Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microscopie tunnel a balayage'
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La, Broïse Xavier de. "Calcul du courant en microscopie à effet tunnel." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-243.pdf.
Full textGuaino, Philippe. "Du rôle de la surface dans l'émission de lumière induite par STM." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22090.
Full textLavigne, Claude. "Etude et réalisation d'un nouvel ensemble microscopique à effet tunnel et microscope à force atomique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0334.
Full textPelletier, Sylvain. "Etude de l'interface siliciure d'erbium sur silicium par microscopie en champ proche à effet tunnel sous ultravide." Besançon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BESA2060.
Full textWe studied the growth of Er compounds on Si(111) 7x7, boron doped Si(111) and Ge(111) c(2x8) surfaces using STM. The invistigation of the Er/Si(111) system revealed a very complex interface with numerous silicides and a growth mode layer-by-layer. Two stable silicides phases are detected : a two-dimensional ErSi2 1x1 and a 3 dimensional ErSi1,7 √3x√3 R30° silicides. There is a critical Er adatom density for the formation of 2D ErSi2 silicide upon Er reaction with Si(111) 7x7. Below this density, several Er induced metastable reconstructions like 5x2 and 2√3x2√3 R30° have been observed. In order to clarify the influence of the surface reactivity on the Er silicide growth, we deposited Er on highly boron-doped silicon(111) substrate. The surface reactivity can thus be adjusted by the boron concentration at the interface. When the boron concentration is weak, the erbium silicides are similar to those on the high reactive Si(111) 7x7. For highly boron-doped surface, the metastable phases disappear. ISS and ARUPS investigations performed on this system showed that no noticeable substitution of boron occurs from the substrate to the silicide. Furthermore, this silicide presents a crystallographic structure similar to that of the 2D silicide on Si(111) 7x7. Its surfaces is metallic. High-resolution STM images clearly reveal a defected 1x1 reconstruction on the 2D silicide. At the interface, the boron atoms induce local strain, which is due to the difference in covalent atomic radius between boron and silicon. We also investigated the Er/Ge(111) interface. We found that Er reacts with Ge(111) c(2x8) reconstruction and forms either 2D germanide with a 1x1 surface periodicity or a 3D germanide with a √3x√3 R30° bulk periodicity. This close similarity between Er/Ge(111) and Er/Si(111) systems suggest that the crystallographic structure of this ErGex alloys is close to that of the 2D ErSi2 and 3D ErSi1. 7 silicides
Sivel, Valérie. "Emission photonique en microscopie à effet tunnel dans l'air." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30156.
Full textChahboun, Adil. "Etude d'électrons balistiques en microscopie à effet tunnel et autres applications en microscopie à champ proche." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30212.
Full textBakhma, Amina. "Conception, synthèse et caractérisation de tectons Janus pour le contrôle d’auto-assemblages moléculaires tridimensionnels fonctionnels sur HOPG." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066718.
Full textThe nanostructuration of surfaces by self-assembly of organic molecules (tectons) is an area that has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. If the control of the organization is a major issue in the field of nanoscience, the maintaining of the integrity of the electronic properties of adsorbed compounds by allowing the decoupling of functional entities from metallic surfaces is essential for some applications. In this context, a new approach (Janus tecton) combining not only the control of the 2D organization but also the control of the organization in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, the third dimension, in order to decouple the molecules from their substrate has been developed. In this manuscript, we take advantage from previous concept of « Janus tectons » to put off the plan of the substrate photoactive compounds (chromophores) in order to obtain electronic or optoelectronic properties specific, and to study them by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Therefore, we synthesized originals pi-conjugated compounds containing two faces (A and B) connected by rigid bridge (pillar). The face A is designed to guide the 2D self-assembly on substrate of graphite HOPG (Highly Oriented Graphite Pyrolitic) and the face B is a functional entity (chromophore) to expose out of the plane in order to decouple it from the substrate and to preserve the electronic properties. One of the main criteria allowing the decoupling requires that the chromophore attached at the top of the pillar present an optical gap smaller than that of the base to prevent the excitation by energy transfer. To do this we have chosen as chromophores the oligothiophenes of varying size. The formation of 3D molecular nanostructures self-assembled well defined was obtained. The formation of 3D molecular nanostructures self-assembled well-defined was obtained for each of these compounds and a decoupling by nano-pillar has been observed for the compound containing six thiophene units as functional entity
Grandidier, Bruno. "Contribution à l'étude de faces clivées (110) de semiconducteurs III-V par spectroscopie STM en UHV : application au dopage planaire de silicium dans GaAs." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10112.
Full textWang, Chang Cun. "Caractérisation quantitative par l'analyse des images en microscopie en champs proche des systèmes de charges et élastomères." Mulhouse, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MULH0693.
Full textColas, Antoine. "Conception, synthèse et caractérisation de tecton Janus photoisomérisables aptes à l'auto-assemblage sur HOPG : vers le développment de trappes optiques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066026.
