Journal articles on the topic 'Microsoft Bob'

Pelatihan Komputer dengan menggunakan metode Andragogi RAMP 2 FAME (Recency, Appropriatenes, Motivation, Primacy, 2 Way Communication, Feedback, Active learning, Multi sense learning dan Exercise) bertujuan untuk memberikan pelatihan komputer Microsoft Word untuk pembuatan proposal dan laporan posyandu dimana metode ini mampu meningkatkan keterlibatan, tanggung jawab selama kegiatan pembelajaran serta umpan balik dari peserta sehingga tutor dapat mengetahui tingkat perubahan yang terjadi pada peserta pelatihan dimulai pada saat sebelum dan saat berlangsung kegiatan belajar. Pelatihan ini diikuti oleh 10 peserta kader PKK yang terdiri dari ibu -ibu usia dewasa dan lanjut dari kelurahan Rangkapan Jaya Baru, setelah dilakukan pelatihan selama 6 jam, para kader PKK memiliki kemampuan untuk membuat cover yang menarik, membuat penomoran bab dan sub bab otomotis, penomoran halaman, table of content, table dan formatting table. Dari hasil kuesioner awal diketahui bahwa kompetensi awal para kader PKK dalam penggunaan aplikasi Microsoft Word untuk pembuatan proposal dan laporan yang sesuai dengan format data posyandu diketahui bahwa 60% kader PKK masih belum bisa memanfaatkan aplikasi Microsost Word untuk pembuatan proposal dan laporan sedangkan 40% sudah dapat menggunakan Microsoft Word, setelah selesai pelatihan diperoleh hasil bahwa 50% mengatakan mudah, 30% sedang dan 20% sulit dalam memanfaatkan Micosoft Word sebagai media pembuatan proposal dan laporan yang baik.

The 1995 appearance of Microsoft's Bob interface directly poses the question of how anthropomorphic the human computer interface design should be. A historical approach to the question offers three important observations to designers: 1) that the impulse to anthropomorphicize technology has been longstanding and has been employed with artifacts other than computers; 2) that the normal evolution of technologies proceeds through an introductory phase during which a culture becomes acclimatized to the new technology; moreover, one of the methods by which cultures have traditionally become acclimatized to new technologies is through anthropomorphization; and 3) the perception of anthropomorphism in the human computer interface has been complicated by the fact that “computers” were, in fact, first people not machines. An historical approach to answering the interface design question posed by Microsoft's Bob interface suggests that designers productively accommodate the longstanding human impulse to anthropomorphicize new technologies.

Penyakit BLB merupakan salah satu penyakit yang berbahaya bagi tanaman padi. Penyakit ini biasanya menyerang di setiap fase pertumbuhan. Perhitungan intensitas serangan penyakit BLB masih dilakukan secara manual. Pengembangan teknologi dalam pendugaan intensitas serangan penyakit BLB sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun persamaan pendugaan intensitas serangan penyakit BLB menggunakan pendekatan citra termal. Penelitian ini menggunakan Drone DJI Inspire 1 dengan kamera termal DJI Zenmuse XT. Pengolahan data menggunakan software Agisoft Photoscan, Arcgis 10.3 dan Microsoft Excel. Dari hasil analisis citra termal diperoleh bahwa persamaan pendugaan intensitas serangan adalah y = 4.9533x-144.42 dan akurasi pendugaannya tinggi yaitu 90,45% dengan nilai eror 8,43%. Suhu kanopi dapat diklasifikasi menjadi empat sesuai dengan intensitas serangan yaitu 29,83-31,84oC untuk intensitas serangan ringan, 31,85-34,39oC untuk intensitas serangan sedang, 34,40-43,52oC untuk intensitas serangan berat dan 43,53-48,09oC untuk intensitas serangan puso. Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pendekatan citra termal dapat digunakan untuk menduga intensitas serangan penyakit BLB pada tanaman padi. Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) is a dangerous disease for rice plants. This disease can attack in every phase of growth. Calculation of BLB disease attack intensity is currently still done manually. Technology development in estimating the intensity of BLB disease is very necessary. This study aims to establish the equation for estimating BLB disease intensity using a thermal image approach. Drone DJI Inspire 1 with a thermal camera DJI Zenmuse XT was used in this research. Processing data using software Agisoft Photoscan, Arcgis 10.3 and Microsoft Excel. From the results of the thermal image analysis, it was found that the equation for estimating attack intensity is y = 4.9533x-144.42 and estimation accuracy is high at 90,45% with an error value of 8,43%. Temperature of the canopy can be classified into four according to the intensity of the attack, namely 29,83-31,84oC for mild attack intensity, 31,85-34,39oC for moderate attack intensity, 34,40-43,52oC for intensity of severe attacks and 43,53-48,09oC for intensity of puso attacks. From these results it can be concluded that the thermal image approach can be used to estimate BLB disease attacks on rice plants.

Predicting the outcome of sales opportunities is a core part of successful business management. Conventionally, undertaking this prediction has relied mostly on subjective human evaluations in the process of sales decision-making. In this paper, we addressed the problem of forecasting the outcome of Business to Business (B2B) sales by proposing a thorough data-driven Machine-Learning (ML) workflow on a cloud-based computing platform: Microsoft Azure Machine-Learning Service (Azure ML). This workflow consists of two pipelines: (1) An ML pipeline to train probabilistic predictive models on the historical sales opportunities data. In this pipeline, data is enriched with an extensive feature enhancement step and then used to train an ensemble of ML classification models in parallel. (2) A prediction pipeline to use the trained ML model and infer the likelihood of winning new sales opportunities along with calculating optimal decision boundaries. The effectiveness of the proposed workflow was evaluated on a real sales dataset of a major global B2B consulting firm. Our results implied that decision-making based on the ML predictions is more accurate and brings a higher monetary value.

Objetivos: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de indivíduos durante o tratamento oncológico assistidos em uma Associação de voluntários em um município do sul de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Um estudo transversal, descritivo, com participação de 103 indivíduos, de fevereiro a agosto de 2019. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se questões estruturadas e semiestruturadas para informações sóciodemográficas e ações dispensadas pela associação, também foi usado o WHOQOL-bref (Whoqol –OMS), esses dados foram submetidos ao cálculo dos escores e estatística descritiva do WHOQOL-bref através do Microsoft Excel. Demais dados foram tabulados no Microsoft Excel 2010, para análise estatística descritiva. Estudo aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa sob o nº3.066.194. Resultados: Verificou-se o predomínio de mulheres, idade acima de 60 anos, ensino fundamental incompleto, aposentados, renda mensal de um salário mínimo. Perante Qualidade de Vida – Q.V, obteve escore de 3,93 físico; 3,44 psicológico; 3,74 relações sociais; 3,57 meios ambiente; 3,60 Auto avaliação QV. Os assistidos pela Associação, 78,4% classificaram-na com a nota máxima de 5; 75,3% sempre foram bem acolhidos; 50% recebem auxilio sempre que solicitado. Conclusão: Com escore médio geral de 4,57, classificando como “Boa” a QV dessas pessoas que apesar dos desafios, possuem uma rede de apoio na Associação.

The existence of lysosomes and acid hydrolase activity was demonstrated in an in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model comprising primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell (BMEC) monolayers. BMEC lysosomes were observed by the uptake of acridine orange and fluorophore-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein by fluorescence microscopy. Cytochemical localization of the acid hydrolase, sulfatase, and acid phosphatase (AcP) activities with light microscopy also revealed hydrolase-positive vacuoles or lysosomes that varied in number from cell to cell. BMEC monolayers were fractionated and biochemical assays of the sulfatase, AcP, and β-galactosidase were performed. Significant activities of the acid hydrolases were found to be associated with lysosome and microsome fractions (69–77%). The majority of β-galactosidase (≈48%) and total sulfatase (≈58%) activity was associated with the lysosome fraction of the BMECs. In contrast, ≈52% of AcP activity was associated with the microsome fraction of the cells. The results of this study are consistent with the demonstration in vivo of acid hydrolases as potential factors in the endocytic pathway for transport of proteins through the BBB and as contributors to the BBB's enzymatic barrier function.

The concurrent use of oral encorafenib (Braftovi, ENF) and binimetinib (Mektovi, BNB) is a combination anticancer therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for patients with BRAFV600E/V600K mutations suffering from metastatic or unresectable melanoma. Metabolism is considered one of the main pathways of drug elimination from the body (responsible for elimination of about 75% of known drugs), it is important to understand and study drug metabolic stability. Metabolically unstable compounds are not good as they required repetitive dosages during therapy, while very stable drugs may result in increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Metabolic stability of compounds could be examined using in vitro or in silico experiments. First, in silico metabolic vulnerability for ENF and BNB was investigated using the StarDrop WhichP450 module to confirm the lability of the drugs under study to liver metabolism. Second, we established an LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB applied to metabolic stability assessment. Third, in silico toxicity assessment of ENF and BNB was performed using the StarDrop DEREK module. Chromatographic separation of ENF, BNB, and avitinib (an internal standard) was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase on a Hypersil BDS C18 column. The linear range for ENF and BNB in the human liver microsome (HLM) matrix was 5–500 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.999). The metabolic stabilities were calculated using intrinsic clearance and in vitro half-life. Furthermore, ENF and BNB did not significantly influence each other’s metabolic stability or metabolic disposition when used concurrently. These results indicate that ENF and BNB will slowly bioaccumulate after multiple doses.

