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1

YUMOTO, S., Y. HORINO, Y. MOKUNO, K. FUJII, S. KAKIMI, T. MIZUTANI, H. MATSUSHIMA, and A. ISHIKAWA. "MICROPROBE PIXE ANALYSIS AND EDX ANALYSIS ON THE BRAIN OF PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 01n02 (January 1996): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083596000193.

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To investigate the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (senile dementia of Alzheimer’s disease type), we examined aluminium (Al) in the brain (hippocampus) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease using heavy ion (5 MeV Si 3+) microprobe particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. Heavy ion microprobes (3 MeV Si 2+) have several times higher sensitivity for Al detection than 2 MeV proton microprobes. We also examined Al in the brain of these patients by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). (1) Al was detected in the cell nuclei isolated from the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease using 5 MeV Si 3+ microprobe PIXE analysis, and EDX analysis. (2) EDX analysis demonstrated high levels of Al in the nucleolus of nerve cells in frozen sections prepared from the brain of these patients. Our results support the theory that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by accumulation of Al in the nuclei of brain cells.
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2

Carpenter, D. A., M. A. Taylor, and C. E. Holcombe. "Applications of a Laboratory X-ray Micropsobe to Materials Analysis." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020371.

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A laboratory-based X-ray microprobe, composed of a high-brilliance microfocus X-ray tube, coupled with a small glass capillary, has been developed for materials applications. Because of total external reflectance of X rays from the smooth inside bore of the glass capillary, the microprobe has a high sensitivity as well as a high spatial resolution. The use of X rays to excite elemental fluorescence offers the advantages of good peak-to-background, the ability to operate in air, and minimal specimen preparation. In addition, the development of laboratory-based instrumentation has been of Interest recently because of greater accessibility when compared with synchrotron X-ray microprobes.
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3

Qi, Yameng, Jinhua Ding, Li Li, Meimei Ai, Ye Zhang, Xiufen Chen, and Kathe Rin. "Application of Endoscopic Ultrasound Image Analysis in the Treatment of Digestive Tract Diseases and Nursing." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 9 (August 1, 2020): 2211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3159.

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Objective: To study the diagnostic accuracy of microprobe endoscopic ultrasonography (mEUS) in the diagnosis of bulge of digestive tract, and to summarize and explore the characteristics of ultrasound images of gastrointestinal bulge in mEUS diagnosis, to comprehensively evaluate microprobe ultrasound. The ability of endoscope to diagnose gastrointestinal bulging lesions provides a certain clinical basis for later nursing. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 302 cases of gastrointestinal bulging cases underwent microprobe ultrasound endoscopy from November 2011 to December 2015. The diagnosis of all cases was confirmed by endoscopic pathology, surgical pathology or follow-up. Microprobes were compared. The diagnostic accuracy of the results of ultrasound endoscopy and traditional endoscopy. Results: A total of 302 patients underwent microprobe ultrasound endoscopy, including 274 upper gastrointestinal tract, 28 colorectal, 97 esophagi in upper gastrointestinal tract, 152 in stomach and 25 in duodenum. The coincidence rate of mEUS diagnosis of esophageal bulge lesions was 97.93% (95/97), and the coincidence rate of gastroscopy diagnosis was 68.04 (66/97). The coincidence rate of mEUS diagnosis in gastric elevated lesions was 94.07% (143/152), and the coincidence rate of gastroscopy diagnosis was 50.65% (77/152). Conclusion: Microprobe endoscopic ultrasound can clearly show the structure of each layer of the digestive tract wall, reflecting the origin of the lesion and the depth of infiltration. Therefore, it can make accurate diagnosis of most gastrointestinal bulging lesions.
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4

Maaskant, P. "Electron Microprobe Analysis." Lithos 32, no. 3-4 (July 1994): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(94)90045-0.

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5

Pezzotti, Giuseppe, Ian C. Clarke, C. Jobe, T. Donaldson, Kengo Yamamoto, Toshiyuki Tateiwa, T. Kumakura, R. Tsukamoto, and Junji Ikeda. "Confocal Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Ceramic Hip Joints." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.1211.

