS in the Pacific." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2, no. 4 (October 1988): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958800200403.

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This article summarises current AIDS and HIV infection epidemiology, population risk behaviour factors, local public health and governmental responses to AIDS and cooperative strategic plans for a Pacific “War on AIDS” among the United States Public Health Service and the Pacific jurisdiction public health agencies. The Pacific Island Health Officers Association is comprised of the Republic of Palau, the Government of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, American Samoa and the State of Hawaii.

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21

DE MAZANCOURT, VALENTIN, GERARD MARQUET, D. CHRISTOPHER ROGERS, and PHILIPPE KEITH. "Description of a new species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from two Micronesian islands (Guam and Babeldaob)." Zootaxa 4377, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4377.1.3.

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During field trips to Guam and Babeldaob Islands in Micronesia, freshwater shrimps were sampled and assigned either to Caridina brachydactyla De Man, 1908 or C. mertoni J. Roux, 1911 (Decapoda: Atyidae), following previous inventories. In combining morphological data with a genetical analysis, it appeared that all the specimens belonged to a new species, Caridina variabilis sp. nov., here described with its distribution. The status of this new species is clarified and finally, neither C. brachydactyla, nor C. mertoni occur in these two islands. DNA sequences of 16S were obtained from the syntypes of C. mertoni.

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22

McLaughlin, Patsy. "A new species of the genus Catapaguroides (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea, Paguridae) from Guam, Micronesia." Crustaceana 75, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854002760095543.

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23

Kumar, Santosh, Daizy Bharti, Ahmed Salahuddin Kabir, Jun Seo Hong, and Mann Kyoon Shin. "Rubrioxytricha guamensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha), a Novel Hypotrich Ciliate from Guam (United States), Micronesia." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12484.

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24

Kerr, Alexander M., and A. Sergio Quenga. "Population variation of web-invading spiders (Theridiidae:Argyrodesspp.) on host webs in Guam, Mariana Islands, Micronesia." Journal of Natural History 38, no. 6 (March 2004): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000064413.

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25

Rundell, Rebecca J. "Cryptic diversity, molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the rock- and leaf litter-dwelling land snails of Belau (Republic of Palau, Oceania)." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1508 (September 2, 2008): 3401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0110.

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The endemic diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda: Mollusca) of Belau (Republic of Palau, Micronesia) are an exceptionally diverse group of largely undescribed species distributed among rock and leaf litter habitats on most of Belau's 586 islands. Diplommatinid shell morphology (e.g. shell sculpture) reflects habitat type. In this study, I analysed a subset of the 90 diplommatinid species representing a broad geographical spread of islands in order to reveal the species' phylogenetic relationships and biogeography within the Belau archipelago. Diplommatinid species from the islands of Yap, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Guam are also included in the analysis. One nuclear (28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) gene regions comprising 1906 bp were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Results show that (i) the Belau Diplommatinidae are not monophyletic, as Guam and Yap species should be included as part of the radiation, (ii) Pohnpei and Kosrae species are highly divergent from Belau diplommatinids, (iii) there is little evidence for in situ radiation within individual Belau islands, (iv) spined and heavily calcified rock-dwelling species form a well-supported clade, and (v) Belau diplommatinid genera are in need of revision.

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26

Nieukerken, Erik J. van, and C. van den Berg. "A new Stigmella feeding on Urticaceae from Guam: first records of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from Micronesia and Polynesia." Invertebrate Systematics 17, no. 1 (2003): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is02019.

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Stigmella ebbenielseni, sp. nov. is described from Guam, where it was reared from leafmines on Pipturus argenteus (G. Forst.) Wedd. (Urticaceae). Vacated leafmines of this or a related species have also been recorded from Tinian and Alamagan. These provide the first records of the Nepticulidae from Micronesia. Similar mines, probably of a related species, have been recorded from herbarium material of Maoutia australis Wedd. originating from Tahiti; these confirm the occurrence of the family in Polynesia. Adult and mines of S. ebbenielseni are described and illustrated. The literature on Microlepidoptera of Pacific islands is reviewed and previous records of Nepticulidae are discussed. We conclude that Stigmella is probably widespread in the Pacific area, with at least four species, currently all associated with Urticaceae, tribe Boehmeriae.

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27

Bursey, Charles R., and Stephen R. Goldberg. "Spauligodon gehyrae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) from Gehyra oceanica (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Guam, Mariana Islands, Micronesia." Journal of Parasitology 82, no. 6 (December 1996): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284207.

