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Journal articles on the topic 'Microscopic pathogens'
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1
Basri, Hasan. "Texture Feature Extraction of Pathogen Microscopic Image Using Discrete Wavelet Transform." Jurnal Riset Informatika 5, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34288/jri.v5i1.488.
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This study used a case study of Jabon leaves, and the pathogen is one of the causes of disease that attack the leaves of jabon, one of the leaf spots and leaf blight. Discovery of leaf spot disease in different pathogens and leaf blight. The pathogen was obtained from the leaf spot of Curvularia sp. 1 and Pestalotia sp., while the pathogen came from Curvularia sp. 2 and Botrytis sp. Identify the pathogen as soon as possible to minimize its effects. Improper handling can lead to increased virulence and resistance to the pathogen. Improper handling also can cause a disease outbreak (disease epidemic) in a region. This study is the first step in identifying the pathogens responsible for Jabon leaf disease. In this study, the Application of Koch's Postulates method to achieve the purification of pathogens and retrieve the microscopic pathogen image as the data acquisition stage. Furthermore, use of the segmentation stage to separate the object pathogen from the background, and one of the methods used is Otsu Thresholding. The extraction process of pathogen microscopic image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), DWT extraction results can be obtained using energy and entropy information.
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Greenstein, Gary, and Alan Polson. "Microscopic Monitoring of Pathogens Associated with Periodontal Diseases." Journal of Periodontology 56, no. 12 (December 1985): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1985.56.12.740.
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Goldsmith, Cynthia S., and Sherif R. Zaki. "Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: A Microscopic Overview." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026933.
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During the 20th century, the advent of vaccines and antibiotics, and continued improvements in urban sanitation and water quality resulted in a dramatic decline in mortality due to infectious diseases. There was a brief period of optimism in the mid-1900's that infectious pathogens would no longer be a significant cause of death in the United States. For a number of reasons, this trend had reversed by the end of the century, and the rates of death caused by infectious diseases began rising. in recognition of this change, the Institute of Medicine issued a report in 1992 that called attention to the major factors contributing to the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. Among these were the following: increased human encroachment on wilderness habitats, resulting in changes in the ecosystem and increased contact with animal and insect vectors which may harbor unknown infectious agents; sizable growth in human population, resulting in increased urbanization and crowding; increased global travel; changes in human behaviors; and microbial evolution.
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Yeroshenko, G. A., O. D. Lysachenko, K. V. Shevchenko, O. V. Kinash, and L. B. Pelypenko. "IMPROVING SKILLS IN MICRODIAGNOSTICS DURING THE COURSES OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 22, no. 2 (September 27, 2022): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.22.2.108.
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Microscopic and submicroscopic studies of cyto- and histopreparations are used for high-quality assimilation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills over the courses "Histology, Cytology, Embryology" and "Medical Biology". They are an inseparable part of sessions when medical students learn the structure of cells, tissues, organs and make diagnoses parasitic diseases identifying pathogens and vectors of pathogens, helminth species, etc. Mastering medical and biological disciplines involves the ability to perform accurate study of micropreparations and their structural elements for further use in clinical practice, e.g. when investigating the biopsy samples, diagnosing pathological processes, establishing the causes of infection, or making laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, etc. The main part of practical classes implies the students’ operating with microscopes. The classrooms of the departments are equipped with computers and microscopes with digital video cameras; the images of micropreparations of various magnifications can be visualized onto the screens of monitors, plasma TVs or the large screen by multimedia projectors. Ability to change the spot size setting facilitates better vision and thus better understanding of various histological structures. In practical classes on histology, cytology, and embryology, the theoretical material is consolidated by studying the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, and organs, diagnosing their histological structures, and processing electron microscopy data. Micropreparations of cells, stages of embryo development, extra-embryonic organs, helminths and their eggs are extensively used as material for investigation and analysis. The theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired by students over the disciplines of a medical and biological profile pave the foundations for a holistic perception of the human body, contribute to improving skills in detecting microscopic structures, develop the ability to diagnose pathogens and vectors of parasitic diseases and are used in solving clinical case-studies.
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Baidaa G. Ofi, Mohammed H. Abass, and Yehya A. Salih. "First report of Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) (1983) as a causative agent of leaf spot disease on broad bean Vicia faba L. in Iraq." University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v12i2.259.
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Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most common vegetable crops in Iraq; cultivated in many areas. Broad bean production has been affected significantly by several diseases caused by either bacteria or fungi; among these pathogens Fusarium have a direct impact on faba beans production. The current study was conducted at the laboratories of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah to identify the fungal pathogens of broad bean leaf spot disease. Isolation of the fungal pathogen was performed on PDA and PCA media; the morphological and microscopic identification revealed the identity of Fusarium subglutinans, followed a molecular diagnosis by ITS universal primers (ITS1 and ITS4) with a similarity percentage of 99%; the gene sequence was deposited at NCBI as LC769974.
Experimental tests confirmed the pathogen's capability to infect the vegetative system of the broad bean plants. This is the first recorded of F. subglutinans being identified as the cause of leaf spotting on broad bean plants, making it a notable discovery in both Iraq and globally.
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Kupfer, Tom R., Daniel M. T. Fessler, Bozhi Wu, Tiffany Hwang, Adam Maxwell Sparks, Sonia Alas, Theodore Samore, Vedika Lal, Tanvi P. Sakhamuru, and Colin Holbrook. "The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (July 28, 2021): 20210376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0376.
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Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestion or incidental contact, it offers limited protection against ectoparasites, which actively pursue a host and attach to its surface. Humans might, therefore, possess a distinct ectoparasite defence system—including cutaneous sensory mechanisms and grooming behaviours—functionally suited to guard the body's surface. In two US studies and one in China, participants ( N = 1079) viewed a range of ectoparasite- and pathogen-relevant video stimuli and reported their feelings, physiological sensations, and behavioural motivations. Participants reported more surface-guarding responses towards ectoparasite stimuli than towards pathogen stimuli, and more ingestion/contamination-reduction responses towards pathogen stimuli than towards ectoparasite stimuli. Like other species, humans appear to possess evolved psychobehavioural ectoparasite defence mechanisms that are distinct from pathogen defence mechanisms.
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Wagner, Patricia, Kerstin Brügemann, Tong Yin, Petra Engel, Christina Weimann, Karen Schlez, and Sven König. "Microscopic differential cell count and specific mastitis pathogens in cow milk from compost-bedded pack barns and cubicle barns." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 4 (November 2021): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000844.
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AbstractCompost bedded pack barns (compost) as a new free walk housing system favorably influence udder health due to improved animal welfare and lying comfort. On the other hand, unfavorable effects on udder health are possible, due to the open bedded pack and the associated larger bacterial content in moisture. For in-depth farming system comparisons, the present study aimed to evaluate the specific cell fractions and mastitis pathogens in milk from cows kept in compost and in conventional cubical barns (cubicle). For milk sample collection we used a repeated measurement data structure of 2,198 udder quarters from 537 Holstein cows kept in six herds (3 in compost and 3 in cubicle). Differential cell counting was conducted including lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Specific mastitis pathogens comprised major and minor pathogens. Mixed models were applied to infer environmental and cow associated effects on cell fractions and on prevalences for pathogen infections, with specific focus on system × lactation stage, system × milk yield and system × somatic cell count effects. The interaction between system and lactation stage showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between the systems. A significantly smaller number of bacteriologically positive quarters and lower prevalences for minor pathogens were detected in compost compared to cubicle. Least squares means for pathogen prevalences indicated a quite constant proportion of bacteriologically negative udder quarters across milk yield levels in compost, but a slight increase with increasing milk yield in cubicle. Cell fraction responses in both systems differed in relation to the overall bacteriological infection status and farming system particularities. In conclusion, different cell fractions and specific mastitis pathogens should be considered as an indicator for udder health in different production systems, taking into account cow associated factors (lactation stage, milk yield).
