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1
Manger, Mari S., Kenneth H. Brown, Saskia J. M. Osendarp, Reed A. Atkin, and Christine M. McDonald. "Barriers to and Enablers of the Inclusion of Micronutrient Biomarkers in National Surveys and Surveillance Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Nutrients 14, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102009.
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Including biomarkers of micronutrient status in existing or planned national surveys or surveillance systems is a critical step in improving capacity to promote, design, monitor, and evaluate micronutrient policies and programs. We aimed to identify the barriers to and enablers of the inclusion of micronutrient biomarker assessment in national surveys and surveillance systems, to identify the main challenges faced during the survey process, and to review experiences using existing platforms for micronutrient surveys. We conducted a series of key informant interviews with in-country and external representatives from six countries where national-level data on micronutrient status were collected in the past 5 years: Cambodia, Pakistan, Malawi, Uganda, Ghana, and Uzbekistan. Micronutrients associated with specific public health programs were always prioritized for inclusion in the survey. If funding, time, and/or logistics allowed, other considered micronutrients were also included. The most important and frequently reported barrier to inclusion of a more comprehensive panel of micronutrient biomarkers was inadequate funding to cover the laboratory analysis cost for all micronutrients considered at the planning stage. Government support and commitment was stressed as the most important enabling factor by all key informants. Advocacy for funding for micronutrient status assessment is needed.
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Denton-Thompson, Sarah M., and Emma J. Sayer. "Micronutrients in Food Production: What Can We Learn from Natural Ecosystems?" Soil Systems 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6010008.
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Soil micronutrients limit crop productivity in many regions worldwide, and micronutrient deficiencies affect over two billion people globally. Microbial biofertilizers could combat these issues by inoculating arable soils with microorganisms that mobilize micronutrients, increasing their availability to crop plants in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective manner. However, the widespread application of biofertilizers is limited by complex micronutrient–microbe–plant interactions, which reduce their effectiveness under field conditions. Here, we review the current state of seven micronutrients in food production. We examine the mechanisms underpinning microbial micronutrient mobilization in natural ecosystems and synthesize the state-of-knowledge to improve our overall understanding of biofertilizers in food crop production. We demonstrate that, although soil micronutrient concentrations are strongly influenced by soil conditions, land management practices can also substantially affect micronutrient availability and uptake by plants. The effectiveness of biofertilizers varies, but several lines of evidence indicate substantial benefits in co-applying biofertilizers with conventional inorganic or organic fertilizers. Studies of micronutrient cycling in natural ecosystems provide examples of microbial taxa capable of mobilizing multiple micronutrients whilst withstanding harsh environmental conditions. Research into the mechanisms of microbial nutrient mobilization in natural ecosystems could, therefore, yield effective biofertilizers to improve crop nutrition under global changes.
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Sadanandan, Bindu. "The hidden hunger and strategies for its alleviation – A review." Journal of Nutrition Research 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2014): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v2i1.4.
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Micronutrient deficiencies are aptly called as hidden hunger as they do not cause any immediate disorder symptoms but do cause serious health issues eventually. The situation of malnourishment is grim as it involves significant numbers of people especially women and children from various parts of the world. Micronutrient deficiency is usually due to the lack of a balanced diet and awareness on nutritional requirements. Another lesser known culprit is natural antinutritional factors present in plant based foods which reduce the bioavailablility of micronutrients causing deficiencies. This problem can easily be overcome by countermeasures like food fortification with micronutrients or by adopting suitable food processing methods like soaking, steeping, germination, cooking or fermentation. Biotechnology can also come handy here in the form of developing food crops with reduced antinutritional factors thereby enhancing micronutrient availability. Thus developing well researched & tailored micronutrient malnutrition management strategies & their effective implementation is a need of the hour. Key words: Micronutrients, Antinutritional factors, Hidden hunger, Malnutrition, Micronutrient malnutrition
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Sherlock, Laura G., and Nancy F. Krebs. "Small and Mighty: Micronutrients at the Intersection of Neonatal Immunity and Infection." NeoReviews 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): e158-e174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.24-3-e158.
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Micronutrients are essential dietary components that regulate many biologic functions, including the immune response, and are required in small amounts (typically milligrams or less) in humans. Examples of micronutrients known to affect immune function include several trace minerals (such as zinc and selenium) as well as vitamins (including vitamins A and D). Deficiencies of specific micronutrients are associated with an increased risk of infection in infants in the NICU. Identifying micronutrient supplementation strategies during this period may result in low-cost interventions to reduce the burden of neonatal infectious disease. Many replacement trials thus far demonstrate conflicting results about whether micronutrient supplementation decreases the incidence or severity of sepsis in the neonatal period. The baseline incidence of micronutrient deficiency is important to consider but is often unknown as clinical assessment of micronutrient status occurs infrequently. Future research is needed to clarify the clinical scenarios in which optimizing micronutrient status in term and preterm infants may prevent infection or improve outcomes in those patients who become infected.
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Woodside, Jayne V., Damian McCall, Claire McGartland, and Ian S. Young. "Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (November 2005): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2005464.
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Whilst clinical deficiency of micronutrients is uncommon in the developed world, a suboptimal intake of certain micronutrients has been linked with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as CVD and cancer. Attention has therefore focused on increasing micronutrient status in order to theoretically reduce chronic disease risk. Increasing micronutrient status can involve a number of approaches: increasing dietary intake of micronutrient-rich foods; food fortification; use of supplements. Observational cohort studies have demonstrated an association between high intakes of micronutrients such as vitamin E, vitamin C, folic acid and β-carotene, and lower risk of CHD, stroke and cancer at various sites. However, randomised intervention trials of micronutrient supplements have, to date, largely failed to show an improvement in clinical end points. The discordance between data from cohort studies and the results so far available from clinical trials remains to be explained. One reason may be that the complex mixture of micronutrients found, for example, in a diet high in fruit and vegetables may be more effective than large doses of a small number of micronutrients, and therefore that intervention studies that use single micronutrient supplements are unlikely to produce a lowering of disease risk. Studies concentrating on whole foods (e.g. fruit and vegetables) or diet pattern (e.g. Mediterranean diet pattern) may be more effective in demonstrating an effect on clinical end points. The present review will consider the clinical trial evidence for a beneficial effect of micronutrient supplements on health, and review the alternative approaches to the study of dietary intake of micronutrients.
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Anselmo, Aaron C., Xian Xu, Simone Buerkli, Yingying Zeng, Wen Tang, Kevin J. McHugh, Adam M. Behrens, et al. "A heat-stable microparticle platform for oral micronutrient delivery." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 518 (November 13, 2019): eaaw3680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3680.
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Micronutrient deficiencies affect up to 2 billion people and are the leading cause of cognitive and physical disorders in the developing world. Food fortification is effective in treating micronutrient deficiencies; however, its global implementation has been limited by technical challenges in maintaining micronutrient stability during cooking and storage. We hypothesized that polymer-based encapsulation could address this and facilitate micronutrient absorption. We identified poly(butylmethacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate) (1:2:1) (BMC) as a material with proven safety, offering stability in boiling water, rapid dissolution in gastric acid, and the ability to encapsulate distinct micronutrients. We encapsulated 11 micronutrients (iron; iodine; zinc; and vitamins A, B2, niacin, biotin, folic acid, B12, C, and D) and co-encapsulated up to 4 micronutrients. Encapsulation improved micronutrient stability against heat, light, moisture, and oxidation. Rodent studies confirmed rapid micronutrient release in the stomach and intestinal absorption. Bioavailability of iron from microparticles, compared to free iron, was lower in an initial human study. An organotypic human intestinal model revealed that increased iron loading and decreased polymer content would improve absorption. Using process development approaches capable of kilogram-scale synthesis, we increased iron loading more than 30-fold. Scaled batches tested in a follow-up human study exhibited up to 89% relative iron bioavailability compared to free iron. Collectively, these studies describe a broad approach for clinical translation of a heat-stable ingestible micronutrient delivery platform with the potential to improve micronutrient deficiency in the developing world. These approaches could potentially be applied toward clinical translation of other materials, such as natural polymers, for encapsulation and oral delivery of micronutrients.
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Venugopal, N. V. S., and G. N. V. Mohana Rao. "A Facile Synthesis and Characterization of new Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (N-P-K) Fertilizer Fortified with Tri-micronutrient Matrix and its application for Optimal Plant Augmentation." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370626.
