Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microphones

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microphones'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Microphones"

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Auliya, Rahmat Zaki, Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, Mohd Farhanulhakim Mohd. Razip Wee, and Poh Choon Ooi. "Characterization of embedded membrane in corrugated silicon microphones for high-frequency resonance applications." Microelectronics International 36, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-02-2019-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative approach to improve the performance of microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) silicon (Si) condenser microphones in terms of operating frequency and sensitivity through the introduction of a secondary material with a contrast of mechanical properties in the corrugated membrane. Design/methodology/approach Finite element method from COMSOL is used to analyze the MEMS microphones performance consisting of solid mechanic, electrostatic and thermoviscous acoustic interfaces. Hence, the simulated results could described the physical mechanism of the MEMS microphones, especially in the case of microphones with complex geometry. A 2-D model was used to simplify computation by applying axis symmetry condition. Findings The simulation results have suggested that the operating frequency range of the microphone could be extended to be operated beyond 20 kHz in the audible frequency range. The data showed that the frequency resonance of the microphone using a corrugated Si membrane with SiC as the embedded membrane is increased up to 70 kHz compared with 63 kHz for the plane Si membrane, whereas the microphone’s sensitivity is slightly decreased to −79 from −76 dB. Furthermore, the frequency resonance of a corrugated membrane microphone could be improved from 26 to 70 kHz by embedding the SiC material. Last, the sensitivity and frequency resonance value of the microphones could be modified by adjusting the height of the embedded material. Originality/value Based on these theoretical results, the proposed modification highlighted the advantages of simultaneous modifications of frequency and sensitivity that could extend the applications of sound and acoustic detections in the ultrasonic spectrum with an acceptable performance compared with the typical state-of-the-art Si condenser microphones.
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Mittal, Manan, Kanad Sarkar, Austin Lu, Ryan M. Corey, and Andrew C. Singer. "Source separation using bandlimited external microphones and a microphone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018131.

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Modern listening devices are equipped with air-conducted microphones and contact microphones. External microphones, like those on a listening device, have been used to estimate relative transfer functions (RTFs) at microphone arrays. With numerous active sound sources, the air-conducted microphones perform poorly while the contact microphones are robust to external noise. A drawback of contact microphones is that they are bandlimited. Past work has shown that the contact microphone and microphone array can be combined to estimate RTFs in the low frequencies. To overcome the limitations of the contact microphone, we propose a method that leverages the full-band signal at the microphone array to provide beamforming gains at higher frequencies. We demonstrate this method by separating three human talkers in a noisy environment.
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West, James E., Ian M. McLane, and Valerie Rennoll. "Sixty years of contributions to the world of microphones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018320.

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For almost 60 years, electret microphones have been the preferred sensors for applications in communications, mainly because the microphones are linear over a broad frequency range and rather simple to manufacture. Because the electret microphone can be mass produced with only slight differences in phase and frequency response, multiple units can be combined to form a variety of directional arrays ranging from second-order unidirectional to two-dimensional arrays for focusing on a specific area. While electret microphones and arrays have similar utility for monitoring lung and heart sounds from the body, the body sounds captured can be easily corrupted by noise external to the body. Advanced signal processing techniques can mitigate contributions from airborne noise but are computationally intensive. By modifying the acoustic impedance of the electret microphone’s diaphragm to match that of the body, we are able to capture high-fidelity heart and lung sounds without corruption from airborne noise. This redesign of the original electret microphone could provide a method to continuously monitor lung and heart sounds from a subject regardless of their surrounding noise environment.
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Kawaguchi, Junki, and Mitsuharu Matsumoto. "Noise Reduction Combining a General Microphone and a Throat Microphone." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124473.

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In this study, we propose a method to reduce noise from speech obtained from a general microphone using the information of a throat microphone. A throat microphone records a sound by detecting the vibration of the skin surface near the throat directly. Therefore, throat microphones are less prone to noise than ordinary microphones. However, as the acoustic characteristics of the throat microphone differ from those of ordinary microphones, its sound quality degrades. To solve this problem, this study aims to improve the speech quality while suppressing the noise of a general microphone by using the information recorded by a throat microphone as reference information to extract the speech signal in general microphones. In this paper, the framework of the proposed method is formulated, and several experiments are conducted to evaluate the noise suppression and speech quality improvement effects of the proposed method.
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Thompson, Stephen C. "Microphones: A bit of history." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018319.

