Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microscopie électronique à balayage'
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Herold, Philippe. "Le principe du microscope électronique à balayage." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P193.
Full textBoughanmi, Nabil. "Acquisition adaptative des images en microscopie électronique à balayage." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT044H.
Full textHaas, Benedikt. "Développement de techniques quantitatives en microscopie électronique à balayage en transmission." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY018/document.
Full textIn this work, different scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques have been developed and applied to several material systems. The creation of novel materials and devices has been a backbone of society’s development and characterization methods are needed to investigate these materials in order to understand and improve them. With the advent of nanotechnology, electron microscopy has become an invaluable tool, as it is able to visualize the atomic structure of thin samples and produces a plethora of quantifiable signals.In a first part, the numerous developments realized in this thesis are presented. Several STEM based techniques have been improved: scanning moiré fringes (SMF), nano-beam precession diffraction (NPED) and high-resolution STEM (HR-STEM). These developments allow for more accurate strain measurements, the quantitative mapping of electric fields and to realize accurate chemical profiles.In a second part, the developed methods are applied to different material systems and compared to more classical techniques, like holography and differential phase contrast (DPC). In a II/VI solar cell structure the interface chemistry is determined from strain with atomic resolution. Very faint strain gradients that are vital for the topological insulator properties of HgTe are measured. Accurate two-dimensional strain maps are obtained of a SiGe transistor. Simultaneous strain and electric field maps of m-plane AlN/GaN reveal the influence of dislocations in the material. Core-shell type inversion domains are described for the first time in GaN nanowires. They were found in many samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Thanks to quantitative analysis the exact atomic structure of inversion domains in GaN is described and compared to simulations
Amaudric, du Chaffaut Christine. "Microcaractérisation de matériaux de la microélectronique utilisant la méthode de la signature acoustique V(z)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20155.
Full textFakhfakh, Slim. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux diélectriques soumis à une irradiation électronique permanente." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000026.pdf.
Full textWhen insulating materials are submitted to electron irradiation, the so called charging effects occur. These effects may induce changes in electron specimen interaction parameters and hence in many properties of insulator such as secondary electron emission and leakage current. From a fundamental point of view, the study of insulators allow the physical mechanisms of charging to be understood. This manuscript, is subdivided in three parts. In the first part, the experimental aspects related to the process of charge injection using an electron beam are studied. In order to study the electric behavior of the insulator under and after electron irradiation, new measurement techniques are developed and described. In the second part, the correlation between the proprieties of the insulator and its ability to charge evacuation is discussed. Moreover, the influence of the physical processes such as secondary electron emission, leakage current, etc on the electric behavior of the insulator are investigated. The third part concerns an experimental approach for characterizing the internal trapped charge and the electric field build up in grounded-coated insulators during their electron-irradiation. Key words : scanning electron microscope, dielectric materials, charge trapping, secondary electron emission, leakage current, second crossover energy
Jornsanoh, Pijarn. "Informations de volume en microscopie électronique à balayage : application à l'étude de la microstructure des matériaux et de son évolution sous traction." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0030/these.pdf.
Full textThe present work describes a development of two characterization techniques using controlled pressure scanning electron microscopy (CPSEM): electron tomography and in situ tensile tests. We developed electron tomography in CPSEM using STEM-in-SEM imaging mode. The aim of this development is to provide a three-dimensional characterization technique at the mesoscopic scale which is covered neither by X-ray tomography (insufficient spatial resolution) nor by electron tomography in a transmission electron microscope (too small reconstructed volume). Moreover the CPSEM enables the observation of uncoated non-conductive samples thanks to the presence of gas molecules in the microscope chamber. In situ tensile tests can be then performed in order to follow the evolution of material microstructure under mechanical load. Furthermore, investigations of deformation and failure behaviour of materials in transmission imaging mode are also possible and can provide information in sample volume
Bogner, Agnès. "Le Mode d'imagerie wet-STEM : développement, optimisation et compréhension : application aux mini-émulsions et latex." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0066/these.pdf.
Full textContrary to conventional electron microscopy, ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) does not require high vacuum conditions in the microscope chamber. One of the most unique features of ESEM is that it become possible to use electron microscopy for the observation of entirely liquid specimens in their native state with no prior treatment. The present PhD study concerns the development of a new imaging mode: the wet-STEM, which extends the potentialities of ESEM for the characterization of liquid samples to nanometric resolution and very important contrast. The principle is to image a thin liquid film containing nanometric objects in transmission using annular dark-field detection conditions. This technique seems especially suitable for imaging mini-emulsions and lattices, as well as non aqueous liquids and micro-organisms
Lafond, Clément. "Cartographie d’orientations cristallines à partir du contraste de canalisation en microscopie électronique à balayage." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI031.
