Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microscopy, trends

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microscopy, trends'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Wilson, T. "Trends in confocal microscopy." Trends in Neurosciences 12, no. 12 (1989): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90104-5.

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COX, G. "Trends in confocal microscopy." Micron 24, no. 3 (1993): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-4328(93)90048-6.

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Howie, A. "Future trends in microscopy." Journal of Microscopy 155, no. 3 (1989): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1989.tb02900.x.

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KAWATA, Satoshi. "The New Trends in Microscopy." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 57, no. 7 (1991): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.57.1141.

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Egorova, O. V., and M. Yu Egorov. "Development trends in light microscopy." Journal of Optical Technology 78, no. 1 (2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.78.000007.

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Doose, Sören. "Trends in Biological Optical Microscopy." ChemPhysChem 9, no. 4 (2008): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800033.

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Altman, M. S. "Trends in low energy electron microscopy." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22, no. 8 (2010): 084017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084017.

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Vogt, Stefan, and Antonio Lanzirotti. "Trends in X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy." Synchrotron Radiation News 26, no. 2 (2013): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2013.771072.

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Jongebloed, W. L. "Trends in biological scanning electron microscopy." Micron and Microscopica Acta 21, no. 4 (1990): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0739-6260(90)90125-y.

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Cheng, Ping-chin. "Current Trends in Digital Imaging for Optical Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 1097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001237x.

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Digital imaging has provided a number of possibilities in optical microscopy which can not be achieved easily by traditional methods. These include the possibility of low-light imaging, ease of image manipulation (processing and analysis) and transmission via electronic communication channels. Recently, digital imaging has become the buzz-word in photography. Therefore, it is the intent of this article to evaluate the current state of digital imaging technologies for optical microscopy, both pro and con.There are certain applications where digital imaging is the only feasible way to gather image data, examples include laser scanning confocal microscopy and low-light CCD microscopy. Based on the nature of image acquisition methods, one can classify digital imaging into two major domains: (1) sequential and (2) parallel data acquisition. The sequential data acquisition method is generally used in scanning devices such as the confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM). Photomultipliers and solid state devices are generally used as the photon detector(s) and the analog signals are subsequently digitized. On the other hand, the use of 2D array detectors such as CCDs falls into the parallel acquisition category. Although, the data from a CCD is read-out sequentially, all the pixels on a CCD chip acquire the image simultaneously. Depending on the dynamic range of the photon detector and needs of the application, the digitized image generally has a dynamic range of 8, 12 or 16 bits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Bergher, Laurent Courtois Bernard. "Analyse de défaillances de circuits VLSI par microscopie électronique à balayage." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00315589.

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Alhashem, Zakia H. "Growth and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Novel Trench-Like Formation and Relation to Manganese Induced Structures on w-GaN (000-1)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1422004091.

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Schurch, Brandt Roger. "Three-dimensional imaging and analysis of electrical trees." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/threedimensional-imaging-and-analysis-of-electrical-trees(73e032f6-3e6b-4ee9-9cc1-953a11f36cb3).html.