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The earliest commercially successful microphone design was the carbon microphone, whose original patent was filed by Emile Berliner in 1877. An interesting variant of the basic carbon microphone was a dual diaphragm microphone patented by Granville Woods in 1883. The basic carbon microphone provided adequate performance at low cost and remained in service in the telephone system for at least the next century. Other microphone technologies can also be found in the early patent literature, though their commercial acceptance was delayed until electronic amplification was possible. The eventual development of vacuum tube amplifiers enabled the development of the condenser microphone, whose initial patent was filed in 1916. Condenser microphones provide the improvement of wide bandwidth and flat response compared to carbon microphones. The invention in the 1960s of high quality electret materials enabled the manufacture of low cost electret microphones that quickly displaced carbon mics in telephones and most commercial devices for at least the next 40 years. Then, in the early years of the 21st century, condenser microphones implemented in silicon, also known as MEMS microphones, took over in high all volume applications. This paper will discuss this history and the current state of the art.
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Zhao, Sipei, and Fei Ma. "A circular microphone array with virtual microphones based on acoustics-informed neural networks." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027915.

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Acoustic beamforming aims to focus acoustic signals to a specific direction and suppress undesirable interferences from other directions. Despite its flexibility and steerability, beamforming with circular microphone arrays suffers from significant performance degradation at frequencies corresponding to zeros of the Bessel functions. To conquer this constraint, baffled or concentric circular microphone arrays have been studied; however, the former need a bulky baffle that interferes with the original sound field, whereas the latter require more microphones that increase the complexity and cost, both of which are undesirable in practical applications. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a circular microphone array equipped with virtual microphones, which resolves the performance degradation commonly associated with circular microphone arrays without resorting to physical modifications. The sound pressures at the virtual microphones are predicted from those measured by the physical microphones based on an acoustics-informed neural network, and then the sound pressures measured by the physical microphones and those predicted at the virtual microphones are integrated to design the beamformer. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only eliminates the performance degradation but also suppresses spatial aliasing at high frequencies, thereby underscoring its promising potential.
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Sun, Huiyuan, Naoki Murata, Jihui Zhang, Tetsu Magariyachi, Prasanga N. Samarasinghe, Shigetoshi Hayashi, Thushara D. Abhayapala, and Tetsunori Itabashi. "Secondary channel estimation in spatial active noise control systems using a single moving higher order microphone." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 3 (March 2022): 1922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009837.

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Spatial active noise control (ANC) systems focus on minimizing unwanted acoustic noise over continuous spatial regions by generating anti-noise fields with secondary loudspeakers. Conventionally, error microphones are necessary inside the region to measure the channels from the secondary loudspeakers to the error microphones and record the residual sound field during the noise control. These error microphones highly limit the implementation of spatial ANC systems because of their impractical geometry and obstruction to the users from accessing the region. Recent advances, such as virtual sensing, focus on ANC with microphones placed away from the region. While these techniques relax the usage of error microphones during the noise control, an error microphone array remains necessary during the secondary channel estimation. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate secondary channels without using an error microphone array. Instead, a moving higher order microphone is applied to obtain the secondary channels from the secondary loudspeakers to the region of interest, which includes all desired error microphone locations. By simulation, we show that the proposed method is robust against various measuring errors introduced by the movement of the microphone and is suitable for the secondary channel estimation in spatial ANC systems.
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Gu, Wandong, Jiancheng Tao, and Xiaojun Qiu. "Coherence between error and acoustic reference microphones with two closely located noise sources." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 6 (November 30, 2023): 2559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0375.

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It is well known that locating acoustic reference microphones near the error microphone can improve the coherence between reference and error signals in feedforward active noise control systems. In this paper, the effects of the number of reference microphones and the distance between noise sources and reference microphones on the coherence between the reference and error signals are investigated based on an analytical model. Two scenarios when the two noise sources are located on the same side or opposite sides of the error microphone are studied. The simulation results show that the coherence coefficient can reach 1.0 regardless of the distance between the noise sources and the reference microphones if the number of reference microphones is the same as that of the noise sources. When the number of reference microphones is less than that of noise sources, the coherence coefficient in the low frequency range decreases as the reference microphones move close to the noise sources.
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Shi, Li, Haishan Zou, Xiaojun Qiu, and Kai Chen. "An analysis of a feedback active noise control system using the remote microphone technique." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 3 (November 30, 2023): 5634–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0803.