Full textThe nanostructuring of surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of organic molecules enables the creation of nano-porous networks and controlling the opening/closing of these cavities is still a challenge. Recently, a new approach has been developed that combines the 2D self-assembly into a nano-porous network and the control of the organization in the third dimension (Janus tecton concept). Herein, this concept was used to place a photoswitch above cavities. The azobenzenes were chosen as photoswitch. Five Janus tectons were then designed, synthesized and characterized. They are made of two decks linked by a dithia-[3. 3]cyclophane bridge. The lower deck (identical for each compound) leads to the 2D self-assembly on HOPG into a nano-porous network. Each upper deck was designed to incorporate an azobenzene with intrinsic photoisomerization properties and possessing an optical gap smaller than the one of the lower deck to avoid loss of optical properties. The photoisomerization in solution was observed and the self-assembly on HOPG was demonstrated by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) at the liquid/solid interface. Moreover, the addition of hexabenzocoronene type guest molecules into the Janus tecton nano-porous network has proven its host-guest properties. Finally the photoisomerization on HOPG was highlighted with the STM study of the optimal Janus tecton (photoisomerization time in solution appropriate for STM study and easily observable self-assembly on HOPG surface). Ongoing studies focus on controlling the access of guest molecules to the cavities via cis-trans photoisomerization of the azobenzenes
Proslier, Thomas. "Spectroscopie tunnel à balayage avec une pointe supraconductrice." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066647.
Full textPoulain, Clément. "Nanostructuration de la surface O/Cu(110) et rôle sur la réactivité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066153.
Full textMiniaturisation of structures at surfaces used for devices elaboration with varied applications is a key issue for performance upgrades and the discovery of new properties. Along with potential methods for the conception of new nanostructures, self-organisation attracts much interest as an alternative for lithography techniques due to its low cost and simplicity. In this thesis, we used scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to study the O/Cu(110) surface nanostructuration and its role on reactivity. The one dimensional periodic pattern formed by the surface consists of alternating clean metallic and (2x1) reconstructed oxidized stripes. The adjustment of nanostructural parameters, namely the periodicity and the stripes width, is done by the oxygen coverage rate. This outstanding feature makes the system an ideal playground to study the structure role on reactivity. The sample behaviour as a function of its characteristics should indeed allow a better understanding of its formation in order to control the properties coming with its configuration. However, the classical preparation method implies a limited variation of the nanostructural parameters. In this thesis, we have elaborated an alternative method, based on sulphur pre-adsorption, which considerably widens the domains that the parameters are able to reach. We have developed a model, based on classical elasticity, which successfully describes the results obtained by our new nanostructuration method. We have then exposed radically different nanostructures to O2 and H2S. We were able to witness that the reaction mechanisms were modified and depended on the nanostructural parameters. Oxidation leads to monoatomic troughs formation on the clean stripes, whereas H2S exposure induces an attack of the stripes edges and the formation of S-c(2x2) islands on the oxidized stripes
Chiaravalloti, Franco. "Electronic control of single molecules on ultra thin insulating layers by STM microscopy." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112299.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to explore the electronic properties of atomic size nanostructures fabricated on a silicon substrate. The experimental technique used is Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) performed in Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) at low temperature (5 K). First, molecular CaF2 is deposited by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on the Si(100) substrate heated at 1000 K, obtaining an ultra thin insulating layer on semiconductor. Different crystalline nanostructures are observed at low (0,3 ML) and high (1,2 ML) coverage. A study of the epitaxy at lower substrate temperatures is also carried out, demonstrating different growth modes depending on the temperature. In the second part of this work, an organic molecule (hexaphenyl) is deposited on 1,2 ML thick CaF2 layers on Si. The electronic coupling between the molecule and the substrate is studied by electronically exciting the adsorbed hexaphenyl with the STM tip. In the third part of this thesis, gold atoms are deposited on the clean Si(100) surface and their adsorption sites and surface diffusion are studied
Battaglini, Nicolas. "Matériaux organiques et microscopie à effet tunnel : de la couche monomoléculaire au nano-objet individuel." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22041.
Full textGauthier, Sébastien. "Applications de l'effet tunnel a l'etude des surfaces : spectroscopie par effet tunnel inelastique, microscopie a effet tunnel." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077030.
Full textGollion, Philippe. "Etudes de la rugosité de surface par spectroscopie ESCA et microscopie STM-AFM." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10151.
Full textVeleva, Miléna. "Microscopie électronique à effet tunnel : contribution à l'étude du rôle de la pointe." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0476.
Full textRafai, Mounir. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des films de Pt, Pd, Ni et Au déposés par pulvérisation cathodique." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2374.
Full textRoblin, Thierry. "Caractérisations physico-chimiques d'électrocatalyseurs à base de platine pour l'oxydation du méthanol/ par Thierry Roblin." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2271.