O estudo objetivou identificar a opinião dos graduandos sobre seu processo de formação para o Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS. O objeto é a opinião dos graduandos de enfermagem sobre sua formação para o SUS. Pesquisa quantitativa, realizada com 30 discentes da Faculdade de Enfermagem - FAEN, unidade integrante da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte - UERN. Observaram-se os aspectos éticos da Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, incluindo a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelos discentes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários, tabulados no Microsoft Excel e apresentados em tabelas. Os resultados, apesar de apontarem alguma rejeição em certos aspectos da proposta curricular, revelaram uma boa aceitação dos discentes quanto à eficiência e realização dos objetivos do Projeto Político-Pedagógico, do perfil do egresso pretendido por esse projeto de ensino, bem como de seus aspectos organizacionais, implantados em 1996, ainda vigentes.

Service mobile robot is playing a more critical role in today's society as more people such as a disabled person or the elderly are in need of mobile robot assistance. An autonomous person following ability shows great importance to the overall role of service mobile robot in assisting human. The objective of this paper focuses on developing a robot follow a person. The robot is equipped with the necessary sensors such as a Microsoft Kinect sensor and a Hokuyo laser sensor. Four suitable tracking methods are introduced in this project which is implemented and tested on the person following algorithm. The tracking methods implemented are face detection, leg detection, color detection and person blob detection. All of the algorithms implementations in this project is performed using Robot Operating System (ROS). The result showed that the mobile robot could track and follow the target person based on the person movement.

Media informasi merupakan sarana penting dalam penyampaian informasi dalam berbagai ruang lingkup kegiatan. Semakin berkembangnya media dalam penyampaian informasi maka semakin cepat dan akuratnya informasi yang diterima dan menjadi lebih baik pemahaman dalam sebuah informasi. Kesalahan dalam memahami sebuah informasi akan banyak menyababkan banyak salah penafsiran, sehingga informasi tersebut tidak dapat menjadi landasan dalam mengambil sebuah tindakan atau sebuah keputusan. Pada CV.Indonesia Elektronik dibutuhkan suatu perancangan sistem yang dapat memudahkan dalam memberikan suatu informasi. Karena masih terbatasnya sistem komputerisasi yang digunakan pada CV.Indonesia Elektronik tersebut. Dalam pendataan penjualan yang dilakukan oleh CV.Indonesia Elektronik telah menggunakan komputer namun masih menggunakan aplikasi Microsoft Word, dan Microsoft Excel akan tetapi penggunaan aplikasi tersebut belum dilakukan secara optimal. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode analisa berorientasi objek dengan tujuan melakukan perancangan sistem yang berjalan pada CV.Indonesia Elektronik. Untuk itu di buat sebuah website yang memiliki tampilan menarik serta menu dan aplikasi yang mudah dimengerti baik oleh konsumen.Untuk membuat katalog produk elektronik secara online yang memiliki informasi lengkap didalamnya dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan referensi oleh customer dalam pemesanan produk yang diinginkan. Dan Untuk memudahkan konsumen dalam mencari informasi mengenai toko elektronik online serta memungkinkan pihak perusahaan melakukan brand building untuk produknya secara lebih cepat dan luas. Dengan Metode perancangan Framework e-Commerce yaitu B2B dan B2C Business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) dan pengembangan aplikasi sistem yang diusulkan menggunakan metode perancangan Unified Modelling Language (UML) dengan menggunakan alat bantu (tools) berupa Visual Paradigm for 6.4 Enterprise Edition, untuk pembuatan sistem ini menggunakan Macromedia Dreamweaver sebagai penulisan listing program php dan mysql sebagai databasenya, Hasil dari penulisan ini berupa rancangan sistem berbasis web ini yang dapat memberikan manfaat yang positif bagi CV.Indonesia Elektronik. CV.Indonesia Elektronik bisa bersaing dengan perusahaan elektronik lainya yang bergerak pada penjualan online. Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi, E-Commerce, Komputerisasi

Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em estudantes universitários do Curso de Enfermagem. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 154 universitários do Curso de Enfermagem, Coari, Amazonas, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois instrumentos, o questionário sociodemográfico e o instrumento validado e adaptado chamado de “Are you at risk for type 2 diabetes? ”. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, utilizando o Microsoft Excel e o SPSS versão 20.0. Resultados: houve predomínio do sexo feminino (68,2%), com média de idade de 23,1 (± 4,3) anos e de solteiros (78,6%). A maioria faz consumo adequado de sal (53,9%), não tem hipertensão arterial sistêmica (94,2%) e considera a própria saúde boa (55,8%), não possui casos de Diabetes Mellitus na família (54,5%), nem risco (98,0%) para o desenvolvimento da doença. Conclusão: desta forma, esta investigação constatou que, apesar de ocorrer uma transição no estilo de vida do estudante ao ingressar na vida acadêmica, isso não influencia significativamente o desenvolvimento de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2.

Perkembangan kehidupan modern saat ini sudah sangat mudah dalam transportasi. Hal itu disebabkan karena semakin tingginya kemajuan teknologi. Maka dari itu transportasi semakin banyak yang bisa digunakan seperti sepeda motor, mobil, bus, kereta api, pesawat dan lainnya. PT Honda Prospect Motor merupakan agen tunggal pemegang merek mobil honda di Indonesia yang telah banyak merilis tipe-tipe mobil seperti SUV, MVP, sedan, city car, hatchback dan lainnya. Hal tersebut membuat calon-calon pembeli sulit dan bingung dalam menemukan mobil yang sesuai dengan kriteria mereka. Proses pembuatan sistem rekomendasi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi pemrograman Microsoft Visual Basic .Net 2008 dan mengintegrasikan metode Naïve Bayes Classifier kedalam rancangan programnya. Setelah dilakukan perancangan dan pembuatan kode program, maka dihasilkan sebuah sistem rekomendasi. Sistem yang dibangun memilikil output penilaian yang sama dengan perhitungan manual di Bab IV sehingga dapat dikatakan program ini berhasil. Kelebihan program ini yaitu dapat melakukan perhitungan Naïve Bayes dengan sangat cepat walaupun data yang diproses cukup banyak jumlahnya. Hasil pengujian menyimpulkan bahwa metode Naïve Bayes dapat menyediakan rekomendasi mobil yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang digunakan.

Objetivou-se realizar uma análise do abate de bovinos em Roraima de 2008 a 2013, devido a necessidade de informações sobre esse setor no estado. O estudo foi conduzido em Boa Vista, no mês de abril de 2014, a partir de dados de bovinos abatidos em um matadouro frigorífico sob inspeção estadual e de preços praticados por uma cooperativa de carnes. Os dados foram processados em planilhas do programa Microsoft Office Excel 2010 e submetidos a análise descritiva. Do período avaliado, foram abatidos 328.872 bovinos (n= 231.587 machos; n= 97.285 fêmeas) procedentes, principalmente, dos municípios de Mucajaí (29,22%), Cantá (19,02%), Iracema (12,37%) e Alto Alegre (11,19%). Durante os anos de 2008 a 2010, o percentual de fêmeas manteve-se estável, com aumentos mensais a partir de 2011. O abate total resultou na produção de 75.137,810 toneladas (t) de carcaça quente (n= 57.636,231 (t) machos; n= 17.501,579 (t) fêmeas). Foram condenadas 89 carcaças, sendo tuberculose (52%), lesões supuradas e abcessos (34%), carnes repugnantes (11%), além de morte no curral (2%) e brucelose (1%) as principais causas. Quase a metade (49,44%) destas foram em carcaças inteiras, seguido aos quartos traseiros (30,34%) e dianteiros (15,73%), e a meias carcaças (4,49%), resultando perda de 12.525 kg que gerariam remunerações próximas a 50.000 reais. Os animais abatidos pertenciam, principalmente, de municípios próximo à capital Boa Vista, produzindo ao todo mais de 75 mil toneladas de carcaça, e as maiores perdas em condenações foram, principalmente, por tuberculose e lesões em carcaças inteiras e em quartos traseiros. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Produção animal, Carne bovina, Carcaças, Patologias, Perdas econômicas.

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e fatores associados à prescrição de medicamentos em idosos institucionalizados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, no qual participaram 27 idosos, de ambos os sexos, que residiam na única instituição de longa permanência para idosos no município de Boa Vista, Roraima há mais de trinta dias no período da coleta de dados. Para caracterizar o perfil farmacoterapêutico dos idosos, foram coletados dados por meio da análise de prontuários e prescrições médicas e posteriormente classificados segundo a WHOCC. Por fim os dados foram processados e tabulados através do software Microsoft Office Excel® 2016 e analisados com o auxílio do software estatístico R-project. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que todos os idosos faziam uso de pelo menos um medicamento, com prevalência de idosos polimedicados (88,9%) e fármacos que atuam no sistema nervoso (29,6%), sendo a dipirona o fármaco com maior frequência de prescrição (59,3%). Conclusão: Esses resultados reforçam a importância do estabelecimento de uma equipe interdisciplinar com foco na qualidade da assistência prestada, e, consequentemente, despertar o interesse para novas investigações sobre o objeto de estudo, haja vista o aumento da expectativa de vida da população.