Full textCrystalline orientation mapping is a key tool in material characterization, in particular for metals. For instance, orientation mapping allows to quantify the nature and size of phases in the presence, deformation state or texture. This thesis work focuses on the development of an orientation mapping approach based on the analysis of the electron channeling contrast. This contrast is obtained from electron back-scaterred imaging in a Scanning Electron Microscope. This method is called eCHORD for electron CHanneling Orientation Determination. First, the proof of concept of eCHORD is presented on an aluminum alloy and the influence of acquisition parameters is detailed. Then, two problematics are addressed: large scale orientation mapping and low voltage orientation mapping (1kV).eCHORD procedure present great interest concerning low conductivity materials on which orientation mapping are difficult to obtain and open wide perspective for ceramics studies
Cerre, Nathalie. "Microscopie en réflexion par fibres optiques : théorie et réalisation." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS010.
Full textMasseboeuf, Aurélien. "Imagerie magnétique dans un microscope électronique en transmission pour l'étude du magnétisme à l'échelle du nanomètre." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10288.
Full textThis work deals with the implementation and development of Lorentz Microscopy (LTEM) for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy thin foils (FePd) and magnetic flux closure nanostructures (self-assembled Fe and Co dots). An exhaustive overview of magnetic imaging in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) among its different modes is given with a comparison to other magnetic imaging techniques. A method for implementation of LTEM in a conventionnal TEM is also described as all the modes of magnetic imaging in a TEM are compared one to another by mean of simulated images. LTEM enables a locale (nanometer scale) and quantitative observation of magnetic induction in and out of the samples. At the same times it is possible to perform in-situ experiment as applying magnetic field to observe micromagnetic configuration evolution. FePd alloys are thus fully characterized with respect to different geometry of the samples with use of Differential Phase Contrast, Transport of Intensity Equation solving and Electron Holography. In-situ studies give quantitative information on the films behaviour under applied field by means of Vertical Bloch Lines motion. Study of Fe and Co nanostructures show how it is possible to control different magnetic degrees of freedom in such magnetic flux-closure configurations. A major point is the control of transition between different micromagnetic objects (vortices, symetric and asymetric domain walls) performed with the use of an external magnetic field
Delvallée, Alexandra. "Métrologie dimensionnelle de nanoparticules mesurées par AFM et par MEB." Palaiseau, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées, 2014. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01102461/document.
Full textThis works concerns the measurements of nanoparticles size by Atomic Force Mirocrsopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Mircroscopy (SEM). Measurements methods for nanoparticle sizing are explained for both instruments. A sampling technique using a spin coater is adapted to disperse nanoparticles on a substrate and to be available for AFM and SEM. A full uncertainty budget associated to the nanoparticle sizing by AFM is given. Main uncertainty sources linked to the sizing of sperical nanoparticle by SEM is also listed. A home-made software developed under Matlab for the measurement of the size of nanoparticles imaged by AFM and by SEM is presented. This software permit the semi-automatic treatment of images. Finally, comparaisons between size measurements of spherical nanoparticles by AFM and SEM are made and valid the three dimensions size measurement principle called hybrid metrology using this both microscopy techniques
Marty-Dessus, Didier. "Caractérisation en profondeur par imagerie acousto-électronique et photoacoustique de composants silicium." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30019.
Full textBataillon, Jean-Luc. "La métrologie des circuits intégrés par microscopie électronique." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0001.
Full textAcevedo, Reyes Daniel. "Evolution de l'état de précipitation au cours de l'austénitisation d'aciers microalliés au vanadium et au niobium." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0008/these.pdf.
Full textGrain size control during heat treatments in austenite can be ensured by vanadium and niobium carbonitrides. However, the evolution of the precipitation state must be known to optimise the austenisation treatment, and no quantitative characterisation of this kind is available nowadays. This study deals with the dissolution kinetics of vanadium and niobium carbonitrides in austenite, for two high purity model alloys FeCV and FeCVNb, and a commercial alloy designed for springs fabrication. The characterisation combines several experimental techniques : structure and chemical composition of precipitates are established by transmission electronic microscopy and related techniques (EDS analysis, HAADF), particle size distribution is measured by means of scanning electronic microscopy (using a STEM detector), and volume fraction of precipitates is estimated by dosing the precipitated phases after an electrolytic dissolution of the matrix. In order to predict the evolution of the precipitation state during an austenitisation treatment, a precipitation-dissolution model has been developed. The modelling approach used in this work allows the description of (i) a non stoichiometric binary precipitate, the coexistence of two independent binary precipitates, (iii) the evolution of a single family of homogeneous ternary precipitates with varying chemical composition (VxNb1-xC). These different approaches were calibrated and validated on model alloys, then applied to the industrial alloy
Belhaj, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de charge dans les isolants soumis à une irradiation electronique." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS012.