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A survey of confocal Raman/fluorescence microprobe spectroscopic techniques is presented with emphasis placed on surface analysis of artificial hip joints. Suitable instrumental configurations are first explained in some details in order to describe the versatility of the spectroscopic microprobes to biomedical materials analyses. Then, these notions, which represent the foundation for structural and mechanical analyses of joint surfaces, are applied to selected cases of paramount importance in hip arthroplasty.
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6

Underwood, J. C. E. "Microprobe Analysis in Medicine." Histopathology 17, no. 1 (July 1990): 97a—97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb00674.x.

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7

Thompson, A. C., J. H. Underwood, Y. Wu, R. D. Giauque, M. L. Rivers, and R. Futernick. "X-Ray Microprobe Studies Using Multilayer Focussing Optics." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020413.

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The availability of intense x-rays from synchrotron radiation sources permits the elemental analysis of samples in new ways. An x-ray microprobs using these sources allows the analysis of much smaller samples with greatly improved elemental sensitivity. In addition to the higher x-ray intensity obtained at synchrotron sources, the development of high efficiency x-ray reflectors using multilayer coated optical mirrors permits the achievement of spot sizes of less than 10 μm x 10 μm with enough x-ray intensity to simultaneously measure femtogram quantities of many elements in less than one minute. Since samples to be studied in an x-ray microprobe do not have to be placed in a vacuum, almost any sample can be conveniently analyzed. With an x-ray microprobe it is possible to obtain elemental distributions of elements in one, two or even three dimensions.
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8

PALLON, JAN. "MICROPROBE ANALYSIS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES." International Journal of PIXE 02, no. 03 (January 1992): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083592000257.

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During the last few years, the nuclear microprobe has demonstrated itself as a strong research facility in the application to biological samples. The performance is not without competition from new techniques, and to maintain special advantages of the nuclear microprobe, care must be taken in the selection and preparation of the biological samples to analyse.
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9

Guimarães, F., P. Bravo Silva, J. Ferreira, A. P. Piedade, and M. T. F. Vieira. "Electron microprobe analysis of cryolite." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 55 (March 5, 2014): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/55/1/012006.

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10

Roggli, Victor L. "Microprobe analysis in pulmonary pathology." Ultrastructural Pathology 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2016.1274071.

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11

Shelburne, J. D., V. L. Roggli, and P. Ingram. "Microprobe analysis in clinical diagnosis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100130213.

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In addition to providing an important and unique analytical tool for medical and biological research, the findings from microprobe analysis often have diagnostic, therapeutic and/or legal significance for patients. References cited below provide a guide to this expanding literature.Of the various types of microanalysis available, electron probe microanalysis is at present the most useful for clinical studies. Backscattered electron imaging is used as a guide to identify relatively high atomic number inclusions in the relatively low atomic number background of human tissue. Correlation of the backscattered electron images with the images obtained through conventional light microscopy is an absolutely critical aspect of these studies. For better or for worse, the “gold standard” of current medical practice remains the light microscopic examination of conventionally stained (e.g. hematoxylin and eosin) paraffin sections. Accordingly, it is necessary that the microprobe data can ultimately be ascribed to particular features of the conventional images well understood by pathologists.
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12

Zierold, Karl. "Biomedical Applications of Microprobe Analysis." Journal of Microscopy 200, no. 1 (October 2000): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00721.x.

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13

Swietlicki, Erik, Göran Lövestam, and Uwe Wätjen. "Proton microprobe single particle analysis." Journal of Aerosol Science 21 (January 1990): S605—S608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(90)90315-o.

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14

Benning, T. L. "Microprobe analysis of chlorpromazine pigmentation." Archives of Dermatology 124, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.124.10.1541.

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15

Benning, Timothy L. "Microprobe Analysis of Chlorpromazine Pigmentation." Archives of Dermatology 124, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1988.01670100043011.

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16

Reed, S. J. B. "Ion microprobe analysis—a review of geological applications." Mineralogical Magazine 53, no. 369 (March 1989): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.369.02.