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous hematological and biochemical changes, what is bringing cows into the state of increased metabolic activity and physiological adaptations. These adaptive processes have resulted in increased lipid mobilization and ketogenesis with increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). As a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen produces anti-inflammatory effects. The main objective of the present study was to found relationship between hematological parameters and ketoprofen administration and high lipid mobilization and ketogenesis in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.Materials, Methods & Results: Ketoprofen was used (3 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly for three consecutive days post-partum on 15 cows of Holstein-Friesian breed. Cows of the control group (n = 15) were not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were collected at the day of calving, in the first and in the second week after parturition from the coccygeal vein of the both groups. Hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and mean platelet volume) were determined on the automatic hematological counter. Metabolic parameters (NEFA, BHB) were determined by standard colorimetric kits using a semi-automatic biochemistry analyzer. Student’s t-test was used to determine the influence of the application of ketoprofen to the hematological parameters. The data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 19.0, software package for Microsoft Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The results of comparison with (P < 0.05) were considered to represent statistically significant differences. Difference in correlation test between NEFA and BHB and other blood parameters in experimental and control group of cows were determined by the Fischer r-to-z transformation. The research results show that there was a increased red blood cell count and a higher concentration of hemoglobin (P < 0.05), fewer neutrophils (P < 0.01), lower number of lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and fewer mean platelet volume in cows that received ketoprofen after calving than those of the control. Determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The correlation coefficients were significantly lower in the experimental group of cows. The intensity of the connection between hematological parameters and value of NEFA and BHB decreases.Discussion: It is well known that dairy cows with excessive adiposity manifest a low-grade inflammation and that elevated NEFA concentrations present positive risk factors for many proinflammatory diseases. Analyzing the results in this examination, it has been noticed that the increase of NEFA and BHB after calving were significantly lower in group of cows treated with ketoprofen. Also, determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The intensity of these connection decreases in ketoprofen treated cows. In current study, in cows treated with ketoprofen there is decrease in concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. Red blood cell and hemoglobin concentration decreased in the peripartal period as a result of inflammation. In cows treated with ketoprofen these concentrations increased. In many inflammatory conditions mean platelets volume is increased while there is a decrease in ketoprofen treated cows. Presented results indicate strong relationship between the concentration of NEFA, as well as BHB and hematological parameters indicating that the dependence of hematological parameters of intensity of lipid mobilization and ketogenesis was significantly lower in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.

Diare adalah suatu penyakit dengan adanya tanda-tanda perubahan pada tinja yang lembek sampaimencair dan bertambahnya frekuensi BAB (buang air besar) 3 kali atau lebih dalam satu hari. Faktor yangmempengaruhi diare adalah lingkungan, gizi, kependudukan, pendidikan, sosial ekonomi dan perilakumasyarakat.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan peneliti tentang hubungan sanitasilingkungan dengan kejadian diare pada lanjut usia. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptifdengan metode cross sectional. Populasi semua lanjut usia yang di RW 04 Kelurahan BarombongKecamatan Tamalate Kota Makassar berjumlah 43 0rang. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknikpurposive sampling, di dapatkan 30 responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner dan observasilangsung.Data diolah dan dianalisa dengan menggunakan komputer program microsoft excel dan programstatistik (SPSS) versi 16.0. Analisa data mencakup analisa univariat dengan mencari distribusi frekuensi,analisa bivariat dengan uji chi-square (α=0,05). Hasil analisa bivariat didapatkan ada hubungan antarapenyediaan air bersih dengan kejadian diare (ρ<0.045), ada hubungan antara pengolahan sampah rumahtangga dengan kejadian diare (ρ<0,049) terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan jamban dengan kejadian diare(ρ<0,045), dan terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan SPAL dengan kejadiaan diare(ρ<0,049).Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara penyediaan air bersih, pengelolaansampah rumah tangga,penggunaan jamban keluarga,dan penggunaan SPAL dengan kejadian diare padalanjut usia di Kelurahan Barombong Kecamatan Tamalate Kota Makassar

Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão dos profissionais de saúde ao protocolo de tratamento da sepse em um serviço de emergência, e os índices de mortalidade antes e após a implementação do protocolo gerenciado neste serviço. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo comparativo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um Hospital de uma cidade do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A coleta de dedos correu nos meses de julho a agosto de 2018. Foram coletados os dados referentes aos períodos: (a) antes da implementação do protocolo de sepse (maio a outubro de 2016); (b) após a implementação deste protocolo de sepse (maio a outubro de 2017). Para organização dos dados foi utilizado o programa Microsoft Excel versão 2016. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (60,0%). A média de idade foi de 75,2 ± 16,4 anos. Na classificação de risco, 49,4% dos pacientes foram triados com o escore quick sequential organ failure assessment score (qSOFA) positivo. Quanto à antibioticoterapia intravenosa, 54,1% dos pacientes iniciaram esse tratamento antes de completar 60 minutos de atendimento. Conclusão: Concluímos que houve uma boa adesão dos profissionais de saúde ao protocolo de sepse instituido no serviço de emergência. Melhores desfechos foram demonstrados, especialmente quanto às taxas de mortalidade que diminuiram consideravelmente após a implemetação do protocolo de sepse.

Devido a pandemia do COVID-19 e a necessidade de isolamento social, o ensino presencial foi substituído pelo ensino online nas universidades. Diante disso, o presente artigo tem por objetivos conhecer o ambiente que os alunos estão inseridos durante as aulas remotas, assim como analisar a opinião desses universitários com relação aos impactos da pandemia na sua rotina de aprendizagem. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário online por meio da plataforma Microsoft Forms aos estudantes regularmente matriculados no curso de Engenharia da Computação da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - UEMG. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores dificuldades encontradas pelos discentes durante as aulas online foram a de adaptação as aulas remotas, bem como fatores psicológicos. Apesar da internet ser uma fragilidade durante o ensino remoto, pelas respostas dos estudantes fatores emocionais mostraram-se mais relevantes nesse período de pandemia. A análise dos dados obtidos com os questionários aplicados mostrou que embora plataformas adequadas para o ensino online, assim como uma boa conexão com a internet sejam imprescindíveis para que as aulas remotas aconteçam fatores emocionais decorrentes do isolamento social, adaptação as aulas e o ambiente de estudo foram os que mais atrapalharam o processo de aprendizagem dos alunos durante o período de pandemia.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento das gestantes que fazem acompanhamento do pré-natal nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Mineiros-GO sobre a importância do acompanhamento do pré-natal odontológico bem como a sua percepção sobre sua saúde bucal. Material e método: Foi aplicado um questionário, contendo questões objetivas relacionadas ao nível de conhecimento de gestantes sobre o pré-natal odontológico e sua percepção sobre sua saúde bucal. Os dados foram tabulados no programa Microsoft Excel® 2016 e analisados por meio de análise descritiva e quantitativa. Resultados: A idade das gestantes caracterizou um perfil jovem, com idade média de 25 anos, onde 52% apresentavam de 15 a 25 anos. Das gestantes entrevistadas, 77% consideraram sua saúde bucal boa, sendo que apenas 64% escovavam os dentes, no mínimo, 3 vezes ao dia e 76% usavam o fio dental diariamente. O pré-natal odontológico era de conhecimento de 56% das gestantes e 44% desconheciam o programa. Das gestantes que conheciam o pré-natal odontológico, apenas 37% faziam esse acompanhamento e 33% observaram ter tido alguma alteração bucal, sendo o sangramento gengival o mais relatado. Conclusão: A maioria das gestantes são conscientes sobre a importância do pré-natal odontológico, mas nem todas fazem o acompanhamento. Além disso, apresentam um conhecimento adequado quanto aos cuidados e hábitos relacionados à saúde bucal, no entanto, algumas atitudes devem ser modificada.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o perfil dos egressos do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Maringá e a contribuição do projeto pedagógico para atuação profissional. Um questionário on-line composto por 20 questões foi enviado via e-mail para os egressos formados entre 2003 e 2010. Para armazenamento e extração das informações utilizou-se o software MYSQL e SQLYOG respectivamente, e foram exportadas para o formato XLS (Microsoft Excel) para a análise descritiva. Do total de 273 egressos deste período, foram contatados208 (76%) e destes, 148 responderam ao questionário(71%). A maioria dos egressos foi do sexofeminino (63%), faixa etária de 26 a 30 anos, oriundosdo Paraná (84%) e atuava neste estado (80%).Aproximadamente 50% apresentaram uma rendaanual de 12-36 mil R$/ano, a maioria faz ou fez algumcurso de pós-graduação (95%), atuava em consultórioparticular (61%) e apenas 9% sentiam-se realizados financeiramente. Quanto a proposta pedagógica,mais de 90% a consideraram boa ou ótima, 59% relataram que o currículo ocorre parcialmente de forma integrada e que as disciplinas atendiam parcial (48%) ou totalmente aos objetivos propostos (49%). Concluiu-se que o curso tem formado profissionais predominantemente do sexo feminino,jovem e com atuação concentrada no Paraná. O projeto pedagógico do curso tem contribuído para uma formação generalista, as disciplinas atendem aos objetivos do curso, porém na visão dos egressos, o desenvolvimento curricular ocorre de forma parcialmente integrada indicando a necessidade de novas reformulações visando a melhoria docurso.