Full textCalupitan, Jan Patrick Dela Cruz. "Térarylènes photo réactifs : synthèse et études par microscopie à effet tunnel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30016/document.
Full textPhotoswitching diarylethenes, and their terarylene derivatives, are promising for the next generation optoelectronic devices because of their excellent photochemical properties. To make them viable for miniaturized electronic devices, it is necessary to study this class of molecules at the single molecular level by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultra-high vacuum (UHV STM). This thesis has three parts: 1) development of terarylenes highly sensitive to switching; (2) their modification for STM studies; and 3) results of STM investigations. To be studied at the single molecular level by STM, terarylenes with high switching sensitivity have been selected. These compounds display high quantum yields of up to 100 %. However, the cycloreversion reaction remains low so an alternative route, through a chain-reaction oxidative mechanism, has been sought. In the first part, we show that the efficiency and speed of this reaction may be controlled by attachment of aromatic groups on the reactive carbons. In the second part, we functionalized these molecules for STM studies by attaching tert-butyl and chloride groups. These substituents preserve their excellent photochemical and switching properties while tert-butyl groups show bright contrast in STM images, minimize aggregation of these molecules on the surface, and slightly decouple the molecule from the surface. The chlorine group has been introduced to direct their surface assembly on insulating substrates composed of crystalline NaCl bilayer previously grown over a metallic substrate. In the third part, results of STM are presented. We developed a new bottom-up approach for forming reproducible nanoassemblies of the unmodified terarylene at 77 K. Meanwhile, at 5 K, the terarylene functionalized with tert-butyl groups present different forms on the Ag(111) surface. From the positioning of the high-contrast tert-butyl groups and with the aid of DFT calculations, we assign different conformations of the molecule on the surface. On NaCl/Ag(111), direct visualization of the occupied and unoccupied states could be achieved. This illustrates that for these applications, molecules with appropriate properties can be interesting candidates for STM studies to obtain information at the single molecular level. Such molecules may be redesigned with a consideration of the surface as its mere presence may induce behavior previously unobserved or neglected if they were studied in solution. This thesis opens terarylenes to future applications which require a solid surface
Deumié-Raviol, Carole. "Ellipsométrie sur champ diffus et analyse multi-échelle de la microstructure des multicouches optiques : diffusion lumineuse, microscopie à force atomique, microscopie à effet tunnel optique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30087.
Full textThomas, Anthony. "Étude de la croissance de couches d'azaacènes sur des surfaces métalliques et d'oxydes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0370/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the growth of organized thin layers of azaacenes by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) spectroscopy in ultra-high vacuum. These molecules, in addition to having semiconductor properties in thin films, have been functionalized to allow the growth of highly organized structures via hydrogen bond formation. The growth of a monolayer of 6,17-dihydro-6,8,15,17-tetraazaheptacene (DHTA7) was studied on Au (111) and compared with the growth of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene (DHTAP), previously performed in the laboratory. Thus the addition of an additional phenyl group at each end of the DHTAP causes, in particular, a decrease in intermolecular interactions. The growth of DHTAP was further studied on different surfaces: Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111). It has been shown that the molecules adsorb flat on Cu (110) along the [1 ̅10] direction and form a covalent bond between N atoms and Cu atoms. On Cu(110)-(2x1)O, the DHTAP molecules are absorbed along the [001] direction of the substrate, which in this case is the direction of the dense CuO rows. Here, the DHATP molecules form a unidirectional High Order Commensurate (HOC) phase composed of a 7-molecule block along the [1 ̅10] direction. On Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) the adsorption in the first layer is dominated by the defects of the oxide layer. Although the nature of the substrate plays an important role in molecular self-assembly in the monolayer, similar ordered structures have been observed on Cu(110), Cu(110)-(2x1)O and Al2O3/Ni3Al(111) for DHTAP multilayers by STM and RDS
Heinrich, Benjamin. "Tunneling spectroscopy of nanoscale objects : From metallic islands to single atoms and molecules." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/HEINRICH_Benjamin_2010.pdf.
Full textOne of the most urgent tasks in the field of molecular electronics is to understand and tune the contact between molecules and a metal lead. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) represent a unique tool to correlate electronic and structural properties at the nanoscale, such as the impact of geometry on the spin-transport through a single molecule. In this perspective, the work presented here employs STM/STS as well as spin-polarized STM/STS to focus on key phenomena of the conductance of nanoscaled objects, e. G. Metallic islands, single atoms and molecules, the results always being compared to theoretical calculations. After a brief introduction of the STM/STS techniques employed, Chapter 1 provides some technical details regarding the sample and tip preparation. Chapter 2 is dedicated to the characterization of the Cu(111) surface and of cobalt islands grown on this surface. Chapter 3 focuses on individual atoms adsorbed on cobalt islands. The polarization of the local density of states (LDOS) above the atoms is discussed in relation with the polarization of the surface. Surface induced states and atomic resonances are shown to determine the LDOS above the atom, as well as the spin-polarization around the Fermi energy. In the last two chapters, results are obtained on Cobalt-Phthalocyanine and C60, both molecules being model systems for future molecular electronic devices. Molecular conductance channels and the spin-polarization of a single molecule (Chapter 4), as well as a negative differential conductance, which originates from an energy-dependent match and mismatch of molecular orbitals and electronic tip states (Chapter 5), are revealed
Krapf, Pascal. "Etude par microscopie tunnel de la transition 2D-3D du mode de croissance lors de l'épitaxie de couches contraintes InGaAs sur InP." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECDL0022.