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28

Gawel, Ann Marie, Haldre S. Rogers, Ross H. Miller, and Alexander M. Kerr. "Contrasting ecological roles of non-native ungulates in a novel ecosystem." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 170151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170151.

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Conservation has long focused on preserving or restoring pristine ecosystems. However, understanding and managing novel ecosystems has grown in importance as they outnumber pristine ecosystems worldwide. While non-native species may be neutral or detrimental in pristine ecosystems, it is possible that even notorious invaders could play beneficial or mixed roles in novel ecosystems. We examined the effects of two long-established non-native species—Philippine deer ( Rusa marianna ) and feral pigs ( Sus scrofa )—in Guam, Micronesia, where native vertebrate frugivores are functionally absent leaving forests devoid of seed dispersers. We compared the roles of deer and pigs on seedling survival, seed dispersal and plant community structure in limestone karst forests. Deer, even at low abundances, had pronounced negative impacts on forest communities by decreasing seedling and vine abundance. By contrast, pigs showed no such relationship. Also, many viable seeds were found in pig scats, whereas few were found in deer scats, suggesting that pigs, but not deer, provide an ecosystem function—seed dispersal—that has been lost from Guam. Our study presents a discrepancy between the roles of two non-native species that are traditionally managed as a single entity, suggesting that ecological function, rather than identity as a non-native, may be more important to consider in managing novel systems.

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Spencer, Peter S. "Guam ALS/Parkinsonism-Dementia: A Long-Latency Neurotoxic Disorder Caused by “Slow Toxin(s)” in Food?" Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 14, S3 (August 1987): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100037732.

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ABSTRACT:Parkinsonism (P) with progressive dementia (D) of the Alzheimer type is recognized as a clinical variant of a form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has occurred in high incidence among the Chamorro people of the islands of Guam and Rota in the Marianas chain of Micronesia. The declining annual incidence, upward shifting of the age of onset, narrowing of the sex ratio, and occurrence of the disease among non-Chamorros, point to a disappearing environmental causation peculiar to the traditional culture of these islands. Evidence is presented in support of the proposal that heavy use of certain toxic plants, notably cycads, a traditional source of food and medicine for the Chamorro people, plays an important etiological role. Clinical and epidemiological approaches are offered to test for a relationship between ALS/P-D and long-latency plant toxicity.

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FRASER, THOMAS H., and JOHN E. RANDALL. "Two new species of deeper dwelling Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) from Micronesia and South Pacific Ocean." Zootaxa 171, no. 1 (March 31, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.171.1.1.

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Apogon brevispinis is described from two specimens, the larger of which is missing the caudal peduncle, collected at the Austral Islands. This species has a tiny first dorsal-fin spine (5-8% of the third dorsal-fin spine length), 18-19 well-developed gill rakers on first arch, 5 predorsal scales, elongated last soft dorsal and anal fin-rays, 14 circumpeduncular scales, 5 broad tan-brown stripes alternating with 5 narrow whitish stripes, and an irregular dark caudal peduncle mark. Apogon regula is described from five specimens collected in Guam and the Carolina Islands. This species has a longer first dorsal-fin spine (10-15% of the third dorsal-fin spine length), 13-14 well-developed gill rakers on first arch, 4 predorsal scales, 12-13 circumpeduncular scales 5 broad golden-brown stripes alternating with 4 narrow whitish stripes, and dark brown broad stripes on the upper and lower caudal peduncle.

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Denton, G. R. W., Lucrina P. Concepcion, H. R. Wood, and R. J. Morrison. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in small island coastal environments: A case study from harbours in Guam, Micronesia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, no. 9 (September 2006): 1090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.05.002.

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Slikas, Beth, Isaac B. Jones, Scott R. Derrickson, and Robert C. Fleischer. "Phylogenetic Relationships of Micronesian White-Eyes Based on Mitochondrial Sequence Data." Auk 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.355.