Rekam medis adalah kompilasi fakta-fakta sejarah kehidupan dan kesehatan pasien, termasuk penyakit lama dan sekarang serta pengobatannya ditulis oleh profesional kesehatan yang ikut mengasuh pasien. Statistik asuhan kesehatan merupakan salah satu indikator di rumah sakit dalam melihat perkembangan rumah sakit. Pengumpulan data penelitian ini dilakukan di RS Bhayangkara Padang periode 01 April-31 Mei 2018 dengan jumlah pasien sebanyak 257 orang. Pengolahan data menggunakan komputer dengan program aplikasi Microsoft Excel. Selanjutnya data dianalisis dan hasil statistik asuhan kesehatan disajikan dalam bentuk grafik Barber Johnson . Pengelompokkan diagnosis utama berdasarkan ICD-10 didapatkan diagnosis utama terbanyak Supervision Of Other High-Risk Pregnancies dengan kode Z35.9 sebanyak 41 pasien. Distribusi frekuensi diagnosis paling tinggi adalah Bab XV (Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium) sebanyak 42,86% dengan jumlah 105 pasien. Prosedur terbanyak yang dilakukan adalah Caesarean Section(SC) dengan kode prosedur 74.99 sebanyak 123 pasien. Diagnosis utama menurut kode DTD (Daftar Tabulasi Dasar) terbanyak adalah diagnosis Pengawasan kehamilan dengan risiko tinggi dengan kode DTD 294.1 sebanyak 42 pasien. Setelah dilakukan pengolahan data diperoleh BOR adalah 46,58%. Berarti BOR berada pada angka tidak efisien, karena angka efisiennya 60–85%, BTR sebesar 5 kali. Nilai BTR ini tidak efisien karena nilai efisiennya BTR adalah 40–50 kali, TI sebesar 18 hari. Berarti TI tidak efisien, karena angka efisiennya TI yaitu 1–3 hari, dan ALOS adalah 3 hari. Artinya ALOS berada pada daerah yang tidak efisien karena angka efisiennya 6–9 hari.

Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de idosas vinculadas a um clube de repouso. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal. A população deste estudo foi composta por conveniência por 30 idosas com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, vinculados ao clube de repouso Irmã Dulce em São Luis - MA, no período de março a junho de 2013. Foi aplicado um questionário para a identificação do perfil epidemiológico dessas idosas foi realizada uma entrevista, que permitiu verificar as doenças mais prevalentes, além de domínios vinculados a aspectos correlacionados a saúde mental, sensorial, físico, social, nutricional e assistência terapêutica. Os dados foram tabulados em uma planilha do programa Microsoft Office EXCEL 2007, e transferidos para análise no programa estatístico SPSS 18.0. As variáveis quantitativas foram descritas em média e desvio padrão média ± DP e as variáveis qualitativas são apresentadas por meio de freqüências absolutas e percentuais. A amostra apresentou uma população do sexo feminino 100% com média etária 73,2 ±8,14. A análise estatística mostrou que 60% apresentaram duas ou mais patologias. Em relação a cognição 100% relataram boa cognição. Quanto à capacidade de realizar atividades de vida diária, todas 100% relataram ser independentes para a realização de atividades da vida diária. As idosas vinculadas a um clube de repouso apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para os itens cognição e a capacidade de realizar as atividades de vida diária. Porém, a maioria apresentou co-morbidades. Palavras-chave: Epidemiologia. Idosas. Risco

A produção e o consumo de carne de frango tem crescido muito durante os últimos anos. Com isso os consumidores e os produtores de frango passaram a se preocupar mais com cada processo produtivo da cadeia avícola, visando assim um produto final de boa qualidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o perfil dos produtores e consumidores de frangos tipo caipira da Região do Alto São Francisco – MG. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Bambuí – MG, situado no centro oeste mineiro. Participaram do questionário 60 bambuienses abordados em diferentes supermercados da cidade, feiras-livres, e nas próprias residências, onde foram utilizados questionários já pré-definidos. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio de planilhas eletrônicas, sendo utilizado o Microsoft Office Excel® 2007. Os consumidores de carne de frango caipira estão interessados em saber a origem do produto, bem como a garantia de um produto saudável, com preço acessível, e de qualidade. O sabor do frango caipira ainda é o fator determinante pra quem procura esse tipo de alimento. Pode-se observar com a pesquisa que a produção de frango caipira é uma atividade com grande potencial de venda, mas ainda carece de ferramentas relacionadas a melhoria do processo produtivo, que impulsionem os criadores a trabalharem com mais qualidade. A produção de qualquer produto de origem animal precisa cada vez se adequar as normas de bem-estar, uma realidade que poucos produtores conhecem.

Abstract Objectives Previous research suggests exogenous ketone esters (KE) suppress appetite by directly modulating regulatory hormones; however, their impact upon eating behaviors is unknown. The authors aimed to determine if the diminished appetite resulting from KE consumption is accompanied by a reduction in dietary intake. Methods After informed consent participants (n = 7) were recruited to a randomized cross-over trial. Participants recorded their diet for three consecutive days, starting the day prior to their first study appointment. During this visit, fasted participants were randomized to consume either a KE or matched dextrose placebo (DP) beverage. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals and analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, leptin and ghrelin. Appetite was self-reported using a visual analogue scale (VAS). One-week later participants were invited to a second visit where the study was repeated using the other beverage. Dietary data was analyzed using MyFood24 and statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS (v.26). Results BHB increased 30 minutes after consuming the KE (0.21 ± 0.20 to 4.21 ± 0.66 mmol/L) (P &lt; 0.001) and remained elevated. Blood glucose increased 30 minutes after consuming the DP (4.87 ± 0.42 to 8.11 ± 1.41 mmol/L) (P &lt; 0.001) and promptly returned to baseline. Although there were no changes in leptin levels, those who consumed the KE demonstrated suppressed ghrelin production 120 minutes after baseline (2430.00 ± 323.46 to 1763.14 ± 367.67 pg/mL) (P = 0.026). Furthermore, the VAS also revealed that 120 minutes after baseline participants who consumed the DP reported a greater desire to eat (+26.86 ± 23.55 mm) (P = 0.038) and were less satisfied (−30.43 ± 12.52 mm) (P = 0.003). Despite this, there was no significant differences in the calorie intake of those who consumed the KE compared to the DP on the day before (1941.06 ± 1048.13 vs 1792.86 ± 833.23 kcal), during (1594.64 ± 677.07 vs 1536.52 ± 457.22 kcal) or after (1674.41 ± 801.43 vs 1914.35 ± 804.78 kcal) the study visits. Conclusions Consuming a KE, despite impacting upon self-reported measures of appetite and associated biomarkers, does not modulate dietary intake. This should be considered when assessing the potential role of KE for appetite management. Funding Sources Liverpool Hope University.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a pesca do Centropomus undecimalis, no litoral amazônico brasileiro a partir do conhecimento dos atores da pesca e traçar o perfil socioeconômico desses trabalhadores. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos pescadores, mestres e donos de embarcações, entre março e maio de 2019 no município de Bragança (PA), por meio da técnica snowball. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados nos Software Microsoft Office Excel e Past. Traçado o perfil socioeconômico dos entrevistados com base na idade, escolaridade, tempo de atuação na pesca e renda foi observado que não houve diferença significativa entre os participantes, indicando um grupo similar, exceto em relação a renda, que variou significativamente em função da ocupação/profissão. A pesca do C. undecimalis no litoral amazônico acontece, principalmente, por meio das embarcações artesanais que variam de pequeno a médio porte e utilizam, essencialmente, rede móvel do tipo pescadeira que normalmente é utilizada na captura da pescada-amarela. Atuam em pesqueiros próximos ou distantes dos locais de desembarque, conhecidos popularmente como “Norte” (AP), “Emburateuas”, “Poços”, “Barra de Bragança” (PA) e porção costeira do Maranhão (MA). A captura dessa espécie é realizada durante o ano todo, embora, sua produção seja baixa e irregular. Contudo, tem alto valor comercial e boa aceitação no mercado, especialmente, o nacional. Essa baixa captura acende um sinal de alerta sobre o estado do estoque dessa espécie e abre novas linhas de investigação com a hipótese da inadequação da técnica de pesca empregada atualmente na sua captura.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a epidemiologia de pacientes diagnosticados com degeneração macular relacionada à idade atendidos no Hospital de Olhos do Tocantins, da cidade de Araguaína no ano de 2020. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo, descritivo, transversal e analítico com uma abordagem quantitativa. A pesquisa ocorreu no município de Araguaína (Tocantins) no Hospital dos Olhos do Tocantins. A amostra é composta por 103 pacientes atendidos no período do ano 2020 que apresentaram Degeneração Macular Relacionada a Idade (DMRI) e que se adequaram aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram coletadas informações por meio de prontuários e os dados tabulados pelo Microsoft Excel. O estudo seguiu em conformidade com a Resolução n°466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. RESULTADOS: Entre os 103 amostrados, a pesquisa mostrou que o público mais acometido é o entre a faixa etária de 60 e 79 anos de idade, do sexo feminino. No que se refere a história de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica foi maior o número de pacientes diagnosticados com a comorbidade. Quanto a forma clínica da doença houveram mais casos de DMRI na sua variante seca, dentre esses houve predominância de boa acuidade visual. Na forma úmida houve baixa visual mais significativa e na avançada mais casos de baixa acuidade visual, sendo essa considerada cegueira legal. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo estão de acordo com a literatura. Dessa forma, a detecção precoce de pacientes com DMRI torna-se fundamental para evitar a sua evolução para formas clínicas mais graves que cursam com cegueira legal. Palavras chave: Retinopatias. Saúde pública. Envelhecimento. Cegueira.

