Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microscopie à effet de force et à balayage'
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Lavigne, Claude. "Etude et réalisation d'un nouvel ensemble microscopique à effet tunnel et microscope à force atomique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0334.
Full textDeumié-Raviol, Carole. "Ellipsométrie sur champ diffus et analyse multi-échelle de la microstructure des multicouches optiques : diffusion lumineuse, microscopie à force atomique, microscopie à effet tunnel optique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30087.
Full textBOURHETTAR, ABDERRAHIM. "Etude et realisation d'un microscope a effet tunnel associe a un microscope electronique a balayage et analyse quantitative de la fraction volumique des precipites dans les superalliages a base de nickel par microscopie a force atomique." Reims, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REIMS021.
Full textMorán, Meza José Antonio. "Propriétés structurelles et électroniques du graphène sur SiC(0001) étudiées par microscopie combinée STM/AFM." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961600.
Full textVenegas, de la Cerda Miguel Angel. "Etudes expérimentales de surfaces et de films minces isolants par microscopie à sonde locale sous ultra vide." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/308/.
Full textIn this research work we carried out experimental studies of insulating surfaces and insulating thin films surfaces by scanning probe microscopy techniques under ultra vacuum at room temperature. In particular we used Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy in the non contact mode (NC-AFM). We present experimental results on two systems: the insulating surface KBr (001) and the thin insulating alumina film formed by oxidation of the (110) surface of a NiAl crystal. Initially, we modified the STM/AFM head by changing the optical device of the detection of the cantilever oscillations system. This crucial improvement enabled us to carry out a series of experiments on the (001) cleaved surface of the ionic crystal KBr at the atomic level. We have evidence obtained from atomic resolution images, that shows a change in contrast when the tip passes through a step edge. Where we could observe a systematic and reversible change in the contrasts of the image. These observations were interpreted in terms of the atomic displacements of the last extremity tip apex, involving the change of last ion sign. This change of ion determines the type of image observed at atomic resolution. This assumption was confirmed by analyzing the experimental curves giving the force between the tip and the surface according to the tip to surface distance. This study was followed of some attempts to images organic molecules on this insulating surface. The Pd/Al10O13/NiAl (110) system was explored by STM and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), where the oxide layer is formed by exposing the NiAl(110) surface to an oxygen atmosphere, while keeping the sample temperature at (~280°C) under ultra-high vacuum. The atomic resolution images obtained enabled us to go down into the atomic structure of the insulating alumina layer, with stoichiometry Al10O13. In addition, it could be possible to atomically resolve a unit cell of one type of defects formed. We also carried out electrical measurements in order to characterize its electric properties on a nanometer scale. .
Mbongo, Djimbi Duval. "Déposition des molécules de ferrocène sur une surface de Cu(111) et modifications des états d'interfaces à la suite d'une déposition d'atomes métalliques : étude par dynamique moléculaire par premiers principes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAE049.
Full textFirst-principles simulations studies, in particular Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) and free energy molecular dynamics (FEMD), combined with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy reveal a non dissociative physisorption of ferrocene molecules on a Cu(111) surface, giving rise to ordered molecular layers. At the interface, a 2D-like electronic band is found, which shows an identical dispersion as the Cu(111) Shockley surface-state band. Subsequent deposition of Cu atoms forms charged organometallic compounds that localize interface-state electrons
Chahboun, Adil. "Etude d'électrons balistiques en microscopie à effet tunnel et autres applications en microscopie à champ proche." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30212.
Full textGrimont, Laure. "Microscope à effet tunnel photonique PSTM utilisant les sondes semi-conductrices à force atomique." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20197.
Full textBattaglini, Nicolas. "Matériaux organiques et microscopie à effet tunnel : de la couche monomoléculaire au nano-objet individuel." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22041.
Full textCalupitan, Jan Patrick Dela Cruz. "Térarylènes photo réactifs : synthèse et études par microscopie à effet tunnel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30016/document.