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At present in agricultural techniques engaged the optimal nutrient supply is very imperative factor for elevated crop yield and all essential plant macro and micronutrients. Micronutrients play vital role in photosynthesis. For balanced crop nutrition micronutrient support is essential. Micronutrient fertilizer required in small quantities by plants and occupy vital role in physiology of plant kingdom. Proven fact is decisive plant functions are over involved if enough micronutrients are engaged. In this paper the author developed a new N-P-K fertilizer fortified with tri -micronutrient matrix and its application for optimal Plant growth. The author developed and analyzed hundred percent water soluble active fertilizer(15-15-15) with three important micronutrients (-3.4 0.5%Zn, 0.5%Fe, 0.5% Mg). Pot experiments were conducted with and without proposed fertilizer on Solanum lycopersicum(tomato) seeds. The proposed enhanced efficiency fertilizer with tri micronutrient matrix showed better plant growth as compared to normal untreated fertilizer in low nutrient soil field.
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Rennie, Kirsten L., and M. Barbara E. Livingstone. "Associations between dietary added sugar intake and micronutrient intake: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507617206.
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There is increasing concern that high intakes of added sugars might compromise intakes of micronutrients. The objectives of this systematic review were (1) to determine whether dietary added sugar intake was associated with micronutrient intakes, and if so, whether there was evidence of micronutrient dilution as a result of higher dietary added sugar intake and (2) if micronutrient dilution was present, to determine whether there was sufficiently robust evidence to support a threshold effect above which there was a significant decline in micronutrient intake or status relative to the recommended intakes. A systematic computerised literature search was undertaken, limited to studies written in English published from 1980 onwards and further studies identified through hand searching papers. Fifteen studies that assessed associations between intakes of added sugars or non-milk extrinsic sugars and micronutrients were included. Overall, there are insufficient data and inconsistency between studies in relationships between added sugars and micronutrient intakes, with no clear evidence of micronutrient dilution or a threshold for a quantitative amount of added sugar intake for any of the micronutrients investigated. The current evidence base is considerably constrained by methodological issues. Further research is required to determine which food products high in added sugars might adversely affect micronutrient intakes by displacing other food items from the diet. Analyses should take into account the magnitude of any observed associations to determine their true biological significance.
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Tizazu, Yirga Bereka. "Fortification of Food with Micronutrients for Meeting Dietary Requirements: A Review." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 5, no. 4 (July 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000225.
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Hidden hanger is a manifestation of malnutrition which diminishes the health of the people all over the world, its effect is worse when it comes to the developing countries. More than two hundred million people worldwide are suffering from micronutrient deficiency. The risks of micronutrient deficiency are high in vulnerable groups of people such as infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant women. Maternal mortality, growth retardation, cognitive impairment, impaired work capacity, goiter and blindness are among the many risks which occur in the population as a result of micronutrients deficiencies in the human body. Among micronutrients vitamin A, iodine and iron are the most nutritionally important nutrients in terms of public health problems and known to affect one third of the world population specifically in developing countries. To alleviate the problem of micronutrient deficiency, adequate consumption of micronutrients in the daily diet is a perquisite. However, meeting the dietary requirements of the human body to mitigate the accompanying micronutrient deficiency in a regular diet is not possible mainly in poor populations due economic deprivation and other many factors. Thus, several strategies including supplementation of food, dietary diversification, nutrition education, public health and food safety measurement and food fortification have been designed to reduce the problem of micronutrient deficiency and improve the nutritional status of the population. Among the strategies, food fortification is found to be very effective to eliminate micronutrient deficiency from the population without noticeably changing the people’s eating style and culture. Accordingly very essential micronutrients such as iodine, iron, zinc, and vitamin A are fortified with different food products mainly staple foods to address the micronutrient deficiency problems in the most vulnerable people groups around the world. Thus, this review concluded that micronutrient fortification of food is indispensable option to meet the dietary requirements and reduce associated health risks of micronutrient deficiencies in most vulnerable groups of the population around the globe without causing significant effect on the people’s economy and eating culture.
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Semba, R. D., and A. M. Tang. "Micronutrients and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection." British Journal of Nutrition 81, no. 3 (March 1999): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000379.
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Micronutrient deficiencies may be common during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Insufficient dietary intake, malabsorption, diarrhoea, and impaired storage and altered metabolism of micronutrients can contribute to the development of micronutrient deficiencies. Low plasma or serum levels of vitamins A, E, B6, B12 and C, carotenoids, Se, and Zn are common in many HIV-infected populations. Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection through increased oxidative stress and compromised immunity. Low levels or intakes of micronutrients such as vitamins A, E, B6 and B12, Zn and Se have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during HIV infection, and new studies are emerging which suggest that micronutrient supplementation may help reduce morbidity and mortality during HIV infection.
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Gibson, Rosalind S., Sofa Rahmannia, Aly Diana, Claudia Leong, Jillian J. Haszard, Daniela Hampel, Malcolm Reid, et al. "Association of maternal diet, micronutrient status, and milk volume with milk micronutrient concentrations in Indonesian mothers at 2 and 5 months postpartum." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa200.
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ABSTRACT Background Maternal micronutrient deficits during preconception and pregnancy may persist during lactation and compromise human milk composition. Objective We measured micronutrient concentrations in human milk and investigated their association with maternal micronutrient intakes, status, and milk volume. Methods Infant milk intake (measured via a deuterium dose-to-mother technique), milk micronutrient and fat concentrations, and maternal micronutrient intakes were assessed at 2 and 5 mo postpartum in 212 Indonesian lactating mother–infant pairs. Maternal hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin receptors, retinol binding protein (RBP), zinc, selenium, and vitamin B-12 were measured at 5 mo (n = 163). Multivariate or mixed effects regression examined associations of milk micronutrient concentrations with maternal micronutrient intakes, status, and milk volume. Results Prevalence of anemia (15%), and iron (15% based on body iron), selenium (2.5%), and vitamin B-12 deficiency (0%) were low compared with deficiencies of zinc (60%) and vitamin A (34%). The prevalence of inadequate intakes was >50% for 7 micronutrients at 2 and 5 mo. Median milk concentrations for most micronutrients were below reference values, and nearly all declined between 2 and 5 mo postpartum and were not associated substantially with milk volume (except for β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin). At 5 mo postpartum, associations between maternal micronutrient status and corresponding milk concentrations reported as mean percentage difference in human milk concentration for each unit higher maternal biomarker were significant for hemoglobin (1.9%), iron biomarkers (ranging from 0.4 to 7%), RBP (35%), selenium (70%), and vitamin B-12 (0.1%), yet for maternal intakes only a positive association with β-carotene existed. Conclusions Most milk micronutrient concentrations declined during lactation, independent of changes in human milk production, and few were associated with maternal micronutrient intakes. The significant associations between maternal biomarkers and milk micronutrient concentrations at 5 mo warrant further study to investigate whether the declines in milk micronutrients are linked to shifts in maternal status.
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Homayoonzadeh, Mohammad, Mojtaba Esmaeily, Khalil Talebi, Hossein Allahyari, Jamasb Nozari, and J. P. Michaud. "Micronutrient Fertilization of Greenhouse Cucumbers Mitigates Pirimicarb Resistance in Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (September 23, 2020): 2864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa202.
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Abstract The nutritional status of host plants can have direct impacts on herbivore physiology and insect–plant interactions. We investigated the effect of micronutrients, including manganese, iron, zinc, and copper, on cucumber plant physiology, and on the biology and physiology of a strain of Aphis gossypii Glover selected over 12 generations to be resistant to pirimicarb. The micronutrient treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cucumber plants, and also increased levels of total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and total chlorophyl, whereas malondialdehyde levels were unaffected. Pirimicarb-resistant cotton aphids that fed on micronutritient-amended cucumber plants expressed significantly decreased levels of acetylcholinesterase and detoxifying enzymes, specifically glutathione S-transferase, and carboxylesterase. Analysis of energy reserves in resistant A. gossypii fed on micronutritient-amended plants revealed decreases in the lipid and protein contents of aphids, whereas glycogen and carbohydrate contents showed no response. Resistant cotton aphids fed on micronutritient-amended plants showed significantly reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods, and a 1.7-fold reduction in pirimicarb LC50 compared with those fed on control plants. We conclude that micronutrient amendment negatively impacts the biological performance of insecticide-resistant cotton aphids, and diminishes their resistance to pirimicarb. Both direct effects on plant health, such as enhanced inducible defenses, and indirect effects on aphid fitness, such as reduced biological performance and detoxification abilities, were implicated. Therefore, optimization of micronutrient amendments could be a useful complement to other tactics for managing insecticide-resistant A. gossypii on cucumbers, and warrants exploration in other contexts.
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Biigel, Susanne. "Can human micronutrient status be improved by supplementing domestic animals?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (May 2003): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003258.
