Academic literature on the topic 'MicroRespTM'

A talajok hazai és nemzetközi kutatásában egyre nagyobb szerepet kap a talajok mikrobiótájának vizsgálata. Hazai viszonylatban szikes talajokon eddig kevés ilyen irányú kutatás történt. Kutatásunkban kiskunsági szikes talajok mikrobaközösségeinek katabolikus aktivitás mintázatát vizsgáltuk Apajpusztáról származó mintákon. A mintavételhez négy, a szikesedés különböző fázisaira jellemző növényzettel rendelkező területet választottunk ki (szoloncsák vaksziknövényzet, kiskunsági szikfoknövényzet, ürmös szikespuszta és füves szikespuszta), ezek területéről a talaj mikrobiológiai szempontból legaktívabbnak tekintett 0-10 cm-es rétegét mintáztuk. A minták néhány fontosabb talajtani paraméterét meghatároztuk (szemcseösszetétel, pH, só-, humusz- és mésztartalom, valamint néhány fontosabb tápelem mennyisége). A négy eltérő növényzetű terület között a talajtani paramétereik alapján is jelentős különbségeket tapasztaltunk. A minták mikrobiológiai aktivitását az itthon még kevéssé ismert mikrorespirációs (MicroRespTM) módszerrel vizsgáltuk. Ennek során a talajmintákhoz 23 különböző szerves szubsztrátot adtunk, és az általuk indukált légzési válaszon keresztül mértük, hogy az egyes talajminták mikrobaközösségei milyen mértékben képesek hasznosítani az egyes szubsztrátokat. Az így kapott, közösségre jellemző katabolikus aktivitás mintázatokat főkomponens elemzéssel és kanonikus korreszpondancia elemzéssel értékeltük. Eredményeink alapján a mikrorespirációs módszer egyértelműen alkalmas az általunk vizsgált talajok mikrobiótájának elkülönítésére. Az egyes minták katabolikus aktivitás mintázatai közötti különbségek egybevágtak a minták közötti, talajfizikai és —kémiai tulajdonságban megfigyelt eltérésekkel. A kutatást az OTKA (K 108572) támogatta.

Plant invasions have become one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystems across the globe during the last decade, and there is growing interest in their effect on the native flora and biota in invaded areas. However, little is known about their effect on soil microbial communities, especially non-fungal communities, in harsh environments such as a sand-dune ecosystem. The objective of this study, conducted in the northern Sharon sand-dune area of Israel, was to investigate the influence of the invasive alien plant Heterotheca subaxillaris on a sand-dune microbial community. Soil samples were collected under the canopies of the invasive plant, a native plant (Artemisia monosperma), and from bare areas at two sites, at different distances from the seashore going inland during the wet and dry seasons. MicroRespTM system methodology provided data on microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the community-level physiological profile (CLPP) at the community level, in addition to abiotic components, e.g., soil moisture, organic matter, conductivity, and pH. The microbial community in the soil samples found under the canopy of H. subaxillaris was less active and exhibited significantly lower CLPP, microbial biomass, and basal respiration than in the A. monosperma (native plant) samples. Soil abiotic variables were strongly affected by seasonality, sites, and were related to plant cover and the ecophysiological adaptation of each one. This study emphasizes the threat to soil microbial communities induced by plant invasion, especially in unique and harsh sand-dune ecosystems. This threat might also affect other organisms living in this fragile environment.

MicroResp is a colorimetric method developed by Campbell et al., (2003), used for assessing the community level physiological profile of the microbial population. MicroResp can be used to assess soil health, pollution induced community tolerance, also for toxicity testing, pesticide degradation profiles, bioremediation evaluation and water ecology and toxicity. The aim of the present review was to look over the results of recent papers and to highlight the importance and efficiency of the MicroResp method in assessing the physiological profile of the microbial community. The method advantages and limitations were also assessed. We focused on agricultural soil in order to deepen our understanding about changes of microbial community induced by agricultural practices. To achieve this goal, academic literature was analyzed using an academic database. There were set a total of six keywords, used to make a search algorithm, achieving five search terms. For each search, the first four articles of interest were chosen to be reviewed. After the searches for each of the terms, between 72 and 210 articles were found, 20 of them being chosen for final evaluation. Following the undertaken research, it can be stated that MicroResp method is an important tool to assess the physiological profile of the microbial community, featuring a series of advantages that place it ahead of other competing methods.

