Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microorganismes – Dispersion'
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Travadon, Renaud. "Facteurs épidémiologiques contribuant à l’adaptation des populations de Leptosphaeria maculans aux résistances spécifiques de Brassica napus : dispersion des pycnidiospores et des ascospores et progression systémique du dispersion des pycnidiospores et des ascospores et progresssion systémique du champignon." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333477.
Full textManagement of homa stem canker of oilseed rape,caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, primarily relies on the cultivation of resistant varieties that lack durable efficiency. Sexual reproduction enhances the evolutionary potential of the fungus submitted to the selection pressure exerted by resistant varieties by allowing acquisition and association of virulence alleles and season-to-season transmission of the disease through ascospore dispersal. We hypothesize that for small, emergent virulent populations, sexual reproduction could be restricted by the reduced mating probability of individuals and that season-to-season transmission of virulent individuals through ascopsore dispersal can be spatially limited. To test these hypotheses, we investigated (i) rain-splash dispersal of pycnidiospores, (ii) systemic growth of the fungus in stem and (iii) the spatial genetic structure of populations to infer ascospore dispersal distances. Pycnidiospores were splash-dispersed over short distances (within 40 cm from the source) from phoma leaf sports, while oilseed rape stubble carrying pycnidia constituted a potential source of primary infections
Grazzini, Fabienne. "Étude expérimentale de la dispersion de polluants en présence d'obstacles." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT001H.
Full textHarding, Tommy. "Dispersion aérienne et distribution spatiale des microorganismes dans la cryosphère : biodiversité dans la neige et l'air du Haut-Arctique canadien." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27707/27707.pdf.
Full textTignat-Perrier, Romie. "Facteurs de structuration des communautés microbiennes de la couche limite atmosphérique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU034.
Full textUp to 106 microbial cells per cubic meter are found in suspension in the planetary boundary layer, the lowest part of the atmosphere. Direct influences of the planetary boundary layer on humans, crops and diverse ecosystems like soils and oceans make the full understanding of its composition, both chemical and microbiological, of utmost importance. While microbial communities of the planetary boundary layer vary significantly at different temporal and spatial scales, they remain largely unexplored. The main goal of this thesis was to understand how airborne microbial communities are structured in the troposphere with special emphasis on the planetary boundary layer and to identify their main controlling factors. We investigated both the taxonomic and functional composition of airborne microbial communities in the dry phase (i.e. not cloud-associated) over time at nine different geographical sites around the world using high throughput sequencing technologies.Our investigation that focused on microbial taxonomy showed that local landscapes were the main contributors to the global distribution of airborne microbial communities despite the potential occurrence of long-range transport of airborne microorganisms. We also observed that meteorology and the diversity of the surrounding landscapes played major roles in the temporal variation of the microbial community structure in the planetary boundary layer. We further explored the temporal variation of airborne microbial communities at a continental and mountainous site in France (1465 m above sea level) over a full-year. This study demonstrated the importance of the surface conditions (i.e. vegetation, snow cover etc.) of the surrounding landscapes on the taxonomic composition of airborne microorganisms. The seasonal changes in agricultural and vegetated areas, which represented a significant part of the site’s surrounding landscape, were correlated to the shifts in the taxonomic composition of airborne microbial communities during the year. Finally, we investigated the functional composition of microbial communities of the planetary boundary layer to identify whether the physical and chemical conditions of the atmosphere played a role in selection or microbial adaptation of airborne microorganisms. The comparative metagenomic analysis did not show a specific atmospheric signature in the functional potential of airborne microbial communities. To the contrary, their functional composition was mainly correlated to the underlying ecosystems. However, we also showed that fungi were more dominant relatively to bacteria in air as compared to other (planetary bound) ecosystems. This result suggested a selective process for fungi during aerosolization and/or aerial transport and that fungi might likely survive aerosolization and/or aerial transport better than bacteria due to their innate resistance to stressful physical conditions (i.e. UV radiation, desiccation etc.). Our results provide a clearer understanding of the factors (i.e. surrounding landscapes, distant sources, local meteorology, and stressful physical atmospheric conditions) that control the distribution of microbial communities in the atmospheric boundary layer. Our investigations provide a basis for further studies on the prediction and even control of airborne microbial communities that would be of interest for public health and agriculture
Baudin, Marine. "Couplage de rapporteurs génétiques et d’une molécule active pour l’étude de la dispersion de biofilms." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC013/document.