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Micronutrient deficiencies are a major problem throughout the world and hundreds of millions of the world's population are affected by micronutrient deficiency disorders. In Europe the prevalence of clinical micronutrient deficiency disorders is less than that in the Third World. However, marginal deficiency of some of the micronutrients might be involved in the aetiology of many of the so-called lifestyle diseases, e.g. cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis. Supplementing domestic animals with micronutrients in excess of their needs could be one strategy to increase the intake and, thereby, status of micronutrients in the human population. This approach should, however, be considered carefully, in relation to both animal and human welfare. Many micronutrients that may accumulate in animal foods are toxic in high doses. It would also be unethical to expose animals to doses that might have deleterious effects on their health, and concentrations in animal products that might have adverse effects when consumed by man should be avoided. Furthermore, food quality should not be impaired by the supplement. On the other hand, to be relevant in relation to human nutrition, the given micronutrient should accumulate in animal tissue in concentrations that make an important contribution to total intake. Finally, the micronutrient should be incorporated in a way and in a form that is bioavailable to man, i.e. is well absorbed and utilized.
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Brennan, R. F., B. Penrose, and R. W. Bell. "Micronutrients limiting pasture production in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 12 (2019): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19087.
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Low levels of plant-available micronutrients were an inherent feature of many agricultural soils in Australia, mostly due to the prevalence of highly weathered soil parent materials. The diagnosis and correction of the widespread deficiencies of micronutrients, especially copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), were prerequisites for the development of productive, legume-based pastures in southern Australia. In subtropical and tropical regions, Mo deficiency commonly limited pasture-legume production. Soil treatments involving micronutrient fertiliser incorporated in soils, or applied as additives to superphosphate, were generally effective in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies. In the low-output dryland pasture systems, the annual removal of micronutrients in wool and meat is small compared with rates added in fertiliser. Hence, in general, the residues of soil-applied micronutrient fertilisers remain effective for many years, for example, up to 30 years for Cu. By contrast, shorter residual values occur for manganese (Mn) fertiliser on highly calcareous soils, and for Zn in high-output pasture systems such as intensive dairy production. In the last two decades since the recommendations for micronutrient management of pastures were developed, there have been many changes to farming systems, with likely implications for micronutrient status in pastures. First, increased cropping intensity and low prices for wool and meat have meant lower nutrient inputs to pastures or to the pasture phase of rotations with crops. However, when pastures have been rotated with crops, ongoing small additions of Cu, Zn and Mo have been common. In cropping phases of farming systems, lime application and no-till may have altered the chemical and positional availability of micronutrients in soils to pastures. However, there has been little study of the impacts of these farming-systems changes on micronutrient status of pastures or profitability of the production system. The intensification of dairy production systems may also have altered the demand for, and removal rates of, micronutrients. Soil tests are not very reliable for Mn or Mo deficiencies, and well-calibrated soil tests for boron, Cu and Zn have been developed only for limited areas of pasture production and for a limited range of species. There is limited use of plant tests for nutrient management of pastures. In conclusion, there is limited knowledge of the current micronutrient status of pastures and their effects on animal health. Pasture production would benefit from targeted investigation of micronutrients status of pasture soils, pasture plants and micronutrient-linked animal-health issues.
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khader, Prof Vijaya. "Health Benefits of Micronutrients and Stratagies to prevent micronutrient Deficiencies." International Journal of Agro Nutrifood Practices 1, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijanp/01.01.a002.
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In metabolism and tissue performance, micronutrients play a key role. Sufficient amount of intake is required to maintain tissue function and metabolic processes. In those people who are extremely depleted and the possibility for complications, the clinical benefits of micronutrient supplements are more advantageous in health improvement. Zinc and vitamin A supplements have contributed to lowered diarrhoea and pneumonia in children in developing countries. In slightly malnourished children, there are some indications that micronutrient supplements have cognitive influence. In several diseases, there is strong proof of the benefit of micronutrient supplements. A well-balanced diet tends to support most of the micronutrients.
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McCain, J. Scott P., Alessandro Tagliabue, Edward Susko, Eric P. Achterberg, Andrew E. Allen, and Erin M. Bertrand. "Cellular costs underpin micronutrient limitation in phytoplankton." Science Advances 7, no. 32 (August 2021): eabg6501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg6501.
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Micronutrients control phytoplankton growth in the ocean, influencing carbon export and fisheries. It is currently unclear how micronutrient scarcity affects cellular processes and how interdependence across micronutrients arises. We show that proximate causes of micronutrient growth limitation and interdependence are governed by cumulative cellular costs of acquiring and using micronutrients. Using a mechanistic proteomic allocation model of a polar diatom focused on iron and manganese, we demonstrate how cellular processes fundamentally underpin micronutrient limitation, and how they interact and compensate for each other to shape cellular elemental stoichiometry and resource interdependence. We coupled our model with metaproteomic and environmental data, yielding an approach for estimating biogeochemical metrics, including taxon-specific growth rates. Our results show that cumulative cellular costs govern how environmental conditions modify phytoplankton growth.
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Gera, Tarun, Harsh Pal Singh Sachdev, and Penelope Nestel. "Effect of combining multiple micronutrients with iron supplementation on Hb response in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 6 (June 2009): 756–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008003145.
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AbstractObjectivesTo study the effect of combining multiple (two or more) micronutrients with Fe supplementation on Hb response, when compared with placebo and with Fe supplementation, in children.Data sourcesElectronic databases, personal files, hand search of reviews, bibliographies of books, and abstracts and proceedings of international conferences.Review methodsRandomized controlled trials evaluating change in Hb levels with interventions that included Fe and multiple-micronutrient supplementation in comparison to placebo alone or Fe alone were analysed in two systematic reviews.ResultsTwenty-five trials were included in the review comparing Fe and micronutrient supplementation with placebo. The pooled estimate (random effects model) for change in Hb with Fe and micronutrient supplementation (weighted mean difference) was 0·65 g/dl (95 % CI 0·50, 0·80, P < 0·001). Lower baseline Hb, lower height-for-age Z score, non-intake of ‘other micronutrients’ and malarial non-hyperendemic region were significant predictors of greater Hb response and heterogeneity. Thirteen trials were included in the review comparing Fe and micronutrient supplementation with Fe alone. The pooled estimate for change in Hb with Fe and micronutrient supplementation (weighted mean difference) was 0·14 g/dl (95 % CI 0·00, 0·28, P = 0·04). None of the variables were found to be significant predictors of Hb response.ConclusionsSynthesized evidence indicates that addition of multiple micronutrients to Fe supplementation may only marginally improve Hb response compared with Fe supplementation alone. However, addition of ‘other micronutrients’ may have a negative effect. Routine addition of unselected multiple micronutrients to Fe therefore appears unjustified for nutritional anaemia control programmes.
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Darch, Tegan, Martin S. A. Blackwell, Jessica Hood, Michael R. F. Lee, Jonathan Storkey, Deborah A. Beaumont, and Steve P. McGrath. "The effect of soil type on yield and micronutrient content of pasture species." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0277091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277091.
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The use of multispecies swards on livestock farms is growing due to the wide range of benefits they bring, such as improved biomass yield and animal performance. Preferential uptake of micronutrients by some plant species means the inclusion of legumes and forbs in grass-dominated pasture swards could improve micronutrient provision to livestock via careful species selection. However, although soil properties affect plant micronutrient concentrations, it is unknown whether choosing ‘best-performing’ species, in terms of their micronutrient content, needs to be soil-specific or whether the recommendations can be more generic. To address this question, we carried out an experiment with 15 common grass, forb and legume species grown on four soils for five weeks in a controlled environment. The soils were chosen to have contrasting properties such as texture, organic matter content and micronutrient concentrations. The effect of soil pH was tested on two soils (pH 5.4 and 7.4) chosen to minimise other confounding variables. Yield was significantly affected by soil properties and there was a significant interaction with botanical group but not species within a botanical group (grass, forb or legume). There were differences between botanical groups and between species in both their micronutrient concentrations and total uptake. Micronutrient herbage concentrations often, but not always, reflected soil micronutrient concentrations. There were soil-botanical group interactions for micronutrient concentration and uptake by plants, but the interaction between plant species (within a botanical group) and soil was significant only for forbs, and predominantly occurred when considering micronutrient uptake rather than concentration. Generally, plants had higher yields and micronutrient contents at pH 5.4 than 7.4. Forbs tended to have higher concentrations of micronutrients than other botanical groups and the effect of soil on micronutrient uptake was only significant for forbs.
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N. V. S, Venugopal, and Mohan Rao G. N. V. "Formulation, Development and Characterization of an Eco-Friendly N-P-K Fertilizer with Multi Micronutrient Matrix." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 19, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3031.