Full textWassmann, Tobias. "Graphene nanoribbons : towards carbon based electronics." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066208.
Full textGraphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honey-comb lattice, was first characterized in 2004 and immediately attracted a lot of attention. It exhibits unique electronic and transport properties and bears the potential to play a crucial role in a future generation of electronic devices. However, its gapless spectrum makes graphene unsuitable for direct application as semiconductor. One way to bypass this shortcoming consists in designing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). In these systems, an electronic bandgap opens up as a function of the width and the edge configuration. In this thesis we present investigations of GNRs based on density functional theory (DFT). First we discuss the thermodynamic stability of a broad range of possible edge configurations and their electronic structures. Then, for the most relevant among them, we perform in-depth analyses of geometric aspects and simulated scanning tunneling microscope images. Throughout these investigations, we found Clar's theory of the aromatic sextet very useful to rationalize our DFT calculations. It is simple and elegant but still sophisticated enough to account for a large number of phenomena. Hence, we propose a classification scheme for GNRs based on their Clar formulae. This captures many properties better than a classification based on the crystallographic orientation. The last part of this thesis deals with a small extension to the DFT-framework Quantum Espresso. In particular, we discuss the implementation of the gradient corrections to the third order derivative of the electronic energy. This opens the way to extend investigations of anharmonic phenomena to the generalized gradient approximation
Pierucci, Debora. "The electronic structure and reactivity of tri-coordinated silicon atoms on water-covered Si(001)surface : time-resolved XPS and STM studies." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066557.
Full textCe travail de thèse porte sur les propriétés électroniques des liaisons pendantes d’atomes de silicium isolés, présents sur la surface de silicium Si(001)-2×1 après saturation par des molécules d’eau à température ambiante. Ces défauts sont tri-coordonnés Si-SiH/Si-SiOH et peuvent être comparés à ceux produits par la désorption d’atomes d’hydrogène, Si-SiH,par une pointe STM sur la surface Si(001)-2×1 hydrogénée. Ces derniers ont dernièrement attirés l’attention en raison de leurs possibles utilisations comme point de départ pour des réactions radicalaires. Quant aux défauts présents sur la surface recouverte d’eau, ils sont semblables à ceux observés à l’interface Si(001)/SiO2, et peuvent s’avérer cruciaux dans un domaine comme la microélectronique. Les liaisons pendantes à la surface (H,OH)-Si(001)-2×1sont amphotères et représentent une densité de ~0. 01 ML. En effet, elles peuvent être chargées positivement, négativement ou bien être quasi-neutres en fonction du dopage du substrat. En raison de la présence de ces défauts de charge sur la surface, les bandes, dans le semi-conducteur, se courbent. Cette courbure de bande peut être simplement mesurée par spectroscopie de photoémission (XPS) en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron et peut, ensuite, être convertie en une densité de charge de surface, en utilisant les modèles de la physique classique. L’innovation de ce travail de thèse réside dans la combinaison d’une technique d’analyse comme la spectroscopie de photoélectron des rayons X (XPS) sondant l’intégralité de la surface avec une technique d’analyse locale comme la microscopie à effet tunnel (STM). De plus, ce type d’étude est impossible avec la surface hydrogénée puisque les liaisons pendantes doivent être produites une à une par une pointe STM, alors qu’elles sont naturellement présente sur la surface saturée en eau. Cette étude est d’autant plus originale qu’elle utilise la spectroscopie de photoémission ‘en temps réel’ et ‘résolue en temps’. En effet, la spectroscopie dépendante en temps englobe deux différents aspects. Un aspect ‘temps réel’ qui est utilisé pour suivre la cinétique de réactions chimiques, à une échelle de temps de la dizaine de secondes, comme par exemple la saturation de la surface Si(001)-2×1 par des molécules d’eau. Et un aspect ‘résolu en temps’ qui consiste à suivre la réponse de la surface à une excitation par un pulse laser (pompe: pulse laser dans le visible de ~fs) en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron (sonde, résolution limitée par