O desenvolvimento de produto é um processo de negócio chave que contribui para a competitividade e sustentabilidade econômica de curto prazo das organizações, bem como, gera impactos ao longo do ciclo de vida de produtos e processos dessa organização. Na literatura, tem sido propostas diversas metodologias para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, cabendo às empresasencontrar ou adequar àquela que melhor se adapte a sua realidade e cultura. Este estudo apresenta possibilidades de inserção de práticas sustentáveis no processo produtivo têxtil. O objetivo principal foi diagnosticar as práticas de sustentabilidade que têm sido empregadas no desenvolvimento de produtos por indústrias de vestuário na região do Vale do Itajaí (SC). Foram utilizados formulários virtuais elaborados via Google Docs, baseados na Escala Likert e enviados via e-mail aos responsáveis pela área de Desenvolvimento de Produtos e Design. O universo diagnosticado é composto por 12 indústrias de grande porte, do segmento de vestuário, da região do Vale do Itajaí (SC), obtidas pela listagem disponibilizada pela FIESC (2015). Os dados foram tabulados e analisados utilizando o software Microsoft Excel. Observou-se que existem linhas de produtos idealizados com princípios de sustentabilidade, e que tais produtos agregam vantagem competitiva e tem uma boa aceitação do mercado segundo a percepção dos respondentes. Mas há uma falta de um modelo de referencia estruturado para o desenvolvimento de produtos nas empresas pesquisadas. Os resultados apontaram para uma percepção positiva quanto a integração de princípios de sustentabilidade, bem como da aceitação de produtos verdes. Contudo, ainda há a necessidade de se ampliar o conhecimento das ferramentas técnicas por parte das equipes de desenvolvimento de produto.

Phishing, as a type of information attack, has been used by intruders for selfish purposes for quite some time. They are very popular in the criminal world because it is much easier for a person to make certain profitable actions than a program. With the advent of new technologies, this type of attack has gradually adapted to the new conditions of engagement with its victim. Cloud services have become a great modern and widespread tool for phishing campaigns. The use of such services has given to malicious actors a number of significant advantages over the use of their own computing resources. The relative cheapness and ease of exploitation of these technologies has played an important role. The problem of information security with using cloud technologies is that this type of attack is difficult to detect, even more to prevent, without significantly affecting the comfort of using end users of information systems. The article analyzes the relevance of this type of attacks based on real data. We considered the algorithm of their work during a life cycle and analyzes the use of the basic available security methods of protection, their feasibility and problems of use. The analysis showed that not all modern security methods are capable of detecting and preventing phishing attacks, which use public cloud services. Even a combination of several or all methods cannot guarantee high protection for users against phishing threats. In the article were mentioned some examples of phishing campaigns that took place during 2019 and used such popular public cloud services as Azure Blob storage created by Microsoft and Google Drive developed by Google. A basic list of tips was also provided that would increase the level of security for internet users in order to reduce the risk of potential data compromise or its consequences.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os motivos à competitividade no esporte em adolescentes, de acordo com o gênero, tipo de esporte e condição econômica. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo com adolescentes (13-17 anos) praticantes de atividades esportivas. Participaram 142 adolescentes. Os Motivos à Competitividade no Esporte foram divididos em três dimensões, sendo Orientada à Vitória (OV), Orientada à Performance (OP) e Orientada ao Status (OS), a soma das respostas a estas questões indicam o nível de Competitividade em Jovens (CJ). Foram utilizados os softwares Microsoft Excel e Assitat v. 7.6 Beta, por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney ou teste U e Kruskal-Wallis, com o nível de significância de p < 0,05. A média da OP 4,74 (dp = 0,62) foi a mais elevada dentre as dimensões, seguida da OV 4,15 (dp = 0,88) e OS 3,32 (dp = 1,06), por final a CJ obteve o valor de 4,27 (dp = 0,82), revelando uma boa motivação para a prática esportiva. Somente foi identificada diferença estatisticamente significativa dentre os sexos na OS e na CJ, demonstrando que os rapazes são mais motivados a prática de esportes do que as moças. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas dentre o tipo de modalidade (individual ou coletiva) em nenhuma das dimensões (p > 0,05). Também não foram observadas diferenças significativas dentre as classes econômicas, porém, os indivíduos contidos nas classes B2 e C apresentaram médias mais elevadas que os da A e B1. Conclui-se que, os motivos que mais levam os adolescentes a competirem estão ligados ao desempenho e de forma contrária ao status. As moças são menos motivadas que rapazes para a prática. O tipo de modalidade se individual ou coletiva e classe econômica, não influenciam nos motivos à competitividade.

Em 2020, faz 10 anos que a Revista Fitos passou a ser editada pelo Núcleo de Gestão em Biodiversidade e Saúde (NGBS), hoje, Centro de Inovação em Biodiversidade e Saúde (CIBS), de Farmanguinhos/Fiocruz, cuja missão é promover a pesquisa, o desenvolvimento e a inovação em medicamentos da biodiversidade brasileira, contribuindo para a formulação de políticas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, através do sistema nacional de redes – RedesFito https://redesfito.far.fiocruz.br. A Revista Fitos, inicialmente publicada pela ALANAC é, hoje, o periódico científico oficial do Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos - Farmanguinhos, utilizado como meio de divulgação do conhecimento científico em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação em biodiversidade e saúde. Enquanto periódico institucional incorporou o desenvolvimento da área de biodiversidade e saúde na publicação científica de acesso aberto, em atendimento à Política de Acesso Aberto da Fiocruz. Para tanto, tornou-se uma publicação online em 2014. A evolução do periódico tem sido importante, mesmo frente aos desafios das crises econômicas, das exigências na área da publicação científica, da evolução tecnológica, entre outros. Ajustou-se o escopo algumas vezes, ampliando a aceitação de artigos que traduzam a visão interdisciplinar do processo de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação em biodiversidade e saúde. Está indexada em diferentes bases (Google Acadêmico, Portal de Periódicos Fiocruz, ARCA Fiocruz, Portal de Periódicos CAPES, Diadorim, BVS, Microsoft Academic, Latindex, Oasis/IBICT, Journal4Free, CrossRef, Dimensions e LivRe) e, em avaliação na LILACs e na Redalic. Sua visibilidade tem sido ampliada pela divulgação de notícias em redes sociais – Facebook, Twitter, Instragam, Linkedin, WhatsApp, seguindo a tendência da altmetria. O início de 2020 está marcado por importantes desafios na área da saúde, tanto no âmbito internacional, quanto no nacional e local. A pandemia da COVID-19, causada pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), tem gerado uma revolução em todo o mundo, na medida em que se observam profundos impactos nas diferentes áreas do fazer humanos, gerados pela rápida e ampla disseminação do vírus. A área da saúde está em polvorosa diante do desconhecido. Corre-se contra o tempo para a descoberta de vacina e/ou de fármacos que possam atuar na recuperação dos infectados, de maiores esclarecimentos sobre o vírus e na elaboração de diferentes protocolos para atendimento às pessoas contaminadas e sadias, visando o controle da pandemia. Novos comportamentos sociais emergem. Sentimentos de medo, ansiedade, indignação, colaboração, empatia, solidariedade, são vivenciados no planeta. Circulam informações corretas, mas também muitas mentiras e boatos. É premente, portanto, que as autoridades divulguem para a sociedade informações confiáveis, ou locais onde se possam obter tais informações, uma vez que a mídia comum nem sempre revela o necessário, mas o espetáculo. Esperam-se respostas rápidas e eficazes da área da pesquisa e na divulgação dos resultados que minimizem a sensação de insegurança estabelecida no planeta, que anseia por uma solução que impeça a disseminação da doença e a cura dos acometidos por ela. É neste contexto que a comunidade científica uniu esforços estabelecendo uma rede de cooperação internacional, empenhada na pesquisa e divulgação de resultados e informações pertinentes para a sociedade, que abreviem o curso da pandemia. Ainda, no sentido de manter o seu compromisso em contribuir com a pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação em biodiversidade e saúde, vem ratificar o posicionamento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) que sustenta não haver remédio ou medicamento eficaz para tratamento de pacientes acometidos pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), capaz de prevenir ou curar a doença. A OMS não recomenda a automedicação com nenhum medicamento, de origem sintética ou natural, incluindo antibióticos, como prevenção ou cura para a COVID-19. Assim, a Revista Fitos convida pesquisadores que estejam desenvolvendo trabalhos, especialmente aqueles da área de produtos naturais (autores usuais da revista), a publicarem estudos que contribuam para a prevenção e manutenção da saúde dos indivíduos, assim como para a melhoria dos sintomas dessa pandemia. Por outro lado, mesmo nesse estado de guerra que se instalou no mundo, há que se dar continuidade às ações voltadas para as doenças que atingem a população nacional/local. No caso do Rio de Janeiro, os casos de Sarampo, de Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya, precisam estar também na mira da saúde pública. A Revista Fitos estimula que trabalhos sobre esses temas sejam submetidos para publicação. Que esse momento tão difícil traga para a humanidade muita reflexão, uma avaliação de como temos usado o nosso planeta, da forma como se buscam as riquezas, o poder, enfim, uma revisão de ser humano e sua ação em sua casa maior, a Terra. Pesquisadores, aguardamos sua contribuição. Boa leitura!