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Khan, Subhanullah, and Minglin Lang. "A Comprehensive Review on the Roles of Metals Mediating Insect–Microbial Pathogen Interactions." Metabolites 13, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13070839.
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Insects and microbial pathogens are ubiquitous and play significant roles in various biological processes, while microbial pathogens are microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in multiple hosts. Insects and microbial pathogens engage in diverse interactions, leveraging each other’s presence. Metals are crucial in shaping these interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. However, metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Ni are integral to various physiological processes in insects, including immune function and resistance against pathogens. Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to take up, transport, and regulate metal concentrations to fight against pathogenic microbes and act as a vector to transport microbial pathogens to plants and cause various plant diseases. Hence, it is paramount to inhibit insect–microbe interaction to control pathogen transfer from one plant to another or carry pathogens from other sources. This review aims to succinate the role of metals in the interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. It summarizes the significance of metals in the physiology, immune response, and competition for metals between insects, microbial pathogens, and plants. The scope of this review covers these imperative metals and their acquisition, storage, and regulation mechanisms in insect and microbial pathogens. The paper will discuss various scientific studies and sources, including molecular and biochemical studies and genetic and genomic analysis.
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Nasiłowska, Justyna, Aleksandra Kocot, Paulina Natalia Osuchowska, and Barbara Sokołowska. "High-Pressure-Induced Sublethal Injuries of Food Pathogens—Microscopic Assessment." Foods 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10122940.
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High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) technology is considered an alternative method of food preservation. Nevertheless, the current dogma is that HHP might be insufficient to preserve food lastingly against some pathogens. Incompletely damaged cells can resuscitate under favorable conditions, and they may proliferate in food during storage. This study was undertaken to characterize the extent of sublethal injuries induced by HHP (300–500 MPa) on Escherichia coli and Listeria inncua strains. The morphological changes were evaluated using microscopy methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Epifluorescence Microscopy (EFM). The overall assessment of the physiological state of tested bacteria through TEM and SEM showed that the action of pressure on the structure of the bacterial membrane was almost minor or unnoticeable, beyond the L. innocua wild-type strain. However, alterations were observed in subcellular structures such as the cytoplasm and nucleoid for both L. innocua and E. coli strains. More significant changes after the HHP of internal structures were reported in the case of wild-type strains isolated from raw juice. Extreme condensation of the cytoplasm was observed, while the outline of cells was intact. The percentage ratio between alive and injured cells in the population was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. The results of HHP-treated samples showed a heterogeneous population, and red cell aggregates were observed. The percentage ratio of live and dead cells (L/D) in the L. innocua collection strain population was higher than in the case of the wild-type strain (69%/31% and 55%/45%, respectively). In turn, E. coli populations were characterized with a similar L/D ratio. Half of the cells in the populations were distinguished as visibly fluorescing red. The results obtained in this study confirmed sublethal HHP reaction on pathogens cells.
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Yao, Nan, Satoshi Imai, Yasuomi Tada, Hitoshi Nakayashiki, Yukio Tosa, Pyoyun Park, and Shigeyuki Mayama. "Apoptotic Cell Death is a Common Response to Pathogen Attack in Oats." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 10 (October 2002): 1000–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.1000.
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We have examined the characteristics of cell death induced by pathogen infection in oats with respect to following hallmark apoptotic features: DNA laddering, chromatin condensation, and electron microscopic-bterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP end labeling positive response. A wide range of plant pathogens representing different levels of parasitism in susceptible and resistant interactions were used for the inocula, which include (i) an obligate parasite, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (the crown rust fungus); (ii) a facultative biotroph parasite, Magnaporthe grisea (the blast fungus); (iii) pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atropurpurea and P. syringae pv. coronafaciens (the halo or stripe blights of oats); and (iv) Ryegrass mottle virus. Surprisingly, any of the pathogens used induced most of the apoptotic features in oat cells at and around the infection sites, indicating that apoptotic cell death is a common phenomenon in oats during pathogen attack. The localization and the timing of apoptotic cell death during a course of infection were, however, quite different depending on the interactions (compatible or incompatible) and the pathogens (fungi, bacteria, or viruses). Possible roles of apoptotic cell death in the susceptible and resistant interactions are discussed.
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Tao, Chenglong, Jian Du, Junjie Wang, Bingliang Hu, and Zhoufeng Zhang. "Rapid Identification of Infectious Pathogens at the Single-Cell Level via Combining Hyperspectral Microscopic Images and Deep Learning." Cells 12, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12030379.
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Identifying infectious pathogens quickly and accurately is significant for patients and doctors. Identifying single bacterial strains is significant in eliminating culture and speeding up diagnosis. We present an advanced optical method for the rapid detection of infectious (including common and uncommon) pathogens by combining hyperspectral microscopic imaging and deep learning. To acquire more information regarding the pathogens, we developed a hyperspectral microscopic imaging system with a wide wavelength range and fine spectral resolution. Furthermore, an end-to-end deep learning network based on feature fusion, called BI-Net, was designed to extract the species-dependent features encoded in cell-level hyperspectral images as the fingerprints for species differentiation. After being trained based on a large-scale dataset that we built to identify common pathogens, BI-Net was used to classify uncommon pathogens via transfer learning. An extensive analysis demonstrated that BI-Net was able to learn species-dependent characteristics, with the classification accuracy and Kappa coefficients being 92% and 0.92, respectively, for both common and uncommon species. Our method outperformed state-of-the-art methods by a large margin and its excellent performance demonstrates its excellent potential in clinical practice.
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Melly Br Bangun, Yeni Herdiyeni, Elis Nina Herliyana, and Rossy Nurhasanah. "Penerapan Probabilistic Neural Network pada Klasifikasi Patogen Daun Bibit Jabon Berdasarkan Ciri Morfologi Spora." Bulletin of Computer Science Research 4, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/bulletincsr.v4i2.325.
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The aim of this research is to clasify pathogen of Jabon’s leaf seedling based on spora morphological features using Probabilistic Neural Network classifier. Three types of pathogen to be classified are Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., and Fusarium sp.. The methodologies used are data acquisition using optilab camera microscope to obtain microscopic image data , preprocessing (grayscale, median smoothing, thresholding Otsu, region filling, median smoothing and dilate), morphology feature extraction (area, perimeter, area convex, convex perimeter, compactness, solidity, convexity and roundness), Probabilistic Neural Network classification, and evaluation. The basic morphological characteristics consisting of area, perimeter, convex area, convex perimeter, and derived morphological characteristics consisting of compactness, solidity, convexity and roundness. The experimental results of the morphological feature extraction showed that the compactness and roundness characteristics can be used to identify the three types of pathogens because with these characteristics each class of pathogen is separate. Testing for this research was carried out using 150 test data from three classes of objects from the dataset, namely class 1 (Colletotrichum sp.), class 2 (Curvularia sp.), and class 3 (Fusarium sp.). Then the results of pathogen classification using the application of the PNN algorithm in testing this research obtained an average accuracy value of 86.8% with a proportion of training data and test data of 80:20. The results of the PNN classification on 150 test data were that there were 36 data classified into Colletotrichum sp., 44 data classified into Curvularia sp., and 50 data classified into Fusarium sp. Further research could be done with the identification of digital microscopic images without cropping and systems that could clasify a colony image of pathogens clearly.