Full textPhotoswitching diarylethenes, and their terarylene derivatives, are promising for the next generation optoelectronic devices because of their excellent photochemical properties. To make them viable for miniaturized electronic devices, it is necessary to study this class of molecules at the single molecular level by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultra-high vacuum (UHV STM). This thesis has three parts: 1) development of terarylenes highly sensitive to switching; (2) their modification for STM studies; and 3) results of STM investigations. To be studied at the single molecular level by STM, terarylenes with high switching sensitivity have been selected. These compounds display high quantum yields of up to 100 %. However, the cycloreversion reaction remains low so an alternative route, through a chain-reaction oxidative mechanism, has been sought. In the first part, we show that the efficiency and speed of this reaction may be controlled by attachment of aromatic groups on the reactive carbons. In the second part, we functionalized these molecules for STM studies by attaching tert-butyl and chloride groups. These substituents preserve their excellent photochemical and switching properties while tert-butyl groups show bright contrast in STM images, minimize aggregation of these molecules on the surface, and slightly decouple the molecule from the surface. The chlorine group has been introduced to direct their surface assembly on insulating substrates composed of crystalline NaCl bilayer previously grown over a metallic substrate. In the third part, results of STM are presented. We developed a new bottom-up approach for forming reproducible nanoassemblies of the unmodified terarylene at 77 K. Meanwhile, at 5 K, the terarylene functionalized with tert-butyl groups present different forms on the Ag(111) surface. From the positioning of the high-contrast tert-butyl groups and with the aid of DFT calculations, we assign different conformations of the molecule on the surface. On NaCl/Ag(111), direct visualization of the occupied and unoccupied states could be achieved. This illustrates that for these applications, molecules with appropriate properties can be interesting candidates for STM studies to obtain information at the single molecular level. Such molecules may be redesigned with a consideration of the surface as its mere presence may induce behavior previously unobserved or neglected if they were studied in solution. This thesis opens terarylenes to future applications which require a solid surface
Braga, Delfin. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)." Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Full textCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Pascal, Hubert, and Jean-Michel Martin. "Modification des surfaces par frottement : apport des techniques de microscopie à force atomique et à balayage électronique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECDL0042.
Full textThe atomic force (AFM) and lateral force microscope (LFM) allow respectively to achieve, in the real space, topographic images and lateral images of various materials. The resolution is uncommon and reach the atomic scale. This study has two main purposes. The first is to locale the AFM in comparison with others techniques of surfaces observation. The second is to use at room temperature a LFM as a micro-tribometer with in order to investigate the friction and wear phenomenas at nano-scale. First, from wear macroscopic tracks made by classic tribologic test on a ceramic (the polycristalline silicon carbide) and on a sputtered film (the molybdenum disulphide), we show that AFM confirms and completes the observations achieved by optical or electronic beam microscopy. The restored contrast by a technique allow to alleviate the artefacts and the doubt of each others. To understand the origin of the very weak coefficient of friction (0. 001) of MoS2 deposits, the investigations has been continued at atomic scale. They confirm certain hypothesis built up from thin films observations (TEM, HRTEM. . . ) concerning the role of the crystalline structure in superlubricity of MoS2. Second, the literature having revealed that the information is dependent on the apparatus (tip, lever,. . . ) and the physics of contact, we model the LFM mechanical structure to understand and to reduce the apparatus influence on the measurements, in order to focus them on the physics distortion. The contact study exhibits role of the surface morphology in lateral force measurements. This force is made of one interfacial component induced by friction and a local one linked to topography. This distinction is the starting point of two suggested calibration procedure in lateral force. After, we are interested in the friction component influence on the image resolution. For that, we modify the surface physicochemistry of pure silica and cobalt metallic deposit by working in liquid environment (water, oil, alcohol. . . ). A friction consequence is a very weak wear at nano-scale. To investigate the wear process at this scale, we adapt to LFM a triboscopic method
St-Gelais, Fannie. "Effet de la viroïsine sur l'actine : une étude en calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, microscopie électronique et dichroïsme circulaire /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2229030R.html.
Full textSt-Gelais, Fannie. "Effet de la viroïsine sur l'actine : une étude en calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, microscopie électronique et dichroïsme circulaire." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2803/1/000681067.pdf.
Full textSiria, Alessandro. "Systèmes nano électro mécanique et intéractions à l'échelle nanométrique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10264.