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AbstractIn ion microprobe analysis the specimen is bombarded with a focussed ion beam a few µm in diameter and the secondary ions produced are accelerated into the entrance slit of a mass spectrometer. An outline of the salient features of the instrument is given here, together with an account of the methods used for quantitative elemental and isotopic analysis.The major part of this paper consists of a comprehensive account of the geological applications of ion microprobe analysis. These include elemental analysis, especially for trace elements (down to sub-ppm levels in many cases) and light elements (H-F) which are beyond the scope of the electron microprobe. The other main area of geological interest is isotopic analysis, where the ion microprobe has the advantage over conventional mass spectrometry of being capable of in situ analysis of selected points on polished sections, obviating the need for laborious specimen preparation, and enabling spatially-resolved data to be obtained, with a resolution of a few µm. The ion microprobe has been especially successful in U-Pb zircon dating and the study of isotope anomalies in meteorites. Other significant applications include diffusion and stable isotope studies.
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17

Reffner, John A. "Resolution in scanning IR infrared microprobe analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132261.

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The scanning infrared microprobe was critically analyzed in terms of both its imaging and its compositional resolution. Fundamentally, resolution is the act or process of breaking something into its constituent parts or elements. Separating parts of the image is the point-to-point resolution of an imaging system. In interferometry and profilometry, the separation of heights is an additional criterion for resolution. Microprobe analysis has extended-resolution requirements that consist of the break-up of the sample's image into its chemical parts.In scanning infrared microprobe analysis, resolution has several meanings: resolution of the visual image, the spatial resolution of the analyzed domain, and the resolution of the chemistry within the analyzed sample. The point-to-point resolution of the visual image is limited by diffraction, as in all classical microscopy. The resolution, in terms of the area defined for spectral analysis, is limited by both diffraction effects and spectrometer sensitivity. The chemical resolution of the SIRM is compared with other microprobe techniques.
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18

Kaufmann, Raimund, and Bernhard Spengler. "Laser microprobe mass spectrometry: A trend analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013242x.

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Within the search for ultimate frontieres in microprobe analysis, sensitivity, selectivity and spatial resolution are amongst the primary criteria to be assessed. During recent years laser microprobe and ion microprobe analysis have been the most promising and competing approaches which not only share a lot of features in common but, by their physical principles are both rather open to further general improvements and dedicated instrumentations.The term desorption for either laser- or particle-induced ion formation has become common use. Both principles are actually intensively explored especially with respect to produce organic ions by “soft” ionization. Some of the key aspects of such ion formation will be addressed with special emphasis on laser desorption.Both principles are equally well suited for spot probing and/or analytical imaging with spatial resolution in the sub 1 μm range. However, while SIMS ion probe techniques have meanwhile achieved some impressive improvements with respect to practical capabilities by introducing e.g. pulsed high brightness ion sources in combination with TOF-MS the state of the art in the available laser microprobe instruments has virtually remained the same since the first introduction of the LAMMA and LIMA instruments more than a decade ago.
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19

Chambers, William F., Arthur A. Chodos, and Roland C. Hagan. "Automated mineral analysis in TASK8." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100134661.

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TASK8 was designed as an electron microprobe control program with maximum flexibility and versatility, lending itself to a wide variety of applications. While using TASKS in the microprobe laboratory of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we decided to incorporate the capability of using subroutines which perform specific end-member calculations for nearly any type of mineral phase that might be analyzed in the laboratory. This procedure minimizes the need for post-processing of the data to perform such calculations as element ratios or end-member or formula proportions. It also allows real time assessment of each data point.The use of unique “mineral codes” to specify the list of elements to be measured and the type of calculation to perform on the results was first used in the microprobe laboratory at the California Institute of Technology to optimize the analysis of mineral phases. This approach was used to create a series of subroutines in TASK8 which are called by a three letter code.
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20

Braun, Robert D., Robert A. Mitcheltree, and F. McNeil Cheatwood. "Mars Microprobe Entry-to-Impact Analysis." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36, no. 3 (May 1999): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3461.

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21

Codella, Peter J., Fran Adar, and Yung S. Liu. "Raman microprobe analysis of tungsten silicide." Applied Physics Letters 46, no. 11 (June 1985): 1076–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.95766.

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22

Wall, Angélique D., Joseph P. Romero, and Daniel Schwartz. "Microprobe Analysis of Pu-Ga Standards." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617003312.

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23

Reed, S. J. B. "Fluorescence effects in quantitative microprobe analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100134533.