Full textBiofilms are microbial communities adhering to a surface and embedded in a self-produced polymeric substance, called extracellular matrix. By being ubiquitous in nature, biofilms colonize numerous environments, and they often cause serious problems for both health and industry sectors. Dispersion is one of the strategies for fighting biofilms. A fatty acid, cis-2-decenoic acid (CDA), seems to be promising for dispersing biofilms by the extent of its action on different species of microbes. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate the mechanisms of biofilm dispersion of the bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the model molecule CDA. Does CDA modify the biofilm structures or does it induce a genetic response from bacteria during dispersion? To answer these questions, E. coli biofilm dispersal has been studied in situ in microfluidic chambers by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Specific bacterial strains have been developed by cloning promoters of interest in transcriptional fusion with a gene encoding for a green fluorescent protein. The results confirm the dispersing activity of CDA with a significant decrease of biomass, biofilm average thickness and area over biofilm depth. A novel tool for analyzing CLSM images has been developed in collaboration in order to measure the biofilm structural properties as a function of in situ fluorescence intensity of the studied reporter. The results indicate an increase in the mean fluorescence intensity of the biofilms after dispersion with CDA, at a global level for the whole biofilm and at a local scale by considering a biofilm segmentation into microcolonies. These results evoke a change in gene expression by bacteria in the presence of CDA. Furthermore, the results show that CDA does not seem to have an effect on planktonic bacteria, neither on the bacterial growth nor on the activity of the selected promoters. This suggests that the CDA effects are biofilm-dependent
Pietrangeli, Tommaso. "Bacterial motion in confinement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10346.
Full textBacteria exhibit diverse motility behaviors, which are key to their survival in complex environments. Understanding these motility mechanisms, particularly in confined spaces, is crucial for microbial ecology and the development of bio-inspired technologies. This thesis investigates bacterial transport in confined environments, using theoretical, numerical, and experimental models to predict bacterial motion in slit-like channels and porous media, and to identify optimal strategies for dispersion. The thesis is organized into four chapters. The first chapter reviews the state of the art in bacterial motility research. The second chapter develops a new framework to predict the dispersal of Run-and-Tumble particles in slit-like channels, providing key insights into optimal motion. The third chapter shifts to porous media, presenting a new model capable of predicting bacterial diffusivity across a wide variety of swimmer models and environmental conditions. The fourth chapter focuses on experimental studies with a novel strain of Magnetotactic Bacteria, examining their magnetic response and interactions with solid interfaces. This thesis presents promising results that contribute to the fields of bacterial motility and active matter. Specifically, it addresses the previous lack of understanding of bacterial dispersal in confined environments. More broadly, the findings offer potential applications in fields ranging from bioengineering to microbial research
Klein, Axel. "Transport d’une suspension active de bactéries en milieu confiné." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0137.
Full textThe transport properties of a suspension of motile bacteria under flow are a fundamental scientific issue in order to understand the colonisation of new environments by microorganisms. Numerous studies report the singular behaviour of these active suspensions in flow. Accumulation at the walls, collective motion, modification of the rheological behaviour are all phenomena that reveal the richness of these systems. Nevertheless, many questions remain. In this thesis, we present the effect of a flow on the transport of a suspension of motile Escherichia coli bacteria in confined geometries. Experiments were carried out in a Hele-Shaw cell to understand the influence of flow and confinement Peclet numbers on the transport of the suspension in a Poiseuille flow. The swimming properties of E. coli were characterised in a fluid at rest using two non-intrusive optical techniques: tracking and differential dynamic microscopy. In flow, these properties are strongly dependent on shear. Rheotaxis effect has been pointed out at the vicinity of a surface and favours upstream swimming; upstream migration also found in the bulk. We also show that confinement of the suspension influences the thickness of the boundary layer and, with the intensity of the flow, modifie the distribution of bacteria through the Hele-Shaw cell
Penant, Gwilherm. "Structure génétique et dispersion en milieu marin : le cas de l'oursin commun Paracentrotus lividus et du sar commun Diplodus sargus." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4102.