Full textMicro and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS and NEMS) are among the best candidates for the measurement of interactions at the nanoscale. Resolution in force in the range of attonewton has been successfully exploited for the weighting of single molecules or the measurement of the spin of a single electron. NEMS and MEMS are generally mechanical devices made from submicron components facing each other. When the distance between the components reaches the sub-micron scale, phenomena generally neglected during macroscopic applications have to be taken into account. For example, the interaction mechanisms between the two surfaces moving at sub-micron separations are mediated by forces that, in macroscopic devices, are often irrelevant. In this thesis work we study interaction forces between surfaces when the the gap separating them is in the range from tens of nanometers up to several micrometers. First we address the problem of hydrodynamic forces acting on micro-structures oscillating in viscous environment. We show that the effect damping of a confined fluid is depending by the gap size of the confinement cavity. We study how this confinement effect can modify the properties of the mechanical oscillator. Second we address the problem of optical forces acting on micro mechanical oscillators. Using absorption and diffraction of X-ray beams we will see that effects usually observed using visible light can also be observed using X-rays. We show that Micro and possibly Nano Electro Mechanical System can be suitable for developing new tools in the domain of Synchrotron light techniques. Finally we study the thermal radiation between surfaces when the gap is the micron and sub-micron scale where the contribution of near field components cannot be neglected. We show measurement of thermal radiation between surfaces of glass providing a comparison with the theory of thermal radiation based on stochastic electrodynamics
Tison, Yann. "Chimie d'insertion et de substitution dans les disulfures de métaux de transition : études expérimentales (spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X, microscopies à champ proche) et théoriques." Chimie Physique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3025.
Full textIn this work, the study of model structure aims to contribute to a better understanding of insertion and substitution in solid-state chemistry. Our approach is based on the analysis of data provided by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, with the help of electronic structure calculations. The first part of this document is devoted to the inserted compounds M1/4TiS2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni). We show that their electronic structure strongly depends on the nature of the inserted species. These different behaviours are due to different guest-host interactions, according to the nature of the inserted metal. In the second part, we present the study of the solid solutions TixTa1-xS2 (0RxR1). The obtained results lead us to propose: - A random dispersion of the minor metal for the low-substituted compounds (xR0. 2 or xS0. 8); - An organization in domains of TiS2 and TaS2 for the intermediate compositions
Emonin, Stéphanie. "Analyse de circuits optiques passifs et actifs en microscopie a sonde locale." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS038.
Full textVizzini, Sébastien. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'oxydes d'aluminium ultra-minces pour une application aux jonctions tunnels magnétiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22036.pdf.
Full textUsing different techniques of investigation (AES, LEED, STM, HR-TEM, EELS and PES) we have developed an original process, which consists to grow the aluminuim oxide layer by layer. This procedure so-called Atomic Layer Deposition and Oxidation (ALDO procedure) allows to get an artificial oxide film perfectly homogeneous in depth and chemical composition as well. Several properties like gap measurement, stoichiometry, surface morphology and electrons transport allows to mind that oxid could be in good agreement with microelectronics applications (Magnetic Tunnel Junction and Magnetic memories)
Pawlak, Rémy. "Auto-assemblage et polymérisation 2D de molécules organiques en surface." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30033.
Full textThis work deals with the investigation under ultra high vacuum of organic monolayers either resulting from the self-assembly or from the polymerization of individual molecular building blocks (hexahydroxy triphenylene-HHTP and diboronic acid-BDBA) at the surface of a metal and an insulator. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have shown that HHTP molecules condense on Ag(111) into distinct supramolecular phases depending on the substrate temperature. A robust network can be obtained by partial dehydrogenation of the peripheral alcohol groups of HHTP, hence yielding Hbonds between the newly formed quinone groups and the alcohol groups remaining intact. STM studies of BDBA on Ag(111) revealed an organic network resulted from the creation of covalent bonds between BDBA molecules, by a two-dimensional polymerization confined on surface. On the same surface, another kind of surface covalent organic framework (SCOF) was also evidenced by copolymerization between HHTP and BDBA molecules. The SCOF's exhibits a well-extended bi-dimensional character with an exceptional thermal stability. Finally, the study by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) of BDBA on KCl(001) has shown a bi-dimensional and well-extended phase stabilized by intermolecular H-bonds. The latter example evidences the influence of the chemical nature of the substrate to initiate the 2D-polymerization process on surface. Our results suggest that the use of chemical reactions at surfaces opens up a new approach for the development of robust and original molecular architectures
KERRIEN, ANNICK, and Christiane Bonnelle. "Caracterisation par microscopie a effet tunnel et microscopie de force atomique a l'air du silicium(000) implante : effet des dopants et du taux de dopage sur le relief et la conductivite de surface." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066131.