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Characteristic fluorescenceThe theory of characteristic fluorescence corrections was first developed by Castaing. The same approach, with an improved expression for the relative primary x-ray intensities of the exciting and excited elements, was used by Reed, who also introduced some simplifications, which may be summarized as follows (with reference to K-K fluorescence, i.e. K radiation of element ‘B’ exciting K radiation of ‘A’):1.The exciting radiation is assumed to be monochromatic, consisting of the Kα line only (neglecting the Kβ line).2.Various parameters are lumped together in a single tabulated function J(A), which is assumed to be independent of B.3.For calculating the absorption of the emerging fluorescent radiation, the depth distribution of the primary radiation B is represented by a simple exponential.These approximations may no longer be justifiable given the much greater computing power now available. For example, the contribution of the Kβ line can easily be calculated separately.
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Bailey, Alan M., William A. Hollerman, Rudolph Gibbs, Arthur D. Cohen, Gary A. Glass, Shelly F. Hynes, Justin Fournet, and Richard Greco. "Nuclear microprobe analysis of artificial coal." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 189, no. 1-4 (April 2002): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01117-x.

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25

Harrison, Charles H. "Electron microprobe analysis of coal macerals." Organic Geochemistry 17, no. 4 (January 1991): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90110-6.

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26

Grasserbauer, Manfred. "Ion microprobe analysis of technical materials." Microchemical Journal 38, no. 1 (August 1988): 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-265x(88)90003-3.

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27

Jimenez, J., M. A. González, B. Martín, and B. Calvo. "Raman microprobe analysis of GaAs wafers." Journal of Crystal Growth 103, no. 1-4 (June 1990): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(90)90169-l.

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28

Lifshin, Eric. "Minimizing Errors in Electron Microprobe Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016160.

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Back in the sixties our ability to do both qualitative and quantitative microprobe analysis was often restricted by many factors we now take for granted. Limitations of power supplies, electron optical systems and the mechanical aspects of specimen stages and crystal spectrometers often led to unacceptable drift in both beam position and x-ray intensity measurements. Detector electronics were relatively primitive and phenomena such as pulse distribution shifts with count rate could cause serious errors when pulse height analysis was incorrectly used for noise reduction. The ZAF method, the principal approach for quantitative analysis, was undergoing frequent modification to make it applicable to a broader range of specimens. There were also continuing disputes about which equations to use for a given situation and what experimentally determined constants worked best in the models. Data logging and specimen stage and spectrometer automation were in their infancy and data processing was done on calculators or in batch mode on central computers. Opportunities for errors in data entry abounded.
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29

Lewis, R. A., and G. L. McKenzie. "Scanning electron microprobe analysis of liquids." Micron and Microscopica Acta 16, no. 1 (January 1985): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(85)90028-0.

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30

Knowles, Kevin M. "Materials Analysis using a Nuclear Microprobe." Journal of Microscopy 189, no. 1 (January 1998): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1998.0270c.x.

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31

Sjöland, K. A., and P. Kristiansson. "Off-axis STIM nuclear microprobe analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 118, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(95)01093-9.

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32

Lifshin, Eric, and Raynald Gauvin. "Minimizing Errors in Electron Microprobe Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 2 (March 2001): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010084.

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Abstract Errors in quantitative electron microprobe analysis arise from many sources including those associated with sampling, specimen preparation, instrument operation, data collection, and analysis. The relative magnitudes of some of these factors are assessed for a sample of NiAl used to demonstrate important concerns in the analysis of even a relatively simple system measured under standard operating conditions. The results presented are intended to serve more as a guideline for developing an analytical strategy than as a detailed error propagation model that includes all possible sources of variability and inaccuracy. The use of a variety of tools to assess errors is demonstrated. It is also shown that, as sample characteristics depart from those under which many of the quantitative methods were developed, errors can increase significantly.
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33

XU, QING, HANRU SHAO, QINFONG QIAN, PENG LIU, and NIANQING LIU. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION MICROPROBE." International Journal of PIXE 06, no. 01n02 (January 1996): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083596000429.