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This paper examines strategies in virtual sensing feedback active noise control systems and compares the noise reduction performance of three strategies: using physical microphones for direct feedback control, using virtual microphones for direct feedback control, and using physical microphones for indirect virtual feedback control. For a primary sound field with incident waves in a single direction, simulation results indicate that employing a physical microphone for indirect virtual feedback control consistently yields superior noise reduction performance than that using a physical microphone for direct feedback control. However, if the causal requirement between physical and virtual microphones is not satisfied, the increase in the equivalent secondary path delay deteriorates noise reduction performance while utilizing physical microphones for indirect virtual feedback control. For a primary sound field containing waves from multiple directions, the simulation results show that the noise reduction performance is affected by both the coherence and causality between the physical and virtual microphone signals.
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Darras, Kevin, Bjørn Kolbrek, Andreas Knorr, and Volker Meyer. "Assembling cheap, high-performance microphones for recording terrestrial wildlife: the Sonitor system." F1000Research 7 (December 28, 2018): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17511.1.

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Passive acoustic monitoring of wildlife requires microphones. Several cheap, high-performance open-source solutions currently exist for recording sounds, but all of them are still reliant on commercial microphones. Commercial microphones are relatively expensive, specialized on particular taxa, and often have opaque technical specifications. We designed Sonitor, an open-source microphone system to address all needs of ecologists that sample terrestrial wildlife acoustically. We evaluated the cost of our system and measured trade-offs that are seldom acknowledged but which universally limit microphones' functions: weatherproofing versus sound attenuation, windproofing versus transmission loss after rain, signal loss in long cables, and analog sound amplification and directivity with acoustic horns. We propose three microphone configurations suiting different budgets, sound qualities, and flexibility requirements, which all cover the entire sound frequency spectrum of sonant terrestrial wildlife at a fraction of the cost of commercial microphones.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microphones"

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Jeelani, Mohammad Kamran. "Integration and characterization of micromachined optical microphones." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31759.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Degertekin, F. Levent; Committee Member: Baldwin, Daniel; Committee Member: Hesketh, Peter. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Pearce, Andy. "Perceived differences between microphones." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/814006/.

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The perceptual characteristics of a microphone are not always clear from its technical specification. This thesis documents a first step towards creating more perceptually relevant measures. Consideration of relevant criteria revealed that the most appropriate method for recording stimuli for perceptual microphone comparisons is to use all microphones under test simultaneously. Experiments determined that a maximum array size of 150 mm will ensure that the perceptual differences between the recorded stimuli are predominantly due to the characteristics of the microphones and not artefacts of the spacing between them. It was established that there are eight standard physical differences that exist between microphones which may impact the perceived characteristics of a recording. These differences, supplemented with expert opinions, indicated that recording five programme items with eight studio and two MEMS microphones would allow for determination of the most prominent inter-microphone perceptual differences. A combination of indirect and direct elicitation experiments on the resulting 50 recordings identified a hierarchy of 40 perceptual attributes that describe the differences between microphones. A novel attribute contribution experiment conducted on the 31 lowest-level attributes in the hierarchy showed that brightness contributes the most overall to the inter-microphone difference. The spectral centroid and ratios comparing the relative level of high frequencies were previously used to predict brightness; however, these metrics did not predict subjective ratings of microphone-related brightness as well as a newly proposed combination metric: the product of the spectral centroid above 3 kHz, and the ratio of energy above 3 kHz compared to all energy. This model performed well on training data (r = 0.909). Validating it on independent microphones and programme items suggested that improvements may be necessary for error-free prediction of programme-related aspects of brightness, but showed good correlation with each programme item and overall (r = 0.854), indicating that the model predicts microphone-related brightness well.
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Varada, Vijay K. "Acoustic Localization Employing Polar Directivity Patterns of Bidirectional Microphones Enabling Minimum Aperture Microphone Arrays." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290118825.