Full textAbdallah, Zeinab. "Reconstruction 3D de microlentilles à partir d'images au microscope électronique à balayage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALS010.
Full textChallenges in 3D metrology for microscopic objects within the microelectronics industry are addressed, particularly focusing on advanced nodes and "more-than-moore" devices. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), employing surface-emitted Secondary Electrons (SE), is utilized in a rapid and non-destructive 3D metrology strategy involving the creation of microlens-like structures on 300 nm wafers using grayscale i-line lithography. The SEM tool, featuring a multiple-detector arrangement, including a four-quadrant SE detector, along with simultaneous Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements, is employed for co-registration and background elimination from both datasets. The thorough exploration of SEM metrology within this specific detector arrangement includes in-depth investigations into various analytical models, refining the understanding of their adaptability and efficiency. The analytical SEM model, crucial for detector calibration and parametric reconstruction, overcomes initial limitations through quadrant-oriented image weighting, showcasing its utility and validity. Significant contributions are made to advancing microscopic object metrology, addressing critical needs in the microelectronics industry
Le, Floch Hervé. "Acquisition des images en microscopie electronique a balayage in situ." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30026.
Full textChoël, Marie. "Analyse quantitative des particules atmosphériques par microscopie électronique à balayage couplée à la spectrométrie d'émission X." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011532.
Full textMory, Claudine. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de la formation de l'image en microscopie électronique à balayage par transmission." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112134.
Full textThis thesis contains a theoretical and experimental study of image formation in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using a detailed description of the different optical elements between the field emission source and the specimen, one calculates the shape and size of the primary probe of electrons impinging on the sample. This modelization enables to estimate the spatial resolution in the different imaging or micro analytical modes. The influence of the specimen and the role of the various detectors are taken into account to calculate the point speed function of the instrument in STEM imaging modes. An experimental study of the characteristic properties of phase contrast bright field micrographs and incoherent dark field ones is performed by comparison of digitally recorded images in similar conditions. Spatial resolution, contrast and signal/noise ratio are assessed by correlation methods, Fourier analysis and statistical considerations; one can deduce the optimum focusing conditions. Limits such as the point resolution on quasi-atomic metallic clusters are determined and an analysis of the capabilities of signal mixing concludes this work. Applications are offered in various domains such as the visualization of small metallic particles, biomolecules and unstained biological sections
Maldonado, José. "Étude et réalisation d'un système de traitement des images adapté à la microscopie électronique à balayage." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT003H.
Full textDilmahomed, Bocus Sadeck. "Test sans contact des circuits intégrés CMOS : observabilité et contrôlabilité du Latchup par microscopie électronique à balayage et microscopie à émission." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20079.
Full textRenevot, Olivier. "Étude des produits laitiers par microscopie électronique à balayage : application à l'étude des relations entre structure et perceptions sensorielles des produits." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120034.
Full textPeyronnard, Olivier. "Apports méthodologiques pour la modélisation du comportement à la lixiviation de résidus minéraux : application aux solidifiats de boues d'hydroxydes métalliques." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0023/these.pdf.
Full textThe leaching behavior of metallic hydroxides sludge stabilized/solidified by an hydraulic binder composed of Portland cement and coal fly ashes was studied in order to develop methodologies for modeling the leaching of mineral wastes. Such a modeling needs to identify and to quantify the mineral phases reacting during the leaching process and those controlling the release of pollutants. The methodology developed in this work proposes to build chemical models by associating leaching tests and mineralogical analysis. This combined approached permits to highlight links between mineralogy (XRD analysis and SEM-EDS observations on leached and unleached materials) and the leaching of elements (ANC test and differential acid neutralization analysis test). The differential acid neutralization analysis test was recognized as a useful test because it exhibits each dissolution reaction occurring during the acid attack of the studied material. Moreover, the targeted analysis of leachates permits to links the release of pollutants to these dissolution reactions. A method based on studying minerals stability in “realistic environment” using a numerical simulator was developed to identify these reactions. Thus a mineral assemblage was identified for representing each studied material and its response to an acid attack. Simulating the leaching behavior in realistic conditions required to couple this chemical model to a transport model. The development of this transport model was based on the release of soluble species (Na and K) during a Dynamic Monolithic Leaching Test (DMLT). The simulation of this DMLT resulting of the coupling of transport and chemical models, only permits a partial validation of the identified chemical models. Nevertheless, the evolutions of the materials induced by the DMLT being weak, we can’t judge of the reliability of long term simulation results. This study of the leaching behavior of mineral matrixes was limited to dissolution/precipitation reactions and to the influence of pH. The proposed methodology should be completed in order to model others kinds of reaction (sorption…) and the influences of others parameters (oxidation, carbonation…)
Demulsant, Xavier. "Facteurs microstructuraux gouvernant l'amorçage et la croissance des fissures de fatigue dans les alliages de titane." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2367.