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In modern agriculture for receiving better crop yield and plant growth fertilizers are obligatory. Micronutrient support is very essential for balanced crop nutrition. For elevated crop yield the optimal nutrient supply is very much necessary and it is possible only the presence of micronutrient matrix. Minute quantities of micronutrients are required for better physiology of plant kingdom. The purpose of the study was to formulate a new Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium fertilizer with five micronutrients mould. The author developed water soluble (100%) 15-15-15 grade fertilizer with 0.5%Zn,0.5%Mn,0.5%Fe, 0.5%Mg, 0.2%Mo as micronutrients support. The physical properties such as moisture,pH,conductivity ,critical relative humidity etc were studied and found superior as compared to the normal grade without micronutrient support. The presence of Chloride content in the soil diminishes the capacity of the plants to take up water and this results in leaf burn or drying of leaf tissues. The chloride content in the proposed fertilizer is 0.27%. Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium fertilizer fortified with five-micronutrient matrix and its application for finest Plant augmentation shown unsurpassed results and more crop yield. The proposed fertilizer with multi micronutrient matrix shown enhanced physical properties as compared to available branded fertilizers.
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Prentice, Ann. "Sex differences in requirements for micronutrients across the lifecourse." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 80, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665121000550.
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For many people, micronutrient requirement means the amount needed in the diet to ensure adequacy. Dietary reference values (DRV) provide guidance on the daily intake of vitamins and minerals required to ensure the needs of the majority in the population are covered. These are developed on estimates of the quantity of each micronutrient required by the average person, the bioavailability of the micronutrient from a typical diet and the interindividual variability in these amounts. Sex differences are inherent in the requirements for many micronutrients because they are influenced by body size or macronutrient intake. These are reflected in different DRV for males and females for some micronutrients, but not all, either when data from males and females are combined or when there is no evidence of sex differences. Pregnancy and lactation represent times when micronutrient requirements for females may differ from males, and separate DRV are provided. For some micronutrients, no additional requirement is indicated during pregnancy and lactation because of physiological adaptations. To date, little account has been taken of more subtle sex differences in growth and maturation rates, health vulnerabilities and in utero and other programming effects. Over the years, the MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Group has contributed data on micronutrient requirements across the lifecourse, particularly for calcium and vitamin D, and shown that supplementation can have unexpected sex-specific consequences that require further investigation. The present paper outlines the current issues and the need for future research on sex differences in micronutrient requirements.
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Ramadhia, Anggrita Salsabila, Harna Harna, Mertien Sa'pang, and Nadiyah Nadiyah. "HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ZAT GIZI MIKRO, DURASI TIDUR, INDEKS MASSA TUBUH DAN STATUS IMUN PEGAWAI BALITBANG HUKUM DAN HAM." Journal of Nutrition College 10, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v10i4.31620.
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Background: Adequate micronutrients intake is essential to ensure the immune function. Certain populations may have insufficient intake of micronutrients, and in situations that increase the demand for example infections, stress, and pollution that decrease the body's stores of micronutrients, putting them at risk of deficiency and may impair immunity. Several researchs related to micronutrient intake, nutritional status, sleep duration are still contradictory results in showing the relationship with immunity.Objectives: To determine the relationship between micronutrient intake, sleep duration, body mass index and the immune status of Balitbang Hukum dan HAM employees.Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique. The samples taken were 47 people.Results: Median intake of micronutrient vitamin A 1024.5 mcg, vitamin C 208.3 mg, vitamin D 1.4 mcg, vitamin E 3.5 mg, iron 5.1 mg, zinc 4.2 mg. Meanwhile, the median sleep duration was 6 hours and the median body mass index was 22.2 kg / m2. The intake of micronutrients with immune status has a p value> 0.05. Sleep duration with immune status has a p value <0.05 with a negative relationship direction. Body mass index with immune status has a p value> 0.05.Conclusion: There is no relationship between micronutrient intake and body mass index with immune status, meanwhile there is a relationship between sleep duration and immune status of Balitbang Hukum dan HAM employees.Keywords : Micronutrient intake; Sleep duration; Body mass index; Immune status
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Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa, José Roberto Portugal, João William Bossolani, Luiz Gustavo Moretti, Adalton Mazetti Fernandes, Adônis Moreira, Jader Luis Nantes Garcia, Gleize Leviski de Brito Garcia, Cristiane Pilon, and Heitor Cantarella. "Dynamics of Micronutrient Uptake and Removal by Three Modern Runner Peanut Cultivars." Crops 3, no. 2 (April 11, 2023): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops3020010.
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Micronutrient fertilization is usually neglected by producers, especially for peanut, a crop that is frequently grown in crop rotation systems due to its low perceived nutrient requirements. New peanut cultivars are able to achieve high yields when grown under suitable conditions. However, fertilization recommendation tables are dated and do not consider the need for micronutrients. To support improvements in these recommendations, this study quantified the micronutrient demand (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) of three runner peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3) during the biological cycle and the transport of these micronutrients to pods and kernels. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block with a split-plot design and nine replications. The whole plots consisted of the three peanut cultivars, and the subplots comprised nine plant samplings (at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). These modern peanut cultivars exhibited high uptake and accumulation of Fe, but the proportion of Fe removed by pods and kernels was lowest among all analyzed micronutrients. The second-most-accumulated micronutrient was Mn. The maximum requirement for micronutrients of peanut occurred around 84 DAE, and IAC 505 had the highest micronutrient uptake and accumulation among the cultivars (especially at later stages), followed by IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our results provide new insights into micronutrient requirements for peanut and demonstrate the need for new fertilizer recommendation programs for peanut cultivation.
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Shah, Bidita, and Saumin Shah. "Practical Recommendations on Micronutrient Deficiencies in Gastrointestinal Diseases." Journal of Nutrition Research 11, no. 2 (September 28, 2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v11i2_23.18.
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Almost all the micronutrients being absorbed in gastrointestinal tract, patients with gastrointestinal disorders are at highest risk of having multiple nutritional deficiencies including micronutrient deficiencies. Malnutrition and deficiencies can be prevented or treated by optimal medical nutrition therapy, yet limited specific knowledge about micronutrients remains among clinicians. Further knowledge on trace elements remains miniscule as compared to vitamins. Practical recommendations based on available micronutrient guidelines are therefore required regarding procedures for determination of requirements and, especially for gastrointestinal diseases as this is the commonest encountered problem that can impair enzymatic as well as biochemical processes and lead to multiple complications including death. Here we have tried to give consensus based recommendations to help practicing dieticians and clinicians making decision regarding specific micronutrient deficiencies and their implications in gastrointestinal diseases. Keywords: Practical recommendations on micronutrient deficiencies in gastrointestinal diseases, Malnutrition, IAPEN INDIA consensus statement
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Sharp, Paul. "Methods and Options for Estimating Iron and Zinc Bioavailability Using Caco-2 Cell Models: Benefits and Limitations." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.75.6.413.
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Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent worldwide and have detrimental effects on human health. Complex interactions between micronutrients and other dietary components largely determine micronutrient bioavailability, and understanding these interactions is key to improving micronutrient status. A number of in vitro and in vivo methodologies are available for assessing micronutrient bioavailability. The purpose of this review is to highlight the usefulness of one of the in vitro models, the Caco-2 cell, as a predictive tool for human micronutrient bioavailability. The review focuses on current methods used with the Caco-2 cell line, their benefits and limitations, and the possibilities for the future development of this model.
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Freiberg, Joice Aline, Marcos Paulo Ludwig, Suemar Alexandre Gonçalves Avelar, and Eduardo Girotto. "Seed treatment and its impact on wheat crop yield potential." Journal of Seed Science 39, no. 3 (September 2017): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v39n3177754.
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Abstract: In the sowing process, the technique of seed treatment may assist in maintaining crop yield potential. This present study aimed to assess how wheat seed treatment with two different sources of micronutrients, combined with fungicide + insecticide protective treatment and coating with liquid polymer, may impact its vegetative development and grain production. Wheat seeds of cultivar Tec Vigore were subjected to three different treatments using micronutrient containing zinc: no micronutrient, micronutrient 1 (1% Mn, 0.1% Mo, 10% Zn); micronutrient 2 (0.3% B, 0.3% Co; 3% Zn), where micronutrient treatments were combined with different protective treatments used for seed treatment: untreated seeds, polymer (Color seed He), fungicide (Vitavax® Thiram 200 SC) + insecticide (Cruiser® 350 FS) and combination of polymer + fungicide + insecticide. We assessed parameters related to crop development, such as seedling emergence, dry matter of root and shoot, tillers, and for physiological maturity, we assessed grain yield and hectoliter weight. Seed treatment with micronutrients, polymer, fungicide + insecticide and combinations thereof does not reduce emergence and may increase seedling stand, but without influencing wheat grain yield.