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Carneiro, Fabiana Pirani, Andersen Charles Darós, Adriana Cysneiro Milhomem Darós, Tércia Maria Mendes Lousa de Castro, Marcos de Vasconcelos Carneiro, Cecília Ramos Fidelis, Mariane Vieira Vilioni, et al. "Cervical Cytology of Samples with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detected by Multiplex PCR." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 8, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7045217.
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Introduction. Despite increasing application of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, the cytological findings in pap smears of patients with pathogens that can be identified only by PCR are not yet well described. The aim of this study was to describe the most common cytological features in cervical pap smears of patients with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum detected by multiplex PCR. Methods. Cervical samples for conventional and liquid-based cytology and for multiplex PCR were collected from women ranging from 23 to 54 years old, who underwent routine screening at a gynecological Unit. Results. Multiplex PCR was positive in 36.2% of the samples: Ureaplasma parvum 14.9%, Chlamydia trachomatis 10.6%, Trichomonas vaginalis 10.6%, Mycoplasma hominis 8.5%, Ureaplasma urealyticum 4.2%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.1%, and Mycoplasma genitalium (0). Multiple pathogens were observed in 12.8% of samples. Microscopic cervicitis (≥10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/epithelial cell) and normal (predominantly lactobacillary) microbiota were the most frequent findings in the samples in which the pathogens were detected alone or in multiple infections, except for samples with Trichomonas vaginalis in which the coccobacillary microbiota was the most common. In samples with microscopic cervicitis and normal microbiota, those with at least one pathogen identified by multiplex PCR were significantly more frequent than those with no pathogen, 66.6% versus 33.3%. Conclusion. Failure to identify an inflammatory agent in pap smear with intense neutrophil exudate may suggest the presence of Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis. A remark on the intensity of inflammation should be made in the reports of cervical pap smears so that this cytological finding can be correlated with clinical and PCR results.
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Claudinon, Julie, Siegfried Steltenkamp, Manuel Fink, Taras Sych, Benoît Verreman, Winfried Römer, and Morgan Madec. "A Label-Free Optical Detection of Pathogens in Isopropanol as a First Step towards Real-Time Infection Prevention." Biosensors 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11010002.
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The detection of pathogens is a major public health issue. Every year, thousands of people die because of nosocomial infections. It is therefore important to be able to detect possible outbreaks as early as possible, especially in the hospital environment. Various pathogen detection techniques have already been demonstrated. However, most of them require expensive and specific equipment, and/or complex protocols, which, most of the time, involve biochemical reaction and labelling steps. In this paper, a new method that combines microscopic imaging and machine learning is described. The main benefits of this approach are to be low-cost, label-free and easy to integrate in any suitable medical device, such as hand hygiene dispensers. The suitability of this pathogen detection method is validated using four bacteria, both in PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and in isopropanol. In particular, we demonstrated an efficient pathogenic detection that is sensible to changes in the composition of a mixture of pathogens, even in alcohol-based solutions.
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Shahzadi, Iqra, Aqeel Ahmad, Nasim Ahmad Yasin, Ghulam Fareed, Yaseen Ashraf, Waheed Akram, Waheed Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Tayyab. "First report of Alternaria brassicicola causing leaf spots on garlic, an important food and medicinal plant." Journal of Medicinal Botany 1 (May 1, 2017): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jmb.2017.v1.48.
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Timely reporting new pathogens in an area is very important to design crop cultivation strategies. Current study describes the attack of Alternaria brassicicola over garlic, an important food and medicinal plant in Punjab, Pakistan. Pathogen was successfully isolated over artificial fungal growth medium and its microscopic characteristics were studied morphologically. Its identification was confirmed by targeting ribosomal DNA (ribotyping) prior to its submission in Fungal Culture Bank of Pakistan (FCBP). The isolated pathogen was tested for its pathogenicity under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the phylogenetic homology of the pathogen was checked with previously reported fungal isolates. The study was preceded according to the design and requirements of Koch’s postulates; and the pathogenicity of the isolated fungal species was confirmed.
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Kwon, Sungmun, Jungyeon Kim, Younmi Lee, Kotnala Balaraju, and Yongho Jeon. "Identification and Characterization of Diplodia parva and Diplodia crataegicola Causing Black Rot of Chinese Quince." Plant Pathology Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2023.0039.
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Fungal isolates from infected Chinese quince trees were found to cause black rot in Yeongcheon, Gyeongsangbuk Province, Korea. The quince leaves withered and turned reddish-brown and fruits underwent black mummification. To elucidate the cause of these symptoms, the pathogen was isolated from infected leaf and fruit tissues on potato dextrose agar and Levan media. Several fungal colonies forming a fluffy white or dark gray mycelium and two types of fungi forming an aerial white mycelium, growing widely at the edges, were isolated. Microscopic observations, investigation of fungal growth characteristics on various media, and molecular identification using an internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes were performed. The fungal pathogens were identified as <i>Diplodia parva</i> and <i>Diplodia crataegicola</i>. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogen-inoculated fruits exhibited a layered pattern, turning brown rotting; leaves showed circular brown necrotic lesions. The developed symptoms were similar to those observed in the field. Fungal pathogens were reisolated to fulfill Koch’s postulates. Apples were inoculated with fungal pathogens to investigate the host range. Strong pathogenicity was evident in the fruits, with browning and rotting symptoms 3 days after inoculation. To determine pathogen control, a fungicidal sensitivity test was conducted using four registered fungicides. Thiophanate-methyl, propineb, and tebuconazole inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation and identification of the fungal pathogens <i>D. parva</i> and <i>D. crataegicola</i> from infected fruits and leaves of Chinese quince, causing black rot disease in Korea.
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Akram, Shazia, Ayesha Ahmed, Pengfei He, Pengbo He, Yinglong Liu, Yixin Wu, Shahzad Munir, and Yueqiu He. "Uniting the Role of Endophytic Fungi against Plant Pathogens and Their Interaction." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010072.
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Endophytic fungi are used as the most common microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) against phytopathogens and are ubiquitous in all plant parts. Most of the fungal species have roles against a variety of plant pathogens. Fungal endophytes provide different services to be used as pathogen control agents, using an important aspect in the form of enhanced plant growth and induced systemic resistance, produce a variety of antifungal secondary metabolites (lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes) through colonization, and compete with other pathogenic microorganisms for growth factors (space and nutrients). The purpose of this review is to highlight the biological control potential of fungal species with antifungal properties against different fungal plant pathogens. We focused on the introduction, biology, isolation, identification of endophytic fungi, and their antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. The endosymbionts have developed specific genes that exhibited endophytic behavior and demonstrated defensive responses against pathogens such as antibiosis, parasitism, lytic enzyme and competition, siderophore production, and indirect responses by induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host plant. Finally, different microscopic detection techniques to study microbial interactions (endophytic and pathogenic fungal interactions) in host plants are briefly discussed.
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Cooper, V. L., A. R. Doster, R. A. Hesse, and N. B. Harris. "Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: NEB-1 PRRSV Infection did not Potentiate Bacterial Pathogens." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 3 (July 1995): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700303.