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Bicen, Baris. "Micromachined diffraction based optical microphones and intensity probes with electrostatic force feedback." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41065.

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Measuring acoustic pressure gradients is critical in many applications such as directional microphones for hearing aids and sound intensity probes. This measurement is especially challenging with decreasing microphone size, which reduces the sensitivity due to small spacing between the pressure ports. Novel, micromachined biomimetic microphone diaphragms are shown to provide high sensitivity to pressure gradients on one side of the diaphragm with low thermal mechanical noise. These structures have a dominant mode shape with see-saw like motion in the audio band, responding to pressure gradients as well as spurious higher order modes sensitive to pressure. In this dissertation, integration of a diffraction based optical detection method with these novel diaphragm structures to implement a low noise optical pressure gradient microphone is described and experimental characterization results are presented, showing 36 dBA noise level with 1mm port spacing, nearly an order of magnitude better than the current gradient microphones. The optical detection scheme also provides electrostatic actuation capability from both sides of the diaphragm separately which can be used for active force feedback. A 4-port electromechanical equivalent circuit model of this microphone with optical readout is developed to predict the overall response of the device to different acoustic and electrostatic excitations. The model includes the damping due to complex motion of air around the microphone diaphragm, and it calculates the detected optical signal on each side of the diaphragm as a combination of two separate dominant vibration modes. This equivalent circuit model is verified by experiments and used to predict the microphone response with different force feedback schemes. Single sided force feedback is used for active damping to improve the linearity and the frequency response of the microphone. Furthermore, it is shown that using two sided force feedback one can significantly suppress or enhance the desired vibration modes of the diaphragm. This approach provides an electronic means to tailor the directional response of the microphones, with significant implications in device performance for various applications. As an example, the use of this device as a particle velocity sensor for sound intensity and sound power measurements is investigated. Without force feedback, the gradient microphone provides accurate particle velocity measurement for frequencies below 2 kHz, after which the pressure response of the second order mode becomes significant. With two-sided force feedback, the calculations show that this upper frequency limit may be increased to 10 kHz. This improves the pressure residual intensity index by more than 15 dB in the 50 Hz-10 kHz range, matching the Class I requirements of IEC 1043 standards for intensity probes without any need for multiple spacers.
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Zwyssig, Erich Paul. "Speech processing using digital MEMS microphones." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8287.

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The last few years have seen the start of a unique change in microphones for consumer devices such as smartphones or tablets. Almost all analogue capacitive microphones are being replaced by digital silicon microphones or MEMS microphones. MEMS microphones perform differently to conventional analogue microphones. Their greatest disadvantage is significantly increased self-noise or decreased SNR, while their most significant benefits are ease of design and manufacturing and improved sensitivity matching. This thesis presents research on speech processing, comparing conventional analogue microphones with the newly available digital MEMS microphones. Specifically, voice activity detection, speaker diarisation (who spoke when), speech separation and speech recognition are looked at in detail. In order to carry out this research different microphone arrays were built using digital MEMS microphones and corpora were recorded to test existing algorithms and devise new ones. Some corpora that were created for the purpose of this research will be released to the public in 2013. It was found that the most commonly used VAD algorithm in current state-of-theart diarisation systems is not the best-performing one, i.e. MLP-based voice activity detection consistently outperforms the more frequently used GMM-HMM-based VAD schemes. In addition, an algorithm was derived that can determine the number of active speakers in a meeting recording given audio data from a microphone array of known geometry, leading to improved diarisation results. Finally, speech separation experiments were carried out using different post-filtering algorithms, matching or exceeding current state-of-the art results. The performance of the algorithms and methods presented in this thesis was verified by comparing their output using speech recognition tools and simple MLLR adaptation and the results are presented as word error rates, an easily comprehensible scale. To summarise, using speech recognition and speech separation experiments, this thesis demonstrates that the significantly reduced SNR of the MEMS microphone can be compensated for with well established adaptation techniques such as MLLR. MEMS microphones do not affect voice activity detection and speaker diarisation performance.
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Garcia, Caesar Theodore. "Packaging and Characterization of MEMS Optical Microphones." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19713.