Full textCercellier, Hervé Malterre Daniel. "Etude par photoémission et microscopie à effet tunnel des relations entre propriétés structurales et électroniques des interfaces Ce/Sc(0001) et Ag/Au(111)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2004_0157_CERCELLIER.pdf.
Full textAtlan, David. "Etude par microscopie à effet tunnel et diffraction d'électrons de la croissance de couches métalliques par épitaxie moléculaire." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10325.
Full textChaumin, Midoir Anne. "Magnétisme, structure et morphologie des films minces de cobalt déposés sur des surfaces vicinales de cuivre Cu(1 1 11) et Cu(115)." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120033.
Full textMagnetic nanostructures can have properties very different from those of bulk materials. One method to make small objects is to evaporate on a nanostructured substrate like vicinal surfaces with atomic steps. The understanding of magnetic properties of these systems requires a precise determination of their structure and morphology to evaluate the effects of their reduced size and their morphology. We have studied thin cobalt films deposited on Cu(1 1 11) and Cu(115) surfaces by three techniques. Magnetic properties were probed by magneto-optic Kerr effect whereas morphology and cristallographic structure were determined respectively by scanning tunneling microscope and surface EXAFS. The Kerr effects results show an uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis along the step edge direction. The anisotropy on the substrate with smaller tenaces (Cu(115)) is larger. The STM experiments show an important evolution of the morphology with the quantity of deposited cobalt. Thanks to EXAFS, we evidenced that from 3 monolayers (ML) of cobalt on Cu(1 1 11) and 5 ML on Cu(115), the structure is nearly the same as for Co/Cu(001) i. E. Face centered tetragonal and we show that the presence of nanow tenaces does not induce any structural anisotropy in the (001) plane. Simulations of magnetic anisotropy which account for missing bonds at the surface and at the step edge (Néel model) and magnetoelastic effects induced by the tetragonalisation show that the uniaxial anisotropy is mainly due to the films morphology and that the structural distortion contribution is very small
Adam, Pierre-Michel. "Microscope à effet tunnel optique (PSTM) en lumière polychromatique incohérenteEtude en champ proche d'échantillons test et de plasmons de surface." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOS001.
Full textGauthier, Sébastien. "Applications de l'effet tunnel a l'etude des surfaces : spectroscopie par effet tunnel inelastique, microscopie a effet tunnel." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077030.
Full textCercellier, Hervé. "Etude par photoémission et microscopie à effet tunnel des relations entre propriétés structurales et électroniques des interfaces Ce/Sc(0001) et Ag/Au(111)." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0157_CERCELLIER.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis we have studied the structural and electronic properties of intermetallic interfaces by STM and angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES). In the first part we have studied the spin-orbit splitting (SOS) of the Shockley state in the Ag/Au(111) interface. Ag growth at 300 K follows a layer-by-layer mode, whereas annealing at higher temperatures leads to interdiffusion. ARPES measurements, supported by a modelisation of the interface, show that the SOS is proportional to the relative amounts of Au and Ag probed by the surface state wave function. This behaviour confirms the mainly atomic nature of the spin-orbit coupling in Shockley states. In the second part we have tried unsuccessfully to elaborate a strongly hybridized monocristalline a-Ce phase. RHEED measurements lead to the conclusion that the epitaxial film is in the weakly hybridized g phase, but ARPES measurements show a strong dispersive band near the Fermi level, arising from a surface state of d-symmetry
Comtois, Jean-François. "Effet des têtes polaires des phospholipides sur l'interaction entre l'actine et les lipides membranaires : une étude par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage et microscopie électronique." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1994. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/4988/1/000616444.pdf.
Full textGourmala, Ouassila. "Optimisation de la croissance de GaN de bonne qualité par HVPE et ELO-HVPE." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22032.
Full textIonica, Irina Stefana. "Effet de champ et blocage de Coulomb dans des nanostructures de silicium élaborées par microscopie à force atomique." Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPG0171.