la durée du pulse synchrotron de ~50 ps). La thèse est construite en trois parties de la façon suivante: nous avons tout d’abord étudié l’adsorption d’eau sur la surface propre de Si(001)-2×1 par photoémission en ‘temps réel’. Une étude cinétique de l’absorption d’eau par la surface Si(001)-2×1 propre a été réalisée pour différentes pressions d’eau dans la chambre d’analyse (P = 5x10-10 mbar, P = 1x10-9 mbar, P = 1x10-8 mbar). Ces mesures ont permis d’établir que le mécanisme d’absorption ne suivait pas une cinétique de type Langmuir mais de type Kisliuk. Dans ce modèle, la molécule d’eau est d’abord piégée en tant que précurseur, et diffuse rapidement sur la surface jusqu’à trouver un site adapté à la chimisorption. Le dopage du substrat ne semble avoir aucun impact sur cette cinétique. La photoémission a aussi permis de déterminer la densité surfacique en oxygène, les variations de la courbure de bandes ainsi que le travail de sortie du matériau et d’en déduire la position du niveau de Fermi à la surface ainsi que le diagramme de bande de la surface de silicium saturée d’eau en fonction du dopage du substrat. En parallèle, nous avons analysé en détail la topographie de cette surface ainsi que la structure électronique des liaisons pendantes isolées (en particulier leur état de charge) par STM. Grace à une très bonne résolution, il a été possible de distinguer les fragments OH et H sur la surface et leur répartition sur les différents dimères de silicium. La quantité exacte de liaison pendante en fonction du dopage a aussi pu être calculée. La maximum de liaison pendantes a été observé pour l’échantillon hautement dopé n. Nous avons, ensuite, sélectionné deux molécules organiques: un alcène, le styrène et un aldéhyde, le benzaldéhyde, dans le but de tester la réactivité de ces liaisons pendantes. Nous avons réalisé une étude où se combinent mesures STM, photoémission (XPS), absorption des rayons X (NEXAFS) ainsi que des mesures de spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électron a haute résolution (HREELS) associée à des calculs DFT de modes vibrationnels. Pour surface recouverte d’eau, comme c’est souvent le cas, le problème de la réactivité des liaisons pendantes c’est avéré plus complexe que prévu et plus nuancé en comparaison aux résultats obtenus pour la surface hydrogénée. En effet ces deux molécules réagissent sur la surface hydrogénée par réaction en chaine à partir d’un atome de silicium radicalaire de la surface. Dans le cas de la surface recouverte d’eau, la réaction en chaine n’est pas observée. Le désordre chimique de cette surface (terminaisons Si-H et Si-OH) semble empêcher la propagation radicalaire; l’intermédiaire réactionnel radicalaire est piégé dans un minimum d’énergie, il est nécessaire de franchir une importante barrière de potentiel pour pouvoir capturer un hydrogène voisin d’un groupement Si-OH ou bien Si-H. Finalement, les propriétés de la surface (H,OH)-Si(001)-2×1 (densité surfacique de charge, courbure de bande, caractérisation de defaults chargés) en fonction du dopage étant bien comprises, nous avons réalisé des expériences de photoémission ‘résolue en temps’ dans le but de suivre la dynamique liée au photovoltage de surface. En raison de la ressemblance entre les liaisons pendantes de la surface (H,OH)-Si(001)-2×1 avec le défauts Pb de l’interface silicium-oxyde de silicium, cette interface a aussi été étudiée dans le but de permettre des comparaisons. Cette expérience consiste à perturber la distribution de charge de la surface (en injectant de la charge dans la couche de charge d’espace) dans le but d’obtenir l’échelle de temps du retour à l’équilibre. L’injection de charge est réalisée à partir d’un laser femto λ = 800 nm. Les paires d’électrons-trous crées sont séparée par le champ électrique présent dans la couche de charges d’espace. Une accumulation des porteurs de charges dans la zone proche de la surface crée un potentiel référencé comme photovoltage de surface (SPV) qui diminue la courbure de bande à la surface du semi-conducteur. L’équilibre est restauré par le transport de porteurs de charges depuis le volume vers la surface par émission thermoïonique. L’évolution du phénomène peut être suivi en sondant la surface par le rayonnement synchrotron qui permet la détermination du déplacement de l’énergie de liaison du niveau de cœur Si 2p du silicium et ainsi l’obtention du profil temporel du photovoltage de surface
Durand, Corentin. "Phénomènes de transport dans les nanostructures semi-conductrices étudiés par microscopie à effet tunnel à pointes multiples." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10075/document.
