Journal articles: 'Microorganisms and wood decomposition'

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Blanchette, Robert A. "Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-350.

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Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood varies depending on the microorganism causing decay. The degradative processes of white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi as well as different forms of bacterial degradation are presented. Ultrastructural methods were used to elucidate cell-wall alterations that occurred during the various stages of decay. In wood inoculated with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, changes in the cell wall, such as electron-dense zones after staining with uranyl acetate, were evident during incipient stages of decay. The ratio of syringyl:guaiacyl lignin of different woods, different cell types, and even the different layers within a cell wall influenced the type and extent of decay by white-rot fungi. Soft rots caused unique changes in the lignocellulose matrix. The type of wood substrate governed the form (type I or type II) of soft rot that occurred. Brown-rot fungi depolymerized cellulose early in the decay process and degraded cellulose without prior removal of lignin. Bacterial degradation was common in waterlogged woods and three forms, tunneling, erosion and cavitation, are discussed. In addition to an improved understanding of decay processes in living trees and forest products, knowledge of decomposition mechanisms is important to utilize effectively these microorganisms for new industrial bioprocessing technologies. Key words: biodegradation, white rot, brown rot, soft rot, bacterial degradation.

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Betlej, Izabela, Bogusław Andres, Dominika Szadkowska, Kryzysztof J. Krajewski, and Aleksandra Ościłowska. "Fungicidal properties of the medium from SCOBY microorganism cultivation in saturated wood against Coniophora puteana fungus." BioResources 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1287-1295.

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Effects were assessed for the post-culture liquid medium originating from the cultivation of microorganisms that are present in the ecosystem called symbiotic consortium bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). The effectiveness of protecting Scotch pine wood samples against decomposition caused by the fungus Coniophora puteana was evaluated. The obtained results confirmed that impregnation of wood with post-culture medium reduces the possibility of decomposition of this wood by the test fungus. The potential biocidal effect of the post-culture medium from SCOBY was attributed to the presence the substances of a potential fungicidal nature, which were synthesized in the culture medium during metabolic processes occurring in the culture. The obtained results encourage further studies on the potential use of metabolites obtained from SCOBY breeding to protect wood against biodegradation.

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Tsuneda, A., and R. G. Thorn. "Interactions of wood decay fungi with other microorganisms, with emphasis on the degradation of cell walls." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-394.

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Interactions of two wood decay fungi, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus, with other wood inhabiting microorganisms were investigated on agar and in fagaceous wood, primarily by scanning electron microscopy. Micromorphologically, there were two principal modes of cell wall degradation: (i) selective removal of amorphous wall components, followed by the degradation of skeletal microfibrils, and (ii) simultaneous degradation of all wall components. These two modes were observed in three different degradation systems: (i) sapwood wall degradation by the wood decay fungi, (ii) hyphal wall degradation by mycoparasitic Trichoderma, and (iii) hyphal wall degradation by pathogenic bacteria. The simultaneous-type wall degradation in the systems i and ii was usually caused by hyphal tips. In addition to the three systems, bacteriolysis by the wood decay fungi was also studied. The bacterial cell walls, as well as microfibril bundles of wood cellulose and fungal chitin, were all fragmented into minute granules at later stages of microbial degradation and the granules were further degraded into smaller units. Frequency of occurrence and strength of mycoparasitic activity of Trichoderma harzianum were influenced by the degree of wood decay where the interaction occurred. Presence of both cellulose and chitin microfibrils apparently enhanced the mycoparasitic activity. In Quercus wood, P. ostreatus showed a unidirectional growth toward bacterial colonies, which formed as the result of decomposition of dead nematodes, and consumed the unidentified bacteria. In nitrogen-deficient wood, fungal and bacterial cell walls may serve as an important reservoir of nitrogen for wood inhabiting microorganisms. Key words: wood decay, mycoparasitism, bacteriolysis, cellulose, chitin.

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Wirth, Sophia, Katrin Krause, Maritta Kunert, Selina Broska, Christian Paetz, Wilhelm Boland, and Erika Kothe. "Function of sesquiterpenes from Schizophyllum commune in interspecific interactions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): e0245623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245623.

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Wood is a habitat for a variety of organisms, including saprophytic fungi and bacteria, playing an important role in wood decomposition. Wood inhabiting fungi release a diversity of volatiles used as signaling compounds to attract or repel other organisms. Here, we show that volatiles of Schizophyllum commune are active against wood-decay fungi and bacteria found in its mycosphere. We identified sesquiterpenes as the biologically active compounds, that inhibit fungal growth and modify bacterial motility. The low number of cultivable wood inhabiting bacteria prompted us to analyze the microbial community in the mycosphere of S. commune using a culture-independent approach. Most bacteria belong to Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, including Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Erwiniaceae, Yersiniaceae and Mariprofundacea as the dominating families. In the fungal community, the phyla of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes were well represented. We propose that fungal volatiles might have an important function in the wood mycosphere and could meditate interactions between microorganisms across domains and within the fungal kingdom.

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Canto, Eveleise Samira Martins, Ana Claúdia Alves Cortez, Josiane Santana Monteiro, Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa, Steven Zelski, and João Vicente Braga de Souza. "Composition and Diversity of Fungal Decomposers of Submerged Wood in Two Lakes in the Brazilian Amazon State of Pará." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (April 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6582514.