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A 2-phase study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the NEB-1 strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to potentiate common bacterial pathogens of swine. In phase I, 25 of 50 4-5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were exposed to NEB-1 PRRSV (day 0). Seven days after virus inoculation, 8 groups received 1 of 4 bacterial pathogens: Haemophihs parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis, and Pasteurella multocida. The ability of NEB-1 PRRSV to produce clinical disease, viremia, neutralizing antibody, gross and microscopic lesions and to potentiate bacterial pathogens was assessed. Response to NEB-1 PRRSV was similar among inoculated pigs; prolonged hyperthermia, lethargy, mild to moderate dyspnea, and cutaneous erythema were consistent clinical signs. No clinical differences were observed in groups after bacterial challenge. Virus was isolated from serum at weekly intervals through the end of the study, and all PRRSV-inoculated pigs had seroconverted by study termination. Two of 5 pigs died in non-PRRSV-inoculated groups challenged with H. parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs was limited to 1 of 5 pigs from the Salmonella cholerasuis-challenged group. Gross lesions were seen in pigs dying after inoculation in H. parasuis- and Streptococcus suis-inoculated groups, in Salmonella cholerasuis-and P. multocida-challenged pigs, and in 1 non-PRRSV-inoculated control pig. Microscopic lesions consisted of mild to moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia, nonsuppurative myocarditis, lymphoid hyperplasia, and nonsuppurative encephalitis in PRRSV-inoculated pigs. Findings in phase I indicated that NEB-1 PRRSV does not potentiate bacterial disease while inducing consistent clinical signs, viremia, seroconversion, and microscopic lesions. Based upon initial findings in phase I, in phase II, 18 of 36 4-6-week-old SPF pigs were exposed to NEB-1 PRRSV (day 0). Two days after virus inoculation, 2 of 4 groups were exposed to either Streptococcus suis or P. multocida. Clinical findings were similar to those of phase I. One of 6 pigs died in each of the Streptococcus suis-challenged groups. Animals succumbed 3 and 5 days after bacterial challenge in the non-PRRSV-inoculated and PRRSV-inoculated groups, respectively. Mild gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions were observed. Phase II findings support the conclusions of phase I that NEB-1 PRRSV does not potentiate certain bacterial infections of swine.
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Shi, Y. Z., S. Xiong, L. K. Chin, Y. Yang, J. B. Zhang, W. Ser, J. H. Wu, et al. "High-resolution and multi-range particle separation by microscopic vibration in an optofluidic chip." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 14 (2017): 2443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7lc00484b.
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Tsutsumi, Yutaka, and Takanori Onouchi. "OB-IV-3Electron microscopic detection of pathogens and neutrophil extracellular traps." Microscopy 65, suppl 1 (November 2016): i18.1—i18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfw085.
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Gabal, M. A. "Antifungal activity of ketoconazole with emphasis on zoophilic fungal pathogens." American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1229–34. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1986.47.06.1229.
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SUMMARY The antifungal activity of ketoconazole was studied against fungal pathogens associated with various mycotic infections in animals. A concentration of 10 μg of ketoconazole/ml of medium proved fungicidal to Trichophyton verrucosum. The same concentration acted as a strong fungistat against the majority of the tested dermatophytes. Yeasts were generally more sensitive than yeast-like pathogens. Ketoconazole also proved fungicidal against Pityrosporon canis and strongly inhibitory on Cryptococcus neoformans and Torulopsis famata at the lowest used concentration. Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus required a higher concentration in order for the drug to demonstrate some gross changes. However, variable serious microscopic effects were detected. The most marked effect of ketoconazole was in connection with the dimorphic fungi. The action was fungicidal or strongly inhibitory on both the mycelial form and the tissue phase, respectively. The effect of the drug involved both gross morphologic and microscopic changes of the fungi. The mechanism of action of the drug is described in detail. The results are promising and encouraging for the use of ketoconazole in veterinary medicine.
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Steiner, Ulrike, and Erich-Christian Oerke. "The Hemibiotrophic Apple Scab Fungus Venturia inaequalis Induces a Biotrophic Interface but Lacks a Necrotrophic Stage." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2024): 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120831.
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Microscopic evidence demonstrated a strictly biotrophic lifestyle of the scab fungus Venturia inaequalis on growing apple leaves and characterised its hemibiotrophy as the combination of biotrophy and saprotrophy not described before. The pathogen–host interface was characterised by the formation of knob-like structures of the fungal stroma appressed to epidermal cells as early as 1 day after host penetration, very thin fan-shaped cells covering large parts of the host cell lumen, and enzymatic cuticle penetration from the subcuticular space limited to the protruding conidiophores. The V. inaequalis cell wall had numerous orifices, facilitating intimate contact with the host tissue. Pathogen-induced modifications of host cells included partial degradation of the cell wall, transition of epidermal cells into transfer cells, modification of epidermal pit fields to manipulate the flow of nutrients and other compounds, and formation of globular protuberances of mesophyll cells without contact with the pathogen. The non-haustorial biotrophy was characterised by enlarged areas of intimate contact with host cells, often mediated by a matrix between the pathogen and plant structures. The new microscopic evidence and information on the pathogens’ biochemistry and secretome from the literature gave rise to a model of the lifestyle of V. inaequalis, lacking a necrotrophic stage that covers and explains its holomorphic development.
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Downer, A. James, Janice Y. Uchida, Donald R. Hodel, and Monica L. Elliott. "Lethal Palm Diseases Common in the United States." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.710.
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Palms (Arecaceae) are affected by a variety of pathogens, most of which are fungi. We detail pathogens, host ranges, disease description, diagnosis and epidemiology as well as management for the significant, usually fatal, diseases affecting palms grown in the continental United States and Hawaii. These include fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis) of canary island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), diamond scale (Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae), ganoderma butt rot (Ganoderma zonatum), lethal yellowing (Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae subgroup 16SrIV-A), and diseases caused by Nalanthamala (Gliocladium), Phytophthora, and Thielaviopsis. We have omitted the leaf spot and minor blight diseases that often affect palms but pose no long-term consequence to their health and survival. Visual symptoms of lethal palm diseases are often similar, necessitating the isolation or detection of the pathogen with cultural, microscopic, or molecular methods. Management of palm diseases is varied, often requiring in-depth knowledge of the biology of the pathogen and its' infection process. Quarantine, eradication, sanitation, and proper species selection and culture are necessary practices to limit the spread of new and existing diseases of palms in landscapes and nurseries.
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Downer, A. James, Janice Y. Uchida, Donald R. Hodel, and Monica L. Elliott. "Lethal Palm Diseases Common in the United States." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.19.4.710.
Full textAbstract:
Palms (Arecaceae) are affected by a variety of pathogens, most of which are fungi. We detail pathogens, host ranges, disease description, diagnosis and epidemiology as well as management for the significant, usually fatal, diseases affecting palms grown in the continental United States and Hawaii. These include fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis) of canary island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), diamond scale (Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae), ganoderma butt rot (Ganoderma zonatum), lethal yellowing (Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae subgroup 16SrIV-A), and diseases caused by Nalanthamala (Gliocladium), Phytophthora, and Thielaviopsis. We have omitted the leaf spot and minor blight diseases that often affect palms but pose no long-term consequence to their health and survival. Visual symptoms of lethal palm diseases are often similar, necessitating the isolation or detection of the pathogen with cultural, microscopic, or molecular methods. Management of palm diseases is varied, often requiring in-depth knowledge of the biology of the pathogen and its' infection process. Quarantine, eradication, sanitation, and proper species selection and culture are necessary practices to limit the spread of new and existing diseases of palms in landscapes and nurseries.
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J, Harish. "Insights into the Mechanobiology of Phytophthora." Open Access Journal of Botanical Insights 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajbi-16000108.
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Phytophthora species, classified as oomycetes, are among the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide and pose a substantial threat to food security. Plant pathogens have developed various methods to breach the cuticle and walls of plant cells. For example, plant-pathogenic fungi use a ‘brute-force’ approach by producing a specialized and fortified invasion organ to generate invasive pressures [1]. Unlike in fungi, Phytophthora pathogens harness a specialized form of invasive tip growth to slice through the plant surface, wielding their hypha as a microscopic knife known as “naifu” invasion [2].