Full textThe advent of nanotechnology involves the development of an instrumentation capable of investigating the matter at this scale. The Nanoprobe acquired by IEMN at the beginning of my thesis brings technical solutions to this issue. This instrument consisting of a Four-Tip Scanning Tunneling Microscopy platform (4T-STM) and topped with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is dedicated to perform analysis, inspections and tests on nanomaterials and electronic devices. After a detailed description of this instrument (Chapter 2), a first study was conducted to determine the influence of electron irradiation on semiconductor nanostructures, InAs nanowires are treated here. Under irradiation, the nanowires become quasi-metallic. Thanks to original transport measurements on freestanding nanowires, this change of the electrical properties is attributed to the formation of charged defects on the surface of nanowires. The impact ionization is a phenomenon responsible for carrier multiplication in solar cells. The fourth chapter shows the ability of the Nanoprobe to characterize this phenomenon in a typical model, a silicon p-n junction. While 2 tips in contact polarize the diode, a third one locally injects tunneling electrons that have a well defined energy. The measurement of supplementary carriers proves that impact ionization occurs and can be measured with a resolution never reached before
Tison, Yann. "Chimie d'insertion et de substitution dans les disulfures de métaux de transition : études expérimentales (spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X, microscopies à champ proche) et théoriques." Chimie Physique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3025.
Full textIn this work, the study of model structure aims to contribute to a better understanding of insertion and substitution in solid-state chemistry. Our approach is based on the analysis of data provided by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, with the help of electronic structure calculations. The first part of this document is devoted to the inserted compounds M1/4TiS2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni). We show that their electronic structure strongly depends on the nature of the inserted species. These different behaviours are due to different guest-host interactions, according to the nature of the inserted metal. In the second part, we present the study of the solid solutions TixTa1-xS2 (0RxR1). The obtained results lead us to propose: - A random dispersion of the minor metal for the low-substituted compounds (xR0. 2 or xS0. 8); - An organization in domains of TiS2 and TaS2 for the intermediate compositions
Koudia, Mathieu. "Rôle des atomes halogènes périphériques sur l'auto-organisation de molécules phtalocyanines en surface d'argent (111)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30048.
Full textThe self-assembly, at room temperature, of zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc), ZnPcF8, and ZnPcCl8 on the (111) face of a silver crystal is studied in the monolayer range. We show that the modification of the ZnPc molecule, from height hydrogen atoms to height fluorine or chlorine atoms, allows us to drive self-assembly by the formation of hydrogen bonds between neighbouring molecules. The ZnPcCl8 system reveals a three step self-assembly. Stress effects appear in the final phase leading to an original nanostructure. This work has been realised in order to have a better understanding of the influence between the different forces playing together when molecules self-assemble in order to, to the end, be able to control the properties and the architecture of such nanostructures
Grimont, Laure. "Microscope à effet tunnel photonique PSTM utilisant les sondes semi-conductrices à force atomique." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20197.
Full textGuézo, Sophie. "Microscopie à Emission d’Electrons Balistiques (BEEM) : étude des propriétés électroniques locales d’hétérostructures." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429321.
Full textThis thesis work has been developed on ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) under ultra-high vacuum, dedicated to the study of interface electronic properties of heterostructures based on III-V semiconductors, essentially for further potential applications in spintronics. First, the study of Au/GaAs Schottky junction has shown, by comparison between experimental measurements and theorical calculations, the effect of structural properties on hot-electron transport. A similar study realized on Fe/GaAs(001) has confirmed the BEEM sensitivity to electronic structure effects. Then, BEEM measurements on the barrier MgO/GaAs(001) have revealed new conduction channels localized in the band gap of MgO. They are related to oxygen vacancies in the oxide layer, which strongly reduce the tunnel barrier height. Finally, first measurements of spin-polarized hot-electron transport realized on Fe/Au/Fe/GaAs(001) spin-valve are presented
Lahimer, Selim. "Etude de mécanismes d'interactions entre une pointe de microscopie AFM et une surface de semiconducteur." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20110.
Full textVizzini, Sébastien. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'oxydes d'aluminium ultra-minces pour une application aux jonctions tunnels magnétiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22036.pdf.
Full textUsing different techniques of investigation (AES, LEED, STM, HR-TEM, EELS and PES) we have developed an original process, which consists to grow the aluminuim oxide layer by layer. This procedure so-called Atomic Layer Deposition and Oxidation (ALDO procedure) allows to get an artificial oxide film perfectly homogeneous in depth and chemical composition as well. Several properties like gap measurement, stoichiometry, surface morphology and electrons transport allows to mind that oxid could be in good agreement with microelectronics applications (Magnetic Tunnel Junction and Magnetic memories)
Pawlak, Rémy. "Auto-assemblage et polymérisation 2D de molécules organiques en surface." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30033.
Full textThis work deals with the investigation under ultra high vacuum of organic monolayers either resulting from the self-assembly or from the polymerization of individual molecular building blocks (hexahydroxy triphenylene-HHTP and diboronic acid-BDBA) at the surface of a metal and an insulator. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have shown that HHTP molecules condense on Ag(111) into distinct supramolecular phases depending on the substrate temperature. A robust network can be obtained by partial dehydrogenation of the peripheral alcohol groups of HHTP, hence yielding Hbonds between the newly formed quinone groups and the alcohol groups remaining intact. STM studies of BDBA on Ag(111) revealed an organic network resulted from the creation of covalent bonds between BDBA molecules, by a two-dimensional polymerization confined on surface. On the same surface, another kind of surface covalent organic framework (SCOF) was also evidenced by copolymerization between HHTP and BDBA molecules. The SCOF's exhibits a well-extended bi-dimensional character with an exceptional thermal stability. Finally, the study by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) of BDBA on KCl(001) has shown a bi-dimensional and well-extended phase stabilized by intermolecular H-bonds. The latter example evidences the influence of the chemical nature of the substrate to initiate the 2D-polymerization process on surface. Our results suggest that the use of chemical reactions at surfaces opens up a new approach for the development of robust and original molecular architectures
Atlan, David. "Etude par microscopie à effet tunnel et diffraction d'électrons de la croissance de couches métalliques par épitaxie moléculaire." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10325.