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Miniature microphones have numerous applications but often exhibit poor performance which can be attributed to the challenges associated with capacitive detection at small size scales. Optical detection methods are able to overcome some of these challenges although miniaturized integration of these optical systems has not yet been demonstrated. An optical interferometric detection scheme is presented and is implemented using micro-scale optoelectronic devices which are used primarily in fiber optic data transmission. Using basic diffraction theory, a model is developed and used to optimize the micro-optical system within a 1mm3 volume. Both omnidirectional and directional optical microphone designs are presented and a modular packaging architecture is assembled in order to test these devices. Results from the 2mm diameter omnidirectional optical microphone structure demonstrate a 26dBA noise floor. The biomimetic directional optical microphone, which has an equivalent port spacing of 1mm, demonstrates a noise floor of 34dBA. Additionally, these results demonstrate an array of two biomimetic directional optical microphones located on the same silicon chip and separated by less than 5mm. These results confirm the micro-optical detection method as an alternative to capacitive detection especially for miniaturized microphone applications and suggest that this method in its modular packaging architecture is competitive with industry leading measurement microphones.
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Song, Yuanyuan. "Design, analysis and characterization of silicon microphones." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
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Dieme, Robert. "Characterization of noise in MEMS piezoresistive microphones." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010508.

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Hsieh, Wen H. Tai Yu-Chong. "MEMS thin film teflon electret condenser microphones /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2001. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-08302005-135533.

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Cao, Yuchang. "Speech enhancement with single and multiple microphones." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996.

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Books on the topic "Microphones"

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Martin, Clifford. Microphones. 3rd ed. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, 1986.

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Gibson, Bill. Microphones & mixers. 2nd ed. Montclair, NJ: Hal Leonard Books, 2011.

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John, Eargle, ed. Eargle's Microphone book: From mono to stereo to surround : a guide to microphone design and application. 3rd ed. Waltham, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier, 2012.

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Nisbett, Alec. The use of microphones. 4th ed. Oxford: Focal Press, 1993.

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Borwick, John. Microphones: Technology and technique. London: Focal Press, 1990.

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Barrett, David. Harmonica microphones: Basic guide. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay, 2005.

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Nisbett, Alec. The use of microphones. 3rd ed. London: Focal Press, 1989.

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service), ScienceDirect (Online, ed. Electroacoustic devices: Microphones and loudspeakers. Amsterdam: Focal, 2009.

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Peel, John. Making music with microphones: A complete guide to microphone placing-from vocals to vibraphones. London: Track Record Publishing, 1991.

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George, Petersen, and Molendra Michael, eds. The home studio guide to microphones. Emeryville, CA: MixBooks, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microphones"

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Fraden, Jacob. "Microphones." In Handbook of Modern Sensors, 485–505. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19303-8_13.

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Eargle, John. "Microphones." In Handbook of Recording Engineering, 43–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9366-8_2.

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Duggal, Simon. "Microphones." In Record, Mix and Master, 81–98. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40067-4_7.

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Weekhout, Hans. "Microphones." In Music Production, 31–42. Third edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429459504-6.

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Behler, Gottfried K. "Microphones." In Sound Reinforcement for Audio Engineers, 108–30. London: Focal Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003220268-4.

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Rumsey, Francis, and Tim McCormick. "Microphones." In Sound and Recording, 53–88. 8th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003092919-3.

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Sauls, Samuel J., and Craig A. Stark. "Microphones." In Audio Production Worktext, 67–90. 10th ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003121886-4.

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Adorno, Silvia, Fabrizio Cerini, and Federico Vercesi. "Microphones." In Silicon Sensors and Actuators, 503–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80135-9_15.

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Huber, David Miles, Emiliano Caballero, and Robert E. Runstein. "Microphones." In Modern Recording Techniques, 97–170. 10th ed. New York: Focal Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003260530-4.

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Talbot-Smith, Michael. "Microphones." In Broadcast Sound Technology, 50–70. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003460510-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microphones"

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Sickenberger, Richard, Fredric Schmitz, and Stephen Jaeger. "Rotorcraft External Far-Field Noise Measurement Using a Hot Air Balloon." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–19. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12668.