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A quantitative analysis method of the trace elements in biological specimens using the synchrotron radiation microprobe is described. The synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microprobe system is calibrated by the standard sample specially prepared for the microprobe analysis. The mass thickness of each measured point is determined by measuring Compton scattering intensity in 17–20 keV from the sample. In this way, concentration of the trace elements in samples can be measured correctly. The measured values of the biological standard reference material NBS-SRM-1577a are in good agreement with the certified values. The longitudinal concentration variations of some trace element in a single hair of pregnant women have been measured by this method
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Schimrosczyk, Annette, Jürgen Koepke, and Frank Schmidt-Döhl. "Trace element analysis of belite in hardened cement bonded materials using electron microprobe analysis." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-0105.

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35

ORTEGA, RICHARD. "APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR MICROPROBE ANALYSIS IN CANCER CELL BIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY." International Journal of PIXE 09, no. 03n04 (January 1999): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083599000334.

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Nuclear microprobe analysis studies in cancer cell pharmacology and biology carried out at Bordeaux-Gradignan are reported. The cellular pharmacology of two anticancer agents, cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II), and 4′-iodo-4′-deoxy-doxorubicin, were investigated, as well as the role of iron in neuroblastoma carcinogenesis, and chromium(III) in trans-generation carcinogenesis. Nuclear microprobe analysis, using PIXE and particle backscattering microanalysis, was able to reveal intracellular and tissue distributions of the elements under investigation. Moreover, the fully quantitative and multi-elemental character of nuclear microprobe analysis offered information on possible mechanisms of drug action, metal carcinogenesis, and interactions with endogenous trace elements in cancer cells.
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36

Beran, Anton, John Armstrong, and George R. Rossman. "Infrared and electron microprobe analysis of ammonium ions in hyalophane feldspar." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 4 (August 11, 1992): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/4/0847.

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37

McCarthy, Jon J., and John J. Friel. "Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer Automation: Past and Future Development." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 2 (March 2001): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010078.

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Abstract As part of the Microbeam Analysis Society (MAS) symposium marking 50 years of electron microprobe analysis, this article reviews the important advances made over the decades to the automation of data collection and computerized analysis of data from the electron microprobe. Out of many innovations that contributed to the advance of microprobe automation, we have chosen to focus on a few developments that the authors feel represent the major trends in advancement of the “state of the art” of this instrumentation. After providing brief summaries of the three generations of advances in the hardware and software of automation systems, several key applications developments are described, followed by our prediction of which current developments may impact the future automation of the microprobe.
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38

YOKOZAWA, Hiroki, Tadashi KIKUCHI, Keiichi FURUYA, Shingo ANDO, and Kiyoshi HOSHINO. "Investigation of depth analysis by laser microprobe mass analysis." Bunseki kagaku 36, no. 9 (1987): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.36.9_566.

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39

Shelburne, John D. "Overview of microprobe analysis in pulmonary pathology." Ultrastructural Pathology 40, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01913123.2016.1151471.

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40

Freebody, N. A., A. S. Vaughan, and P. L. Lewin. "Raman microprobe analysis and ageing in dielectrics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 183 (August 1, 2009): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/183/1/012016.

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41

Tokutake, S., H. Nagase, S. Morisaki, and S. Oyanagi. "X-ray microprobe analysis of corpora amylacea." Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 21, no. 3 (June 1995): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01059.x.

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42

Wallenwein, R., H. Blank, E. K. Jessberger, and K. Traxel. "Proton microprobe analysis of interplanetary dust particles." Analytica Chimica Acta 195 (1987): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85673-1.

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43

MANSERVISI, S., V. MOLINARI, and F. ROCCHI. "Bremsstrahlung emission spectrum for electron microprobe analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 213 (January 2004): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)01547-7.

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44

Reffner, John A., and Pamela A. Martoglio. "Detection and resolution in infrared microprobe analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148915.

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Detection and resolution are terms commonly used when describing infrared microprobe (IRM) analysis. However, the clear definitions of each are not always understood completely. It is the purpose of this work to define these terms as they apply to IRM analysis.It is a well-known fact that, for optical imaging, the ability to resolve two separate points is dependent upon both the wavelength of radiation and the numerical aperture of the optical system. The implications of this law were first described in terms relevant to IRM analysis in 1987. In order to be visually resolved, the Rayleigh criterion states that two points must be separated by 0.61 l/NA (the radius of the central maximum of the Airy disk; see Figure 1). Since an IRM detects energy outside the central maximum, this criterion is not valid for spectral resolution. With a 15X objective (NA = 0.58) over the spectral range of 600 - 4000 cm-1 (16.7 - 2.5 μm), the diffraction-resolution limit (DRL) ranges from 2.5 - 15 μm.
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45

Shelburne, J. D., H. Estrada, M. Hale, P. Ingram, and J. A. Tucker. "Correlative microscopy and microprobe analysis in pathology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100156481.