Full textThe context related to global change and risks of biodiversity loss have led managers to develop tools to help preserve our environment and the associated biodiversity. Many questions have been raised especially concerning the connectivity between populations and the definition of marine protected areas. These questions raise the problem of dispersal abilities and of the relationship between pelagic larval duration and gene flow. In this context we have chosen to study the connectivity between populations of two species of high commercial and patrimonial values: the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the white seabream Diplodus sargus. In the case of P. lividus, the study combining several data sets and using different molecular markers, produced during this work or obtained from the literature, showed unexpected significant genetic differentiation at the regional scale (40km) for a species with a pelagic larval duration of up to one month. This study also allowed us to characterize the intensity and direction of gene flow between ocean basins of the southeastern North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea. Indeed gene flow was asymmetric and oriented from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea and from the Adriatic Sea and to the Mediterranean Sea. These findings raise important questions about the origin of these different levels of differentiation and led me to make several assumptions on the impact of phenomena such as local adaptation, selective effects coupled with endogenous barriers, hydrological factors and / or biogeochemical. Several research perspectives are proposed to test these hypotheses
Fort, Thomas. "Effet du paysage sur la structure des communautés fongiques foliaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0266/document.
Full textPlant leaves host a large diversity of microorganisms. Among the factors shaping foliar microbial community structure, the effect of the dispersal process remain understudied. Landscape elements, such as edges or landscape heterogenity, influence migration and dispersal of many macro-organism species. However, the effect of such factors on foliar microbial communities has never been studied. We hypothesized that forests are a source of foliar fungi for adjacent vineyards. We compared foliar and airborne fungal communities in vineyard and adjacent forests along a vegetative season, we examined the effect of a forest edge on these communities in a vineyard, and weassessed the effect of landscape composition on these communities. Fungal communities were characterized with a metabarcoding method. Foliar fungal communities in vineyards and forests diverge over the course of the vegetative season. Neither the distance to the edge nor the proportion of forest in the landscape affect foliar fungal communities in vineyards, while airborne communities change with the distance to the forest edge. These results suggest that dispersal is not dominant in shaping foliar fungal communities. Instead, many selective pressures such as agricultural practices seem to shape strongly these communities. Further investigations are required in order to estimate the relative contribution of those processes, and the potential ecosystem service provided by the forest to crops
Chong, Céline. "Élaboration de particules de polymère magnétiques multifonctionnelles pour la préparation d'échantillons biologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10333/document.
Full textThis thesis describes the synthesis of magnetic latexes which are able to capture and release various microorganisms via non-specific and electrostatic interactions. Cationic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by nitrate counterions were synthesized by the co-precipitation of iron salts in water. The surface of the asobtained maghemite was then modified by a sol-gel process using a methacrylate-functionalized organosilane, in order to incorporate the iron oxide nanoparticles into latex particles by copolymerization reactions. Magnetic particles were obtained by dispersion, emulsion or miniemulsion polymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate, performed in the presence of iron oxide. Due to the interaction between the stabilizers and iron oxides, dispersion polymerization was not a suitable approach. On the other hand, (mini-)emulsion polymerization led to a large range of particle diameters (140 – 650 nm), according to the process used to disperse iron oxides prior to the polymerization. These latexes contained between 2 and 37 % of magnetic particles, incorporating up to 91% of iron oxide. But the size distribution remained quite broad in all cases. The functionalization of the as-prepared magnetic particles was then undertaken by the introduction of either a charged co-monomer or polyelectrolytes or polyampholytes reactivable during the polymerization process. These kinds of polymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Their ability to capture and release microorganisms was tested on silica-based model systems. Polyampholytes displayed good results on several microorganisms
Bermond, Gérald. "Invasion, démographie et évolution : le cas de l'hybridation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4134.