Full textThis work presents the study of the electrical transport in low dimensional highly doped silicon structures. The context of this study is the understanding of the mesoscopic transport and the size reduction of MOS devices. The nanostructures are fabricated by a local oxidation under the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM), on ultra-thin silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates. This technique was preferred for its high flexibility, resolution (10nm), the absence of proximity effects. It allows obtaining nanostructures with cross-sections of some hundreds square nanometers. While the electrical behaviour at room temperature is similar to MOS/SOI devices, at low temperatures current oscillations are superimposed to the field effect and dominate the transport under 70K. Thus, the electrical transport is subject to Coulomb blockade, characterized by current oscillations, Coulomb diamonds shapes in the current versus drain voltage and gate voltage mapping and the simple activation law of the conductance. We associate the Coulomb blockade in these nanowires to the potential wells due to the presence of the doping atoms in the structures. A one dimensional array of islands model explains the electrical behaviour of the low doping structures, while for the high doping structures the transport is weil modelled by a two dimensional array of islands model. We have used an original method to fabricate silicon test nanostructures used to investigate the electrical transport mechanisms in low dimensional systems
Vernisse, Loranne. "Étude par microscopie à effet tunnel sous ultra-vide et à basse température de complexes de ruthénium." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2421/.
Full textUsing molecules able to execute functions found in microelectronic components is one of the current challenges of nanosciences and molecular electronics. The most suited technique to observe single molecules and predict their behavior is Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) in ultra-high vacuum and at low temperature. This thesis is a part of a project dedicated to the synthesis and observation of a molecule composed by four ruthenium cores and able to act as a molecular logic gate. We choose to investigate different molecules which come from the first steps in the synthesis of this compound. They are 3D systems composed by one or two ruthenium cores and were adsorbed on metallic surfaces (as Ag(111), Cu(111) and Au(111)) as well as on ultrathin films of NaCl. Two kinds of molecules were studied: the first ones are composed by ruthenium atoms with an oxidation state of III and the other ones have ruthenium atoms with an oxidation state of II. Specific behaviors of each type of molecules are highlighted, concerning particularly their electronic properties. Manipulations using the STM tip were also performed to explore the adsorption geometries. In the future, these investigations should carry on with the charge state measurement on a metallic atom in an extremely complex molecule. The first results performed on model molecules show that perylene derivative compounds are fully adapted to this type of measurements. Moreover, according to the peripheral group, it is possible to deprotonate the molecule to favor the presence of local charges and create a model system under the STM tip
Beyer, Matthieu. "Elaborations et caractérisations d'auto-assemblages dipolaires par microscopie à effet tunnel." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2056/document.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the investigation under ultra high vacuum of _-conjugated molecule on a silicon surface by means of scanningtunneling microscopy (STM). The manuscript consists of five chapters.In the first chapter, we present a state-of-the-art of organic assembly on metal and semiconductor.Chapter two describes the experimental setup using during thesis. It also shows Si(111)-B substrate and gives theoretical conceptsassociated with the scanning tunneling microscopy.The third chapter describes in detail the supramolecular network obtained from an aromatic halogenated molecule with C2 symmetry. Theadsorption of 4,4"-dibromo-p-terphenyl leads to the formation of two kinds of compacts structures (a stripe structure and a herringbonestructure). The formed networks are stable at room temperature and commensurable with the surface. These architectures are promotedby hydrogen bond, halogen bond and _-stacking.Chapter four studies influence of benzene ring number on the geometry and the periodicity of self-assemblies on Si(111)-B. To do that,we have synthesis two organics molecules composed of an aromatic central part and two laterals chains (O-(CH2)9-CH3). The centralpart is composed of respectively three or five phenyl ring ended by cyano groups. We are also interested to the terminal groups effecton the network organisation. We show that the cyano groups effect on the "molecule/molecule" interaction and the "molecule/surface"interaction are negligible. Basis of the work conducted on the chapter four, we conclude our manuscript by presenting supramolecularsnetworks of dipolar molecule. These networks form dipole lines. We show that on small scale the molecules promote an alignment of theirdipolar moments
Prioleau, Christel. "Effet tunnel photonique appliqué à la caractérisation des semi-conducteurs III-V et à la microconnexion." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20075.
Full textElouali, Fatima-Zohra. "Élaboration et caractérisation de gels de polymères acryliques et méthacryliques en présence de solvants isotropes et anisotropes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10175.