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In performing transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies of biopsies, pathologists must be extremely careful to “aim” the TEM at features of the tumor or pathologic process which are important at the light microscopic (LM) level. Fine structural data devoid of such correlations are generally of no clinical value. For example, a TEM study of a tumor must focus primarily on the tumor cells. Care must be taken not to misidentify stromal cells (e.g., capillaries, fibroblasts) as tumor cells, or else serious errors can occur.Likewise, in performing electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) on biopsies, it is extremely important that the pathologist be able to interpret the spectral findings in light of the H&E section appearance. Like it or not, the current “gold standard” in surgical pathology labs around the world is the H&E stained paraffin section. Accordingly, as in TEM studies, electron microprobe results must be obtained in such a manner that one can relate the findings to the appearance of the biopsy as viewed by light microscopy in an H&E section. If one cannot make that correlation, then one has obtained data that generally will be of little interest to most pathologists and clinicians. Accordingly, our group has stressed the importance of correlative microscopy, and has developed several regimens for analyzing histologic sections. Last year in these proceedings we published a schematic overview of that regimen.
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46

Spinnler, G. E., D. Christenson, and C. H. Nielsen. "Automated linescan analysis in the electron microprobe." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169845.

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Elemental linescan analysis in the electron microprobe (EMPA) or the SEM is useful for determining athe spatial distribution of elements. In many supported catalyst systems, the elemental distribution in pellets is important for their manufacture and performance. More important than determining the distribution of an individual pellet, is determining the distribution of many pellets in a sample to represent the lot. For this reason, multiple pellets must be analyzed. Various manufactures have systems that provide various degrees of automation for this type of analysis, however, there are no systems that allow complete unattended operation necessary to collect data on many samples.The hardware consists of a JEOL JXM 8600 with four wavelength spectrometers, an EDX detector and a NORAN Voyager. Special software was written to completely automate the linescan procedure from finding the catalyst pellet to printing the report. This software combines the imaging and other analytical functions of the Voyager with a search and identify routine that locates the catalyst pellets and determines the positions of the linescan in accordance with predetermined criteria.
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47

Gonzalez-Carre�o, T., M. Fern�ndez, and J. Sanz. "Infrared and electron microprobe analysis of tourmalines." Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 15, no. 5 (May 1988): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00311124.

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48

ENGEL, M., and H. CATCHPOLE. "A microprobe analysis of inorganic elements in." Cell Biology International 29, no. 8 (August 2005): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2005.03.024.

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49

Danninger, Herbert, Tayfun Kara, Michael Ruhnow, and Hans J�rgen Ullrich. "Microprobe analysis of low alloyed sintered steels." Mikrochimica Acta 101, no. 1-6 (January 1990): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01244174.

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50

Essene, E. J., and C. E. Henderson. "Selecting Standards to Optimize Electron Microprobe Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 566–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016159.

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Quantitative analysis with the electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA) has yielded more accurate results over time as a result of improvements in ZAF and other correction routines, mass absorption coefficients, synthetic pseudocrystals for ultralight elements, computers, software programs, backscattered electron (BSE) and energy dispersive (EDS) X-ray detectors. Consequently, many geoscientists view EMPA as routine, and details of procedures, standards, and operating conditions are seldom provided in current publications. However, in overseeing a facility with many users, we have learned that acceptable analytical data are sometimes difficult to obtain even with established analytical procedures and a choice of several hundred standards. After novice users have mastered the routines of sample polishing, cleaning, coating, handling and machine focus, their choice of nonoptimal standards often prevents them from obtaining the most accurate results possible. Optimal analysis for geological problems requires choosing appropriate standards, selection of optimal operating conditions, as well as consideration of the possibility of omitted elements, peak and background overlaps, matrix absorption effects, beam damage and elemental migration, reintegration of heterogeneous materials, fluorescence effects, and variations in the oxidation state of iron.
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