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Electrical trees are micrometre-size tubular channels of degradation in high voltage polymeric insulation, a precursor to failure of electrical power plant. Hence, electrical trees critically affect the reliability of power systems and the performance of new insulation designs. Imaging laboratory-grown electrical trees has been an important tool for studying how trees develop. Commonly, electrical trees prepared in transparent or translucent polymers are imaged using traditional optical methods. Consequently, most of the analysis has been based on two-dimensional (2D) images of trees, thus, valuable information may be lost. However, electrical trees are complex interconnected structures that require a tree-dimensional (3D) approach for more complete analysis. This thesis investigates a method for imaging and analysis of electrical trees to characterise their 3D structure and provide a platform for further modelling. Laboratory created electrical trees were imaged using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBFSEM), 3D imaging techniques that provide sub-micrometre spatial resolution. Virtual replicas of the trees, which are the 3D geometrical models representing the real electrical trees, were generated and new indices to characterise the 3D structure of electrical trees were developed. These parameters were indicative of differences in tree growth and thus, they can be used to investigate patterns and classify the structure of electrical trees. The progression of the tree was analysed using cross-sections of the tree that are orthogonal to the growth: the number of tree channels and area covered by them were measured. The fractal dimension of the tree was calculated from the 3D model and from the 2D projections, the latter being lower for all the tree-type structures studied. Parameters from the skeleton of the tree such as number of nodes, segment length, tortuosity and branch angle were measured. Most of the mean segment lengths ranged 6-13 µm, which is in accordance to the 10µm proposed by various tree-growth models. The capabilities of XCT and SBFSEM imaging techniques were evaluated in their application to electrical trees. Bush and branch trees, including early-growth electrical trees (of length 20-40 µm), were analysed and compared using the comprehensive tool of visualisation and characterisation developed. A two-stage tree-growth experiment was conducted to analyse the progression and development of tree branches using XCT: tree channels after the second stage of growth were wider than after the first, while the fractal dimension remained the same. The capabilities of XCT and SBFSEM were tested for imaging electrical trees in optically-opaque materials such as micro and nano-filled epoxy compounds. The general structure of trees in epoxy filled up to 20 wt% micro-silica was observed using both techniques. The use of a virtual replica as the 3D geometrical model for the simulation of the electric field distribution using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was preliminary explored. A combination of the imaging techniques is proposed for a more complete structural analysis of trees. It is believed that a great impact towards understanding electrical treeing will be achieved using the 3D technical platform developed in this thesis.
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Ahmed, Mustafa M. Abdalla. "Alternating-Current Thin-Film Electroluminescent Device Characterization." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233432.

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Jádrem této disertační práce bylo studovat optické a elektrické charakteristiky tenkovrstvých elektroluminiscenčních součástek řízených střídavým proudem (ACTFEL) a zejména vliv procesu stárnutí luminiforů na jejich optické a elektrické vlastnosti. Cílem této studie měl být příspěvek ke zvýšení celkové účinnosti luminoforů, vyjádřené pomocí jasu, účinnosti a stability. Vzhledem k tomu, že současnou dominantní technologií plochých obrazovek je LCD, musí se další alternativní technologie plošných displejů porovnávat s LCD. Výhodou ACTFEL displejů proti LCD je lepší rozlišení, větší teplotní rozsah činnosti, větší čtecí úhel, či možnost čtení při mnohem vyšší intenzitě pozadí. Na druhou stranu je jejich nevýhodou vyšší energetická náročnost, problém s odpovídající barevností tří základních barev a podstatně vyšší napětí nutné pro činnost displeje. K dosažení tohoto cíle jsme provedli optická, elektrická a optoelektrická měření ACTFEL struktur a ZnS:Mn luminoforů. Navíc jsme studovali vliv dotování vrstvy pomocí KCl na chování mikrostruktury a na elektroluminiscenční vlastnosti (zejména na jas a světelnou účinnost) ZnS:Mn luminoforů. Provedli jsme i některá, ne zcela obvyklá, měření ACTFEL součástek. Vypočítali jsme i rozptylový poměr nabitých barevných center a simulovali transportní charakteristiky v ACTFEL součástkách. Studovali jsme vliv stárnutí dvou typů ZnS:Mn luminoforů (s vrstvou napařenou či získanou pomocí epitaxe atomových vrstev) monitorováním závislostí svítivost-napětí (L-V), velikost vnitřního náboje - elektrické pole luminoforu (Q-Fp) a kapacitance-napětí (C-V) ve zvolených časových intervalech v průběhu stárnutí. Provedli jsme krátkodobá i dlouhodobá měření a pokusili jsme se i o vizualizaci struktury luminoforu se subvlnovým rozlišením pomocí optického rastrovacího mikroskopu pracujícího v blízkém poli (SNOM). Na praktickém případu zeleného Zn2GeO4:Mn (2% Mn) ACTFEL displeje, pracujícího při 50 Hz, jsme také studovali stabilitu svítivosti pomocí měření závislosti svítivosti na napětí (L-V) a světelné účinnosti na napětí (eta-V). Přitom byl zhodnocen význam těchto charakteristik. Nezanedbatelnou a neoddělitelnou součástí této práce je i její pedagogický aspekt. Předložený text by mohl být využit i jako učebnice pro studenty na mé univerzitě v Lybii.
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Books on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Arita, Masashi, and Norihito Sakaguchi, eds. Electron Microscopy - Novel Microscopy Trends. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73375.