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Białowąs, Wojciech, Eliza Blicharska, and Kamil Drabik. "Biofortification of Plant- and Animal-Based Foods in Limiting the Problem of Microelement Deficiencies—A Narrative Review." Nutrients 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2024): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16101481.
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With a burgeoning global population, meeting the demand for increased food production presents challenges, particularly concerning mineral deficiencies in diets. Micronutrient shortages like iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, and magnesium carry severe health implications, especially in developing nations. Biofortification of plants and plant products emerges as a promising remedy to enhance micronutrient levels in food. Utilizing agronomic biofortification, conventional plant breeding, and genetic engineering yields raw materials with heightened micronutrient contents and improved bioavailability. A similar strategy extends to animal-derived foods by fortifying eggs, meat, and dairy products with micronutrients. Employing “dual” biofortification, utilizing previously enriched plant materials as a micronutrient source for livestock, proves an innovative solution. Amid biofortification research, conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments is essential to assess the bioactivity of micronutrients from enriched materials, emphasizing digestibility, bioavailability, and safety. Mineral deficiencies in human diets present a significant health challenge. Biofortification of plants and animal products emerges as a promising approach to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies, necessitating further research into the utilization of biofortified raw materials in the human diet, with a focus on bioavailability, digestibility, and safety.
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Venkateswarlu, Meeniga, S. Thiyageshwari, S. Suganya, R. Anandham, D. Selvi, and T. Saraswathi. "Response of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) to Micronutrient Mixture in the Micronutrient Deficient Alfisol." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 18 (August 5, 2023): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i183437.
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Aim: Though the effect of foliar application of micronutrients is well established, research on the performance of cauliflower with combined application of micronutrients is very meager. Keeping this in view, the research work was proposed to assess the effect of Micronutrient Mixture on the growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower under field conditions.
Study Design: The field experiment in a randomized block design consisted of 6 treatment combinations with four replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at Farmers Field, Deverayapuram, Thondamuthur, Coimbatore. The field experiment was conducted from March 2023 to May 2023.
Methodology: The micronutrient mixture specific to cauliflower was developed at various levels based on their requirement to crop, with data obtained from soil testing, literature on nutrient uptake, and micronutrient deficiencies in cauliflower crops. Different rates of micronutrient mixture viz., 15, 20, 25, and 30 kg ha-1 combined with farmyard manure (FYM), were used to enhance fertilizer solubility.
Results: It was recorded that the application of Micronutrient Mixture @ 30 kg ha-1 increased morphological characters and yield compared to other treatments followed by the Micronutrient Mixture @ 25 kg ha-1. The minimum yield and morphological characters were recorded in the control plot where neither FYM nor Micronutrient Mixture was applied.
Conclusion: This research depicted that the combined application of a micronutrient mixture @ 30 kg ha-1 incubated with FYM has a positive impact on the growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower in micronutrient-deficient soil under field conditions resulting in improved morphological characters and crop yield. Hence, it may be concluded that an optimum dose of 30kg ha-1 can be recommended for cauliflower in micronutrient-deficient soils to enhance crop productivity.
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Barclay, Denis. "Multiple Fortification of Beverages." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900213.
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Diet-related micronutrient deficiencies rarely occur in isolation; deficiencies of iodine and vitamin A or of iron and vitamin A or zinc are often observed in the same populations. In addition, widespread deficiencies of some micronutrients, for example, zinc and calcium, may often go undiagnosed because of the absence of specific and sensitive status indicators. Multiple micronutrient supplementation can be more effective in improving nutritional status than supplementation with single key micronutrients; therefore, the multiple fortification of appropriate food vectors, including beverages, is of interest from the nutritional standpoint. Beverages fortified with multiple micronutrients include dairy products, chocolate beverages, fruit juices, and soya-based drinks. As well as the documented or estimated micronutrient deficiencies and the requirements of the target population or consumer group, the conception of such a multiply fortified beverage must take into account a number of other important factors. The choice of the chemical form of the fortification micronutrients should be made with consideration of bioavailability, the effects on the organoleptic characteristics of the particular beverage, and cost. The initial calculation of the composition of the micronutrient premix should include the levels of micronutrients in the raw materials used and the estimated losses of specific micronutrients during processing and storage. Preliminary production and storage trials are then needed to determine the actual losses. The composition of the micronutrient premix may then be finalized. Interactions, both positive and negative, between fortification micronutrients may also need to be considered. For example, the bioavailability of iron may be enhanced by the addition of vitamin C, whereas mineral–vitamin and vitamin–vitamin interactions can accelerate the destruction of some vitamins. To render quality control procedures simple and cost-effective, only a limited number of fortification micronutrients, which are especially sensitive to losses and which are easy to measure, may be analysed. Simple, inexpensive, and rigorous analytical methods for such measurements are now available.
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Klatt, Kevin C., Emily R. Smith, and Matthew D. Barberio. "Toward a more stable understanding of pregnancy micronutrient metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 321, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): E260—E263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2021.
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There is an urgent need to better understand the micronutrient demands of pregnancy due to the complex physiological adaptations during the gestational period and the importance of micronutrients in maternal-fetal health. Rigorous studies of micronutrients in pregnancy are significantly lacking due to a number of issues including the exclusion of pregnant people in research, methodological barriers to studying micronutrients, and the multidisciplinary expertise required for such studies. Stable isotopes present a unique methodological opportunity to quantify pregnancy-related changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of micronutrients. We demonstrate here through a rapid review of the published literature that this approach is dramatically underutilized outside of calcium. In this perspective, we discuss the use of stable isotopes to study micronutrient physiology and our experiences in addressing the need for more studies in this area. Finally, we discuss how we might overcome major barriers to move toward a better understanding of micronutrient physiology in pregnancy.
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Hernández, Eovaldo. "1031 EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL HUMIC ACIDS ON MICRONUTRIENT UPTAKE BY VEGETABLES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 576b—576. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.576b.
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Most of the studies on the effect of humic acids on micronutrient uptake by plants has been carried out in nutrient solutions. Commercial companies have tried, without adequate experimental support, to extend the conclusions of these studies to the production of vegetables in agricultural soils. The effect of humic acids on micronutrient uptake by plants has been attributed' to (a) the improved supply of micronutrients to the soil solution caused by a higher rate of release from soil minerals (probably via chelate formation by humic acids) and (b) the improved uptake of micronutrients as consequence of the larger root system promoted by hormonal compounds in the humic acids. In soils with limiting concentration of micronutrients (such as some calcareous soils) and low content of organic matter, chelation of micronutrients by added commercial humic acids might increase their availability to plants. However, in agricultural soils with and adequate content of organic matter, no significant effect of commercial humic acids on micronutrient uptake by plants can be detected.
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Chu, Brian A., Vijaya Surampudi, Zhaoping Li, Christina Harris, Teresa Seeman, Keith C. Norris, and Tara Vijayan. "Micronutrient Deficiency as a Confounder in Ascertaining the Role of Obesity in Severe COVID-19 Infection." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031125.
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Food insecurity in the United States has been exacerbated due to the socioeconomic strain of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Populations experiencing poverty and, as a consequence, food insecurity in the United States are disproportionately affected by obesity, which was identified early in the pandemic as a major risk factor for increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and mortality. Given the focus on obesity and its role in immune dysregulation, it is also important to note the role of micronutrient deficiency, another sequalae of food insecurity. Micronutrients play an important role in the ability of the immune system to mount an appropriate response. Moreover, OBESE individuals are more likely to be micronutrient deficient. This review will explore the role of micronutrients, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc in respiratory immunity and COVID-19 and how micronutrient deficiency may be a possible confounder in obesity’s association with severe outcomes. By illuminating the role of micronutrients in COVID-19, this paper expands the discussion from food insecurity and obesity to include micronutrient deficiency and how all of these interact in respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19.
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Galyean, Shannon, Dhanashree Sawant, and Andrew C. Shin. "Immunometabolism, Micronutrients, and Bariatric Surgery: The Use of Transcriptomics and Microbiota-Targeted Therapies." Mediators of Inflammation 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862034.