Full textPascal, Hubert, and Jean-Michel Martin. "Modification des surfaces par frottement : apport des techniques de microscopie à force atomique et à balayage électronique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECDL0042.
Full textThe atomic force (AFM) and lateral force microscope (LFM) allow respectively to achieve, in the real space, topographic images and lateral images of various materials. The resolution is uncommon and reach the atomic scale. This study has two main purposes. The first is to locale the AFM in comparison with others techniques of surfaces observation. The second is to use at room temperature a LFM as a micro-tribometer with in order to investigate the friction and wear phenomenas at nano-scale. First, from wear macroscopic tracks made by classic tribologic test on a ceramic (the polycristalline silicon carbide) and on a sputtered film (the molybdenum disulphide), we show that AFM confirms and completes the observations achieved by optical or electronic beam microscopy. The restored contrast by a technique allow to alleviate the artefacts and the doubt of each others. To understand the origin of the very weak coefficient of friction (0. 001) of MoS2 deposits, the investigations has been continued at atomic scale. They confirm certain hypothesis built up from thin films observations (TEM, HRTEM. . . ) concerning the role of the crystalline structure in superlubricity of MoS2. Second, the literature having revealed that the information is dependent on the apparatus (tip, lever,. . . ) and the physics of contact, we model the LFM mechanical structure to understand and to reduce the apparatus influence on the measurements, in order to focus them on the physics distortion. The contact study exhibits role of the surface morphology in lateral force measurements. This force is made of one interfacial component induced by friction and a local one linked to topography. This distinction is the starting point of two suggested calibration procedure in lateral force. After, we are interested in the friction component influence on the image resolution. For that, we modify the surface physicochemistry of pure silica and cobalt metallic deposit by working in liquid environment (water, oil, alcohol. . . ). A friction consequence is a very weak wear at nano-scale. To investigate the wear process at this scale, we adapt to LFM a triboscopic method
Zigah, Kwami Dodzi. "Analyse de surfaces par imagerie électronique." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S048.
Full textWith the progressive decrease in the size of electronic devices, scientists were obliged to develop tools capable of analyzing surface reactivity on microscopic level. This marked the birth of SECM (Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy). This technique, derived from scan probe microscopy (STM, AFM) makes it possible the study a local area based on ultramicroelectrodes properties (UME). The UME and the surface to be analyzed are placed in an electrolyte solution containing a redox mediator. The SECM provides a real "brush" chemical that will probe the surface. The first part of this work focused on the study of conducting and insulating surfaces, composed of carbon and silicon respectively, which were functionalized by a stable redox molecule (ferrocene), at an oxidized and reduced state. We then studied more complex systems. We used the SECM method to fellow the biocatalytic formation on a conducting and an insulated surface. In the last part of this thesis, we studied the electrode/ionic liquid interfaces. Ionic liquids are salt liquids at room temperature, mostly used in chemistry as a substitute for conventional solvents. With a theoretical model, we used SECM in transient conditions, to determine the diffusion coefficients of organic molecules in this type of solvent
Drouyer, Sébastien. "Topographie 3D par approche segmentation : application au microscope électronique à balayage." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM052/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to provide a stereo reconstruction method able to estimate the topography of catalysts from SEM images. Standard stereo methods fail to evaluate adequate 3D reconstructions because of the homogeneous surface of these samples. Though particularly pronounced on our catalysts, the lack of texture is a common issue in stereo reconstruction, and no ideal solution has yet been found.Our main approach to this issue is to combine existing stereo methods with the hierarchical segmentation of the sample's images. Indeed, Mathematical Morphology provides efficient tools that divide an image into regions and subregions. We have used these tools to refine and complete the 3D reconstructions.The method we have developed estimates 3D reconstructions that are less noisy and more precise than state of the art methods. The approach also provides additional information: the final segmentation as well as the normal map are interesting data that can be used to refine the understanding of the catalysts.Though this thesis' purpose is very specific, the proposed approach is general.It has been notably used in the Middlebury database which contains images of in-door scenes, and obtained results were comparable and sometimes better than state of the art methods.It could also be extended to other uses. As long as spatial data is combined with an image, our TDSR method can be used to refine it. RGBD images and semantic segmentation are a few potential applications
Veleva, Miléna. "Microscopie électronique à effet tunnel : contribution à l'étude du rôle de la pointe." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0476.