ABSTRAK Perkembangan teknologi komputer bagi dunia pengetahuan yang pesat mempengaruhi pola dan cara kerja disegala bidang Korps Marinir TNI AL merupakan salah satu sebagai kantor ASN yang bertugas melindungi negara Indonesia disegala bidang, agar penelitian dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik dan tepat, tentunya harus ada tujuan-tujuan yang jelas, yang telah ditetapkan sebuah pelaksanaan penelitian tersebut Metode pengambilan data adalah dengan melakukan observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka, data yang diperoleh dianalisis dalam bentuk Unified Modeling Language (UML) dengan menggunakan Software Visual Paradigm 16.2. Hasil pengamatan peneliti pada proses sistem yang sedang berjalan munggunakan microsoft word (manual). Laporan kenaikan pangkat digambarkan menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML). Berdasarkan hasil analisa penelitian permasalahan yang terjadi pada Korps Marinir TNI AL yang telah diuraikan pada bab-bab sebelumnya, berdasarkan hasil pengamatan peneliti selama melakukan observasi, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan aplikasi pengusulan Kenaikan Pangkat dapat mempermudah dan merpercepat proses tersebut agar lebih cepat, tepat dan efisien. Kata Kunci : Informasi, Kenaikan Pangkat, dan Korps Marinir.

A disciplina Genética possui papel fundamental na formação acadêmica e profissional dos discentes de Medicina. Dessa maneira, é necessário que a sua percepção seja regular ou boa durante os ciclos básico, clínico e internato do curso, para que se possa nortear uma boa conduta profissional e condicionar impulsos à saúde do paciente. O estudo possui como objetivo principal avaliar a percepção dos discentes do curso de Medicina sobre Genética Médica durante o curso e vida profissional, em um Centro Universitário de Belém, Pará, Amazônia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, onde foi aplicado um questionário elaborado pelos pesquisadores com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os dados coletados foram analisados e tabulados em gráficos e tabelas desenvolvidos através do Microsoft Excel 2017. Foram entrevistados 120 discentes do 1º ao 12º semestre do curso, onde 90% afirmaram ter dificuldades no curso da disciplina, 62,5% tiveram seus conhecimentos ampliados após a realização da mesma, porém, 75% consideraram que a disciplina foi insuficiente para abordar toda extensão do assunto. Sugere-se, então, que os discentes possam ter um maior contato com o tema, seja na forma de cursos ou de estágios extracurriculares.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre um problema de cortes unidimensional a partir do qual foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para auxílio na geração de padrões de cortes. A partir dos padrões gerados com o algoritmo e após verificações em trabalhos da literatura, foi proposto um modelo de otimização envolvendo um problema de programação linear cuja resolução foi implementada com auxílio do suplemento Solver, disponível no software Microsoft Excel. O algoritmo desenvolvido para geração dos padrões foi implementado em linguagem Scilab, por se tratar de um software de licença livre. O modelo de otimização foi inspirado em um problema existente numa indústria que trabalha com corte de eletrodutos, porém tomou-se o cuidado de generalizá-lo para que possa ser utilizado em outras aplicações envolvendo cortes unidimensionais. Resultados apontaram que o modelo desenvolvido é uma boa ferramenta no auxílio à decisão que abre possibilidade para a busca da redução de desperdícios envolvendo matéria prima, indicando uma área promissora para desenvolvimento computacional e pesquisas futuras.

Resumo Objetivo O “Self-report S4-5 Sensory and Motor Function Questionnaire (S4-5Q)” é um breve questionário de avaliação da função dos segmentos sacrais S4 e S5 após uma lesão medular (LM), cuja finalidade é substituir o exame de toque retal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma adaptação transcultural do questionário S4-5Q para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e investigar a confiabilidade teste-reteste desta versão. Método A tradução e a adaptação transcultural foram realizadas utilizando a metodologia de tradução e retrotradução. Inicialmente, as traduções foram realizadas por três tradutores independentes. Sua síntese foi então submetida a um comitê de especialistas (profissionais de saúde com experiência em LM). Em seguida, a retrotradução para o idioma original foi enviada ao autor original, sendo que a versão final foi concluída após todas as adaptações. Para a confiabilidade teste-reteste, foram recrutados 24 indivíduos com lesão medular espinal (LME) em fase crônica (2 avaliações com intervalo de 7 a 14 dias entre elas). A análise estatística foi realizada no IBM-SPSS (Version 20, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) com dados pré-tabulados no programa Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, EUA). A confiabilidade foi testada por meio do coeficiente Kappa de Cohen, e a consistência interna foi medida através do α de Cronbach, ambas adotando p < 0,05 como significante. Resultados Na análise de confiabilidade, os resultados de todas as perguntas apresentaram concordância quase perfeita (Kappa > 0,81) e boa consistência interna (α de Cronbach: 0,65–0,77) entre as perguntas e a classificação final. Conclusão O questionário S4-5Q adaptado culturalmente é confiável, podendo ser aplicado à população brasileira com LME crônica, com o objetivo de avaliar a função sensorial e motora nos segmentos sacrais S4-S5.

A new paradigm to cater to the demand for increasingly complex software systems and to shape the way software applications are developed, has emerged, called Cloud Computing. Evolved from the already prevailing and established technologies such as web services, SOA (Service Oriented architecture), virtualization, grid, and cluster computing, Cloud computing proved it to realize the dream of transforming computing as a utility to the customers. Applications developed at Platform as a Service level (Infrastructure as a Service and Software as a Service being the other two levels) face vendor lock-in issue as the proprietary and non-standard APIs offered by providers results in a lack of interoperability and portability among cloud providers. This paper reports on an experiment done to assess the difficulties encountered while porting an application that uses various SQL and NoSQL data stores, message queue service and blob storage of Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web services and Google Cloud platform among each other. The heterogeneity of the incompatible proprietary interfaces makes the porting a non-trivial task. Various problems faced during the portability of the application are discussed and a middleware solution approach to these problems is proposed in this paper.

Objetivos: Avaliar as características clínicas e terapêuticas dos pacientes com neurite no Ambulatório de Hanseníase em Hospital Universitário entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2013. Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, baseado na revisão de prontuários. Foram analisados 108 prontuários e a análise estatística foi feita por médias e medianas (Microsoft Excel®). Resultados: A média de idade foi de 49,3 anos. Aproximadamente 67% da população eram homens e a maioria dos pacientes é procedente do Paraná, sendo que boa parte pertencente a grande Curitiba. As formas multibacilares prevaleceram, com a forma virchowiana (40,2%), seguida pela dimorfa (27,1%). Dos pacientes, 34% apresentaram neurite. O espessamento neural foi detectado em mais da metade dos pacientes e quase 50% dos pacientes desenvolveram reações hansênicas, mais comuns nos multibacilares. Cerca de 75% dos doentes foram submetidos a avaliação funcional inicial e 45,6% destes apresentavam algum grau de incapacidade ao diagnóstico. Dos 37 pacientes com neurite em uso de poliquimioterapia específica associada ao tratamento da neurite, apenas 4 melhoram o grau funcional, enquanto 2 pacientes tiveram piora e em 18 indivíduos houve apenas a estabilização do quadro clínico. Conclusão: O presente estudo está de acordo com a literatura em relação aos dados epidemiológicos. Observamos o predomínio das formas multibacilares e a presença significativa da neurite nas reações hansênicas. Sugerimos que o tratamento leva à uma estabilização das incapacidades funcionais com as terapêuticas atuais usadas no Serviço.