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Background. Obesity is associated with the gut microbiota and decreased micronutrient status. Bariatric surgery is a recommended therapy for obesity. It can positively affect the composition of the gut bacteria but also disrupt absorption of nutrients. Low levels of micronutrients can affect metabolic processes, like glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, that are associated with the immune system also known as immunometabolism. Methods. MEDLINE, PUBMED, and Google Scholar were searched. Articles involving gut microbiome, micronutrient deficiency, gut-targeted therapies, transcriptome analysis, micronutrient supplementation, and bariatric surgery were included. Results. Studies show that micronutrients play a pivotal role in the intestinal immune system and regulating immunometabolism. Research demonstrates that gut-targeting therapies may improve the microbiome health for bariatric surgery populations. There is limited research that examines the role of micronutrients in modulating the gut microbiota among the bariatric surgery population. Conclusions. Investigations are needed to understand the influence that micronutrient deficiencies have on the gut, particularly immunometabolism. Nutritional transcriptomics shows great potential in providing this type of analysis to develop gut-modulating therapies as well as more personalized nutrition recommendations for bariatric surgery patients.
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Gombart, Adrian F., Adeline Pierre, and Silvia Maggini. "A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236.
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Immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy in early times. It has since been established that the complex, integrated immune system needs multiple specific micronutrients, including vitamins A, D, C, E, B6, and B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, which play vital, often synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response. Adequate amounts are essential to ensure the proper function of physical barriers and immune cells; however, daily micronutrient intakes necessary to support immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary allowances. Certain populations have inadequate dietary micronutrient intakes, and situations with increased requirements (e.g., infection, stress, and pollution) further decrease stores within the body. Several micronutrients may be deficient, and even marginal deficiency may impair immunity. Although contradictory data exist, available evidence indicates that supplementation with multiple micronutrients with immune-supporting roles may modulate immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Micronutrients with the strongest evidence for immune support are vitamins C and D and zinc. Better design of human clinical studies addressing dosage and combinations of micronutrients in different populations are required to substantiate the benefits of micronutrient supplementation against infection.
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Smuts, C. Marius, A. J. Spinnler Benadé, Jacques Berger, Le Thi Hop, Guillermo López de Romaña, Juliawati Untoro, Elvina Karyadi, Jürgen Erhardt, and Rainer Gross. "Iris I: A Foodlet-Based Multiple-Micronutrient Intervention in 6- to 12-Month-Old Infants at High Risk of Micronutrient Malnutrition in Four Contrasting Populations: Description of a Multicenter Field Trial." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 3_suppl_1 (January 2003): S27—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265030243s105.
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Infants in developing countries are at risk of concurrent micronutrient deficiencies, because the same causative factors may lead to deficiencies of different micronutrients. Inadequate dietary intake is considered one of the major causes of micronutrient deficiencies, especially among poor and underprivileged children in developing countries. Operational strategies and distribution systems are often duplicated when supplementation programs for single micronutrients are implemented at the same time. The International Research on Infant Supplementation (IRIS) trial was conducted in four distinct populations on three continents: Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The participating countries were South Africa, Peru, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The study had a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled design. Each country aimed to enroll at least 70 infants per intervention group (65 + 5 anticipated dropouts). The micronutrient vehicle was in the form of a “foodlet” (food-like tablet) manufactured as chewable tablets, which were easy to break and dissolve, and which had the same taste, color, and flavor for all countries. Children were randomly assigned to one of four 6-month intervention groups: group 1 received a daily foodlet containing multiple micronutrients; group 2 received a daily placebo foodlet containing no micronutrients; group 3 received a weekly foodlet that contained multiple micronutrients (twice the dose of the daily foodlet) and placebo foodlets on the other days of the week; group 4 received a daily foodlet containing only 10 mg of elemental iron. The IRIS Trial aimed to examine the prevalence of multi-micronutrient deficiencies in 6- to 12-month-old infants from rural populations, and to examine the efficacy of multi-micronutrient supplementation in infants from the different countries included in the study. This paper describes the general methodology of the IRIS trial and the operational differences among the country sites.
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Assunção, Ana G. L., Ismail Cakmak, Stephan Clemens, Manuel González-Guerrero, Adam Nawrocki, and Sébastien Thomine. "Micronutrient homeostasis in plants for more sustainable agriculture and healthier human nutrition." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 6 (February 4, 2022): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac014.
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Abstract The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this respect, the mineral micronutrient content of food crops deserves particular attention. Micronutrient deficiencies in cultivated soils and plants are a global problem that adversely affects crop production and plant nutritional value, as well as human health and well-being. In this review, we call for awareness of the importance and relevance of micronutrients in crop production and quality. We stress the need for better micronutrient nutrition in human populations, not only in developing but also in developed nations, and describe strategies to identify and characterize new varieties with high micronutrient content. Furthermore, we explain how adequate nutrition of plants with micronutrients impacts metabolic functions and the capacity of plants to express tolerance mechanisms against abiotic and biotic constraints. Finally, we provide a brief overview and a critical discussion on current knowledge, future challenges, and specific technological needs for research on plant micronutrient homeostasis. Research in this area is expected to foster the sustainable development of nutritious and healthy food crops for human consumption.
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Baker, Bernadette C., Dexter JL Hayes, and Rebecca L. Jones. "Effects of micronutrients on placental function: evidence from clinical studies to animal models." Reproduction 156, no. 3 (September 2018): R69—R82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0130.
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Micronutrient deficiencies are common in pregnant women due to low dietary intake and increased requirements for fetal development. Low maternal micronutrient status is associated with a range of pregnancy pathologies involving placental dysfunction, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), small-for-gestational age (SGA), pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. However, clinical trials commonly fail to convincingly demonstrate beneficial effects of supplementation of individual micronutrients, attributed to heterogeneity and insufficient power, potential interactions and lack of mechanistic knowledge of effects on the placenta. We aimed to provide current evidence of relationships between selected micronutrients (vitamin D, vitamin A, iron, folate, vitamin B12) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, combined with understanding of actions on the placenta. Following a systematic literature search, we reviewed data from clinical,in vitroandin vivostudies of micronutrient deficiency and supplementation. Key findings are potential effects of micronutrient deficiencies on placental development and function, leading to impaired fetal growth. Studies in human trophoblast cells and rodent models provide insights into underpinning mechanisms. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that deficiencies in all micronutrients examined induce a pro-inflammatory state in the placenta, drawing parallels with the inflammation detected in FGR, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth and preterm birth. Beneficial effects of supplementation are apparentin vitroand in animal models and for combined micronutrients in clinical studies. However, greater understanding of the roles of these micronutrients, and insight into their involvement in placental dysfunction, combined with more robust clinical studies, is needed to fully ascertain the potential benefits of supplementation in pregnancy.
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Gashu, D., P. C. Nalivata, T. Amede, E. L. Ander, E. H. Bailey, L. Botoman, C. Chagumaira, et al. "The nutritional quality of cereals varies geospatially in Ethiopia and Malawi." Nature 594, no. 7861 (May 19, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03559-3.
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AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) remain widespread among people in sub-Saharan Africa1–5, where access to sufficient food from plant and animal sources that is rich in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) is limited due to socioeconomic and geographical reasons4–6. Here we report the micronutrient composition (calcium, iron, selenium and zinc) of staple cereal grains for most of the cereal production areas in Ethiopia and Malawi. We show that there is geospatial variation in the composition of micronutrients that is nutritionally important at subnational scales. Soil and environmental covariates of grain micronutrient concentrations included soil pH, soil organic matter, temperature, rainfall and topography, which were specific to micronutrient and crop type. For rural households consuming locally sourced food—including many smallholder farming communities—the location of residence can be the largest influencing factor in determining the dietary intake of micronutrients from cereals. Positive relationships between the concentration of selenium in grain and biomarkers of selenium dietary status occur in both countries. Surveillance of MNDs on the basis of biomarkers of status and dietary intakes from national- and regional-scale food-composition data1–7 could be improved using subnational data on the composition of grain micronutrients. Beyond dietary diversification, interventions to alleviate MNDs, such as food fortification8,9 and biofortification to increase the micronutrient concentrations in crops10,11, should account for geographical effects that can be larger in magnitude than intervention outcomes.
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Ghazzawi, Hadeel Ali, Mariam Ali Hussain, Khadija Majdy Raziq, Khawla Khaled Alsendi, Reem Osama Alaamer, Manar Jaradat, Sondos Alobaidi, Raghad Al Aqili, Khaled Trabelsi, and Haitham Jahrami. "Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine." Sports 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11060109.
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The aim of this systematic review is twofold: (i) to examine the effects of micronutrient intake on athletic performance and (ii) to determine the specific micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, that offer the most significant enhancements in terms of athletic performance, with the goal of providing guidance to athletes and coaches in optimizing their nutritional strategies. The study conducted a systematic search of electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) using keywords pertaining to micronutrients, athletic performance, and exercise. The search involved particular criteria of studies published in English between 1950 and 2023. The findings suggest that vitamins and minerals are crucial for an athlete’s health and physical performance, and no single micronutrient is more important than others. Micronutrients are necessary for optimal metabolic body’s functions such as energy production, muscle growth, and recovery, which are all important for sport performance. Meeting the daily intake requirement of micronutrients is essential for athletes, and while a balanced diet that includes healthy lean protein sources, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is generally sufficient, athletes who are unable to meet their micronutrient needs due to malabsorption or specific deficiencies may benefit from taking multivitamin supplements. However, athletes should only take micronutrient supplements with the consultation of a specialized physician or nutritionist and avoid taking them without confirming a deficiency.