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M. W., Ph.D. Roberts (Editor), ed. Studies of the Surfaces of Solids by Electron Microscopy: Recent Trends. Scholium Intl, 1986.

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Jaafar, Mariatti. Current Trends in Materials Engineering II: 25th Scientific Conference Microscopy Society. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2017.

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Jaafar, Mariatti. Current Trends in Materials Engineering II: 25th Scientific Conference Microscopy Society. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2017.

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M, Bacq Z., P. Alexander, and M. Françon. Progress in Microscopy : International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology: Modern Trends in Physiological Sciences. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Aziz, Mohd Sanusi Abdul, Scientific Conference Staff Microscopy Society Malaysia, Mohd Edeerozey Abd Manaf, T. Joseph Sahaya Anand, and Md Nizam Abd Rahman. Current Trends in Materials Engineering: Selected, Peer Reviewed Papers from the 24th Scientific Conference of the Microscopy Society Malaysia , December 2-4, 2015, Malacca, Malaysia. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2016.

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Tański, Tomasz, and Przemysław Snopiński. Current Trends in Materials Research: Material Properties, Microscopic and Morphological Characterization. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2021.

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Tański, Tomasz, and Przemysław Snopiński. Current Trends in Materials Research: Material Properties, Microscopic and Morphological Characterization. Trans Tech Publications, Limited, 2021.

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Nigel, Chaffey, ed. Wood formation in trees: Cell and molecular biology techniques. Taylor & Francis, 2002.

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Chaffey, Nigel J. Wood Formation in Trees: Cell and Molecular Biology Techniques. CRC, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Piper, J. "Light Filtering in Microscopy." In Modern Trends in Diatom Identification. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_6.

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Melmed, A. J. "Field Emission Microscopy - Trends and Perspectives." In Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82727-3_13.

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Nagy, Lívia, and Géza Nagy. "Application of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Bioanalytical Chemistry." In Trends in Bioelectroanalysis. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11663_2016_5.

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Keilmann, F., and B. Knoll. "Infrared Scanning Near-Field Microscopy." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: Modern Trends. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_271.

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Bertotti, Mauro. "Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications." In Tools and Trends in Bioanalytical Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82381-8_18.

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Isabelle, M., I. Teodorovic, J. W. Oosterhuis, and P. H. J. Riegman. "Virtual Microscopy in Virtual Tumor Banking." In New trends in cancer for the 21st century. Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5133-3_7.

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Sturm, Robert. "Stereoscopic Imaging of Diatoms in Light and Electron Microscopy." In Modern Trends in Diatom Identification. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_11.

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Passeri, Daniele, Livia Angeloni, and Marco Rossi. "Magnetic Force Microscopy and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Perspectives and Challenges." In New Trends in Nanoparticle Magnetism. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60473-8_12.

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Pingali, G. S., and R. Jain. "Scanning Probe Microscopy: Trends and Image Processing Issues." In Image Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58288-2_19.

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Wergin, William P. "Current developments and future trends in electron microscopy." In Research Instrumentation for the 21st Century. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2748-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Pingali, Gopal S., and Ramesh C. Jain. "Scanning probe microscopy: trends and image processing issues." In IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, edited by Frederick Y. Wu and Benjamin M. Dawson. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.144810.

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McCoy, Darryl, Marco Arrigoni, and Mantas Butkus. "Trends and developments in ultrafast lasers for non-linear microscopy." In Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XXI, edited by Ammasi Periasamy, Peter T. So, and Karsten König. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2588210.

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Arrigoni, Marco, and Darryl McCoy. "Trends and recent developments in ultrafast lasers for non-linear microscopy." In Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XXII, edited by Ammasi Periasamy, Peter T. So, and Karsten König. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2608744.