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Wang, Li, Hui Hou, Zengqiang Zhou, Hongtao Tu, and Hongbo Yuan. "Identification and Detection of Botryosphaeria dothidea from Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in China." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020401.
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Kiwifruit is very popular among consumers due to its high nutritional value. The increasing expansion in kiwifruit cultivation has led to the spread of rot diseases. To identify the pathogens causing kiwifruit ripe rots in China, 24 isolates were isolated from the diseased fruit and wart in trees. Botryosphaeria dothidea was recognized as the pathogen causing kiwifruit ripe rot and wart in the tree through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, pathogenicity testing, morphological and microscopic characteristics. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will lead to better disease monitoring and control efforts. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was then developed to rapidly and specifically identify B. dothidea. These results offer value to further research into kiwifruit ripe rot, such as disease prediction, pathogen rapid detection, and effective disease control.
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SHABIU, R. U., I. I. DANGORA, A. S. KUTAMA, A. BELLO, M. M. ZAKARI, N. MUSA, and M. DAHIRU. "PATHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR FUNGAL PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH TOMATO AND PEPPER IN JAMA’ARE NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 9, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2023.0901.13.
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Fungal diseases are the major threat and limiting factor in the production of economic crops which causes a tremendous loss of yield annually. The aim of this study was to assess the major fungal pathogens associated with tomato and pepper with a view to identify their presence incidence and severity. Field assessment was conducted in five irrigation villages in Jama’are during the dry season. At each location, 50 plants were assessed in fields by counting number of infected crops observed in an “X” pattern across the fields. Infected portion of diseased samples were collected for microscopic identification of the pathogens. Pathogenicity test was carried out to confirm the ability of the isolated pathogens to produceypical symptoms of the disease on the healthy plants. Data obtained were subjected for analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. The result of the study shows that tomato recorded the highest disease incidence and severity in Dako-dako and DogonJeji while pepper recorded the lowest disease incidence and severity at Digiza. A total of 16 different fungal pathogens were identified based on cultural morphology and microscopic identification on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25±2ºC. Pathogenicity test revealed that 13 fungal pathogens were highly pathogenic to tomato and pepper. Identified fungal pathogens are the main causal agent of diseases in the study area which cause substantial losses and damages to the economic crops. It is recommended that an integrated approach involving proper agronomic practices should be applied for sustainable yield production in the study area.
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Tokarev, Yuri S., Zimfira Y. Zinatullina, Anastasiya N. Ignatieva, Oksana N. Zhigileva, Julia M. Malysh, and Yulia Y. Sokolova. "Detection of two Microsporidia pathogens of the European honey bee Apis Mellifera (Insecta: Apidae) in Western Siberia." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0086.
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Abstract Two species of microsporidia, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, occur regularly and cause significant losses in apiculture throughout the world. N. ceranae is thought to be an emerging pathogen of the European honey bee which is replacing N. apis. Microscopic analysis of honey bees collected in Tyumen region, South-Western Siberia, suggested presence of two microsporidial pathogens slightly differing in spore size and shape. PCR detection using species-specific primer sets 312APIS and 218MITOC followed by PCR product sequencing confirmed the diagnosis of N. apis and N. ceranae, respectively. Microsporidia were present in private apiaries through 2008-2010, and among 21 colonies from 7 localities, two colonies were infected with both pathogens, while infections with N. apis only were detected in 8, and with N. ceranae only in 13 colonies. These data suggest that N. ceranae is widely spread in South-Western Siberia alongside with N. apis and is able to persist in the regions with average January temperatures below –18°C.
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Burrough, Eric R., and Nicholas K. Gabler. "111 Common nutritional and infectious health challenges in nursery pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.115.
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Abstract Poor starting nursery pigs are a common source of frustration for pork producers due to suboptimal lean tissue production and failure to thrive. This is generally a multifactorial issue with potential nutritional, infectious and management contributors. Commonly encountered respiratory and enteric pathogens include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), porcine enteric coronaviruses (TGEV/PEDV/PDCV), and group A, B, and C rotaviruses, as well as Salmonella typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Streptococcus suis, and Haemophilus parasuis. Infection with one or more of these agents can ultimately antagonize pig health and performance. However, while these specific pathogens may be causing an observed disease symptom, pigs may have been predisposed to infection due to various management, nutritional, and environmental risk factors. As many of these potential pathogens are endemic in production systems, it is important to remember that simply detecting a potential pathogen within a population is often not sufficient to assign cause for poor growth and production. To help fully interpret the impact of a detected agent, diagnostic efforts should focus on providing proof that the agent is actually causing disease. Molecular detection methods, such as PCR, are increasingly available for common pathogens and have high diagnostic sensitivity but lower diagnostic specificity. This paper will discuss the clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions associated with common nursery pig pathogens, as well as proper sampling and diagnostic testing necessary to detect and confirm disease following infection with these agents.
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Casillas-Vega, Néstor, Fernanda Flores-Rodríguez, Israel Sotelo-Coronado, Magda Elizabeth Vera-García, Aldo García-Heredia, Ana Ma Rivas-Estilla, Sonia A. Lozano-Sepúlveda, Santos García, Amador Flores-Arechiga, and Norma Heredia. "Norovirus Is the Most Frequent Cause of Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients in Monterrey, Mexico." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090672.
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Little information is available regarding the pathogens that cause diarrhea in hospitalized patients who also have various clinical problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of pathogens in fecal samples of hospitalized patients all suffering diarrhea in addition to other problems in Mexico. Diarrheic stools from 240 patients were obtained in a third-level hospital in Monterrey, Mexico. PCR was used for the detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., Aeromonas spp., Clostridioides difficile, and norovirus GI and GII. The presence of trophozoites, cysts of protozoa, eggs, and/or helminth larvae was determined by microscopic observation. Of the 240 patients analyzed, 40.4% presented at least one of the pathogens analyzed. Norovirus was the pathogen most frequently found (28.6%), followed by bacteria (11.7%), and parasites (8.3%). The majority of co-infections were parasites + norovirus, and bacteria + norovirus. Norovirus was detected mainly in children aged 0 to 10 years (9/15, 60%). Patients aged 0–20 years did not present co-infections. Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica were the most common parasites, (8/240), and Salmonella was the most prevalent bacteria (10/240). This information can help design specific strategies useful for hospitalized people with a compromised status.
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Rahn, Simon, Marion Gödel, Gerta Köster, and Gesine Hofinger. "Modelling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): e0273820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273820.
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed our lives and still poses a challenge to science. Numerous studies have contributed to a better understanding of the pandemic. In particular, inhalation of aerosolised pathogens has been identified as essential for transmission. This information is crucial to slow the spread, but the individual likelihood of becoming infected in everyday situations remains uncertain. Mathematical models help estimate such risks. In this study, we propose how to model airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. In this regard, we combine microscopic crowd simulation with a new model for disease transmission. Inspired by compartmental models, we describe virtual persons as infectious or susceptible. Infectious persons exhale pathogens bound to persistent aerosols, whereas susceptible ones absorb pathogens when moving through an aerosol cloud left by the infectious person. The transmission depends on the pathogen load of the aerosol cloud, which changes over time. We propose a ‘high risk’ benchmark scenario to distinguish critical from non-critical situations. A parameter study of a queue shows that the new model is suitable to evaluate the risk of exposure qualitatively and, thus, enables scientists or decision-makers to better assess the spread of COVID-19 and similar diseases.