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Aquatic ecosystems in tropical forests have a high diversity of microorganisms, including fungi, which are important decomposers of submerged wood. Despite the importance of their role in decomposition, research concerning the diversity of freshwater fungi from Brazilian Amazonian environments is scarce. The aim of this work was to describe the composition and diversity of fungi present on submerged wood in two lakes of the Brazilian Amazon (State of Pará). Fragments of decaying wood (30 samples per lake) were collected from the Lakes Juá and Maicá. The wood samples were inspected for 6 months in the presence of fungal reproductive structures. Fungi observed in the wood were identified morphologically. Twenty-three taxa were identified in the Lake Juá (10 sexual and 13 asexual) and 26 taxa in the Lake Maicá (17 sexual, 9 asexual). ITS sequences were obtained for 14 taxa to aid in identification. In the Lakes Juá and Maicá, the diversity indices were H': 2.6514 and H': 2.8174, respectively. The Sørensen index of the fungal communities in the studied lakes was 0.3673. This study is the first to describe the fungal biodiversity of two important aquatic environments in Pará, Brazil.

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Hagge, Jonas, Claus Bässler, Axel Gruppe, Björn Hoppe, Harald Kellner, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Jörg Müller, Sebastian Seibold, Elisa Stengel, and Simon Thorn. "Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1744.

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Bark protects living trees against environmental influences but may promote wood decomposition by fungi and bacteria after tree death. However, the mechanisms by which bark determines the assembly process and biodiversity of decomposers remain unknown. Therefore, we partially or completely removed bark from experimentally felled trees and tested with null modelling whether assembly processes were determined by bark coverage and if biodiversity of molecularly sampled fungi and bacteria generally benefited from increasing bark cover. The community composition of fungi, wood-decaying fungi (subset of all fungi) and bacteria clearly separated between completely debarked, partly debarked and control trees. Bacterial species richness was higher on control trees than on either partly or completely debarked trees, whereas the species richness of all fungi did not differ. However, the species richness of wood-decaying fungi was higher on partially and completely debarked trees than on control trees. Deterministic assembly processes were most important in completely debarked trees, a pattern consistent for fungi and bacteria. Our findings suggest that human disturbances in forests shift the dominant assembly mechanism from stochastic to deterministic processes and thus alter the diversity of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.

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Saibi, Ningsi, and A. R. Tolangara. "Dekomposisi Serasah Avecennia lanata pada Berbagai Tingkat Kedalaman Tanah." TECHNO: JURNAL PENELITIAN 6, no. 01 (December 21, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/tk.v6i01.556.

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AbstrakSerasah mangrove berperan penting dalam kesuburan perairan pesisir. Serasah mangrove yang terdekomposisi akan menghasilkan unsur hara yang diserap oleh tanaman dan digunakan oleh jasad renik di lantai hutan dan sebagian lagi akan terlarut dan terbawa air surut ke perairan sekitarnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menghitung penyusutan bobot serasah awal yang terdekomposisi kemudian membandingkan bobot serasah yang terdekomposisi tiap bulan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat kedalaman tanah yang dapat mempercepat proses dekomposisi serasah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedalaman tanah berpengaruh terhadap laju dekomposisi serasah jenis Avecennia lanata, tiap kedalaman tanah memiliki jenis dan jumlah mikroorganisme yang berbeda-beda, kondisi ini akan dapat berpengaruh terhadp laju dekomposisi serasah dan tingkat kedalaman 10 cm yang paling berpengaruh terhadap laju dekomposisi serasah Avecennia lanata yaitu yaitu sebesar 0,29-0,39 gram/hari. Kata kunci: dekomposisi serasah, Avecennia lanata, Tingkat kedalaman tanah AbstractMangrove litters play important role in coastal water fertility. The decomposed mangrove litters will produce nutrient absorbed by plants and some of them will be used by microorganisms in wood floor and the other will be dissolved and carried by the low tide to the surrounding waters. The research was conducted by calculating the depreciation of the initial weight of the decomposed litters and comparing it to the decomposed litter weight every month. The research aimed to find out the influence of soil depth that could accelerate litters decomposition process. The research result indicated that soil depth influenced the decomposition rate of Avecennia lanata litters. Each soil depth had different type and number of microorganisms. The condition would influence the decomposition rate of the litters. Soil depth of 10 cm was the most influential on the decomposition rate of Avecennia lanata litters, which was 0.29-0.39 gram/day. Keywords: litters decomposition, Avecennia lanata, Soil depth

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Perkiömäki, Jonna, Oili Kiikkilä, Mikko Moilanen, Jorma Issakainen, Arja Tervahauta, and Hannu Fritze. "Cadmium-containing wood ash in a pine forest: effects on humus microflora and cadmium concentrations in mushrooms, berries, and needles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-169.

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The cadmium (Cd) concentration of wood ash (130 mg·kg1) is higher than allowed for agriculture fertilizers (3 mg·kg1). Therefore, the objectives of this field study were to test if the Cd of wood ash has the potential to affect the coniferous forest humus microflora and if Cd enters the human food chain. These objectives were tested with ash (A) and Cd-spiked ash (ACd, 400 mg Cd·kg1) at a fertilization rate of 3 t·ha1. Microbial community structure, respiration, needle litter decomposition, growth rates and Cd tolerance of bacteria, and the bioavailability of Cd were measured. Also, Cd concentrations of humus, soil percolation water, mushrooms, fruits and leaves of berries, and needles were determined. The amount of Cd in the percolation water or bioavailable Cd, measured with a bacterial biosensor, and Cd tolerance of bacteria did not increase, although the ACd treatment increased the amount of humus total and extractable Cd. Only the ACd and not the A treatment caused Cd concentration increment in Lactarius rufus and berries of Empetrum nigrum. In spite of the high Cd concentration of the spiked ash, it did not have harmful effects on humus microorganisms during this 4-year study. Thus, wood ash is safe to use as a fertilizer in forests.