Full textThis study focuses on the development and characterization of systems based on biocompatible polymers in the presence of isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The characterization of these networks of acrylic and methacrylic polymers obtained by radical photopolymerization was carried out by swelling experiments in an isotropic environment (water) and in anisotropic solvents (using cyanobiphenyls as liquid crystals). The kinetics of swelling in water was followed by the rate of crosslinking and pH. The swelling of polymer networks in some liquid crystals has been studied as a function of temperature using an optical microscope and a heating stage. The swelling ratio did not exceed 5% because of strong interactions between the polymer and liquid crystal.These materials are of particular interest in the field of electro-optical devices. A detailed study of electro-optical properties has been performed for polymer-liquid crystal films, prepared by the method of phase separation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some binary systems exhibit relaxation phenomena leading to optical memory effects after stopping the electric field. The characterization of synthesized structures was performed through the use of powerful experimental techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Polarized Optical Microscopy (MOP), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Venegas, de la Cerda Miguel Angel Gauthier Sébastien. "Etudes expérimentales de surfaces et de films minces isolants par microscopie à sonde locale sous ultra vide." Toulouse : Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/308.
Full textGuigner, Jean-Michel. "Etude de l'alliage PdCu(100) et de dépôts de Pd sur Ni(110) : caratérisation de surface par microscopie à effet tunnel et relation avec la réactivité." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10024.
Full textCrouzier, Loïc. "Développement d'une nouvelle approche hybride combinant AFM et MEB pour la métrologie dimensionnelle des nanoparticules." Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2260.
Full textIn order to take advantages of remarkable properties of the nanomaterials related to their size but also assess their potential risks, industrial actors need to rely on robust measurement methods that provide all the required dimensional information. However, there is no instrument capable of measuring a nanoparticle in all three dimensions of space with controlled uncertainty. The aim of this work is to combine diameter measurements by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with height measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The use of silica particles, supposedly spherical, allows to validate this hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM. First, the uncertainty budget associated with the measurement of nanoparticles by SEM was established. We have demonstrated that the main contribution to the uncertainty budget is the size of the electron beam, which is difficult to measure. Two methods, based on Monte Carlo modelling, have been developed to evaluate the influence of this parameter on the SEM measurement. The first is based on the comparison between experimental and simulated signals. The second is based on the segmentation of the SEM images using a remarkable point, not influenced by the dimensions of the electron beam. These two methods have shown that the error related to the beam size is largely overestimated using conventional image segmentation tools. From these results, a direct comparison of AFM and SEM measurements was performed on the same particles. A systematic discrepancy was observed between the two techniques for the smallest particles related to their non-sphericity. The use of a third technique, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirms these observations. Finally, the hybrid approach has been implemented for measuring the three characteristic dimensions of the complex-shaped nano-objects with very non-spherical morphology
Bélier, Benoît. "Développement de micro-leviers à fonctions optiques intégrées pour la microscopie à effet tunnel photonique et la microconnexion optique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20145.
Full textLahimer, Selim. "Etude de mécanismes d'interactions entre une pointe de microscopie AFM et une surface de semiconducteur." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20110.
Full textDubois, Mathieu. "Simulations de microscopie à effet tunnel : application à la surface (100) du silicium et aux molécules physisorbées." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-159.pdf.
Full textDans un premier temps, ce modèle sera mis en application à l'étude des différentes reconstructions de la surface (100) du silicium. Les résultats théoriques reproduisent relativement bien les données expérimentales obtenues à 5\,K et permettent de comprendre la dépendance en tensions des images et de conclure que la surface est toujours semi-conductrice à basse température. Ces résultats mettent également en avant l'importance des interactions pointe-surface. Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle est utilisé pour étudier une classe de molécules, les thiénylènevinylènes, physisorbées sur la surface (100) du silicium. Nous proposons alors l'origine suivante pour la contribution principale au courant tunnel: cette contribution ne proviendrait pas de la mise en résonance de l'état HOMO de la molécule avec le niveau de Fermi de la pointe mais plutôt de l'abaissement, par la présence de la molécule, de la barrière tunnel entre la pointe et la surface, faisant ainsi ressortir, là où elle repose, les caractéristiques du silicium
Friedt, Jean-Michel. "Etude et réalisation d'un micro-nano manipulateur avec retour de force : contribution à son intégration dans une plateforme multicapteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509641.
Full textMontel, Fabien. "Dynamique à l'équilibre et hors d'équilibre de la chromatine visualisée par microscopie de force atomique : effet des variants d'histones et des facteurs de remodelage." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358612.
Full textNous montrons que le variant H2A.Bbd modifie la structure et la dynamique du mono-nucléosome et que sa présence altère la faculté de la chromatine à former une structure d'ordre supérieur. En utilisant un modèle physique nous expliquons quantitativement ce comportement par la flexibilité du mono-nucléosome.