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A new method is demonstrated for measuring the noise radiated by a helicopter using a hot air balloon as the measurement platform to support one or more microphones below the hot air balloon basket. Similar to studies with stationary ground microphones, the vehicle is flown past the microphone to gather forward flight external noise data. Because the helicopter and the hot air balloon are both moving in the same air mass when the acoustic measurements are acquired, the new method has many advantages that can be exploited to better investigate helicopter noise sources. One particular advantage is that acoustic data can be taken above the tip-path plane of the rotor without introducing reflections from the ground. Results are presented for a Bell 206B-3 helicopter for several flight conditions demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages of this new acoustic flight testing method.
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Çakmak, Bilgesu, Thomas Dietzen, Randall Ali, Patrick Naylor, and Toon Van Waterschoot. "Microphone Pair Selection for Sound Source Localization in Massive Arrays of Spatially Distributed Microphones." In 2024 32nd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 251–55. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco63174.2024.10715368.

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Enge, Maria, Christian Hof, and Salvador Barrera-Figueroa. "Research on an alternative LS2P microphone based on a new reciprocity calibration system." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201927005.

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The microphone calibration by the reciprocity technique specified in IEC 61094-2 is used to determine the sensitivity of laboratory standard microphones according to the IEC 61094-1 with the smallest measurement uncertainty for the use as reference microphones. So far, laboratory standard microphones by the manufacturer Brüel & Kjær (Type 4160 and Type 4180) are almost exclusively used as laboratory reference microphones. In order to create an alternative, the initiative has been taken to examine the usability of the ½-inch laboratory microphones G.R.A.S. 40AU-1. Studies were launched to check the microphone parameters, the stability and the reciprocity of the microphones as well as the compatibility with microphones by Brüel & Kjær. Basis for the investigation was a new validated reciprocity calibration system. The realization of the system and the research results are presented and discussed. Additionally, results of comparison measurements with national metrology institutes are shown in shortened fashion.
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Peppin, Richard J., and Hans Hellsund. "On Calibrated Measuring Microphones and Their Use in Ordinary Sound Fields." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1033.

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Abstract Measuring microphones come with frequency response curves based on pure tone excitation in well-defined sound fields. Hence microphones have a distinct frequency response curve only for well-defined conditions. These conditions may, in fact, not be met in practice. People making measurements infrequently use microphones in sound fields that are characterized and known, much less well defined. The location of the sound, the types and effects of reflections, and the exact relationship between the source and microphone are unknown. Hence the data taken may have unknown and unaccounted-for errors. This paper presents the results of a study that compares the performance of microphones in ordinary and frequently encountered sound measurement situations. These situations consist of a combination of a number of sources, a variety of spaces, and a selection of microphone orientations. In other words, the measurements were made in non-ideal spaces. It is shown that the frequency response of a given measurement in an unknown field is unpredictable for whatever standard microphone used. The continuing efforts to tighten the specifications of instrument tolerances given these real-world errors will not improve reliability of measurements for many situations.
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Lall, Pradeep, Amrit Abrol, and David Locker. "Effects of Sustained Exposure to Temperature and Humidity on the Reliability and Performance of MEMS Microphone." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74252.

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MEMS microphones are extensively used in many applications that require reliability, small size, and high sound quality. For harsh environment reliability data MEMS microphones need to be monitored under conditions mimicking their areas of applications. MEMS microphones have an opening/sound port in order to interact with the environment, therefore cannot be sealed completely since the sensing mechanism requires interaction between sound waves and the sensing element. Little to no information exists on reliability data for MEMS microphones under low/high temperature operating life and temperature humidity bias condition. Our work is primarily focused on providing harsh environmental reliability data which can be useful to MEMS designers and engineers. In this paper the test vehicles with MEMS Microphones have been tested under three different harsh environmental conditions: high temperature operating life (HTOL) at 125°C at 3.3V, low temperature storage (LTS) at −35°C and temperature humidity 85°C/85%RH at 3.3V. The main motive of this study is to document the incremental shift and degradation in output parameters namely distortion, frequency response, power supply rejection capability of IC, frequency vs pressure characteristics and analog output voltage of the MEMS microphone. The survivability of MEMS microphone, ADMP401, has been demonstrated as a function of change in the output parameters. Failure analysis has been conducted on the microphone samples to study failure modes and sites using analytical methods such as SEM, EDS and X-ray.
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Liu, H. J., M. Yu, L. Currano, and D. Gee. "Fly-Ear Inspired Miniature Directional Microphones: Modeling and Experimental Study." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11772.