Full textAbel, Mathieu. "Etude STM de dépôts de Pd / M(110) (M=Ni, Cu, Au) : relation entre la structuration superficielle et l'activité catalytique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2001. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1871_mabel.pdf.
Full textDalmas, Julie. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de l'interface Pb/Ag(111) : alliage et "désalliage" de surface." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22017.
Full textAdam, Pierre-Michel. "Microscope à effet tunnel optique (PSTM) en lumière polychromatique incohérenteEtude en champ proche d'échantillons test et de plasmons de surface." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOS001.
Full textMaurel, Christian. "Emission de photons induite par microscopie à effet tunnel sous ultravide : étude de nanojonctions Au/MoS2." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30154.
Full textPrioleau, Christel. "Effet tunnel photonique appliqué à la caractérisation des semi-conducteurs III-V et à la microconnexion." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20075.
Full textPham, Van Dong. "STM characterization of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC245.
Full textIn this thesis we studied the interaction between organic molecules and carbon nanomaterials. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at low temperature and in ultra-high vacuum, we measured the properties of porphyrin molecules at the surface of graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes. We first studied electron injection in graphene at defect sites (grain boundaries and nitrogen doping atoms). Using image-potential states, we evidenced the variation of local work function in doped graphene. Secondly, we investigated the properties of free-base porphyrin (H2TPP) molecules adsorbed on a Au(111) surface. We performed tip-induced tautomerization and dehydrogenation of the molecules, and revealed how these operations modify the molecular states and molecule-substrate interaction. Following these two preliminary studies, we studied the interaction of graphene with porphyrin molecules. We evidenced a weak electronic coupling between the molecules and graphene. We then showed how a nitrogen dopant on doped graphene can tune the molecule-surface interaction. The comparison between molecules adsorbed on nitrogen doping sites with those adsorbed on carbon sites clearly reveals a downshift of the energy of the molecular states at the doping sites. This downshift reveals a partial electron transfer from the nitrogen sites of graphene to the adsorbed molecules. In the last part of this thesis, we studied the properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a porphyrin polymer. The STM measurements revealed that the polymer is partially covering the nanotubes. Local spectroscopy indicated that the local density of states are modified at the polymer location
Vernisse, Loranne. "Étude par microscopie à effet tunnel sous ultra-vide et à basse température de complexes de ruthénium." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2421/.
Full textUsing molecules able to execute functions found in microelectronic components is one of the current challenges of nanosciences and molecular electronics. The most suited technique to observe single molecules and predict their behavior is Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) in ultra-high vacuum and at low temperature. This thesis is a part of a project dedicated to the synthesis and observation of a molecule composed by four ruthenium cores and able to act as a molecular logic gate. We choose to investigate different molecules which come from the first steps in the synthesis of this compound. They are 3D systems composed by one or two ruthenium cores and were adsorbed on metallic surfaces (as Ag(111), Cu(111) and Au(111)) as well as on ultrathin films of NaCl. Two kinds of molecules were studied: the first ones are composed by ruthenium atoms with an oxidation state of III and the other ones have ruthenium atoms with an oxidation state of II. Specific behaviors of each type of molecules are highlighted, concerning particularly their electronic properties. Manipulations using the STM tip were also performed to explore the adsorption geometries. In the future, these investigations should carry on with the charge state measurement on a metallic atom in an extremely complex molecule. The first results performed on model molecules show that perylene derivative compounds are fully adapted to this type of measurements. Moreover, according to the peripheral group, it is possible to deprotonate the molecule to favor the presence of local charges and create a model system under the STM tip
Chaumin, Midoir Anne. "Magnétisme, structure et morphologie des films minces de cobalt déposés sur des surfaces vicinales de cuivre Cu(1 1 11) et Cu(115)." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120033.