Full textThis thesis deals with the invasion biology of the western corn rootworm, (WCR) in Europe. Multiple introductions of this pest in Europe from the United States and the 90’s, led to the formation of two main invasive outbreaks, genetically differentiated and located in Northwest Italy (NW Italy) and in Central and South-Eastern Europe (CSE Europe). Both outbreaks converged towards each other and came into contact in 2008, in the region of Veneto (Northern Italy). The main objective of these three years of research was to detect study and document a precise case of hybridization during a biological invasion. First of all, I showed that the contact zone detected in Veneto results in a hybrid zone. For that, several types of population genetics analyses were performed using microsatellite markers. In a second time, I exploited this hybrid zone and used the theory of neutral clines and the linkage disequilibrium to estimate dispersal (σ) of WCR in Northern Italy around 20 km.generation-1/2. Finally I showed the absence of impact of hybridization in the european invasion of WCR in natura, by measuring on hybrid and parental genotypes, numerous phenotypic traits positively associated to the fitness of individuals. Thus, a selection or a selection against hybrids is excluded in this particular case of hybridization and the invasion dynamics of WCR in Europe should not be affected in any way
Ardeshiri, Hamidreza. "Dynamique des copépodes dans les écoulements turbulents." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10080/document.
Full textThe most common family of multi-celled organisms in the zooplankton is a rather diversified group of crustaceans known with the name of copepods. Copepods have a major role in the marine ecosystem because they are the secondary producers in the ecological food-chain linking phytoplankton cells to fish larvae and even to large mammals such as whales. Copepods swimming behavior exhibits quick powerful jumps. Such an aptness is used to escape from high shear regions, which may be caused either by flow perturbations, produced by a large predator (i.e., fish larvae), or by the inherent highly turbulent dynamics of the ocean. The research presented this thesis goes into three steps. Firstly, recorded velocity tracks of copepods displaying escape response jumps in still water are used to define and tune a Lagrangian copepod (LC) model. Secondly, the model is further employed to simulate the behavior of thousands of copepods in a fully developed hydrodynamic turbulent flow obtained by direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Thirdly, numerical data analysis is performed to quantify copepods’ dynamics in turbulence and make a comparison with available experimental observations of copepods in turbulence.Through a combined experimental and numerical study, we investigate the impact of jumping behavior on the small-scale patchiness of copepods in a turbulent environment. We further investigate the effect of jump intensity, jump orientation, jump latency time and geometrical aspect ratio of the copepods on the small-scale spatial distribution. At last, possible ecological implications of the observed clustering on encounter rates and mating success are provided
Thoms, Joseph I. "Bacterial inactivation and dispersion in cold ocean waters." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ54965.pdf.
Full textBermond, Gérald. "Invasion, démographie et évolution : le cas de l'hybridation." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959382.
Full textRagon, Marie. "Diversité et processus de colonisation microbienne sur des substrats minéraux." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636619.
Full textRocha, Barbbara da Silva. "O papel do ambiente, espaço e uso de solo sobre a estruturação da composição funcional e taxonômica de comunidades fitoplanctônicas e zooplanctônicas em reservatórios tropicais." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6274.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
One of the main focuses of ecology and biogeography has been better understanding as historical factors, environmental factors and dispersal ability influence the pattern of species distribution. Besides the environmental conditions and space being considered important components to control the variation in communities, another factor that can influence the beta diversity, but has been little studied, is the land use type. We aimed determine the relative influence of local, spatial components (directional and non-directional) and land use in the taxonomic and functional composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in tropical reservoirs. Data was collected in 25 sampling points in reservoirs in the Rio Preto Basin, which is located in the Federal District-DF, Brazil. We performed a partial redundancy analysis to determine the influence of each component. The space was the only component with significant influence over the two groups (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and both approaches. Local variables had no significant influence on the variation of the communities, as well as the land use. Given the importance of space in the analyzed communities, we applied a protocol based on an spatial autocorrelation analysis, which indicated that the spatial pattern of the communities could be purely associated with dispersal by neutral factors. Our results demonstrated that the spatial component can be significant even in small scale studies to organisms with passive dispersal. Furthermore, it is important consider the connectivity among the environments in investigations with these microorganisms. as well as the use of the functional approach for studies of planktonic distribution, because of it show patterns similar to those found in the taxonomic approach.