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Antonius, Sarjiya, Tirta Kumala Dewi, and M. Osaki. "THE SYNERGY OF BIOCHAR, COMPOST AND BIOFERTILIZER FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.247.

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To initiate the decomposition process need decomposer inoculants and an easily available nutrient as C sources (sugar, carbohydrate) and N sources (protein, N inorganic fertilizer). Fresh organic materials are suitable sources for all nutrient needed. Cattle manure or Urea is important N sources for the initiation of composting process. Charcoal – Ash is referring the entire remnants of a wood/bamboo burning fire. In reality, what remains after a typical fire in a bamboo or wood burning stove or fireplace is both ash and charcoal. Both ash and charcoal can offer tremendous benefits to the compost and garden soil. In order to enhance the decomposition processes and its quality of compost, addition of other valuable materials are necessary. Therefore preliminary study of synergy of biochar for composting was conducted. The field experiments were conducted in Terantang village, Sampit-Central Kalimantan and laboratory analysis were conducted in the laboratory of ecology and physiology of microorganisms, Reserach Center for Biology Cibinong. The parameters measured were the number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria after composting and the C/N ratio of the compost. Those all parameters were compared with natural composting (control). The significant higher number of PGPR and better quality of final compost of treated biochar were observed. In this paper, more detail the effect of biochar on composting, its quality of compost and their effect on sorghum nursery will be discussed. Keywords: biochar, compost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, sorghum

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Damszel, Marta, Sebastian Przemieniecki, Katarzyna Dyczewska, and Jędrzej Mastalerz. "Fungi associated with Armillaria spp. rhizomorphs on Populus tremula L." Forest Research Papers 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0013.

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Abstract The economic significance of aspen Populus tremula l. is only marginal, which is the main reason for its low share in the structure of stands. however, aspen can play a decisive ecological role as a pioneer tree in the succession of forest communities and may decrease the occurrence of pathogenic fungi. Aspen is also dying out and in order to determine possible biotic causes, we examined taxa of fungi using classical and molecular methods in the area of the Czerwony Dwór Forest District, Subdistrict Rogale, compartments 74b and 75j. The health of aspen trees and the quantitative and qualitative structure of microorganisms associated with Armillaria spp. was evaluated. Based on our health assessment of the aspen, we conclude that the main reason for its dying out is the intensification of root rot, which is a result of Armillaria spp weakening the trees. In the general pool of Armillaria-associated microorganisms, saprotrophs were dominating, and the fungus Fomitopsis pinicola commonly inhabited the poplar stems, whereas pathogen antagonists comprised the lowest proportion. In the quantitative and qualitative structure of fungi found in rhizomorphs, the composition of ecological groups inhabiting stumps was found to be favourable nevertheless. The increasing frequency of pathogens on the logs is a major premise for removing trees affected by Armillaria, because aspen stumps are a good food base for A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae which ultimately spread within the stand. Treatment of stumps with preparations stimulating the decomposition of wood is not recommended for logs that form the food base for pathogenic fungi.

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R. Ahmed, Rand, and Aziz I. Abdulla. "Recycling of Food Waste to Produce the Plant Fertilizer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24096.

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Around 5000 tons of food waste is produced every day in Iraq which accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of them. Waste sent to landfill for disposal may break down and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect, as well as cause odor, epidemics, and disease because of the disintegration. The research aims to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic refuse food which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Have been working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (chlorination water supply) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the result that the use of "domestic wastewater" which it is rich in living organisms is the best and fastest in the process of manufacturing organic fertilizer than the use of "water supply", to contain the latter on the amount of chlorine of weakens the growth of microorganisms. And the use of dried plant waste, in the mixture as source of carbon was successful, and it gave the best organic fertilizer production results because these wastes are easy to decompose compare with sawdust wood. The felicitous fertilizer is it rich with nutrient such as nitrogen 2.3 %, phosphorus 13%, and potassium 20%, etc. There are some important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, moisture content in the mixture. Carbon to nitrogen is a major factor, where each 20-30 part of the carbon should be taken into account for the decomposition of 1 part of the nitrogen to produce the compost properly, the high proportion of carbon about 30%, causes low-temperature mixture, and it leads to slow compost composition, and less than 20% leads to excess nitrogen, which lost in the air in the form of ammonia, and the higher pH value, could be toxic to some microorganisms.

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Waliczek, Tina M., Nicole C. Wagner, and Selin Guney. "Willingness to Pay for a Specialty Blend Compost Product Developed from Brown Seaweed Harvested from Coastal Regions in Texas." HortTechnology 30, no. 3 (June 2020): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04511-19.

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Composting is the biological decomposition of organic materials, such as plant tissue, food scraps, paper, animal fodder, and wood chips. The end-product, compost, is a beneficial soil amendment because it can contain a diversity of beneficial microorganisms, has high nutrient and water-holding capacities, can increase total soil porosity, and contains essential plant nutrients that improve soil productivity. Coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as the Atlantic and European shorelines, have witnessed a proliferation of brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.). When piled on beaches, tourism appeal is reduced, threatening the local economy. When amassed offshore, thick brown seaweed mats can hinder fishing. Excessive decomposition rates can lead to eutrophication, which threatens coastal areas economically and environmentally. Despite these problems, seaweed may be considered a valuable compost ingredient. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a market test to determine the potential value of a seaweed-incorporated compost to consumers in Texas and to identify attributes of likely consumers. A marketing survey was developed and distributed to gardeners in the central and south Texas regions. Contingent valuation questions measured participants’ willingness to pay for the seaweed compost products. Participants were able to see, smell, and touch a sample of the compost while completing the survey. Despite 92% of respondents ranking themselves as inexperienced in compost behavior, results indicated a potential for a specialty, competitively priced seaweed-incorporated compost to be introduced to the market. Respondents were most willing to pay $4.00/ft3 to $5.00/ft3 for seaweed-incorporated compost. Additionally, participants who responded positively to buying local, buying compost in the past, having positive environmental attitudes, and buying American were more likely to pay more for the seaweed-incorporated compost. There was not an obvious pattern between willingness to pay for seaweed-incorporated compost and demographic responses.