Nous étudions ensuite le mécanisme du remodelage de mono-nucléosomes par SWI/SNF et RSC. Nous mettons en évidence un intermédiaire réactionnel sous la forme d'un nucléosome sur-complexé apparaissant avant le nucléosome glissé. Enfin au niveau des di-nucléosomes nous montrons que RSC est un ‘randomiseur' processif et séquentiel.
Montel, Fabien. "Dynamique à l'équilibre et hors d'équilibre de la chromatine visualisée par microscopie de force atomique : effet des variants d’histones et des facteurs de remodelage." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0484.
Full textThe organization of DNA into nucleosome can be seen as a barrier for the transcription factors binding to their target DNA sequences and interferes with several basic cellular processes. ATP-remodeling machines and the incorporation of histone variants into chromatin are used by the cell to overcome the nucleosomal barrier and modulate DNA accessibility by the control of nucleosome dynamics. In this work, we use a single molecule technique (Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM) to visualize isolated mono- and oligonucleosomes and quantify their structure and dynamics at equilibrium and out of equilibrium. First, we study the impact of H2A. Bbd incorporation at the mononucleosome and oligonucleosome level. We show that this variant modifies both structure and dynamics of the complex and its presence alter the ability to form an higher structure organization of the chromatin. Using a polymer physics model we demonstrate that the behavior of variant chromatin can be quantitatively explained by the mononucleosome dynamical properties and more precisely by the nucleosome flexibility. Then, we study the mechanism of nucleosome remodeling by SWI/SNF and RSC on mono- and di- nucleosomes. To do so we determine simultaneously the mononucleosome DNA complexed length and position distributions and produce 2D histograms in various contexts. We demonstrate the appearance of a reaction intermediate visible as an overcomplexed nucleosome. Finally, focusing on the di-nucleosomes, we report different slided states that are used to construct a simple stochastic model showing that RSC is a highly processive and sequential randomizer
Checco, Antonio. "Mouillage à l'échelle nanométrique : effet des forces à longue portée et des hétérogénéités du substrat." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003648.
Full textSidane, Djoudi. "Etude par microscopie électrochimique (SECM) de la réactivité d'une surface métallique hétérogène passivée : effet de la contrainte mécanique et thermomécanique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14487/document.
Full textLocalized corrosion phenomena observed on passive materials, used in industry and transport, areresulting from the presence of microstructural heterogeneities and the effect of mechanical andthermomechanical stresses. The characterization and the understanding of reaction processes requirethe use of local electrochemical techniques. The scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), newpowerful local technique was used in different situations. First, in order to detect pitting corrosionareas, measurements were performed on a stainless steel in corrosion situation. Then, changes insurface reactivity induced by elastic and plastic deformations were measured on the same material. Ina notch root, correlation between the distribution of deformation and the distribution of the apparentelectrochemical rate constant has been established. Finally, on aluminum alloy welded by FSW(Friction Stir Welding), situations of galvanic coupling at different scales have been shown at themicroscopic scale, because of the presence of intermetallic compounds and at the scale of the structurewhen two different aluminum alloys are welded
Biaye, Moussa. "Caractérisation de propriétés électroniques et électromécaniques de nanocristaux colloïdaux par microscopie à force atomique en ultravide." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10231/document.
Full textUnderstanding the electronic, electrical and mechanical properties of nanostructures is a key issue in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Scanning probe microscopy is an essential tool to probe and understand these properties at the nanoscale. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the electromechanical and electrostatic properties of individual or assembled colloidal nanocrystals using atomic force microscopy in ultra-high vacuum environment.The first part of the manuscript deals with the transport properties of assemblies of gold and indium tin oxide nanoparticles, forming the active areas of resistive strain gauges. Current-bias spectroscopies are measured as a function of the force applied on the cantilever and as a function of temperature. Tunneling transport is evidenced and measured from the linear regime to the Fowler Nordheim regime. The mechanical characteristic (effective Young modulus) of ligands is extracted.The second part of the thesis is devoted to the characterization of the electrostatic properties of individual indium arsenide (InAs) colloidal doped nanocrystals with sizes in the 2-8 nm range, using non-contact atomic force microscopy coupled to Kelvin probe force microscopy. This aim was to understand the charge transfer mechanisms between doped or undoped nanocrystals and their environment, in a physical regime of strong quantum and Coulomb confinement. Experimental results enable to measure a doping level of and a defect density of about . Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements were in addition performed on colloidal perovskite (CsPbBr3) semiconductor nanocrystals in order to explore the photo-generation mechanisms of carriers
Mahieu, Gautier. "Étude des propriétés électroniques et structurelles d'impuretés, de défauts ponctuels et de boîtes quantiques auto-assemblées présents dans un cristal d'arséniure de gallium par microscopie à effet tunnel." Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/867ab123-0f1a-4b36-9ac0-320e365148f4.