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Abstract Using mitochondrial sequence data, we estimated phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergence among selected species of white-eyes (Zosteropidae). We focused on taxa endemic to islands in Micronesia, specifically Zosterops conspicillatus, Z. semperi, Z. hypolais, Rukia oleaginea, and Cleptornis marchei. We also included in our data set five additional species of Zosterops from the Indo-Australian region and three species from Africa, as well as additional passerine outgroups. Our mitochondrial sequence data revealed substantial genetic divergence (5.7 to 7.3%) among Z. conspicillatus, Z. semperi, and Z. hypolais, three taxa that formerly were treated as a single species. In addition, a sequence divergence of 6.5 ± SE of 1.7% was found between the population of Z. conspicillatus from Rota and “conspecific” populations on Guam, Tinian, and Saipan. The distinctiveness of the Rota population suggests that this taxon should be recognized as a distinct species, a result that bears on the conservation of this population because it has been declining dramatically in recent years. All optimal trees based on analysis of the mitochondrial sequence data place Rukia oleaginea within the genus Zosterops. In all optimal trees, Cleptornis marchei positions as the sister taxon to a clade including all other zosteropids included in this study. The trees based on our data strongly contradict the traditional classification of Cleptornis as a honeyeater (family Meliphagidae). Our data cannot resolve with any confidence the sister relationships of the insular endemic white-eyes, although the optimal trees suggest multiple colonizations of Micronesia by more than one white-eye lineage.

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Budd, Alyssa M., Madalyn K. Cooper, Agnès Le Port, Tom Schils, Matthew S. Mills, Mari E. Deinhart, Roger Huerlimann, and Jan M. Strugnell. "First detection of critically endangered scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) in Guam, Micronesia, in five decades using environmental DNA." Ecological Indicators 127 (August 2021): 107649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107649.

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Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.

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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.

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Storr, Carla L., Amelia M. Arria, Randall L. Workman, and James C. Anthony. "Neighborhood Environment and Opportunity to Try Methamphetamine (“Ice”) and Marijuana: Evidence from Guam in the Western Pacific Region of Micronesia." Substance Use & Misuse 39, no. 2 (January 2004): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ja-120028490.

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Rubinstein, Donald H., and Michael J. Levin. "Micronesian Migration to Guam: Social and Economic Characteristics." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 350–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100208.

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The recent lowering of some obstacles to the migration of Micronesians to Guam has resulted in a sudden influx of migrants. In a short time, Guam has experienced many of the impacts associated with large scale migration on population growth, provision of services and the issue of ethnic assimilation. An extensive demographic profile of newly settled migrants is presented, followed by a discussion of future implications. Micronesian migration is expected to grow, encouraging the formation of nucleated ethnic communities, a sizeable working class, and social costs and potential ethnic conflict that will draw increasing attention from the Guam government.

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Faingold, Eduardo D. "Language rights in the constitutions, organic acts, and statutes of the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States." Language Problems and Language Planning 41, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.41.2.01fai.

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Abstract The constitutions, organic acts, and statutes of the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States are given an exhaustive screening to identify legal language defining the linguistic obligations of each territory or associated state and the language rights of individuals and groups dwelling within. The author suggests that the territories of the United States and the Freely Associated States are well served by “hands-on” policies declaring provisions that protect the rights of language minority groups, or of all people living in the territory (i.e., Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and American Samoa) and associated states (i.e., the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau). As in many states in the United States, the absence of an explicit language policy in the United States Virgin Islands has not prevented it from practicing implicit language policies that promote the use of English while also allowing minority languages to be used in the territory. Unlike many states in the United States which declare English as the sole official language and/or enact provisions to protect official English, none of the territories and associated states of the United States declares English as the sole official language or establishes provisions that hinder the rights of language minority groups.

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Wolanski, Eric, Robert H. Richmond, and Laurence McCook. "A model of the effects of land-based, human activities on the health of coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef and in Fouha Bay, Guam, Micronesia." Journal of Marine Systems 46, no. 1-4 (May 2004): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.018.

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39

Marler, Thomas E., and John H. Lawrence. "Demography of Cycas micronesica on Guam following introduction of the armoured scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 3 (April 12, 2012): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000119.

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Abstract:Following the 2003 invasion of the armoured scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui to Guam, changes to population traits of the dominant Cycas micronesica were determined. Belt transects with a width of 4 m and an average length of 120 m were established in October 2004 to document plant mortality until January 2011. Stem height, basal diameter and leaf number were also measured for each plant and used to determine density, demography and allometric relationships. Allometric traits and a left-skewed demographic structure of the pre-invasion C. micronesica habitat documented a thriving population with high recruitment potential. Aulacaspis yasumatsui dispersed into the study site 4 mo after the initial census. All seedlings were killed within 9 mo and all juvenile plants were killed within 40 ± 10 mo. Mortality reached 92% by 6 y after chronic scale infestations. Allometry and demography of the 2011 survivors described a collapsing C. micronesica population of stressed and reproductively challenged trees with no recruitment. This classic example of the enemy release hypothesis has resulted in a homogeneous decline in plant density from 2007–2011. The trend predicts extirpation of C. micronesica from west Guam habitats by 2019.