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Raviv, Michael. "Production of High-quality Composts for Horticultural Purposes: A Mini-review." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0052.

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Compost is organic matter that has undergone partial thermophilic, aerobic decomposition. This environmentally safe process is called composting. The combination of raw materials and the chosen composting method yields a wide range of characteristics, such as organic matter (OM) content, nutrient content, potential for disease suppressiveness and other physical, chemical, and biological properties. The objectives of this review are describing the horticultural outlets for composts, defining compost characteristics important for the above uses, and describing composting procedures and raw materials leading to these characteristics. The two main horticultural uses of composts are as soil amendment and as an ingredient in container media. Soil-applied composts improve soil fertility mainly by increasing soil organic matter (SOM) that activates soil biota. Compost's nutrient content, and especially that of nitrogen (N), should be high (>1.8%). Composts having these characteristics are produced of raw materials rich in both OM and N, while minimizing their loss during composting. Typical raw materials for this purpose include animal manures, offal, abattoir residues, sewage sludge, and grass clippings. Various composting methods can yield the required results, including turned windrows, aerated static piles, and in-vessel composting. Composts are also used for substrates as low-cost peat substitute, potentially suppressive against various soilborne diseases. These composts must be stable and non-phytotoxic. Physical properties of compost used as substrate are important. Hydraulic conductivity, air porosity, and available water should be high. Reconciling the physical and biological demands may be difficult. Materials such as softwood bark, wood shavings, various types of shells or hulls, and coconut coir are characterized by good physical properties after composting. However, being relatively resistant to decomposition, these materials should be subjected to long and well-controlled composting, which may be shortened using N and N-rich organic matter such as animal manures. High temperatures [>65 °C (149.0 °F)] may cause ashing, which leads to reduced porosity. In addition to ligneous materials, composts serving as growing media may be produced from numerous organic wastes, such as manures, food industry wastes, etc. These materials are better composted in aerated static piles, which tend to minimize physical breakdown. Animal excreta are of special value for co-composting as they contain large, diverse populations of microorganisms, which accelerate the process.

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Yamashita, Hideyuki. "Koji Starter and Koji World in Japan." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070569.

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Koji is made by culturing koji mold on grains. Koji has wide-ranging applications, for example, in alcoholic beverages and seasonings. The word ‘mold’ generally has a bad image, but in Japan, koji mold is valued for its usefulness, and over the years, efforts have been made to make safe, stable, and delicious food products from it. Koji mold spores, essential when making koji, are called koji starter in the industry. From the many available strains, those suitable for the production of each fermented food are chosen based on indicators such as growth rate and enzyme production capacity. In manufacturing using microorganisms, purity and yield are prioritized. However, the production of fermented foods using koji is more complex, with focus not only on the degree of decomposition of raw materials but also on factors influencing overall product design, including palatability, color, smell, and texture. Production can be facilitated by the variety of koji brought about by the diversity of koji mold combined with the solid culture method which increases the amount of enzyme production. In this report, we introduce the history of koji starter in Japan, the characteristics of koji mold in practice, and various fermented foods made from it. In addition, the factors affecting the quality of koji in solid culture are described.

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Wold, Amy K. Fisher, and Anne E. Hershey. "Effects of salmon carcass decomposition on biofilm growth and wood decomposition." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-030.

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Salmon carcasses from spawning migrations can be retained in stream ecosystems behind woody debris, boulders, and other substrata where they contribute nutrients and organic matter to the stream biota. We hypothesized that carcasses would enhance algal and microbial growth and wood decomposition. To test this, we placed wood and clay pot substrata directly downstream of decomposing salmon in the Little Knife River, Minn., U.S.A., and compared total biofilm biomass on substrata in the vicinity of decomposing salmon and upstream of salmon carcasses. After 335 days in the stream, there was a significant mass loss of wood but no apparent effect of carcass decomposition on wood mass loss. Significantly, more chlorophyll a was found on both wood and pots when carcasses were present (p < 0.05) compared with controls. Stable isotope analyses suggest that the fish-derived nitrogen was taken up by the periphyton and total biofilm. Biofilm on the pots and wood near fish showed a significant increase in ash-free dry mass (p < 0.05). We conclude that fish-derived nutrients enhanced algal and total biofilm growth but did not significantly influence wood decomposition.

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Schubert, M., J. Engel, L. Thöny-Meyer, F. W. M. R. Schwarze, and J. Ihssen. "Protection of Wood from Microorganisms by Laccase-Catalyzed Iodination." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 20 (August 3, 2012): 7267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01856-12.