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Adamčíková, Katarína, Katarína Pastirčáková, Zuzana Jánošíková, Radovan Ostrovský, Martin Pastirčák, Jozef Pažitný, Marek Kobza, Slavomír Adamčík, Miriam Kádasi-Horáková, and Emília Ondrušková. "New regional records of Dothistroma needle blight pathogens from Slovakia: distribution, hosts and pathogens characterization." Annals of Forest Research 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2023.2648.
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Dothistroma needle blight is one of the most severe needle diseases of pines caused by two closely related species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini. The further spread and distribution of this disease were investigated in Slovakia, and new hosts and stand types were identified at the regional level. Dothistroma septosporum was recorded in a natural stand at higher altitude on Pinus cembra in the High Tatras and the P. uncinata records are new host reports for Slovakia for this pathogen. Moreover, for D. pini, P. cembra as a new host at the country level was recorded and P. armandii was identified as new host species worldwide. Mating types for all collected samples and ITS haplotypes for D. pini isolates were determined. For D. pini, five localities with the presence of both mating types and three ITS haplotypes (Dp_HAP.1, Dp_HAP.2 and Dp_ HAP.4) were reported. Samples where both mating types of the pathogens were identified, were selected for the microscopic examination of fruiting bodies aimed to detect sexual reproductive organs. In all inspected needle samples of D. pini, only conidiomata with typical hyaline cylindrical conidia were identified. The sexual state of D. septosporum was recorded in one sample of P. nigra needles.
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Wang, Shijie, Keke Chen, Jiaqi Guo, Panwang Zhang, Yuchen Li, Zhenghao Xu, Langjun Cui, and Yi Qiang. "Identification of Pathogen Causing Bulb Rot in Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li and Establishment of Detection Methods." Plants 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2024): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13162236.
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Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li (F. taipaiensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for over two millennia to treat cough and expectoration. However, the increasing cultivation of F. taipaiensis has led to the spread of bulb rot diseases. In this study, pathogens were isolated from rotten F. taipaiensis bulbs. Through molecular identification, pathogenicity testing, morphological assessment, and microscopy, Fusarium solani was identified as the pathogen causing bulb rot in F. taipaiensis. The colonization of F. solani in the bulbs was investigated through microscopic observation. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will contribute to better disease monitoring and control. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and qPCR methods were established to quickly and specifically identify this pathogen. These results provide valuable insights for further research on the prediction, rapid detection, and effective prevention and control of bulb rot in F. taipaiensis.
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Li, Sen, Qi Yang, Hao Jiang, Jesús A. Cortés-Vecino, and Yang Zhang. "Parasitologist-level classification of apicomplexan parasites and host cell with deep cycle transfer learning (DCTL)." Bioinformatics 36, no. 16 (May 15, 2020): 4498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa513.
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Abstract Motivation Apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma, Plasmodium and Babesia, are important pathogens that affect billions of humans and animals worldwide. Usually a microscope is used to detect these parasites, but it is difficult to use microscopes and clinician requires to be trained. Finding a cost-effective solution to detect these parasites is of particular interest in developing countries, in which infection is more common. Results Here, we propose an alternative method, deep cycle transfer learning (DCTL), to detect apicomplexan parasites, by utilizing deep learning-based microscopic image analysis. DCTL is based on observations of parasitologists that Toxoplasma is banana-shaped, Plasmodium is generally ring-shaped, and Babesia is typically pear-shaped. Our approach aims to connect those microscopic objects (Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Babesia and erythrocyte) with their morphological similar macro ones (banana, ring, pear and apple) through a cycle transfer of knowledge. In the experiments, we conduct DCTL on 24 358 microscopic images of parasites. Results demonstrate high accuracy and effectiveness of DCTL, with an average accuracy of 95.7% and an area under the curve of 0.995 for all parasites types. This article is the first work to apply knowledge from parasitologists to apicomplexan parasite recognition, and it opens new ground for developing AI-powered microscopy image diagnostic systems. Availability and implementation Code and dataset available at https://github.com/senli2018/DCTL. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Kerrouche, Abdelfateh, Jordan Lithgow, Ilyas Muhammad, and Imed Romdhani. "Towards the Development of Rapid and Low-Cost Pathogen Detection Systems Using Microfluidic Technology and Optical Image Processing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072527.
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Waterborne pathogens affect all waters globally and proceed to be an ongoing concern. Previous methods for detection of pathogens consist of a high test time and a high sample consumption, but they are very expensive and require specialist operators. This study aims to develop a monitoring system capable of identifying waterborne pathogens with particular characteristics using a microfluidic device, optical imaging and a classification algorithm to provide low-cost and portable solutions. This paper investigates the detection of small size microbeads (1–5 µm) from a measured water sample by using a cost-effective microscopic camera and computational algorithms. Results provide areas of opportunities to decrease sample consumption, reduce testing time and minimize the use of expensive equipment.
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SOLOMON, ETHAN B., and KARL R. MATTHEWS. "Use of Fluorescent Microspheres as a Tool To Investigate Bacterial Interactions with Growing Plants." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.4.870.
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Foodborne pathogens may exist as endophytes of growing plants. The internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or other foodborne pathogens in growing lettuce plants may be independent of microbial factors. Mature lettuce plants were surface irrigated with E. coli O157:H7 or with FluoSpheres (fluorescent microspheres) and harvested 1, 3, and 5 days post-exposure. FluoSpheres were utilized as a bacterial surrogate. Microscopic examination of root, stem, and leaf tissue sections revealed that FluoSpheres were internalized into growing plants. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that FluoSpheres were present within the root tissue and leaf stem tissue. The presence of FluoSpheres in internal portions of stem and leaf tissue suggests transport of the spheres from the root upward into the edible tissue. The level of uptake of FluoSpheres and E. coli O157:H7 was quantified using filtration. Numbers of FluoSpheres and E. coli O157:H7 cells in plant tissue were similar. The entry of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce plants may be a passive event because the concentration of FluoSpheres was similar to that of the pathogen.
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Utami, Desi, Sarah Jade Meale, and Anthony Joseph Young. "A Pan-Global Study of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Chilli Caused by Xanthomonas spp." Plants 11, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172291.
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Bacterial Leaf Spot (BLS) is a serious bacterial disease of chilli (Capsicum spp.) caused by at least four different Xanthomonas biotypes: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans, X. hortorum pv. gardneri, and X. vesicatoria. Symptoms include black lesions and yellow halos on the leaves and fruits, resulting in reports of up to 66% losses due to unsalable and damaged fruits. BLS pathogens are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Xanthomonas is able to survive in seeds and crop residues for short periods, leading to the infections in subsequent crops. The pathogen can be detected using several techniques, but largely via a combination of traditional and molecular approaches. Conventional detection is based on microscopic and culture observations, while a suite of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assays are available. Management of BLS is challenging due to the broad genetic diversity of the pathogens, a lack of resilient host resistance, and poor efficacy of chemical control. Some biological control agents have been reported, including bacteriophage deployment. Incorporating stable host resistance is a critical component in ongoing integrated management for BLS. This paper reviews the current status of BLS of chilli, including its distribution, pathogen profiles, diagnostic options, disease management, and the pursuit of plant resistance.
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Cheng, Sau-Shan, Yee-Shan Ku, Ming-Yan Cheung, and Hon-Ming Lam. "AtGAP1 Promotes the Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 by Regulating Cell-Wall Thickness and Stomatal Aperture in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 7540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147540.