Um dos principais focos da ecologia e biogeografia tem sido conhecer melhor como fatores históricos, ambientais e a capacidade de dispersão das espécies influenciam no padrão da distribuição das mesmas. Além das condições ambientais e do espaço serem considerados importantes componentes ao controlar a variação nas comunidades, outro fator que também pode influenciar a diversidade beta em ambientes aquáticos é o tipo de uso de solo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é determinar a influência relativa dos componentes locais, espaciais (direcional e não-direcional) e de uso de solo na composição taxonômica e funcional das comunidades fitoplanctônicas e zooplanctônicas em reservatórios tropicais. Os dados foram coletados em 25 pontos amostrais em reservatórios na Bacia do Rio Preto, que está localizada no Distrito Federal- DF, Brasil. Para determinar a influência relativa dos componentes realizamos uma análise de redundância parcial. O espaço foi o único componente com influência significativa sobre os dois grupos (fitoplanctônico e zooplanctônico) em ambas abordagens. As variáveis locais não apresentaram influência significativa sobre a variação das comunidades, assim como o tipo de uso de solo. Devido ao importante papel apresentado pelo espaço nas comunidades analisadas, foi aplicado um protocolo baseado em uma análise de autocorrelação espacial, na qual demonstrou que o padrão espacial das comunidades poderia ser associado puramente a fatores neutros de dispersão. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o componente espacial pode ser significativo mesmo em estudos de pequenas escalas para organismos com dispersão passiva. Além disso, é importante considerar a conectividade dentre os ambientes em investigações com esses microrganismos, bem como a utilização da abordagem funcional para estudos sobre a distribuição planctônica, pelo fato da mesma demonstrar padrões semelhantes aos encontrados na abordagem taxonômica.
Samaké, Abdoulaye. "Processus de transfert vers l'atmosphère et de l'impact sanitaire des émissions biogéniques particulaires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU025/document.
Full textAirborne particles (called « PM » for Particulate matter") are nowadays at the core of societal concerns because of their major impact on public health and their strong participation in climate change. Organic matter (OM) generally represents the first mass component of PM but it is still poorly understood, in particular the organic fraction from primary biogenic origin (PBOA). Some specific primary sugars are proposed as molecular tracers to study the atmospheric transport processes as well as to estimate the contribution of PBOAs to the total mass of PM. However, knowledge is still very limited about their spatial and temporal distributions (i.e., daily, seasonal and annual cycles), their main emission sources, or the environmental factors that drive their atmospheric concentrations. Moreover, although the understanding of the oxidative potential (OP) —a proxy of the health effect of PM— inherent in the chemical component of aerosols has progressed quite well in recent years, the contribution of this PBOA fraction is still very poorly understood. These aspects constitute the main objectives of this thesis work. From a methodological point of view, our questions were addressed by an interdisciplinary approach, which involved the statistical exploitation of a large database and the coupling of specific field campaigns with the implementation of an innovative experimental strategy developed for the simultaneous study of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the samples collected.In a first work based on the exploitation of a large database, we showed that PBOAs constitute a very important fraction of PM in France, regardless of the typology of the environment, contributing on average to 13 ± 4% of the annual MO in PM10. We observed a synchronous temporal trends in both concentrations and ratios between primary sugars species for sites located in the same geographical region (up to an inter-site distance of about 200 km). These observations indicate that the PBOA source is very spatially homogeneous over distances consistent with those of large ecosystem types. This observation was then validated by an experimental approach based on two annual field sampling studies that allowed us to demonstrate (i) that daily changes in atmospheric concentrations of primary sugars are drived by only a few regionally variable atmospheric microbial taxa; and (ii) that these taxa come from local and regional flora for study sites that are directly influenced and not by agricultural activities, respectively. Finally, in the framework of the OP study, our results demonstrated (i) that all the tested model bioaerosols have a significant intrinsic OP, which is comparable for some species to the model atmospheric chemical components known for their high redox reactivity; and (ii) that they can significantly influence the OP of chemical PM models or sampled under real ambient conditions.This work provides a different look into the mass importance of PBOAs and new insights into the dominant sources and processes leading to their introduction into the atmosphere, as well as the influence of environmental factors on these processes. Alltogether these results argue for a systematic consideration of PBOAs in atmospheric chemistry models for better prediction of air quality