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ABSTRACTIn the present work, Norway spruce wood (Picea abiesL.) was reacted with a commercialTrametes versicolorlaccase in the presence of potassium iodide salt or the phenolic compounds thymol and isoeugenol to impart an antimicrobial property to the wood surface. In order to assess the efficacy of the wood treatment, a leaching of the iodinated and polymerized wood and two biotests including bacteria, a yeast, blue stain fungi, and wood decay fungi were performed. After laccase-catalyzed oxidation of the phenols, the antimicrobial effect was significantly reduced. In contrast, the enzymatic oxidation of iodide (I−) to iodine (I2) in the presence of wood led to an enhanced resistance of the wood surface against all microorganisms, even after exposure to leaching. The efficiency of the enzymatic wood iodination was comparable to that of a chemical wood preservative, VP 7/260a. The modification of the lignocellulose by the laccase-catalyzed iodination was assessed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) technique. The intensities of the selected lignin-associated bands and carbohydrate reference bands were analyzed, and the results indicated a structural change in the lignin matrix. The results suggest that the laccase-catalyzed iodination of the wood surface presents an efficient and ecofriendly method for wood protection.

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Ulyshen, Michael D. "Wood decomposition as influenced by invertebrates." Biological Reviews 91, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12158.

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Mukhin, V. A., and P. Yu Voronin. "Methane emission during wood fungal decomposition." Doklady Biological Sciences 413, no. 1 (April 2007): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496607020202.

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Tuomi, M., R. Laiho, A. Repo, and J. Liski. "Wood decomposition model for boreal forests." Ecological Modelling 222, no. 3 (February 2011): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.10.025.

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Li, Yong Feng, Yi Xing Liu, Yun Lin Fu, Qing Lin Wu, and Xiang Ming Wang. "Durability Improvement of Bio-Based Material by Polymer." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.495.

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Bio-based materials such as wood, bamboo, bio-straw material are vulnerable to degradation by microorganisms and susceptible to change in dimension under humidity, which greatly reduced their service life. In this study, a novel thought was inspired from the unique porous structure of bio-based material that durability of wood may be capable of being improved by generating polymer in situ the special structure. Maleic anhydride (Man) and Styrene (St) were used to penetrate into wood for further copolymerization. SEM observation shows that polymer filled in wood porous structure and tightly contacted wood matrix (i.e. biopolymers), indicating strong interaction between them. FTIR analysis indicates that polymer chemically grafted onto wood matrix by reaction of anhydride group and hydroxyl group. As the amount of hydroxyl groups greatly reduced for their reacting with polymer, the dimensional stability of wood immersing in water was improved; and as the reaction of wood with polymer, the biopolymers were wrapped by resultant polymer, preventing the sample from attack of microorganisms, thus decay resistance of treated wood against microorganisms was greatly improved. Both of them contributed to the improvement of wood durability.

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Bahng, GunWoong, Hyun Park, Myung Hee Suh, and Hany Hong. "Decomposition of Waste Shells Using Multi-Complex Microorganisms." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.8.578.

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Objectives : Korea is a global aquatic product producer/consumer country, and shellfish including oysters are no exception. Oysters occupy the largest proportion as a single variety in the domestic aquaculture industry. The production volume reaches an average of more than 300,000 tons per year. The oyster shells left after harvesting oyster is reaching over 280,000 tons/yr. About 70 % of these are recycled, but the remaining shells which are over 60,000 tons, causing serious environmental problems such as odor and water pollution. In order to solve this problem, some local governments investigated the possibility of applying microorganisms, but it was effective only to remove odors and it was not possible to decompose the oyster shell itself. In this study, an attempt was made to solve the problem of waste shell decomposition by using multi-complex microorganisms rather than microorganisms composed of a few species.Methods : As a waste food extinction facility in Korea, the first certified Q mark equipment was used. After mixing oyster shells and food wastes in a 1:1 ratio, they were subjected to decomposition and extinction treatment at a high temperature of 80 ℃ using multi-complex microorganisms. Multi-complex microorganisms are composed of various soil microorganisms, including aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. They are in an activated ecosystem by forming a symbiotic relationship to obtain a strong decomposition synergistic effect.Results and Discussion : The composition of complex microorganisms was mainly Firmicutes at the beginning, but Proteobacteria accounted for a half after 29 hours from the start of the experiment, and after 77 hours, it was shifted to Firmicutes A. All-organic components were decomposed within 72 hours, and the shell was changed to a powder form, and the total weight was reduced to less than 10% of the input total weight. It was found that treatment for at least 48 hours was required to decompose organic components from food waste, and after the organic components were decomposed, oyster shells were transformed into fine particles. The main components of the particles were calcium carbonate, which was identified as Aragonite and Calcite.Conclusions : Considering that the main component of the shell is calcium carbonate, and the temperature at which calcium carbonate is decomposed into quicklime and carbon dioxide is around 800 ℃, the result of weight loss of the shell is difficult to explain with the existing thermal decomposition mechanism. It is necessary to explore further a new possible mechanism of shell decomposition by complex microorganisms.

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Cordero, T., J. M. Rodríguez-Maroto, J. Rodríguez-Mirasol, and J. J. Rodríguez. "On the kinetics of thermal decomposition of wood and wood components." Thermochimica Acta 164 (July 1990): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(90)80430-7.

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KOÇ, İ., E. ÖĞÜN, A. NAMLI, M. MENDEŞ, E. KUTLU, and E. N. YARDIM. "THE EFFECTS OF WOOD VINEGAR ON SOME SOIL MICROORGANISMS." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17, no. 2 (2019): 2437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_24372447.

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Thybring, Emil Engelund, and Maria Fredriksson. "Wood Modification as a Tool to Understand Moisture in Wood." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030372.