E tanulmány célja egy martonvásári hosszútávú tartamkísérlet trágyázás nélkül művelt kukorica monokultúra talajában fellelhető baktériumközösségek filogenetikai diverzitásának és anyagcsere potenciáljának a felmérése volt. A kutatás során NGS és MicroResp™ technikával vizsgáltuk a művelt és a természeteshez közeli állapotú talajok mikrobiális jellemzőit.Az NGS adatai alapján a kukorica monokultúra szántott rétegének mintáinak baktériumközösség szerkezete nagyfokú hasonlóságot mutatott egymással, és elkülönült a löszpusztagyep A és C rétegéből formálódó csoporttól, míg a kukorica monokultúra C szintjéből származó minta élesen elvált a többitől. A gyepek talajában nem találtunk nagyobb bakteriális taxonómiai diverzitást, mint a művelt talajokban.A MicroResp™ mérés alapján megállapítottuk, hogy a természeteshez közeli állapotú talajok felszínhez közeli (A) rétegében kiugró a mikrobiális aktivitás mértéke. A kukorica monokultúrából származó A szint minták mikrobiális aktivitási mintázata egymáshoz hasonló volt, a C rétegből származó minták külön csoportot képeztek.Eredményeink alapján tehát a hosszú távú tartamkísérletbe vont művelt talajok baktériumközösségeinek filogenetikai diverzitása és metabolikus potenciálja jelentősen eltért a löszpusztagyep mintákétól.

Agricultural practices, such as the use of fertilizers, can change the structure and function of soil microbial community. Monitoring and assessing the soil microbiota and its dynamics related to different factors can be a powerful tool for understanding basic and applied ecological contexts. The main objective of this paper was to assess the changes of carbon turnover rate and the microbial metabolic activity, when different types of fertilizers were used, process called priming effect. A microcosm experiment was designed and performed under controlled temperature and humidity and the soil samples were analyzed using the MicroResp technique. Results show that the integration in soil of different carbon sources, such as green manure, can lead to a positive priming effect and integration of mineral fertilizers can lead to negative priming effect. The carbon sources with the highest respiratory activity were α-ketoglutaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, while the lowest respiratory activity was obtained in case of arginine.

At present, soils face great threats. Consequences of human activities, such as climate change, acidification and contamination result in decreased soil health. This is a threat to human health and well-being, since our society is dependent on soil ecosystem services. The soil ecosystems provide resources, such as food and fresh water, regulate the climate and play key parts in important life supporting biological processes, e.g. cycling of carbon and nutrients. Due to increased awareness of the threats that soils face, and its importance to humans, soil quality monitoring has recently received increased attention. Microorganisms run most biological processes in the soil, such as decomposition of organic material and nutrient cycling. Thus, microbial activity and diversity are considered useful biological indicators for soil quality monitoring. These biological properties can be examined using different methods. The aim of the project was to evaluate the potential of multiple substrate-induced respiration (MSIR), using the MicroRespTM system, and isothermal calorimetry for determining microbial activity and diversity in soils contaminated with copper (Cu) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Thereby, the methods’ applicability in risk assessment of contaminated soil could be decided. MSIR is considered appropriate for determining microbial activity and functional diversity, while isothermal calorimetry has not been tested as much in this area. The calorespirometric ratio (produced heat per unit CO2) was calculated to evaluate potential relationships between heat and CO2 at different contamination levels. Although there was some variation between the methods, Cu had a clear effect on both microbial activity and functional diversity. Both methods were thus considered applicable in risk assessment of soil contaminated with Cu. The impact of PAH appeared to be more complex, the effects on microbial activity varied and PAH had little significant effect on functional diversity. Neither of the methods were therefore considered applicable for assessment of soil contaminated with PAH. The calorespirometric ratio did not provide useful results, and cannot be recommended for risk assessment purposes at present.
I dagsläget utsätts marken för stora hot. Följder av mänsklig aktivitet, så som klimatförändringar, försurning och förorening försämrar markens kvalitet. Detta är ett hot mot människors hälsa och välmående, eftersom vårt samhälle är beroende av markens ekosystemtjänster. Markens ekosystem förser oss med exempelvis mat och rent vatten, reglerar klimatet, och har nyckelroller i viktiga biologiska processer, exempelvis cirkulering av kol och näringsämnen. På grund av ökad medvetenhet om hoten mot marken samt dess betydelse för människan, har kontroll av markens kvalitet börjat få ökad uppmärksamhet. Mikroorganismer sköter de flesta biologiska processer som sker i marken, så som nedbrytning av organiskt material och cirkulering av näringsämnen. Därmed anses mikrobiell aktivitet och diversitet vara lämpliga biologiska indikatorer vid kontroll av markens kvalitet. Dessa biologiska egenskaper kan mätas med flera olika metoder. Syftet med projektet var att utvärdera potentialen i att använda multipla substrat-inducerad respiration (MSIR), genom att använda systemet MicroRespTM, samt isotermisk kalorimetri för att mäta mikrobiell aktivitet och funktionell diversitet i mark förorenad med koppar (Cu) och polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH). Därmed kunde metodernas tillämplighet i riskbedömning av förorenad mark bestämmas. MSIR anses vara en lämplig metod i syfte att undersöka mikrobiell aktivitet och funktionell diversitet, medan isotermisk kalorimetri inte är lika beprövat. Kvoten mellan värmeproduktion och respirerad CO2, the calorespirometric ratio, beräknades för att utvärdera eventuella samband mellan värmeproduktion och respiration vid olika föroreningskoncentrationer. Trots att det förekom viss variation mellan metoderna, hade Cu en tydlig effekt på både mikrobiell aktivitet och funktionell diversitet. Båda metoder ansågs därför vara tillämpbara i riskbedömning av Cu-förorenad jord. PAH hade varierande effekt på mikrobiell aktivitet och liten signifikant effekt på funktionell diversitet. Ingen av metoderna ansågs därför tillämpbar i riskbedömning av jord förorenad med PAH. The calorespirometric ratio tillhandahöll ej användbara resultat, och kunde därmed inte rekommenderas i riskbedömningssyfte.