Full textMagnetic nanostructures can have properties very different from those of bulk materials. One method to make small objects is to evaporate on a nanostructured substrate like vicinal surfaces with atomic steps. The understanding of magnetic properties of these systems requires a precise determination of their structure and morphology to evaluate the effects of their reduced size and their morphology. We have studied thin cobalt films deposited on Cu(1 1 11) and Cu(115) surfaces by three techniques. Magnetic properties were probed by magneto-optic Kerr effect whereas morphology and cristallographic structure were determined respectively by scanning tunneling microscope and surface EXAFS. The Kerr effects results show an uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis along the step edge direction. The anisotropy on the substrate with smaller tenaces (Cu(115)) is larger. The STM experiments show an important evolution of the morphology with the quantity of deposited cobalt. Thanks to EXAFS, we evidenced that from 3 monolayers (ML) of cobalt on Cu(1 1 11) and 5 ML on Cu(115), the structure is nearly the same as for Co/Cu(001) i. E. Face centered tetragonal and we show that the presence of nanow tenaces does not induce any structural anisotropy in the (001) plane. Simulations of magnetic anisotropy which account for missing bonds at the surface and at the step edge (Néel model) and magnetoelastic effects induced by the tetragonalisation show that the uniaxial anisotropy is mainly due to the films morphology and that the structural distortion contribution is very small
Tonnoir, Charlène. "Spectroscopie tunnel de graphène épitaxié sur du rhénium supraconducteur." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY043/document.
Full textObtaining a transparent interface between graphene and a superconductor has proved to be very challenging and yet essential to induce superconducting correlations in graphene via the so-called proximity effect. This thesis presents a scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) study at very low temperature (50 mK) of a novel system achieving such a good electronic contact by the growth of epitaxial graphene on superconducting rhenium. The fabrication and selection of high-crystallographic quality rhenium thin films are briefly explained, followed by the CVD growth process of graphene on various metal substrates and in particular rhenium. STM topographic images reveal a moiré pattern due to the lattice mismatch between graphene and rhenium. We identify this system to a graphene monolayer in strong interaction with the underlying substrate, as corroborated by DFT calculations. STS analyses in the hundreds-meV energy range show a spatial modulation of the density of states (DOS) at the moiré scale, indicating different coupling strengths between ‘hills' and ‘valleys' regions. The bulk superconducting properties are probed by transport measurements, from which we extract the transition temperature Tc~2K and a superconducting coherence length ξ=18nm. The superconducting gap is extracted from the DOS at 50 mK (Δ=330µeV) and found homogeneous at the moiré scale. The superconducting mixed state is studied under magnetic field and an Abrikosov vortex-lattice is uncovered. Finally, a study on various surface morphologies exhibits an anomalous lateral superconducting proximity effect in contradiction with the existing models
Bélier, Benoît. "Développement de micro-leviers à fonctions optiques intégrées pour la microscopie à effet tunnel photonique et la microconnexion optique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20145.
Full textRastei, Mircea-Vasile. "Assembly of controlled-size Co nanoparticles on surfaces and their local characterisation by means of field-dependent magnetic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13139.
Full textVenegas, de la Cerda Miguel Angel Gauthier Sébastien. "Etudes expérimentales de surfaces et de films minces isolants par microscopie à sonde locale sous ultra vide." Toulouse : Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/308.
Full textCercellier, Hervé Malterre Daniel. "Etude par photoémission et microscopie à effet tunnel des relations entre propriétés structurales et électroniques des interfaces Ce/Sc(0001) et Ag/Au(111)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2004_0157_CERCELLIER.pdf.
Full textBeyer, Matthieu. "Elaborations et caractérisations d'auto-assemblages dipolaires par microscopie à effet tunnel." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2056/document.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the investigation under ultra high vacuum of _-conjugated molecule on a silicon surface by means of scanningtunneling microscopy (STM). The manuscript consists of five chapters.In the first chapter, we present a state-of-the-art of organic assembly on metal and semiconductor.Chapter two describes the experimental setup using during thesis. It also shows Si(111)-B substrate and gives theoretical conceptsassociated with the scanning tunneling microscopy.The third chapter describes in detail the supramolecular network obtained from an aromatic halogenated molecule with C2 symmetry. Theadsorption of 4,4"-dibromo-p-terphenyl leads to the formation of two kinds of compacts structures (a stripe structure and a herringbonestructure). The formed networks are stable at room temperature and commensurable with the surface. These architectures are promotedby hydrogen bond, halogen bond and _-stacking.Chapter four studies influence of benzene ring number on the geometry and the periodicity of self-assemblies on Si(111)-B. To do that,we have synthesis two organics molecules composed of an aromatic central part and two laterals chains (O-(CH2)9-CH3). The centralpart is composed of respectively three or five phenyl ring ended by cyano groups. We are also interested to the terminal groups effecton the network organisation. We show that the cyano groups effect on the "molecule/molecule" interaction and the "molecule/surface"interaction are negligible. Basis of the work conducted on the chapter four, we conclude our manuscript by presenting supramolecularsnetworks of dipolar molecule. These networks form dipole lines. We show that on small scale the molecules promote an alignment of theirdipolar moments
Qin, Ren-Yan. "Etude de la microtexture et de la microstructure superficielle et des propriétés physico-chimiques des surfaces des fibres de carbone." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0235.
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