Full textMarturi, Naresh. "Vision et asservissement visuel pour nanomanipulation et nanocaractérisation en utilisant un microscope électronique à balayage." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01025318.
Full textAyari, Monia. "Étude des propriétés des composés LaNi3. 55Mn0. 4Al0. 3Co0. 75-xFex (0 = x = 0. 75) : application aux accumulateurs Ni-MH." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002521130204611&vid=upec.
Full textWe have studied the influence of iron substitution for cobalt on the thermodynamic and electrochemical behavior of the hydrides of polysubstituted LaNi 3. 55Mn0. 4Al0. 3Co0. 75-x(X = 0, 0. 35, 0. 75) alloys. Partial iron for cobalt substitution allows to maintain a good cycle life, whereas complete substitution leads to a rapid loss of the capacity. This decrease is due to KOH corrosion during the electrochemical cycling. The decrepitation of the alloys was followed by measurements of electronic scan microscopy. We also established an original method of quantitative characterization of the decomposition of the alloy by using the evolution of the magnetic properties of these compounds before and afier electrochemical cycling. This method enabled us to calculate the rate of the alloy decomposition, the percentage, the size and the nature of the transition metal (Ni,Co,Fe) particles segregated on the surface. We have also estimated the thickness of the corrosion layer. A model for the corrosion mechanism, which is based on these results, is proposed to explain the differences in behavior observed for these electrode materials
Poulain, Clément. "Nanostructuration de la surface O/Cu(110) et rôle sur la réactivité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066153.
Full textMiniaturisation of structures at surfaces used for devices elaboration with varied applications is a key issue for performance upgrades and the discovery of new properties. Along with potential methods for the conception of new nanostructures, self-organisation attracts much interest as an alternative for lithography techniques due to its low cost and simplicity. In this thesis, we used scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to study the O/Cu(110) surface nanostructuration and its role on reactivity. The one dimensional periodic pattern formed by the surface consists of alternating clean metallic and (2x1) reconstructed oxidized stripes. The adjustment of nanostructural parameters, namely the periodicity and the stripes width, is done by the oxygen coverage rate. This outstanding feature makes the system an ideal playground to study the structure role on reactivity. The sample behaviour as a function of its characteristics should indeed allow a better understanding of its formation in order to control the properties coming with its configuration. However, the classical preparation method implies a limited variation of the nanostructural parameters. In this thesis, we have elaborated an alternative method, based on sulphur pre-adsorption, which considerably widens the domains that the parameters are able to reach. We have developed a model, based on classical elasticity, which successfully describes the results obtained by our new nanostructuration method. We have then exposed radically different nanostructures to O2 and H2S. We were able to witness that the reaction mechanisms were modified and depended on the nanostructural parameters. Oxidation leads to monoatomic troughs formation on the clean stripes, whereas H2S exposure induces an attack of the stripes edges and the formation of S-c(2x2) islands on the oxidized stripes
Ismeurt, Michel. "Gravure du silicium face (100) sous SF6 stimulée par faisceau au laser CO2 et thermiquement activée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22053.
Full textAkil, Mariam. "Contribution à l'étude de l'attaque chimique du cristal de langasite." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2032.
Full textThis work concerns the experimental study of anisotropic chemical dissolution of crystals belonging to the langasite family (LGS). This experimentalwork leads to the characterization of the anisotropic effects specific to the chemical etching of the crystal of LGS. The etching of several and double rotated cuts of crystal in three selected etchants (H3PO4, HCL and H2SO4) a1lows the measurements of dissolution rates, the study of the geometrical surfaces states and the evolution of initially circular profiles. It is shown that the anisotropy depends slightly of the etchant and it differs from that relating to the quartz crystal. The experimental results are analysed using the tensorial model of anisotropic dissolution. Dissolution constants are estimates. Simulations of etched surface profiles and out of roundness profiles are carried out
Chiaravalloti, Franco. "Electronic control of single molecules on ultra thin insulating layers by STM microscopy." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112299.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to explore the electronic properties of atomic size nanostructures fabricated on a silicon substrate. The experimental technique used is Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) performed in Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) at low temperature (5 K). First, molecular CaF2 is deposited by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on the Si(100) substrate heated at 1000 K, obtaining an ultra thin insulating layer on semiconductor. Different crystalline nanostructures are observed at low (0,3 ML) and high (1,2 ML) coverage. A study of the epitaxy at lower substrate temperatures is also carried out, demonstrating different growth modes depending on the temperature. In the second part of this work, an organic molecule (hexaphenyl) is deposited on 1,2 ML thick CaF2 layers on Si. The electronic coupling between the molecule and the substrate is studied by electronically exciting the adsorbed hexaphenyl with the STM tip. In the third part of this thesis, gold atoms are deposited on the clean Si(100) surface and their adsorption sites and surface diffusion are studied
Jiang, Chang Zhong. "Microscopie électronique à balayage analytique : simulation par techniques de Monte Carlo de la détection coaxiale des électrons rétrodiffusés." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10109.