Objetivou-se investigar as características sociodemográficas, a prevalência das IST e o conhecimento dos profissionais do sexo no extremo norte brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, analítico, de caráter quantitativo. A pesquisa ocorreu no mês de agosto de 2018 em pontos de prostituição em Boa Vista - Roraima através da aplicação de instrumentos que coletaram dados sociodemográficos, o conhecimento sobre as IST e realização de testes rápidos para detecção de HIV/AIDS, Sífilis, Hepatite B e C. Para a realização da estatística descritiva e analítica foram utilizados os programas Microsoft Excel e Epi Info. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Roraima (CEP∕UFRR) sob o parecer nº 2.962.053. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 72 profissionais do sexo e a prevalência da infecção por IST foi de 13,8%, sendo 12,5% diagnósticos de Sífilis e 1,4% de HIV. Quanto ao nível de conhecimento sobre as IST, a maioria dos participantes foi classificada com um nível de conhecimento médio. Nenhuma variável testada apresentou associação significativa estatisticamente com o desfecho diagnóstico positivo para IST. Conclui-se, portanto, que as IST nos profissionais do sexo são um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional, influenciado pelas características sociais, econômicas, culturais e que as principais medidas para modificar esse cenário devem ser voltadas a prevenção, o acesso aos serviços de saúde, detecção precoce e tratamento oportuno.

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise epidemiológica da cobertura vacinal para Poliomielite no Brasil em 2018. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com análise da cobertura vacinal de Poliomielite no Brasil, em 2018 e correlação com as variáveis: escolaridade, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), assistência à saúde e acesso à internet. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI), DataSUS. Os limites espaciais obtidos por meio dos sites do Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento (LAPIG) e Pastagem. Os dados e limites espaciais foram tabulados e processados pelo programa Microsoft Office Excel 2010 e gerados os mapas, em formato Shapefiles (SHP), com auxílio do software ArcGis. Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste as coberturas vacinais foram satisfatórias (acima de 95%). Nas demais regiões as coberturas foram insatisfatórias na faixa etária entre um ano e dois anos incompletos. As regiões que não atingiram as coberturas adequadas foram as que apresentam maior IDH, maior escolaridade e maior acesso à internet, conforme esperado. A assistência à saúde não apresentou relação direta com os resultados. É necessária a elaboração de estratégias que objetivem alcançar as metas de vacinação em todo o país através da conscientização da população em relação a alguns temas como: a disseminação, principalmente pela internet, de conteúdos não confiáveis contra a vacinação; a importância de uma boa cobertura vacinal para a sociedade; o risco de epidemias de doenças que já haviam sido erradicadas; e a confiabilidade das vacinas.