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GTP is an important signaling molecule involved in the growth, development, and stress adaptability of plants. The functions are mediated via binding to GTPases which are in turn regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Satellite reports have suggested the positive roles of GAPs in regulating ABA signaling and pathogen resistance in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms that bring forth the pathogen resistance have remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of AtGAP1 was inducible by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). The overexpression of AtGAP1 in Arabidopsis promoted the expression of PR1 and the resistance to Pst DC3000. Proteomic analyses revealed the enhanced accumulation of cell-wall-modifying proteins as a result of AtGAP1 overexpression. By microscopic analyses, we showed that the overexpression of AtGAP1 resulted in increased thickness of the mesophyll cell wall and reduced stomatal aperture, which are effective strategies for restricting the entry of foliar pathogens. Altogether, we demonstrated that AtGAP1 increases the resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis by promoting cellular strategies that restrict the entry of pathogens into the cells. These results point to a future direction for studying the modes of action of GAPs in regulating plant cell structures and disease resistance.
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Chakraborty, Tanmoy, Renáta Tóth, Joshua D. Nosanchuk, and Attila Gácser. "Multicopper Oxidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Human Pathogenic Fungi." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020056.
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Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are produced by microscopic and macroscopic fungal species and are involved in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, lignin degradation, and defense mechanisms to stress inducing environmental conditions as well as fungal virulence. This review will summarize our current understanding regarding the functions of MCOs present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in different human fungal pathogens. Of the two main MCO groups, the first group of MCOs is involved in iron homoeostasis and the second includes laccases. This review will also discuss their role in the pathogenesis of human fungal pathogens.
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Dewan, Pooja, Dhano Mardi, Sunil Gomber, and Rumpa Saha. "A prospective cohort study of enteric pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Indian children and their relationship with diarrheal recurrence." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20194745.
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Background: Opportunistic intestinal infections can increase the risk of death 11- fold in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children presenting with diarrhea. Understanding the etiology of diarrhea and its predictors can help strategize a targeted approach to reduce child mortality due to diarrhea in this vulnerable group. Authors aim was to compare the enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children with and without acute diarrhea, to assess the association between carriage of enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children and the occurrence of diarrhea within the next 3 months and to ascertain the relationship between enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children with their immunological and nutritional status.Methods: Stool samples were collected from HIV-infected children with acute diarrhea (n=41) and without diarrhea (n=52). All samples were subjected to microscopic examination, modified acid-fast and Trichrome staining, hanging drop examination, and bacterial culture. Serology for Cryptosporidium parvum was determined. Children who had received any antimicrobial therapy within the previous 2 weeks were excluded. Participants were followed up for three months for occurrence of diarrhea.Results: Intestinal pathogens were isolated in 48.8% and 42% of children in the diarrheal and non-diarrheal group respectively. The most common pathogens isolated in the diarrheal and non-diarrheal group were Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli (29.3% vs. 17.3%). During follow up, 8 children in each group had diarrheal occurrence. The pathogen isolated in subsequent episodes matched with the initial isolate in 3 children in each group.Conclusions: HIV-infected children without diarrhea also harbour enteric pathogens in comparable proportions to symptomatic children, which can predispose them to diarrheal occurrence in future, hence indicating need for assessing the need for preventive screening and prophylactic antibiotic regimens in this vulnerable group.
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MATSUMOTO, Takuo, Yasuo SONKU, and Daichi NAKAZIMA. "Fluorescent microscopic observations of antagonism of Trichoderma sp. to soil-borne pathogens and of the rhizosurface penetrated by those pathogens." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 36 (1990): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.36.26.
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Tatarintsev, Andrey I., Svetlana M. Sultson, Lyudmila S. Evdokimova, and Pavel V. Mikhaylov. "The Pathological Status of Pinus sylvestris L. Understory Affected by Anthropogenic Air Pollution Stress (Case Study of Forests near Krasnoyarsk)." Land 11, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101625.
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Air pollution is the major anthropogenic factor in urban and industrial areas. Forests play the most important role in improving environmental quality in such areas. Long-term air pollution has an adverse effect on the entire biota in such forests and determines the nature of plant–pathogen interactions. The purpose of the present research was to study the pathological status of the understory in Pinus sylvestris L. stands subject to long-term anthropogenic air pollution. The study was conducted in the pine forests near Krasnoyarsk. Research methods included a detailed pathological inspection of the understory (including saplings and self-sown trees) in stands (mainly forest-steppe pine forests) growing from 10 to 30 km from the city and macroscopic and microscopic diagnostics of plant diseases, and the analysis of the data obtained was carried out using statistical criteria (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (dK-S), Student’s t-test). Pathogens affecting young pines (nine species identified) are micromycetes of different parasitic strategies (semi-parasites predominate). The most common pathogens are Lophodermella sulcigena (causes needle cast), Cenangium ferruginosum (necrosis of branches), and Sarea difformis (stem and branches canker). The pathogens causing necrosis and canker are the most harmful for pine understory. As young plants mature, pathogen diversity and disease manifestations increase. In stands closer to the city, understory infestations with dominant diseases significantly decrease as the degree of their contamination with heavy metals and fluorine increases. The activity of pathogenic micromycetes is likely to be suppressed by the chemicals found in the plants.
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Kim, Youn-Ha, and Hyun-Jung Chung. "The effects of Korean propolis against foodborne pathogens and transmission electron microscopic examination." New Biotechnology 28, no. 6 (October 2011): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2010.12.006.
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Takikawa, Yoshihiro, Teruo Nonomura, Shouta Miyamoto, Naoki Okamoto, Tomoe Murakami, Yoshinori Matsuda, Koji Kakutani, Shin-ichi Kusakari, and Hideyoshi Toyoda. "Digital microscopic analysis of conidiogenesis of powdery mildew pathogens isolated from melon leaves." Phytoparasitica 43, no. 4 (April 16, 2015): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-015-0467-0.
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Zuhry, A. L. M., R. G. A. S. Rajapaksha, J. Kahawatta, and S. . Kohombange. "Fungal pathogens associated with wilting of Neolitsea cassia trees." International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 04, no. 02 (May 30, 2021): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/ijfee.040221.19.
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Neolitsea cassia, a tree species, belongs to family Lauraceae, is endemic to Sri Lanka. Few planted trees of Neolitsea cassia were severely affected by wilt disease. Two fungal pathogens were consistently isolated from collar region and roots of symptomatic trees. These two fungal species were identified as Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis by microscopic observations of conidia and culture characters of isolates on PDA. This is the first report of Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis species causing tree wilting of Neolitsea cassia in Sri Lanka. Application of 25 l of fungicide, Thiram + Thiophanate Methyl, 50+30% WP (Homai) solution (1g/l) around the base of each infected plant as a soil drenching was effectively controlled wilting of Neolitsea cassia caused by both pathogenic fungi.
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Kushnir, I. M., V. I. Kushnir, B. V. Gutyj, I. S. Semen, S. D. Murska, G. V. Kolodiy, and U. Z. Berbeka. "Determination of the activity of fungicides against pathogens of dermatomycoses in domestic animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 99 (October 28, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9903.