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Cvetinovic, Natasa, Goran Loncar, Andjelka M. Isakovic, Stephan von Haehling, Wolfram Doehner, Mitja Lainscak, and Jerneja Farkas. "Micronutrient Depletion in Heart Failure: Common, Clinically Relevant and Treatable." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 5627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225627.
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Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition with many imbalances, including nutritional issues. Next to sarcopenia and cachexia which are clinically evident, micronutrient deficiency is also present in HF. It is involved in HF pathophysiology and has prognostic implications. In general, most widely known micronutrients are depleted in HF, which is associated with symptoms and adverse outcomes. Nutritional intake is important but is not the only factor reducing the micronutrient availability for bodily processes, because absorption, distribution, and patient comorbidity may play a major role. In this context, interventional studies with parenteral micronutrient supplementation provide evidence that normalization of micronutrients is associated with improvement in physical performance and quality of life. Outcome studies are underway and should be reported in the following years.
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Kodentsova, V. M., and D. V. Risnik. "MICRONUTRIENT METABOLIC NETWORKS AND MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY: A RATIONALE FOR THE ADVANTAGES OF VITAMIN-MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS." Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow) 21, no. 4 (2020): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19112/2413-6174-2020-21-4-3-20.
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ABSTRACT. The nutrition of adult and children population of Russia is characterized by multiple micronutrient deficiency due to the simultaneous insufficient content of vitamins, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iodine and other mineral elements in the diet. A lack of several micronutrients can occur as a result of the use of various diets, medication, the development of the pathological process, increased needы of organism at various physiological, stressful situations of different etiologies. Micronutrients (vitamins and essential minerals) participate in numerous biochemical pathways, perform certain functions in the body, are closely interconnected in complex metabolic networks to maintain homeostasis and overall health. Like mosaics, individual fragments of this comprehensive network of micronutrients are “assembled”, the centers of which are selenium, iodine, vitamin D, iron, and functionally related vitamins of group B. Simultaneous multiple micronutrient deficiency creates a “causality network” of diseases, while, optimal sufficiency creates a “network of conditions that prevent diseases”. The concept of the correct ratios of essential micronutrients in the diet, as well as the optimal ratios of vitamins in the blood between themselves and indicators of lipid metabolism, is developing and is being confirmed. The physiological requirements for micronutrients (vitamin D, C, potassium, magnesium), which provide not only essentiality, but also optimality to maintain the body's health and reduce the risk of diseases, have being revised upward. Recommended intake of vitamins B1, B2 and niacin are correlated with energy consumption. Given the existence of metabolic networks of micronutrients and the presence of multiple micronutrient deficiency among the population, the superiority of multicomponent vitamin-mineral supplements undoubtedly superior to the effectiveness of individual micronutrients
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Kihara, J., P. Bolo, M. Kinyua, J. Rurinda, and K. Piikki. "Micronutrient deficiencies in African soils and the human nutritional nexus: opportunities with staple crops." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 9 (January 4, 2020): 3015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00499-w.
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AbstractA synthesis of available agronomic datasets and peer-reviewed scientific literature was conducted to: (1) assess the status of micronutrients in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) arable soils, (2) improve the understanding of the relations between soil quality/management and crop nutritional quality and (3) evaluate the potential profitability of application of secondary and micronutrients to key food crops in SSA, namely maize (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus spp. and Vicia faba L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). We found that there is evidence of widespread but varying micronutrient deficiencies in SSA arable soils and that simultaneous deficiencies of multiple elements (co-occurrence) are prevalent. Zinc (Zn) predominates the list of micronutrients that are deficient in SSA arable soils. Boron (B), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu) deficiencies are also common. Micronutrient fertilization/agronomic biofortification increases micronutrient concentrations in edible plant organs, and it was profitable to apply fertilizers containing micronutrient elements in 60–80% of the cases. However, both the plant nutritional quality and profit had large variations. Possible causes of this variation may be differences in crop species and cultivars, fertilizer type and application methods, climate and initial soil conditions, and soil chemistry effects on nutrient availability for crop uptake. Therefore, micronutrient use efficiency can be improved by adapting the rates and types of fertilizers to site-specific soil and management conditions. To make region-wide nutritional changes using agronomic biofortification, major policy interventions are needed.
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Thapa, Sushil, Ammar Bhandari, Rajan Ghimire, Qingwu Xue, Fanson Kidwaro, Shirin Ghatrehsamani, Bijesh Maharjan, and Mark Goodwin. "Managing Micronutrients for Improving Soil Fertility, Health, and Soybean Yield." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111766.
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Plants need only a small quantity of micronutrients, but they are essential for vital cell functions. Critical micronutrients for plant growth and development include iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl), and nickel (Ni). The deficiency of one or more micronutrients can greatly affect plant production and quality. To explore the potential for using micronutrients, we reviewed the literature evaluating the effect of micronutrients on soybean production in the U.S. Midwest and beyond. Soil and foliar applications were the major micronutrient application methods. Overall, studies indicated the positive yield response of soybean to micronutrients. However, soybean yield response to micronutrients was not consistent among studies, mainly because of different environmental conditions such as soil type, soil organic matter (SOM), moisture, and temperature. Despite this inconsistency, there has been increased pressure for growers to apply micronutrients to soybeans due to a fact that deficiencies have increased with the increased use of high-yielding cultivars. Further studies on quantification and variable rate application of micronutrients under different soil and environmental conditions are warranted to acquire more knowledge and improve the micronutrient management strategies in soybean. Since the SOM could meet the micronutrient need of many crops, management strategies that increase SOM should be encouraged to ensure nutrient availability and improve soil fertility and health for sustainable soybean production.
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Wright, Amy N., Alex X. Niemiera, J. Roger Harris, and Robert D. Wright. "609 Micronutrient Fertilization of Container-grown Woody Seedlings Essential Regardless of Pine Bark pH." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 552C—552. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.552c.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient fertilization on seedling growth in pine bark with pH ranging from 4.0 to 5.5. Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) was container-grown from seed in pine bark amended (preplant) with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg/m3 dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg/m3 sulfate-based micronutrient fertilizer (Micromax ®). Initial pine bark pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Final pH (week 10) ranged from 4.7 to 6.4. Ca and Mg supply in irrigation water was 10.2 and 4.2 mg·L–1. Seedlings were harvested 10 weeks after planting, and shoot dry weight and height were determined. Pine bark solution was extracted using the pour-through method at 3, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Solution pH was measured, and solutions were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Shoot dry weight and height were higher in micronutrient-amended bark than in bark without added micronutrients. Lime (1.2 kg·\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{m}^{-_{3}}\) \end{document}) increased growth only in the absence of micronutrient additions. In general, adding micronutrients increased pine bark solution Ca, Mg, and micronutrient concentrations. Adding lime increased pine bark solution pH and Mg concentration and either had no effect on or decreased solution Ca and micronutrient concentrations. Regardless of pine bark pH, micronutrient additions resulted in improved growth and adding lime was not necessary.
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K.R, KUMARESEAN, NAGARAJAN R, SAVITHIRI P, and MANICKAM T.S. "EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS CROPPING AND FERTILIZATION ON DEPLETION OF MICRONUTRIENTS." Madras Agricultural Journal 72, july (1985): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02383.
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Two field experiments were conducted in the Typic Haplustalls and Typic Ustor thents soils of Tamil Nadu to determine the effect of continuous cropping and ferti- lization on the changes in micronutrient availability. There was a greater rate of depletion of micronutrients in Typic Haplustalfs than the Typic Ustarthents soils. Rate of depletion of micronutrient was highest for zinc followed by copper, manga- nese and iron in both these soils indicating the need for proper micronutrient fertilization in Typic Haplustaffs.
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Sagwal, Aaditya, Priyanshu Wadhwa, Shubham, and Shilpa Kaushal. "Essentiality of Micronutrients in Soil: A Review." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 24 (December 26, 2023): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i244297.