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Especialização em Tecnologias Ambientais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Organic amendments were made to a naturally burned soil (BS), unburned soil (fresh soil) and soils treated at 65, 105 and 250 oC simulating fire effects. Digested pig slurry (PS), composted municipal solid waste (MSW) and a mixture of both residues were applied to soil samples and incubated for 2 months. To determine the effects of fire and organic amendments on soil microorganisms and if changes occurred in their functional diversity, microbial community level physiological profiles were assessed using different carbon substrates. Substrate induced respiration and basal respiration were determined by the MicroRespTM method. BS showed greater respiration values than other treatments, suggesting that the ability of soil microorganisms to use carbon substrates was not reduced in BS, probably due to low fire intensity. PS seemed to be more effective improving microbial activity in BS, while in 65 and 105 oC soils MSW was more successful. Fresh soil often showed lower respiration than 65 and 105 oC soils suggesting a change in microbial communities after treatment, eventually with destruction of less tolerant microorganisms and consequent increase of available organic matter. Microorganisms introduced by organic residues seemed to play an important role in microbial respiration recovery.---------------------------------Foram aplicados resíduos orgânicos a um solo queimado (SQ) em fogo florestal, solo não queimado (solo fresco) e solos tratados a 65, 105 e 250 oC em estufa. Chorume de porco digerido (CP), resíduo solo urbano compostado (RSU) e uma mistura destes dois resíduos foram adicionados aos solos e incubados durante dois meses. Para avaliar os efeitos do fogo e da aplicação de resíduos aplicados nos microrganismos do solo e se as mudanças ocorreram ao nível da sua diversidade funcional, determinaram-se os perfis fisiológicos da comunidade microbiana através da utilização de diferentes substratos carbonados, pelo método MicroRespTM. O SQ apresentou maior respiração, sugerindo que a capacidade dos microrganismos utilizarem os substratos não ficou reduzida pelo fogo, que provavelmente foi de baixa intensidade. O CP terá sido mais eficiente a melhorar a actividade microbiana no SQ, e nos solos a 65 e 105 oC o RSU. O solo fresco obteve frequentemente menores valores de respiração que os solos tratados a 65 e 105 oC, sugerindo uma mudança nas comunidades microbianas após tratamento, com eventual destruição de microrganismos menos tolerantes e aumento de matéria orgânica disponível. Os microrganismos introduzidos pelos resíduos parecem desempenhar um papel importante na recuperação da respiração microbiana.