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Moisture plays a central role in the performance of wood products because it affects important material properties such as the resistance to decomposition, the mechanical properties, and the dimensions. To improve wood performance, a wide range of wood modification techniques that alter the wood chemistry in various ways have been described in the literature. Typically, these modifications aim to improve resistance to decomposition, dimensional stability, or, to introduce novel functionalities in the wood. However, wood modification techniques can also be an important tool to improve our understanding of the interactions between wood and moisture. In this review, we describe current knowledge gaps in our understanding of moisture in wood and how modification has been and could be used to clarify some of these gaps. This review shows that introducing specific chemical changes, and even controlling the distribution of these, in combination with the variety of experimental methods available for characterization of moisture in wood, could give novel insights into the interaction between moisture and wood. Such insights could further contribute to applications in several related fields of research such as how to enhance the resistance to decomposition, how to improve the performance of moisture-induced wooden actuators, or how to improve the utilization of wood biomass with challenging swelling anisotropy.

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Zhao, Weiwei, Luke Blauw, Richard van Logtestijn, William Cornwell, and Johannes Cornelissen. "Interactions between Fine Wood Decomposition and Flammability." Forests 5, no. 4 (April 22, 2014): 827–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f5040827.

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Szewczyk, Wojciech, and Robert Korzeniewicz. "Wood decomposition by Porodaedalea pini in vitro." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.afw.2018.1.5.

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Jand, Nader, and Pier Ugo Foscolo. "Decomposition of Wood Particles in Fluidized Beds." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 14 (July 2005): 5079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie040170a.

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Kim, Dae-Young, Yoshiharu Nishiyama, Masahisa Wada, Shigenori Kuga, and Takeshi Okano. "Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose Crystallites in Wood." Holzforschung 55, no. 5 (September 19, 2001): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.084.

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Summary Decomposition of cellulose crystallites in wood during pyrolysis was studied by X-ray diffraction using a tension wood of Populus maximowiczii (cottonwood), which contains highly crystalline cellulose. X-ray diffraction profiles were recorded at varied temperature up to 360°C. By one-hour isothermal treatments, the cellulose crystallites did not decompose at 300°C, but completely decomposed at 340°C. The change in equatorial diffraction profile was studied by temperature scan up to 360°C and by isothermal treatment at the critical temperature of 320°C. Along with the changes by thermal expansion, the changes in diffraction diagram revealed a characteristic discrepancy between the diminishment of crystalline order and the reduction in crystallite size; i.e., the intensity of crystalline reflections diminished steadily while the crystallite size decreased much more slowly. A model of highly heterogeneous decomposition is proposed to explain this behavior.

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Sierota, Zbigniew, Marta Wrzosek, Monika Małecka, and Anna Żółciak. "Decay indices for evaluating wood decomposition activity." Biocontrol Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (November 4, 2015): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1085000.

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Zhenbang, Xu, Dai Limin, and Sun Zhongwei. "Fallen wood decomposition ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis." Journal of Forestry Research 9, no. 3 (September 1998): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910069.

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Edmonds, Robert L., Daniel J. Vogt, David H. Sandberg, and Charles H. Driver. "Decomposition of Douglas-fir and red alder wood in clear-cuttings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-145.

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Decomposition rates of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) wood (simulating logging residues) were determined in clear-cuttings at the Charles Lathrop Pack Experimental Forest of the University of Washington, which is located approximately 120 km south of Seattle, WA. The influence of diameter (1–2, 4–6, and 8–12 cm), vertical location (buried, on the soil surface, and elevated), season of logging (summer and winter), aspect (north and south), and wood temperature, moisture, and chemistry on wood decomposition rates were determined. Red alder wood decomposed faster (k = 0.035–0.517 year−1) than Douglas-fir wood (k = 0.006–0.205 year−1). In general, buried wood decomposed faster than surface wood, which decomposed faster than elevated wood. Small diameter wood generally decomposed faster than larger diameter wood. Aspect and season of logging had little influence on decomposition rates. Moisture and temperature were the dominant factors related to Douglas-fir wood decomposition, with initial chemistry playing a minor role. Initial wood chemistry, particularly soda solubility, was the dominant factor related to red alder wood decomposition.

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Poletto, Matheus, Ademir J. Zattera, Maria M. C. Forte, and Ruth M. C. Santana. "Thermal decomposition of wood: Influence of wood components and cellulose crystallite size." Bioresource Technology 109 (April 2012): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.122.

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Venugopal, Parvathy, Kaisa Junninen, Riikka Linnakoski, Mattias Edman, and Jari Kouki. "Climate and wood quality have decayer-specific effects on fungal wood decomposition." Forest Ecology and Management 360 (January 2016): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.023.

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de Toledo, José Julio, William Ernest Magnusson, and Carolina Volkmer de Castilho. "Influence of soil, topography and substrates on differences in wood decomposition between one-hectare plots in lowland tropical moist forest in Central Amazonia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 6 (October 8, 2009): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990149.