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Marler, Thomas E., and Murukesan V. Krishnapillai. "Longitude, Forest Fragmentation, and Plant Size Influence Cycas micronesica Mortality Following Island Insect Invasions." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050194.

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Island invasions may cause severe changes in biodiversity, but the factors that influence these changes are not well understood. We established 120 plots in Cycas micronesica habitats throughout Guam in 2005 following the invasion of the armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui, then observed plant mortality through 2020. We used transects in Yap as benchmarks, as the Yap C. micronesica population is not threatened. The initial Guam plots contained about 1600 seedlings, 1160 juveniles, and 1240 mature plants per ha. Seedling mortality was 100% by 2006, juvenile mortality was 100% by 2014, and the 2020 census revealed 96% mortality of the plant population. Localities in western Guam and isolated forest fragments exhibited the greatest mortality, with 100% extirpation from two fragmented western localities. The juvenile and mature trees in Yap were unchanged from 2010 to 2018, but the seedling count was heterogeneous among the years. Constrained recruitment from seedlings to juveniles explained these dynamics. Yap transects contained about 6120 seedlings, 3400 juveniles, and 1250 mature plants per ha. Biological control of the invasive insects remains the acute conservation action needed for the Guam population. Lessons learned may be useful in other regions where invasions of non-native pests threaten biodiversity.

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Marler, Thomas E. "Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica." Diversity 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060237.

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A long-term reciprocal garden study was used to determine adaptive variation between Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants from north versus south Guam. Half-siblings from each location were planted as one-leaf seedlings in north and south gardens and monitored for 15 years. Stem height and diameter, and leaf number and maximum length were measured yearly. Survival and plant size traits were evaluated using a two-way factorial. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year 4 and was less than 10% by year 15. Survival of the local genotypes was 70% for the north garden and 100% for the south garden. The north site was more hostile to plant performance because overall survival and plant growth were less than for the south site. The most likely environmental factor provoking local adaptation was highly contrasting soil characteristics between north and south Guam. The results indicates that long-term conservation success for C. micronesica and other cycad species must include the concept of local adaptation into decisions for transplantation and restoration projects.

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Marler, Thomas E., and Michael Calonje. "Stem Branching of Cycad Plants Informs Horticulture and Conservation Decisions." Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (October 8, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040065.

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The number of branches in male and female plants of Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill, Cycas edentata de Laub., Cycas wadei Merr., and Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. were counted in Guam, Philippines, and Colombia, to confirm earlier reports that female plants develop fewer branches than males. Cycas plants produce determinate male strobili and indeterminate female strobili, but Zamia plants produce determinate strobili for both sexes. More than 80% of the female trees for each of the Cycas species were unbranched with a single stem, but more than 80% of the male trees exhibited two or more branches. The mean number of branches on male plants was more than double that of female plants. The number of branches of the Zamia male plants was almost triple that of female plants. Moreover, the Zamia plants produced 2.8-fold greater numbers of branches than the mean of the Cycas plants. Most of Guam’s unsexed C. micronesica trees in 2004 were unbranched, but after 15 years of damage from non-native insect herbivores, most of the remaining live trees in 2020 contained three or more branches. The results confirm that male Cycas and Zamia plants produce more branches than female plants and suggest cycad species with determinate female strobili produce more branches on female plants than species with indeterminate female strobili. Our results indicate that the years of plant mortality on Guam due to non-native insect herbivores have selectively killed more female C. micronesica trees. Horticulture and conservation decisions may be improved with this sexual dimorphism knowledge.

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Silva-Krott, Ilse, M. Kelly Brock, and Randall E. Junge. "Determination of the presence of Mycobacterium avium on Guam as a precursor to reintroduction of indigenous bird species." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980227.