Full textSt-Gelais, Fannie. "Effet de la viroïsine sur l'actine : une étude en calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, microscopie électronique et dichroïsme circulaire." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2803/1/000681067.pdf.
Full textKurdi, Rana al. "Assemblages bidimentionnels de VE-cadhérine humaine : études biochimiques et structurales par microscopie électronique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE18003.
Full textClassic cadherins are Ca2+-dependant cell-cell adhesion molecules. They are transmembrane glycoproteins that consist of a long extracellular domain composed of five homologous tandem repeated domains fixing ion calcium, one trans-membrane domain, and a rather short and highly conserved cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic domain is essential for association with catenins, the ensuing linkage of cadherins to the cytoskeleton. The sequence alignment analysis of these molecules allowed their classification into two classical cadherins types I and II in addition to desmosomal cadherins. The extra-cellular domain of classic cadherins serves as an interface responsible for cell-cell binding and determination of binding specificity. The homophilic binding and the individual domains attribution in such a mechanism are poorly understood. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governed in the self-assembly of cadhérines, we focused our investigation in understanding, by structural studies of a type II classic cadherin, the human VE-cadherin specifically expressed in Vascular Endothelial cells. We produced a recombinant fragment encompassing the first four domains EC1-EC4 with a His-tag at the C-terminus named VE-EC1-EC4His. Using conventional lipids containing a Ni2+-chelating group for protein bindings and electron microscopy studies permit us to elaborate a molecular model which could be relevant of physiological conditions at the inter-endothelial space
Romero, Leiro Freddy José. "Poly-articulated microrobotics for correlative AFM-in-SEM microscopy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS520.pdf.
Full textCorrelative microscopy is the result of the combination of two or more microscopy techniques to provide complementary information on a sample. When using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM), AFM-in-SEM correlative microscopy not only enables the 3D characterization of samples observed inside a SEM, but also the manipulation of micro- and nanostructures with an extremely high precision. This technique can be applied to various samples in biology, electronics and materials science. Although existing AFM-in-SEM solutions in the current state of the art are powerful, they require expert users; they are not versatile enough to be used for different types of tasks; and they use Cartesian AFM robots that severely limit the dexterity and performance of the imaging system. The aim of this thesis is to study and experiment an original concept of an AFM based on poly- articulated robotics for AFM-in-SEM correlative microscopy. A homemade 6 DoF (3 translations and 3 rotations) robotic AFM system is developed and integrated inside a SEM. The ability to control 3 positions and 3 rotations of a micrometer sized AFM probe while keeping the center of rotation at the close proximity of a micro-structure is very challenging. This is mainly due to the uncertainties inherent to the assembly of micro-robotic systems and clearances in the joints of the robot that are of the same order of magnitude as the required AFM probe positioning accuracy. Robot calibration methods and control theory can however overcome these limitations as demonstrated in the thesis. Control strategies and a user interface are studied to operate the multi DoF correlative imaging system in a versatile and intuitive way for low-level end users while keeping it enough powerful for high-level end users. Several key features that go beyond the state of the art are implemented, including - Vision based control for fast and automated landing of an AFM probe on a micrometer sized sample with robustness with respect to the SEM magnification. The user can select any region of interest (ROI) on a sample by simply performing a mouse click on the SEM screen. Whatever the SEM magnification, the control algorithm ensures a safe landing of the AFM probe on the ROI. The surface of the sample can be as high as several square centimeters and the positioning can be achieved with a micrometric precision. - In-plane and out-of-plane rotation of a sample relatively to the AFM probe while keeping the center of rotation around the tip of the AFM. The center of rotation is defined by the user with a mouse click on the SEM screen. This feature is useful for manipulation and topography tasks, as well as for multi-angle observations of a sample inside a SEM. - Trajectory/speed selection modes. Low speed AFM mode for a detailed topography imaging. Fast AFM mode (4fps) for dynamic observations at the nanoscale. The users also have access to the control parameters. They can be modified to suit their needs. - Mosaic AFM mode to extend the topography scanning area inside a SEM. All these features rely on research works in robotics, mechatronics and control made during the thesis. The latter has the potential to opens the door to a new era of poly-articulated atomic force microscopes used in correlative microscopy
Belissard, Jordan. "Extraction d'informations tridimensionnelles d'images obtenues par microscopie électronique en vue de dessus." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM065.