Full textTouhari, Françoise. "Etude de l'interaction de Van der Waals en microscopie à force atomique. Simulation numérique d'images de nanostructures et effet de la nature chimique des matériaux." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20060.
Full textMechehoud, Fayçal. "Croissance par voie électrochimique et propriétés magnétiques et topographique de couches minces de Co sur Si(111)." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH7833/document.
Full textWe have deposited thin layers of Co on a semiconductor substrate Si(111), by electrochemical method, in potentiostatic and galvanostatic mode, and we have studied their topographic properties (AFM, MEB) and magnetic (RMN, effet Kerr, SQUID). Thanks to these different techniques, we could relate these properties to the growth modes and to the a priori identical deposition conditions, which lead to different morphologies and therefore different magnetic properties. We have developed a rigorous approach with a systematic control of the quality of the substrate in order to clarify the nucleation and growth modes as a function of the potential applied in chronoamperometry. A transition from an instantaneous nucleation mode to a progressive nucleation mode as a function of the applied potential is highlighted. Modeling with Scharifker-Hills model of nucleation and growth modes is consistent with AFM topography images. The growth is three-dimensional of a Volmer-Weber type and the magnetization is oriented in the plane. By NMR and also X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), we could show that a layer of magnetically dead cobalt hydroxide layer forms at the interface with Si. In galvanostatic mode, grains with perfectly crystallized facets have magnetic domains located in most of the islands. We have also carried out a very critical study of the deposition / tearing techniques used in the literature showing that they are unsuitable for semiconductor substrates, a deposit remaining on the surface whatever the tearing technique chosen
Flageolet, Benjamin. "Effet du vieillissement du superalliage base nickel N18 pour disques de turbines sur sa durabilité en fatigue et en fatigue-fluage à 700°C." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2274.
Full textThe engines that will equip second generation civil supersonic aircrafts will be supposed to have a longer lifetime and a better efficiency than existing ones. As a consequence, turbine disks will be exposed to a high temperature, close to 700 °C for long periods of time. The purpose of this work is to analyse, in these conditions, the microstructural evolution of the disk alloy N18 induced by a prolonged high temperature exposition, and to assess its effect on the material fatigue and creep-fatigue durability at 700 °C. Our experimental approach is based on the characterization of the modifications of the gamma' precipitation, that essentially concerns the finest population (tertiary), but also on different types of high temperature mechanical tests. We propose different approaches to describe the coarsening process undergone by tertiary precipitates during short term ageing, and to illustrate the strong kinetics slow down evidenced for long term ageing experiments. No microstructural effect has been observed on the material's durability when it is tested in fatigue conditions. However, we note a reduced creep-fatigue life after prior high temperature exposure. This lifetime reduction has been analysed through the damaging process and the strong coupled effects existing between creep, fatigue and oxidation
Ghaymouni, Jaouad. "Etude et caractérisation de nanoparticules." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0075.
Full textThis work describes how to create and characterize metallic nanoparticles. Two major steps are required to obtain such nanoparticles. The first one consists in the making of thin layers using a sputtering method. To evaluate the efficiency of this method, we have carefully analyzed how various parameters may affect the deposit. The set of parameters includes the distance between the target and the substrate, the current and the time of deposit. We have shown that these parameters are crucial regarding the morphology of the layer, its porosity as well as its optical and electrical properties. The second step consists in the preparation of the nanoparticles solution using a new method using ultrasounds. By characterizing the solutions, we have carefully checked the properties of the nanoparticles and the efficiency of the method. The tools and the methods we have used are based on imagery (MEB, TEM, AFM), optical and spectroscopic characterization and dynamic light scattering. First results are also presented concerning targeted therapy. The aim is to use the nanoparticles we have made to destroy tumor cells. An experimental setup has been used to evaluate the capabilities of the nanoparticles to increase their temperature under magnetic field activity using a field of 15 mT at high frequencies (200 kHz)