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Eight of 11 native forest bird species on Guam were extirpated by the introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis. Emergency measures necessary to rescue the Guam subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina from extinction involved translocation and captive breeding in American mainland zoos. Soon after the establishment of a captive breeding population, the kingfisher demonstrated a high degree of susceptibility to avian tuberculosis (ATB), a disease that proved to be a major threat to the preservation of the species. The cause of ATB is Mycobacterium avium which produces a prolonged course of infection in kingfishers and other birds. Kingfishers infected with M. avium are difficult to detect until late in the course of the disease, thereby potentially posing a risk of transmitting ATB to the Guam captive population of Guam Rails Gallirallus owstoni, if kingfishers are repatriated. M. avium is considered to be ubiquitous in nature. However, there are no reported mortalities due to ATB in any bird species on Guam. In this study, six of twenty-one cultures yielded Mycobacterium spp., two of which were further identified as M. avium. Since this study demonstrates that M. avium already exists on Guam, repatriating kingfishers to Guam poses no threat of introducing a new pathological agent to the island's ecosystem. Strict quarantine procedures along with rigorous animal husbandry protocols should minimize risks of repatriating infected kingfishers to Guam, and prevent transmission of ATB to the captive population of Guam Rails and other bird populations on Guam.

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Hamada, Trenton, Irene Terry, Robert Roemer, and Thomas E. Marler. "Potential Drift of Pollen of Cycas micronesica on the Island of Guam: A Comparative Study." HortScience 50, no. 7 (July 2015): 1106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.7.1106.

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We have investigated the potential movement on air currents of pollen from Guam’s native cycad, Cycas micronesica, proposed as ambophilic. We measured wind velocities and directions in different cycad habitats that vary in their exposure to trade winds, determined pollen settling velocities, and then modeled the potential horizontal pollen drift distance in each habitat. Similar measurements were performed on several entomophilous Zamia cycads and six zoophilous tropical trees used in horticulture or landscaping. All cycad species’ pollen exhibited relatively slow mean settling velocities (0.73–1.29 cm·s−1) with C. micronesica pollen in the middle of this range. Our models predicted that wind in more open habitats with wind directions east northeast (ENE) to northeast (NE) and velocities >2 m·s−1 could transport C. micronesica pollen, either single grains or clumps, hundreds of meters downwind from the pollen source before falling 1 or 2 m. In forested habitats and at typical heights of cycad cones in the understory, the mean wind velocities ranged from <0.03 m·s−1 to ≈1 m·s−1. In habitats with mean winds ≥0.2 m·s−1, models predicted pollen transport distances of tens of meters from the pollen source. In sheltered habitats with velocities near 0.03 m·s−1, the potential wind transport of pollen was limited to less than a few meters, suggesting that wind would be an ineffective vector in such areas. Pollen grains of all angiosperm species were larger except one, and the species with larger grains had settling velocities 3–26 times faster than that of cycad pollens. Even so, winds in most Guam environments could transport pollen of most angiosperm species over 50 m before falling 1 m. In summary, the results suggested that pollen size, clumping tendencies, and drift of most of these species do not preclude a role for wind in moving pollen in habitats exposed to trade winds, and that other physical and plant characteristics affect their pollination mode. For C. micronesica, these pollen and plant attributes do not preclude entomophily, and insects are likely required in the deep understory where cycads are present.

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45

"Historical dictionary of Guam and Micronesia." Choice Reviews Online 32, no. 06 (February 1, 1995): 32–3100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.32-3100.

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46

"Elsinoë batatas. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 3) (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500447.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Elsinoë batatas Viegas & Jenkins Fungi: Ascomycota: Dothideales Hosts: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Philippines, Taiwan, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Alagoas, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French, Polynesia, Guam, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

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"Tarophagus colocasiae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20173373950.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tarophagus colocasiae (Matsumura). Hemiptera: Delphacidae. Host: taro (Colocasia esculenta). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand), North America (USA, Florida, Hawaii), Central America & Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica), Oceania (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Guinea, Solomon Islands).

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"Coral reef recovery on Guam (Micronesia) after catastrophic predation by Acanthaster planci." Deep Sea Research Part B. Oceanographic Literature Review 35, no. 6 (January 1988): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0254(88)92637-4.

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"Penicillaria jocosatrix. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, June (August 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600606.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Penicillaria jocosatrix Guenée Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Attacks mango (Mangifera indica) and Spondias dulcis. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Brunei Darussalam, China, Guangdong, East Timor, India, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Hawaii, OCEANIA, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu.

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"Rhabdoscelus obscurus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600280.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae Attacks sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), coconut (Cocos nucifera), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and sago palm (Metroxylon sagu). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Japan, Bonin Islands, Honshu, Malaysia, Sarawak, Taiwan, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Hawaii, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

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