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To address the challenges in developing miniature directional microphones, a novel micro-fabricated directional microphone inspired by the superacute ears of the parasitoid fly Ormia ocharacea is presented in this paper. It consists of two clamped circular silicon diaphragms structurally coupled by an oxide/nitride composite bridge. The separation between the diaphragm centers is 1.25 mm, about the same size as the fly ear. A finite element model is developed to achieve a better understanding of the microphone device and guide the optimal design of the miniature microphones. Using a low coherence fiber optic interferometer detection system, the experiment shows that the directional sensitivity of this device is equivalent to a conventional microphone pair that is 9 times larger. Validating the feasibility to replicate the fly ear in a man-made structure, this work is expected to significantly impact many different fronts that require miniature sensors for sound source localization.
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Niu, Meng-Nian, Fred J. von Preissig, and Eun Sok Kim. "Partially Etched Holes for Residual Stress Release in Diaphragm-Based Pressure Sensors." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1096.

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Abstract We have designed and fabricated various diaphragm-based piezoelectric microphones with film-layer structure SiN1/poly-Si/SiN2/ZnO/parylene/Al/parylene (from bottom to top) that contain various square “holes” uniformly distributed over the whole diaphragm with various hole ratios (defined to be the ratio between the total area of the holes and the whole diaphragm area). The holes (which are formed by etching out all the layers except SiN2 and top parylene in the diaphragm) are to release the residual stress in the diaphragm. We have fabricated and analyzed various microphones with and without the holes, and have observed that the microphones with the holes have significantly larger acoustic sensitivities and diaphragm displacements than those without any hole. The best microphone sensitivity of the hole-array microphones has been over 12 times greater than that of the no-hole microphones. Also, we have observed that the center displacement of the diaphragm is dependent on the hole ratio but not on the hole size. We have corroborated the experimental results with FEM analysis.
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Niu, Meng-Nian, Hong Zeng, Hai Yan, and Eun Sok Kim. "Extensive Experimental Study on Diaphragm-Based Piezoelectric Microphone." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0269.

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Abstract This paper reports our extensive experimental study on diaphragm-based piezoelectric microphones fabricated on a silicon substrate. We have fabricated and carefully analyzed about 60 micromachined piezoelectric microphones (composed of piezoelectric ZnO film, insulating layers and electrodes) built on a low-stress silicon nitride diaphragm (with and without corrugation on the diaphragm and with five kinds of residual stress in the diaphragm). Microphone sensitivity is measured in an acoustic chamber with a B&K4135 microphone. Vertical displacement of a microphone diaphragm under an applied acoustic pressure is measured with a focused-beam laser Doppler displacement meter. Our results show that (1) corrugation releases both tensile stress and compressive stress effectively, and increases the center displacement greatly, (2) a good bending curvature in the active area is needed for a good microphone sensitivity, and (3) ZnO structural integrity is the major factor that affects the bending curvature in the active area.
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Anderson, Jason M., Ricardo Burdisso, and Wing Ng. "An Active Flow Distortion Control System for Serpentine Inlets." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33049.

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An active flow control system for reducing distortion in serpentine inlets was developed using non-intrusive microphones as feedback sensors. While the serpentine inlet can provide large benefits to an air vehicle by reducing its overall size and therefore weight, it unfortunately delivers a non-uniform (spatially-distorted) flow to the compressor due to the formation of a secondary flow created by separation of the turbulent boundary layer in the aggressive turn. An active means of controlling distortion has been developed using an array of micro air jet vortex generators. It was hypothesized that microphones in the vicinity of the distorted flow would record higher amplitudes pressure fluctuations compared to those microphones in the vicinity of the undistorted flow. Experiments showed that the difference between the microphone readings in these two flow regimes was correlated to the distortion level. This difference in microphone signals was then used as feedback in a PID control system that regulated spatial distortion levels during steady flight conditions, as well as sudden ramps in aircraft speed.
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C.H. Au, Andrew, Brenda H. S. Lam, Y. C. Kwan, and Angus K. K. Tung. "Pressure Calibration of Quarter-inch Working Standard Microphones by Comparison." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2021.19.