Full textThe microelectronics industry has been driven by an uninterrupted exponential growth since the mid-twentieth century. This growth, long supported by the reduction of the transistors gate size, is now driven by innovations on the complex shapes of new-generation transistors (Fin-FET, etc ...). In order to control the design stages of these transistors, the semiconductor industry needs metrology tools adapted to these new architectures for which the geometric characteristics directly influence the performances. For several decades, the Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD-SEM) has been the reference tool for measuring pattern size in a production environment. However, the CD-SEM does not allow, today, to obtain three-dimensional measurements and metrology equipment specialized in 3D measurements (AFM, FIB-STEM, Scalerometry) are not compatible with the production constraints (measurement time, cost, destructiveness, etc ...).For several years, research studies, like this thesis, have aimed to determine a three-dimensional metrology method based on the use of the scanning electron microscope. The approach adopted in this thesis is the geometric reconstruction based on the inversion of a simulation model of scanning electron microscopy images. This approach requires the use of a fast simulation model, efficient and with a minimum of prior information on the geometry. During this thesis, we developed two SEM image simulation models: Synthsem2 and Synthsem3. The first is a parametric model, fast and efficient, but not sufficiently independent of the geometry for the intended application. On the other hand, this model is useful for other applications and has been the subject of an industrial transfer to a partner company. The second model developed, Synthsem3, is a model totally independent of geometry and calibrated from data obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations. This model has also been the subject of an industrial transfer to a partner company.The Synthsem3 model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the electron microscopy signal to the variations of geometric parameters of interest. Several acquisition conditions (energy, inclination of the beam) have been studied in order to build sensitivity tables for each parameter according to the geometrical characteristics of the pattern. In particular, the estimation of the height of a pattern from a SEM signal formed by a non-tilted beam is highly uncertain, while the use of a tilted beam greatly improves the uncertainty. We then proceeded to solve the inverse problem by the Gauss-Newton method, using an analytical calculation of the gradient of the Synthsem3 model. We have shown the possibility of reconstructing a geometry, without prior information on it, from a noiseless scanning electron microscopy image, with a non tilted beam. Using a noisy signal, the resolution is unstable, in accordance with the results of the parametric sensitivity analysis. Finally, we have shown that the inclination of the beam clearly improves the stability of the resolution of the inverse problem.This work is the starting point for several projects under study in the host laboratory (CEA Leti) and the partner company to which we transferred the technology for future commercialization
Butty, Pascal. "Activité antifongique et mode d'action des allylamines sur les dermatophytes : évaluation de la concentration minimale inhibitrice et étude en microscopie électronique." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON13517.
Full textCourtois, Eglantine. "Etude de la Précipitation des Carbures et des Carbonitrures de Niobium dans la Ferrite par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et Techniques Associées." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0103/these.pdf.
Full textTEM study aims to further the understanding of the mechanisms of precipitation of carbides and carbonitrides in niobium microalloyed steels. In this work, two model ferritic alloys have been used. From a general point of view, TEM techniques have been consistently used for studying the crystallography, size, shape and volume fraction of the precipitates. Both thin foils and extraction replicasz in AlOx have been studied. Analysis performed with Tomographic Atom Probe (TAP) confirmed TEM results. At the early stages of precipitation, in Fe-Nb-C-N system, niobium nitride monoatomic platelets, such as Guinier Preston zones, have been simultaneously with already formed precipitates Nb(C, N), with a F. C. C. Structure and in Baker-Nutting relationship with the matrix. For more advanced stages of precipitation, the chemical composition of nanoparticles as small as 6 nm in diameter, is determined by EELS. Experiments indicate the coexistence of two types of precipitates : (i) pure niobium nitrides and (ii) mixed niobium carbonitrides with increasing carbon fraction and decreasing nitrogen during the precipitation kinetic. In order to understand the chemical composition evolution of these precipitates, a thermodynamical formalism has been developed to evaluate (i) the nucleation and growth rates (classical nucleation theory) and (ii) the chemical composition of nuclei and existing precipitates. The results of this model are in excellent qualitative agreement with the experiments, that is both populations evolve simultaneously in equilibrium, and nitrides are found in a lower number but with a larger size than carbonitrides
Aubin, André-Sébastien. "Mesures de courants de faisceaux avec un dispositif Schottky en microscopie électronique à balayage à pression variable (VP-SEM)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1366.
Full textPigeon, Benoit. "Étude de l'interaction directe entre l'actine et les lipides membranaires (liposomes) par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage et microscopie électronique." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1992. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5292/1/000603600.pdf.
Full textGuézo, Sophie. "Microscopie à Emission d’Electrons Balistiques (BEEM) : étude des propriétés électroniques locales d’hétérostructures." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429321.