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Abstract:Understanding how wood decomposition varies spatially at the mesoscale (between 1-ha plots) may improve carbon flux estimates in Amazonian forests. An experiment was carried out to test the influence of soil, slope, above-ground tree live biomass (biomass), fine-litter mass and characteristics of neighbouring trees on the variation of wood decomposition between 1-ha plots in four species of tropical trees that vary in wood density (Manilkara huberi – 0.86 g cm−3, Couratari guianensis – 0.54 g cm−3, Hura crepitans – 0.32 g cm−3 and Parkia pendula – 0.29 g cm−3). A wood sample from each species (30 × 5 × 2.5 cm) was placed in each of 71 plots within 64 km2 of terra firme tropical moist forest in Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke. One year later, samples were collected and weighed. The effects of specificity of decomposers was measured by the association of decomposition with the wood density and with the taxonomic group of the nearest tree with dbh ≥30 cm. Wood decomposition was independent of soil (texture and nutrients), slope, biomass and fine-litter mass at the mesoscale, except for C. guianensis, which showed greater decomposition in locations with greater biomass. Decomposition was also independent of wood density and taxonomic group of nearby large trees. In general, none of the variables was useful as a predictor of wood decomposition at the scale larger than 1 ha. Thus, the use of models that include soil and topography to improve estimates of carbon flux are limited because wood decomposition does not follow similar mesoscale patterns to that of biomass and fine-litter decomposition. Also, the results indicate that wood decomposition is more likely to be associated with generalist decomposers than with specialists associated with neighbouring trees.

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OMORI, TOSHIO. "Decomposition of xenobiotics by microorganisms and bioremediation (biological repair)." Kagaku To Seibutsu 33, no. 9 (1995): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.33.616.

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Breniaux, Marion, Philippe Renault, Fabrice Meunier, and Rémy Ghidossi. "Study of High Power Ultrasound for Oak Wood Barrel Regeneration: Impact on Wood Properties and Sanitation Effect." Beverages 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5010010.

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This study aims to investigate the ability of high power ultrasound (HPU) to ensure oak barrel sterilization and wood structure preservation. Optimization was performed in terms of temperature and time and the impact of the HPU process on the porous material was also characterized. In this research, several wood characteristics were considered, such as the specific surface area, hydrophobicity, oxygen desorption and spoilage microorganisms after treatment. The study showed that the microbial stabilization could be obtained with HPU 60 °C/6 min. The results obtained show that microorganisms are impacted up to a depth of 9 mm, with a Brettanomyces bruxellensis population < 1 log CFU/g. The operating parameters used during the HPU treatment can also impact on wood exchange surface and oxygen desorption kinetics indicating that tartrate is removed. Indeed, the total oxygen desorption rate was recovered after HPU treatment, close to a new oak barrel, and thus may indicate that there is no impact on the ultrastructure (vessel, pore size or rays). Finally, wood wettability can also be impacted, depending on the temperature and the duration of exposure.

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Мельников, N. Melnikov, Акинин, N. Akinin, Максименко, and S. Maksimenko. "About Thermal Decomposition of Wood Protected from Fire." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1579.

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The data received at research related to thermal decomposition of fire protected wood have been presented. The tests were carried out by means of differential and thermal analysis methods. These methods’ use allows to study the mechanism of various fire-retarding agents’ fireproof effect, and also to estimate possibility related to application of new substances as fire-retarding agents for wood.

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Song, Zewei, Peter G. Kennedy, Feng J. Liew, and Jonathan S. Schilling. "Fungal endophytes as priority colonizers initiating wood decomposition." Functional Ecology 31, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12735.

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39

Dossa, Gbadamassi G. O., Douglas Schaefer, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Jian-Ping Tao, Kun-Fang Cao, Richard T. Corlett, Anthony B. Cunningham, Jian-Chu Xu, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, and Rhett D. Harrison. "The cover uncovered: Bark control over wood decomposition." Journal of Ecology 106, no. 6 (April 17, 2018): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12976.

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Poletto, Matheus, Ademir J. Zattera, and Ruth M. C. Santana. "Thermal decomposition of wood: Kinetics and degradation mechanisms." Bioresource Technology 126 (December 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.133.

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41

Wang, Weiwei, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Martin Jurgensen, Chris Miller, Joanna Walitalo, Xiao Chen, and Yong Liu. "Restoration thinning impacts surface and belowground wood decomposition." Forest Ecology and Management 449 (October 2019): 117451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117451.

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42

Osono, Takashi. "Decomposition of Organic Chemical Components in Wood by Tropical Xylaria Species." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040186.

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The ability of Xylaria species obtained from tropical wood and leaf litter to cause a mass loss of lignin and carbohydrates in wood was examined in vitro with pure culture decomposition tests. The mass loss of wood of four tree species caused by nine Xylaria isolates ranged from 4.5% to 28.4% of the original wood mass. These Xylaria isolates have a potential ability to decompose lignin and other recalcitrant compounds, collectively registered as acid unhydrolyzable residues or Klason lignin in wood. The origin of isolates (i.e., isolates from wood versus leaf litter) did not affect the mass loss of acid unhydrolyzable residue in wood. The Xylaria isolates tested generally caused a selective decomposition of polymer carbohydrates in wood in preference to acid unhydrolyzable residue. The mass loss of acid unhydrolyzable residue caused by Xylaria isolates varied with the tree species of the wood and was negatively related to the initial content of acid unhydrolyzable residue in wood, implying the limiting effect of lignin and recalcitrant compounds on wood decomposition by Xylaria isolates.

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Łakomy, Piotr, and Tomasz Zarakowski. "Pine wood decomposition ability of different Phlebiopsis gigantea isolates." Acta Mycologica 35, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2000.030.

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The ability of Phlebiopsis gigantea isolates, derived from different parts of Europe, to decompose pine wood was investigated. This ability was expressed by the loss of dry weight of pine wood blocks. Pine wood decay caused by the isolates of Ph. gigantea was similar. In addition there were no significant differences the decomposition ability at all the isolates, which were displayed as the loss of dry weight of wood. When the wood decay ability of two isolates were compared there were significant differences only between the less and the most effective isolates. This might be attributed to the low genetic variation among European population of this fungus. The isolates used in Finland and Poland as biopreparation were the most effective.