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The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) in Hong Kong has developed a system for calibration of quarter-inch working standard (WS3) microphones which automates the measurement process and generates digital calibration certificates (DCC) to meet the growing demand for microphone calibration services in Hong Kong. This paper describes (i) the method of determining the pressure sensitivity of a microphone combination unit from 20 Hz to 20 kHz by the comparison technique in accordance with the International Standard IEC 61094-5, (ii) the measurement model and uncertainty evaluation, and (iii) the automatic system which facilitates the calibration process and generation of a digital calibration certificate.
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Reports on the topic "Microphones"

1

Mutschlecner, J. P., and R. W. Whitaker. The design and operation of infrasonic microphones. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481856.

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Walker, Kirsten A., II Alberts, and W. C. Acoustic Source Elevation Angle Estimates Using Two Microphones. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada605326.

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Swensen, George W., and Jr. Reflector Microphones for Field Recording of Natural Sounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada339134.

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Ohsuga, Mieko, Hideo Shimonomura, Haruo Noma, Kiyoshi Kogure, and Yoshitaka Nakajima. Physiological Measurement of Drivers Using NAM (Non-Audible Murmur) Microphones. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0308.

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Gabrielson, Thomas. Measurement of Blast Waveforms with Condenser Microphones : Measurement Interpretation and Correction. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S.), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/28011.

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Mullendore, David L. Development of a Prototype System for the Impulse Calibration of Microphones. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222503.

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Kamrath, Matthew, Vladimir Ostashev, D. Wilson, Michael White, Carl Hart, and Anthony Finn. Vertical and slanted sound propagation in the near-ground atmosphere : amplitude and phase fluctuations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40680.

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Sound propagation along vertical and slanted paths through the near-ground atmosphere impacts detection and localization of low-altitude sound sources, such as small unmanned aerial vehicles, from ground-based microphone arrays. This article experimentally investigates the amplitude and phase fluctuations of acoustic signals propagating along such paths. The experiment involved nine microphones on three horizontal booms mounted at different heights to a 135-m meteorological tower at the National Wind Technology Center (Boulder, CO). A ground-based loudspeaker was placed at the base of the tower for vertical propagation or 56m from the base of the tower for slanted propagation. Phasor scatterplots qualitatively characterize the amplitude and phase fluctuations of the received signals during different meteorological regimes. The measurements are also compared to a theory describing the log-amplitude and phase variances based on the spectrum of shear and buoyancy driven turbulence near the ground. Generally, the theory correctly predicts the measured log-amplitude variances, which are affected primarily by small-scale, isotropic turbulent eddies. However, the theory overpredicts the measured phase variances, which are affected primarily by large-scale, anisotropic, buoyantly driven eddies. Ground blocking of these large eddies likely explains the overprediction.
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Hart, Carl R., and Gregory W. Lyons. A Measurement System for the Study of Nonlinear Propagation Through Arrays of Scatterers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38621.

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Various experimental challenges exist in measuring the spatial and temporal field of a nonlinear acoustic pulse propagating through an array of scatterers. Probe interference and undesirable high-frequency response plague typical approaches with acoustic microphones, which are also limited to resolving the pressure field at a single position. Measurements made with optical methods do not have such drawbacks, and schlieren measurements are particularly well suited to measuring both the spatial and temporal evolution of nonlinear pulse propagation in an array of scatterers. Herein, a measurement system is described based on a z-type schlieren setup, which is suitable for measuring axisymmetric phenomena and visualizing weak shock propagation. In order to reduce directivity and initiate nearly spherically-symmetric propagation, laser induced breakdown serves as the source for the nonlinear pulse. A key component of the schlieren system is a standard schliere, which allows quantitative schlieren measurements to be performed. Sizing of the standard schliere is aided by generating estimates of the expected light refraction from the nonlinear pulse, by way of the forward Abel transform. Finally, considerations for experimental sequencing, image capture, and a reconfigurable rod array designed to minimize spurious wave interactions are specified. 15.
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Bowman, Daniel C. Downhole Microphone Operation Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529056.

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McClelland, John F., and Michael Pedersen. Capacitive MEMS Microphone Optimized Research. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433689.

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