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Rogalski, Mikołaj, Piotr Zdankowski, and Maciej Trusiak. "FPM app: a MATLAB application for Fourier ptychographic microscopy reconstruction." In Holography: Advances and Modern Trends VII, edited by Antonio Fimia, Miroslav Hrabovský, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2589125.

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Trusiak, Maciej, Mikołaj Rogalski, Piotr Zdankowski, Jose-Angel Picazo-Bueno, and Vicente Mico Serrano. "Numerical autofocusing in Gabor lensless microscopy employing computational dark-field imaging." In Holography: Advances and Modern Trends VII, edited by Antonio Fimia, Miroslav Hrabovský, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2589122.

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Song, Xianlin. "A holographic method for generating structured illumination of structured illumination microscopy." In Holography: Advances and Modern Trends VII, edited by Antonio Fimia, Miroslav Hrabovský, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2581309.

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Romero, Carla, Desirée González, Roque Fernando Madrigal, Eduardo Fernández, and Antonio Fimia Gil. "Digital holographic microscopy for the study of light-cell interaction in real time." In Holography: Advances and Modern Trends, edited by Antonio Fimia, Miroslav Hrabovský, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2519282.

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Kumar, Manoj, Osamu Matoba, Xiangyu Quan, Yasuhiro Awatsuji, and Yosuke Tamada. "Decoupling the refractive index and thickness by dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy." In Holography: Advances and Modern Trends VII, edited by Antonio Fimia, Miroslav Hrabovský, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2586317.

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Kornev, Y. V. "Elastomeric Composites Surface Structure Study by Scanning Electron and Atomic Force Microscopy." In Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901755-45.

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Abstract. New elastomeric composites were synthesized with filler particles from rice husk products both in micro and sub-micron sizes. The obtained composites surface structure was investigated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The application as a prospective strengthening sub-micron sizes filler for the composite complexes creation with high elastic and strength properties have been shown.
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Tatarskiy, D. A., E. V. Skorokhodov, N. S. Gusev, V. Yu Mikhailovskii, Yu V. Petrov, and S. A. Gusev. "Lorentz transmission electron microscopy of ferromagnetic nanodisks." In STATE-OF-THE-ART TRENDS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL NANOOBJECTS, STRANN-2018. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5087661.

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Reports on the topic "Microscopy, trends"

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Yenes, Laura, Puy Ayarza, Pablo Calvín, and Alberto Santamaría. ORIGEN DE LA ANOMALÍA MAGNÉTICA DE SALAMANCA. CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LA FORMACIÓN ALDEATEJADA (PROTEROZOICO SUPERIOR) Y DE LAS PIZARRAS ORDOVÍCICAS. Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Geólogos, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21028/ly.2021.05.25.

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La Anomalía Magnética de Salamanca (AMSA) presenta una amplitud y geometría que sugieren la existencia de una fuente localizada a poca profundidad y situada ligeramente al sureste de la propia ciudad. Su característica más llamativa es su polaridad inversa, que indica la existencia de rocas con una magnetización remanente adquirida durante un cron de polaridad inversa. Se han estudiado dos litologías que son potencialmente portadoras de una magnetización remanente natural (NRM) compatible con dicha anomalía: las Pizarras de Aldeatejada (Neoproterozoico) y las Pizarras del Ordovícico Medio, ambas aflorando en el flanco sur del Sinclinal de Salamanca. Los estudios realizados incluyen microscopía óptica, desmagnetización de la NRM por campos alternos, curvas termomagnéticas y desmagnetización térmica de la magnetización remanente isotérmica (IRM) adquirida a lo largo de tres ejes. Los resultados muestran que las Pizarras de Aldeatejada presentan una NRM lo suficientemente intensa para generar una anomalía magnética. Sin embargo, es de polaridad normal, compatible con el campo magnético terrestre actual y, por lo tanto, no debe contribuir a la generación de la AMSA, de polaridad inversa. Por el contrario, las Pizarras Ordovícicas muestran una NRM de polaridad inversa compatible con la AMSA, pero poco intensa. Si estas últimas continúan hacia el este, por debajo de la ciudad de Salamanca, y la intensidad de su NRM aumenta, podrían ser la fuente de la anomalía.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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