Full textThis thesis work has been developed on ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) under ultra-high vacuum, dedicated to the study of interface electronic properties of heterostructures based on III-V semiconductors, essentially for further potential applications in spintronics. First, the study of Au/GaAs Schottky junction has shown, by comparison between experimental measurements and theorical calculations, the effect of structural properties on hot-electron transport. A similar study realized on Fe/GaAs(001) has confirmed the BEEM sensitivity to electronic structure effects. Then, BEEM measurements on the barrier MgO/GaAs(001) have revealed new conduction channels localized in the band gap of MgO. They are related to oxygen vacancies in the oxide layer, which strongly reduce the tunnel barrier height. Finally, first measurements of spin-polarized hot-electron transport realized on Fe/Au/Fe/GaAs(001) spin-valve are presented
El, Hajraoui Khalil. "Études in-situ dans un microscope électronique en transmission des réactions à l’état solide entre métal et nanofil de Ge." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY012/document.
Full textSemiconductor nanowires (NWs) are promising candidates for many device applications ranging from electronics and optoelectronics to energy conversion and spintronics. However, typical NW devices are fabricated using electron beam lithography and therefore source, drain and channel length still depend on the spatial resolution of the lithography. In this work we show fabrication of NW devices in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) where we can obtain atomic resolution on the channel length using in-situ propagation of a metallic phase in the semiconducting NW independent of the lithography resolution. We show results on semiconducting NW devices fabricated on two different electron transparent Si3N4 membranes: a planar membrane and a membrane where devices are suspended over holes. First we show the process of making lithographically defined reliable electrical contacts on individual NWs. Second we show first results on in-situ propagation of a metal-semiconductor phase in Ge NWs by joule heating, while measuring the current through the device. Two different devices are studied: one with platinum metal contacts and one with copper contacts. Different phenomena can occur in CuGe NWs during phase propagation
Thomas, Anthony. "Étude de la croissance de couches d'azaacènes sur des surfaces métalliques et d'oxydes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0370/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the growth of organized thin layers of azaacenes by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) spectroscopy in ultra-high vacuum. These molecules, in addition to having semiconductor properties in thin films, have been functionalized to allow the growth of highly organized structures via hydrogen bond formation. The growth of a monolayer of 6,17-dihydro-6,8,15,17-tetraazaheptacene (DHTA7) was studied on Au (111) and compared with the growth of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene (DHTAP), previously performed in the laboratory. Thus the addition of an additional phenyl group at each end of the DHTAP causes, in particular, a decrease in intermolecular interactions. The growth of DHTAP was further studied on different surfaces: Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111). It has been shown that the molecules adsorb flat on Cu (110) along the [1 ̅10] direction and form a covalent bond between N atoms and Cu atoms. On Cu(110)-(2x1)O, the DHTAP molecules are absorbed along the [001] direction of the substrate, which in this case is the direction of the dense CuO rows. Here, the DHATP molecules form a unidirectional High Order Commensurate (HOC) phase composed of a 7-molecule block along the [1 ̅10] direction. On Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) the adsorption in the first layer is dominated by the defects of the oxide layer. Although the nature of the substrate plays an important role in molecular self-assembly in the monolayer, similar ordered structures have been observed on Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) for DHTAP multilayers by STM and RDS
Bourguignon, Thibaut. "Implémentation et évaluation de la mesure Overlay in-situ par microscopie électronique pour la production de puces électroniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT001.
Full textIntegrated circuits are manufactured via a stack of various layers. The precise alignment of these layers, known as "overlay" (OVL), is critical to chip reliability. The specifications are very strict: on a 300mm-diameter wafer, each pattern must be aligned to within a few nanometres. Current methods, based on optical observation of dedicated test patterns, show their limitations in terms of representativeness and assessment of local variability.This thesis proposes an innovative approach, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to accurately measure these local variations and to understand the biases induced by the test patterns. To this end, an algorithm for measuring the overlay from SEM contours has been developed. By registering reference contours on the extracted contours, the overlay is measured directly on the product, without the need for a specific test pattern, even in the presence of partially masked levels.Following the evaluation of this method on synthetic images, its application to production wafers enabled us to quantify the local variability of the overlay on the product, highlighting deviations from on-line measurements, while revealing the limits of SEM-OVL metrology
Tastet, Xavier. "Validation d'un modèle de simulation d'imagerie par microscopie électronique à balayage par l'étude d'hétérostructures semi-conductrices de très haute résolution." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1257.
Full textVétier, Claudine. "Étude du colmatage d'une membrane minérale de microfiltration par microscopie électronique à balayage et analyses physico-chimiques : application au lait." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20180.
Full textAutillo-Touati, Amapola. "Etude in vitro de la morphogenèse et de la polarité neuronale : analyse en miscroscopie électronique à transmission et à balayage." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX21901.
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