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Micronutrients are very abundant in soil but plants normally absorb only a little amount of them, giving them the name "trace elements". Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), and Nickel (Ni) are the essential micronutrients that are required in smaller amounts but crucial for plant growth and development. Besides providing essentiality in fruits and seeds formation, they are helpful in performing various metabolic processes, nutritional management, reproductive growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and other key plant activities. Among all the essential micronutrients, two particular elements, zinc (Zn) and boron (B) are deficit in acidic soils and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe)are insufficient in semi-arid soils, which have become a rising problem in a variety of cropping systems thereby, raising alarms for the future. Our understanding of difficulties relating to micronutrients might be improved by the production of detailed soil micronutrient maps that cover wide geographic regions, making relevant judgments about the delivery and distribution of fertilizers supplemented with micronutrients to areas that are deficient in these particular micronutrients. The outcomes of these delineation efforts would also be very helpful in developing site-specific suggestions to increase the micronutrient content of food crops. It's important to note that soil micronutrient availability directly affects plant growth.
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McAuliffe, Shane, Sumantra Ray, Emily Fallon, James Bradfield, Timothy Eden, and Martin Kohlmeier. "Dietary micronutrients in the wake of COVID-19: an appraisal of evidence with a focus on high-risk groups and preventative healthcare." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 3, no. 1 (June 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000100.
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Existing micronutrient deficiencies, even if only a single micronutrient, can impair immune function and increase susceptibility to infectious disease. Certain population groups are more likely to have micronutrient deficiencies, while certain disease pathologies and treatment practices also exacerbate risk, meaning these groups tend to suffer increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Optimisation of overall nutritional status, including micronutrients, can be effective in reducing incidence of infectious disease. Micronutrient deficiencies are rarely recognised but are prevalent in the UK, as well as much more widely, particularly in high-risk groups susceptible to COVID-19. Practitioners should be aware of this fact and should make it a consideration for the screening process in COVID-19, or when screening may be difficult or impractical, to ensure blanket treatment as per the best practice guidelines. Correction of established micronutrient deficiencies, or in some cases assumed suboptimal status, has the potential to help support immune function and mitigate risk of infection. The effects of and immune response to COVID-19 share common characteristics with more well-characterised severe acute respiratory infections. Correction of micronutrient deficiencies has proven effective in several infectious diseases and has been shown to promote favourable clinical outcomes. Micronutrients appear to play key roles in mediating the inflammatory response and such effects may be enhanced through correction of deficiencies. Many of those at highest risk during the COVID-19 pandemic are also populations at highest risk of micronutrient deficiencies and poorer overall nutrition. Correction of micronutrient deficiencies in established COVID-19 infection may contribute to supporting immune response to infection in those at highest risk. There is a need for further research to establish optimal public health practice and clinical intervention regimens.
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Fogelholm, Mikael. "Micronutrients: interaction between physical activity, intakes and requirements." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 3a (March 1999): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000476.
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AbstractThe present literature review examines the following questions: (a) What is the evidence that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people? (b) Is there an association between physical activity and micronutrient intake? (c) Are there any significant differences between indices of micronutrient status between physically active and inactive people? The available data suggest that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people because of increased losses through sweat, urine and faeces, and an increased need for defence against free radicals. However the evidence is controversial, and it is not possible to make any quantitative estimations. Micronutrient requirements in moderately active people are not likely to be very much above the levels recommended for the general population. The intake of micronutrients increases with increasing energy intake. Therefore, physically highly active people (athletes) have higher micronutrient intakes than untrained subjects. However, moderate physical activity does not necessarily affect daily micronutrient intake. The available indices of micronutrient status do not support the belief that micronutrient status is compromised in highly trained athletes, even without use of dietary supplements. Hence, there are no reasons to believe that the situation would be different in people who are only moderately active. The results suggest that micronutrient status is adequate for health and functional performance in physically active people who follow a normal, mixed Western diet.
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Llanderal, Alfonso, Pedro Garcia-Caparros, Juana Isabel Contreras, María Teresa Lao, and María Luz Segura. "Spatio-Temporal Disposition of Micronutrients in Green Bean Grown in Sandy Mulching Soils." Agriculture 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12071066.
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Currently, there is no information available about the spatio-temporal distribution of micronutrients in sandy mulching soils widely used in the southeast of Spain; therefore, in this experiment, we aimed to characterize the spatio-temporal distribution of micronutrients in the wet bulb zone in two sand-mulched soils. Four different factors were considered over the experiment: (a) soil model, (b) time sampling, (c) distance from the emitter, and (d) depth. Each soil was divided into four blocks and the soil sample per block was composed of 20 subsamples. The micronutrient concentration was determined in each soil sample through atomic absorption spectrometry determinations. To establish the relationship between factors, a multifactor ANOVA test analysis was conducted. The results obtained reported a higher micronutrient concentration in the soil profile than in the sand layer. Moreover, in the soil profile, there was a decrease in micronutrient concentration in distance for Fe (from 10.4 to 7.9 mg kg−1), Zn (from 4.0 to 3.5 mg kg−1), Mn (from 23.9 to 16.2 mg kg−1), and Cu forms (from 2.5 to 1.5 mg kg−1). Moreover, there was a decrease in micronutrients with depth for Fe (from 10.5 to 8.0 mg kg−1), Zn (from 4.0 to 3.7 mg kg−1), Mn (22.0 to 17.2 mg kg−1), and Cu (from 2.1 to 1.7 mg kg−1). Higher micronutrient concentration after green bean crop harvest was related to the highest organic matter content, with the following values for Fe (12.3 mg kg−1), Zn (4.0 mg kg−1), Mn (23.6 mg kg−1), and Cu (2.0 mg kg−1) in the soil profile. The fertigation management of the crop did not modify the micronutrient concentrations in distance in the sand layer due to the reduced exchange capacity of the sand with micronutrients.
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Voelkle, Manyola, Claudia Gregoriano, Peter Neyer, Daniel Koch, Alexander Kutz, Luca Bernasconi, Anna Conen, Beat Mueller, and Philipp Schuetz. "Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091862.
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Background: A higher risk for severe clinical courses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to deficiencies of several micronutrients. We therefore studied the prevalence of deficiencies of eight different micronutrients in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19-patients. Methods: We measured admission serum/plasma levels of vitamins A, B12, D, and E, as well as folic acid, zinc, selenium, and copper in 57 consecutively admitted adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 and analyzed prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and correlations among micronutrient levels. Further, we studied associations of micronutrient levels with severe disease progression, a composite endpoint consisting of in-hospital mortality and/or need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment with logistic regression. Results: Median age was 67.0 years (IQR 60.0, 74.2) and 60% (n = 34) were male. Overall, 79% (n = 45) of patients had at least one deficient micronutrient level and 33% (n = 19) had ≥3 deficiencies. Most prevalent deficiencies were found for selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc (51%, 40%, 39%, and 39%, respectively). We found several correlations among micronutrients with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.27 to r = 0.42. The strongest associations with lower risk for severe COVID-19 disease progression (adjusted odds ratios) were found for higher levels of vitamin A (0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.69, p = 0.01), zinc (0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.98, p = 0.03), and folic acid (0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.98, p = 0.02). Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in mostly older patients hospitalized for COVID-19, particularly regarding selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc. Several deficiencies were associated with a higher risk for more severe COVID-19 courses. Whether supplementation of micronutrients is useful for prevention of severe clinical courses or treatment of COVID-19 warrants further research.
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Welch, Ailsa. "Micronutrient malnutrition across the life course, sarcopenia and frailty." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 80, no. 3 (August 2021): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665121001968.
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Micronutrient malnutrition, the deficiency of vitamins or minerals, impacts on physical and mental health, in clinical and general populations, across the life course. In older western populations the high prevalence and impact of micronutrient malnutrition is less well recognised. Low- and middle-income countries are experiencing the ‘double burden of disease’ where malnutrition coexists alongside the non-communicable diseases of aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Held in December 2020, the Winter Conference of the Nutrition Society was designed to cover new areas of research and concern in micronutrient malnutrition across the life course. Common themes arising from the conference were: 1) The continuing high prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition across the life-course, in diverse populations, in high, middle and low-income countries. 2) That multiple deficiencies of micronutrients frequently exist. 3) The primary cause of deficiency is poor quality diets, of low diversity, low in micronutrient dense foods. 4) Clinical conditions, medications for common non-communicable diseases, and environmental conditions, interact with and exacerbate the effects of poor diet quality. 5) Understanding of the mechanistic effects of micronutrients is still emerging. 6) Micronutrients are necessary for maintaining immune function, which has importance for the COVID-19 epidemic. 7) Better biomarkers are needed detect and understand the effects of deficiency. 7) Dietary recommendations need to be updated regularly. Further research is needed in all these areas. Comprehensive public health and government approaches to ensure access and affordability of good quality foods to populations of all ages, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, are crucial.