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The aim of the study was to identify and identify the causative agents of dermatomycosis in dogs and cats and to determine their sensitivity to solutions of ketonazole and chlorhexidine digluconate, which are part of the drug Skinhard. This is a spray for external use, manufactured by PJSC “Halychpharm”. For laboratory diagnosis of dermatomycoses, samples from the affected parts of the skin and fur of domestic animals were used. To isolate a pure culture of fungi were sown on selective media: wort agar, agar Saburo, Chapek. The optimal cultivation regime for pathogenic fungi was 20–25 °С. Isolated fungal cultures were identified by the appearance and shape of colonies, their consistency, color, ability to grow at 37 °C, microscopic structure, in particular - the nature of mycelial branching and the presence of septa, location of conidiophores, spores and other signs. A microbiological examination of the affected areas of the skin of dogs and cats was performed to detect microscopic fungi. The following fungi were isolated from dogs affected by mycoses: Candida spp., Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Mucor spp., Trichophyton spp., Mallasseria spp., Sporotrich spp, Candida albicans, and from cats: Microspor Candida spp., Spototrich spp., Rhizorus spp., Fusarium spp. Trichophyton spp. Isolated microscopic fungi of the genus Malassezia spp. belong to superficial mycoses (keratomycoses) and affect the superficial layers of skin and hair. Epidermatophytes: Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp. affect the epidermis, skin and coat. In addition, opportunistic fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp. and Fusarium spp. Chlorhexidine digluconate was found to be highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Less active against fungi of the genus Candida and less active against Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp, Fusarium spp. Ketonazole is highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Yeast (Malassezia spp., Candida spp.,) And opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp.).
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Yu, Qunfang, Pengbo He, Yanxiang Qi, Pengfei He, Ayesha Ahmed, Xin Zhang, He Zhang, Yixin Wu, Shahzad Munir, and Yueqiu He. "Insight into Antifungal Metabolites from Bacillus stercoris 92p Against Banana Cordana Leaf Spot Caused by Neocordana musae." Biomolecules 14, no. 12 (November 24, 2024): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14121495.
Full textAbstract:
Banana crop ranks among the most crucial fruit and food crops in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite advancements in production technology, diseases such as cordana leaf spot, caused by Neocordana musae, remain a significant challenge, reducing productivity and quality. Traditional chemical controls are becoming less effective due to the development of resistance in target pathogens, which pose significant environmental and health concerns. Consequently, there is growing attention toward the development of biocontrol strategies. Here, we identified a new bacterial strain, Bacillus stercoris 92p, from the rhizosphere soil of banana. We evaluated its ability to suppress the growth of N. musae and other fungal pathogens that cause leaf spot disease in bananas. The inhibitory effect of B. stercoris 92p were checked using dual culture assays, microscopic observations, and pot experiments. Furthermore, the biocontrol mechanisms were investigated using whole-genome sequencing and biochemical analyses. The results showed that B. stercoris 92p exhibited significant antifungal activity against N. musae and other fungal pathogens, with inhibition rates exceeding 70%. Microscopic examination revealed significant morphological alterations in the hyphae and conidia of the tested pathogens. In pot experiments, B. stercoris 92p effectively reduced the severity of cordana leaf spot, achieving a biocontrol efficacy of 61.55%. Genomic analysis and biochemical tests indicated that B. stercoris 92p produces various antifungal compounds, including lipopeptides (fengycins and surfactins), hydrolytic enzymes (proteases and amylases), and phosphate-solubilizing metabolites. In conclusion, the study highlights that B. stercoris could potentially be used as a potential biological control agent against cordana leaf spot.
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Vice, Zachariah, You Zhou, Sapna Chitlapilly Dass, and Rong Wang. "Microscopic Analysis of Temperature Effects on Surface Colonization and Biofilm Morphology of Salmonella enterica." Foods 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2025): 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020268.
Full textAbstract:
Salmonella enterica represents a diverse group of pathogens commonly associated with food contamination including red meat. Even though pre- and post-harvest cleaning and sanitization procedures are widely implemented at meat processing plants to mitigate the hazard, S. enterica cells may escape the process by colonizing, on contact, surfaces in the form of a biofilm that functions as an aggregated microbial community to facilitate mutual protection, antimicrobial resistance, proliferation and dissemination. Biofilm development is a complex process that can be affected by a variety of factors including environmental temperature. We developed methods using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with a novel image analysis software tool to investigate the temperature influence on S. enterica cell colonization and biofilm formation by directly visualizing and comparing the biofilm matrix’s morphological differences under various temperatures. Cocktails of S. enterica strains belonging to serovars, commonly isolated from meat samples, were applied to develop biofilms on a stainless steel surface at 7, 15, or 37 °C. Results of the microscopy analysis showed that as temperature increased, better-defined biofilm structures with extracellular polymeric structures (EPS) could be identified. However, S. enterica colonization and aggregated bacterial biomass were clearly observed at the low temperature (7 °C) as well. These results demonstrate that the environmental temperature significantly contributes to S. enterica biofilm formation as the higher temperatures encourage bacterial active proliferation and biofilm maturation leading to the development of well-pronounced structures, while the lower temperature may promote cell attachment but, meanwhile, limit the EPS biosynthesis and biofilm maturation. Our study indicates that the mature S. enterica biofilms formed under favorable conditions may protect the pathogens with the well-developed 3-demensional (3D) structure against routine treatment. Furthermore, the low temperatures commonly maintained at meat plants are not able to effectively prevent S. enterica colonization and biofilm formation since at such temperatures there could still be colonized biomass that can contaminate the products. Therefore, the temperature effect on pathogen colonization and biofilm development should be taken into consideration while evaluating hygiene standards and sanitization procedures at the processing facilities.
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Maulidia, V., A. Agustinur, and G. Novia. "Endophytic Bacteria as Biocontrol Agent Against Rigidoporus Microporus on Myristica Fragrans Houtt. Plant In Vitro." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1476, no. 1 (April 1, 2025): 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1476/1/012053.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aceh Province, specifically South Aceh District, is one of the largest nutmeg producers in Indonesia. However, nutmeg production has decreased by 70%, due to the white root fungus attack caused by Rigidoporus microporus. The alternative control needs to be carried, by utilizing biological agents such as endophytic bacteria, which are able to produce secondary metabolites, enzymes, antibiotics, which are the mechanism to protect plants from pathogens. The research consisted of 15 endophytic bacterial isolates with 5 replicates. The stages of this research were exploration, isolation, purification, bacterial gram staining, isolation and purification of white root rot fungus, and inhibition test. The results showed that 15 endophytic bacteria isolates were successfully isolated and purified, which characterized as microscopic (9 isolates had coccus cell form and 4 isolates had bacilli cell form with negative gram, and 2 isolates had bacilli cell form with the positive gram), and various microscopic characteristics (size, colony shape, elevation and margin). The inhibition test showed that there were two isolates EB06 and EB15 act as biocontrol agents that had the highest percentage of pathogen inhibition (58.63% and 59.76%) and the strong inhibition categorize, also had the lowest white root fungus diameter i.e. 1.00 cm.
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Das, Debarati, Papan Chowhan, Parimal Mandal, and Arka Pratim Chakraborty. "Studies on variability in mode of infection by the isolates of leaf pathogens isolated from diseased leaves of Musa paradisiaca from Uttar Dinajpur District." F1000Research 13 (April 23, 2024): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136445.1.
Full textAbstract:
Banana is (Musa sp) one of the most exoteric and materialistic fruit crop of many tropical and subtropical areas in India. Banana leaf diseases, caused by several fungal pathogens are one of the major diseases. Among the fungi causing banana leaf diseases, Curvularia sp/C. lunata is one of the main causal organisms causing leaf spot disease in banana plant. Two fungal isolates- MUSLF-2, MUSLF-3 and one fungal isolate- MUSLF-1 were isolated from the infected leaf from Ramganj and Gotgaon locations. Based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies, MUSLF-2 and MUSLF-3 were identified as Curvularia sp. After Koch’s postulate, three fungal isolates- MUSLF-2, MUSLF-3 [Curvularia sp] and MUSLF-1 were applied in banana field along with foliar spray of spore suspensions. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the in vitro detached leaf inoculation technique. The present research work depicts about the severity of leaf spot diseases of Musa paradisiaca and the nature of mode of infections exhibited by the fungal pathogens.