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Clinton, Peter W., P. K. Buchanan, J. P. Wilkie, S. J. Smaill, and M. O. Kimberley. "Decomposition of Nothofagus wood in vitro and nutrient mobilization by fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 11 (November 2009): 2193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-134.

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The role of fungi in determining rates of wood decomposition and nutrient release in forest ecosystems is poorly understood. The decomposition of wood from three species of Nothofagus by 12 species of widely occurring New Zealand wood-decay fungi was investigated in vitro under standardized conditions. Wood mass loss varied strongly among fungal species and to a lesser extent with the species of wood. The species of fungi in this study were divided into three groups based on the extent of mass loss after 15 weeks: (1) rapid (>65% reduction in mass, Fomes hemitephrus , Pleurotus purpureoolivaceus , Trametes versicolor , and Ganoderma cf. applanatum), (2) intermediate (15%–30%, Phellinus sp., Schizopora radula , Phellinus nothofagi , and Skeletocutis stramenticus ), and (3) slow (<10%, Armillaria novaezelandiae , Postia pelliculosa , Australoporus tasmanicus , and Laetiporus portentosus ). For several fungal species, the final contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium in the remaining wood exceeded the initial nutrient contents in the wood, indicating that nutrient sequestration from the supporting soil matrix occurred during decomposition. Nutrient dynamics during decomposition varied with wood species, but the variation among different fungal species was much greater, indicating that fungal diversity is an important factor in determining nutrient flux in decaying wood.

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Hrušovský, Ivan, Peter Rantuch, Jozef Martinka, and Simona Dzíbelová. "DTA Evaluation of Spruce Wood Degradation Process." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 25, no. 40 (June 1, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rput-2017-0005.

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Abstract The decomposition stages of spruce wood sawdust were analyzed by means of sequential differential calorimetry. Two stages of decomposition were identified and activation energy of one stage was calculated using the Kissinger method. The DTA was conducted by means of SEDEX safety calorimeter. Sample was analyzed under three heating rates of 10, 20 and 45 °C/h in temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C. The calculated activation energy for the last and most clear decomposition peak was 122.63 KJ/mol. The results are comparable with the data calculated by J.V. Rissanen et al., who calculated activation energy for Spruce hemicellulose as 120 KJ/mol.

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Xiao, Peng Fei, Toshio Mori, and Ryuichiro Kondo. "Bioconversion of Heptachlor Epoxide by Wood-Decay Fungi and Detection of Metabolites." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.29.

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Although heptachlor epoxide is one of the most persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that cause serious environmental problems, there is very limited information of the biodegradation of heptachlor epoxide by microorganisms, and no systematic study on the metabolic products and pathway of endrin by microorganisms has been conducted. Wood-decay fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, 18 wood-decay fungi strains of genus Phlebia were investigated for their ability to degrade heptachlor epoxide, and Phlebia acanthocystis, Phlebia brevispora, Phlebia lindtneri and Phlebia aurea removed about 16, 16, 22 and 25% of heptachlor epoxide, respectively, after 14 days of incubation. Heptachlor diol and 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene were detected in these fungal cultures as metabolites by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), suggesting that the hydrolysis reaction in the epoxide ring and substitution of chlorine atom with hydroxyl group in C1 position occur in bioconversion of heptachlor epoxide by selected wood-decay fungi, respectively. This is the first report describing the metabolites of heptachlor epoxide by microorganisms.

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Lecomte, Pascal, Jean-Pierre Péros, Dominique Blancard, Nicolas Bastien, and Christophe Délye. "PCR Assays That Identify the Grapevine Dieback FungusEutypa lata." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 4475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.10.4475-4480.2000.

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ABSTRACT Eutypa lata is the causal fungal agent ofEutypa dieback, a serious grapevine necrotic disease. The erratic and delayed (1 to 2 months) appearance of characteristic conidia on culture media and the presence of numerous microorganisms in decaying wood make it difficult either to identify or to detectE. lata in grapevine wood samples. We designed six pairs of PCR primers for diagnosis of E. lata. Three primer pairs were derived from ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences, and three pairs were derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments. The six primer pairs could be used to amplify DNAs extracted from all of the E. lata isolates tested. They did not amplify DNAs from fungi and bacteria representing more than 50 different species of microorganisms associated with grapevine. We developed a simple protocol, leading to a rapid release of DNA, that enabled us to identify E. lata from pure or mixed cultures as well as from grapevine wood samples. Identification of E. lata in wood was achieved within a few hours, instead of the several weeks required for classical cultures on agar medium. We believe that the procedure described here can be adapted to detect other microorganisms involved in woody plant diseases.

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Nishiwaki, Junko, Yoshishige Kawabe, Takeshi Komai, and Ming Zhang. "Decomposition of Gasoline Hydrocarbons by Natural Microorganisms in Japanese Soils." Geosciences 8, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8020035.

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Chetverikova, D. V., M. D. Bakaeva, and O. N. Loginov. "NEW ASSEMBLAGE OF CELLULOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS FOR DECOMPOSITION OF CROP RESIDUES." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2019-0-2-73-79.

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Zhang, Yuna, Zhishu Liang, Changcheng Tang, Wen Liao, Yun Yu, Guiying Li, Yan Yang, and Taicheng An. "Malodorous gases production from food wastes decomposition by indigenous microorganisms." Science of The Total Environment 717 (May 2020): 137175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137175.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microorganisms and wood decomposition'

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