Introduction The recent AOL/Time-Warner merger invites us to re-think the relationships amongst content producers, distributors, and audiences. Worth an estimated $300 billion (US), the largest Internet transaction of all time, the deal is 45 times larger than the AOL/Netscape merger of November 1998 (Ledbetter). Additionally, the Time Warner/EMI merger, which followed hard on the heels of the AOL/Time-Warner deal and is itself worth $28 billion (US), created the largest content rights organisation in the music industry. The joining of the Internet giant (AOL) with what was already the world's largest media corporation (Time-Warner-EMI) has inspired some exuberant reactions. An Infoworld column proclaimed: The AOL/Time-Warner merger signals the demise of traditional media companies and the ascendancy of 'new economy' media companies that will force any industry hesitant to adopt a complete electronic-commerce strategy to rethink and put itself on Internet time. (Saap & Schwarrtz) This comment identifies the distribution channel as the dominant component of the "new economy" media. But this might not really be much of an innovation. Indeed, the assumption of all industry observers is that Time-Warner will provide broadband distribution (through its extensive cable holdings) as well as proprietary content for AOL. It is also expected that Time-Warner will adopt AOL's strategy of seeking sponsorship for development projects as well as for content. However, both of these phenomena -- merger and sponsorship -- are at least as old as radio. It seems that the Internet is merely repeating an old industrial strategy. Nonetheless, one important difference distinguishes the Internet from earlier media: its characterisation of the audience. Internet companies such as AOL and Microsoft tend towards a simple and simplistic media- centred view of the audience as market. I will show, however, that as the Internet assumes more of the traditional mass media functions, it will be forced to adopt a more sophisticated notion of the mass audience. Indeed, the Internet is currently the site in which audience definitions borrowed from broadcasting are encountering and merging with definitions borrowed from marketing. The Internet apparently lends itself to both models. As a result, definitions of what the Internet does or is, and of how we should understand the audience, are suitably confused and opaque. And the behaviour of big Internet players, such as AOL and MSN, perfectly reflects this confusion as they seem to careen between a view of the Internet as the new television and a contrasting view of the Internet as the new shopping mall. Meanwhile, Internet users move in ways that most observers fail to capture. For example, Baran and Davis characterise mass communication as a process involving (1) an organized sender, (2) engaged in the distribution of messages, (3) directed toward a large audience. They argue that broadcasting fits this model whereas a LISTSERV does not because, even though the LISTSERV may have very many subscribers, its content is filtered through a single person or Webmaster. But why is the Webmaster suddenly more determining than a network programmer or magazine editor? The distinction seems to grow out of the Internet's technological characteristics: it is an interactive pipeline, therefore its use necessarily excludes the possibility of "broadcasting" which in turn causes us to reject "traditional" notions of the audience. However, if a media organisation were to establish an AOL discussion group in order to promote Warner TV shows, for example, would not the resulting communication suddenly fall under the definition as set out by Baran and Davis? It was precisely the confusion around such definitions that caused the CRTC (Canada's broadcasting and telecommunications regulator) to hold hearings in 1999 to determine what kind of medium the Internet is. Unlike traditional broadcasting, Internet communication does indeed include the possibility of interactivity and niche communities. In this sense, it is closer to narrowcasting than to broadcasting even while maintaining the possibility of broadcasting. Hence, the nature of the audience using the Internet quickly becomes muddy. While such muddiness might have led us to sharpen our definitions of the audience, it seems instead to have led many to focus on the medium itself. For example, Morris & Ogan define the Internet as a mass medium because it addresses a mass audience mediated through technology (Morris & Ogan 39). They divide producers and audiences on the Internet into four groups: One-to-one asynchronous communication (e-mail); Many-to-many asynchronous communication (Usenet and News Groups); One-to-one, one-to-few, and one-to-many synchronous communication (topic groups, construction of an object, role-playing games, IRC chats, chat rooms); Asynchronous communication (searches, many-to-one, one-to-one, one to- many, source-receiver relations (Morris & Ogan 42-3) Thus, some Internet communication qualifies as mass communication while some does not. However, the focus remains firmly anchored on either the sender or the medium because the receiver --the audience -- is apparently too slippery to define. When definitions do address the content distributed over the Net, they make a distinction between passive reception and interactive participation. As the World Wide Web makes pre-packaged content the norm, the Internet increasingly resembles a traditional mass medium. Timothy Roscoe argues that the main focus of the World Wide Web is not the production of content (and, hence, the fulfilment of the Internet's democratic potential) but rather the presentation of already produced material: "the dominant activity in relation to the Web is not producing your own content but surfing for content" (Rosco 680). He concludes that if the emphasis is on viewing material, the Internet will become a medium similar to television. Within media studies, several models of the audience compete for dominance in the "new media" economy. Denis McQuail recalls how historically, the electronic media furthered the view of the audience as a "public". The audience was an aggregate of common interests. With broadcasting, the electronic audience was delocalised and socially decomposed (McQuail, Mass 212). According to McQuail, it was not a great step to move from understanding the audience as a dispersed "public" to thinking about the audience as itself a market, both for products and as a commodity to be sold to advertisers. McQuail defines this conception of the audience as an "aggregate of potential customers with a known social- economic profile at which a medium or message is directed" (McQuail, Mass 221). Oddly though, in light of the emancipatory claims made for the Internet, this is precisely the dominant view of the audience in the "new media economy". Media Audience as Market How does the marketing model characterise the relationship between audience and producer? According to McQuail, the marketing model links sender and receiver in a cash transaction between producer and consumer rather than in a communicative relationship between equal interlocutors. Such a model ignores the relationships amongst consumers. Indeed, neither the effectiveness of the communication nor the quality of the communicative experience matters. This model, explicitly calculating and implicitly manipulative, is characteristically a "view from the media" (McQuail, Audience 9). Some scholars, when discussing new media, no longer even refer to audiences. They speak of users or consumers (Pavick & Dennis). The logic of the marketing model lies in the changing revenue base for media industries. Advertising-supported media revenues have been dropping since the early 1990s while user-supported media such as cable, satellite, online services, and pay-per-view, have been steadily growing (Pavlik & Dennis 19). In the Internet-based media landscape, the audience is a revenue stream and a source of consumer information. As Bill Gates says, it is all about "eyeballs". In keeping with this view, AOL hopes to attract consumers with its "one-stop shopping and billing". And Internet providers such as MSN do not even consider their subscribers as "audiences". Instead, they work from a consumer model derived from the computer software industry: individuals make purchases without the seller providing content or thematising the likely use of the software. The analogy extends well beyond the transactional moment. The common practice of prototyping products and beta-testing software requires the participation of potential customers in the product development cycle not as a potential audience sharing meanings but as recalcitrant individuals able to uncover bugs. Hence, media companies like MTV now use the Internet as a source of sophisticated demographic research. Recently, MTV Asia established a Website as a marketing tool to collect preferences and audience profiles (Slater 50). The MTV audience is now part of the product development cycle. Another method for getting information involves the "cookie" file that automatically provides a Website with information about the user who logs on to a site (Pavick & Dennis). Simultaneously, though, both Microsoft and AOL have consciously shifted from user-subscription revenues to advertising in an effort to make online services more like television (Gomery; Darlin). For example, AOL has long tried to produce content through its own studios to generate sufficiently heavy traffic on its Internet service in order to garner profitable advertising fees (Young). However, AOL and Microsoft have had little success in providing content (Krantz; Manes). In fact, faced with the AOL/Time-Warner merger, Microsoft declared that it was in the software rather than the content business (Trott). In short, they are caught between a broadcasting model and a consumer model and their behaviour is characteristically erratic. Similarly, media companies such as Time-Warner have failed to establish their own portals. Indeed, Time-Warner even abandoned attempts to create large Websites to compete with other Internet services when it shut down its Pathfinder site (Egan). Instead it refocussed its Websites so as to blur the line between pitching products and covering them (Reid; Lyons). Since one strategy for gaining large audiences is the creation of portals - - large Websites that keep surfers within the confines of a single company's site by providing content -- this is the logic behind the AOL/Time-Warner merger though both companies have clearly been unsuccessful at precisely such attempts. AOL seems to hope that Time- Warner will act as its content specialist, providing the type of compelling material that will make users want to use AOL, whereas Time- Warner seems to hope that AOL will become its privileged pipeline to the hearts and minds of untold millions. Neither has a coherent view of the audience, how it behaves, or should behave. Consequently, their efforts have a distinctly "unmanaged" and slighly inexplicable air to them, as though everyone were simultaneously hopeful and clueless. While one might argue that the stage is set to capitalise on the audience as commodity, there are indications that the success of such an approach is far from guaranteed. First, the AOL/Time-Warner/EMI transaction, merely by existing, has sparked conflicts over proprietary rights. For example, the Recording Industry Association of America, representing Sony, Universal, BMG, Warner and EMI, recently launched a $6.8 billion lawsuit against MP3.com -- an AOL subsidiary -- for alleged copyright violations. Specifically, MP3.com is being sued for selling digitized music over the Internet without paying royalties to the record companies (Anderson). A similar lawsuit has recently been launched over the issue of re- broadcasting television programs over the Internet. The major US networks have joined together against Canadian Internet company iCravetv for the unlawful distribution of content. Both the iCravetv and the MP3.com cases show how dominant media players can marshal their forces to protect proprietary rights in both content and distribution. Since software and media industries have failed to recreate the Internet in the image of traditional broadcasting, the merger of the dominant players in each industry makes sense. However, their simultaneous failure to secure proprietary rights reflects both the competitive nature of the "new media economy" and the weakness of the marketing view of the audience. Media Audience as Public It is often said that communication produces social cohesion. From such cohesion communities emerge on which political or social orders can be constructed. The power of social cohesion and attachment to group symbols can even create a sense of belonging to a "people" or nation (Deutsch). Sociologist Daniel Bell described how the mass media helped create an American culture simply by addressing a large enough audience. He suggested that on the evening of 7 March 1955, when one out of every two Americans could see Mary Martin as Peter Pan on television, a kind of social revolution occurred and a new American public was born. "It was the first time in history that a single individual was seen and heard at the same time by such a broad public" (Bell, quoted in Mattelart 72). One could easily substitute the 1953 World Series or the birth of little Ricky on I Love Lucy. The desire to document such a process recurs with the Internet. Internet communities are based on the assumption that a common experience "creates" group cohesion (Rheingold; Jones). However, as a mass medium, the Internet has yet to find its originary moment, that event to which all could credibly point as the birth of something genuine and meaningful. A recent contender was the appearance of Paul McCartney at the refurbished Cavern Club in Liverpool. On Tuesday, 14 December 1999, McCartney played to a packed club of 300 fans, while another 150,000 watched on an outdoor screen nearby. MSN arranged to broadcast the concert live over the Internet. It advertised an anticipated global audience of 500 million. Unfortunately, there was such heavy Internet traffic that the system was unable to accommodate more than 3 million people. Servers in the United Kingdom were so congested that many could only watch the choppy video stream via an American link. The concert raises a number of questions about "virtual" events. We can draw several conclusions about measuring Internet audiences. While 3 million is a sizeable audience for a 20 minute transmission, by advertising a potential audience of 500 million, MSN showed remarkably poor judgment of its inherent appeal. The Internet is the first medium that allows access to unprocessed material or information about events to be delivered to an audience with neither the time constraints of broadcast media nor the space limitations of the traditional press. This is often cited as one of the characteristics that sets the Internet apart from other media. This feeds the idea of the Internet audience as a participatory, democratic public. For example, it is often claimed that the Internet can foster democratic participation by providing voters with uninterpreted information about candidates and issues (Selnow). However, as James Curran argues, the very process of distributing uninterrupted, unfiltered information, at least in the case of traditional mass media, represents an abdication of a central democratic function -- that of watchdog to power (Curran). In the end, publics are created and maintained through active and continuous participation on the part of communicators and audiences. The Internet holds together potentially conflicting communicative relationships within the same technological medium (Merrill & Ogan). Viewing the audience as co-participant in a communicative relationship makes more sense than simply focussing on the Internet audience as either an aggregate of consumers or a passively constructed symbolic public. Audience as Relationship Many scholars have shifted attention from the producer to the audience as an active participant in the communication process (Ang; McQuail, Audience). Virginia Nightingale goes further to describe the audience as part of a communicative relationship. Nightingale identifies four factors in the relationship between audiences and producers that emphasize their co-dependency. The audience and producer are engaged in a symbiotic relationship in which consumption and use are necessary but not sufficient explanations of audience relations. The notion of the audience invokes, at least potentially, a greater range of activities than simply use or consumption. Further, the audience actively, if not always consciously, enters relationships with content producers and the institutions that govern the creation, distribution and exhibition of content (Nightingale 149-50). Others have demonstrated how this relationship between audiences and producers is no longer the one-sided affair characterised by the marketing model or the model of the audience as public. A global culture is emerging based on critical viewing skills. Kavoori calls this a reflexive mode born of an increasing familiarity with the narrative conventions of news and an awareness of the institutional imperatives of media industries (Kavoori). Given the sophistication of the emergent global audience, a theory that reduces new media audiences to a set of consumer preferences or behaviours will inevitably prove inadequate, just as it has for understanding audience behavior in old media. Similarly, by ignoring those elements of audience behavior that will be easily transported to the Web, we run the risk of idealising the Internet as a medium that will create an illusory, pre-technological public. Conclusion There is an understandable confusion between the two models of the audience that appear in the examples above. The "new economy" will have to come to terms with sophisticated audiences. Contrary to IBM's claim that they want to "get to know all about you", Internet users do not seem particularly interested in becoming a perpetual source of market information. The fragmented, autonomous audience resists attempts to lock it into proprietary relationships. Internet hypesters talk about creating publics and argue that the Internet recreates the intimacy of community as a corrective to the atomisation and alienation characteristic of mass society. This faith in the power of a medium to create social cohesion recalls the view of the television audience as a public constructed by the common experience of watching an important event. However, MSN's McCartney concert indicates that creating a public from spectacle it is not a simple process. In fact, what the Internet media conglomerates seem to want more than anything is to create consumer bases. Audiences exist for pleasure and by the desire to be entertained. As Internet media institutions are established, the cynical view of the audience as a source of consumer behavior and preferences will inevitably give way, to some extent, to a view of the audience as participant in communication. Audiences will be seen, as they have been by other media, as groups whose attention must be courted and rewarded. Who knows, maybe the AOL/Time-Warner merger might, indeed, signal the new medium's coming of age. References Anderson, Lessley. "To Beam or Not to Beam. MP3.com Is Being Sued by the Major Record Labels. Does the Digital Download Site Stand a Chance?" Industry Standard 31 Jan. 2000. <http://www.thestandard.com>. Ang, Ien. Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination. London: Methuen, 1985. Baran, Stanley, and Dennis Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 2nd ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth 2000. Curran, James. "Mass Media and Democracy Revisited." Mass Media and Society. Eds. James Curran and Michael Gurevitch. New York: Hodder Headline Group, 1996. Darlin, Damon. "He Wants Your Eyeballs." Forbes 159 (16 June 1997): 114-6. Egan, Jack, "Pathfinder, Rest in Peace: Time-Warner Pulls the Plug on Site." US News and World Report 126.18 (10 May 1999): 50. Gomery, Douglas. "Making the Web Look like Television (American Online and Microsoft)." American Journalism Review 19 (March 1997): 46. Jones, Steve, ed. CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1995. Kavoori, Amandam P. "Discursive Texts, Reflexive Audiences: Global Trends in Television News Texts and Audience Reception." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 43.3 (Summer 1999): 386-98. Krantz, Michael. "Is MSN on the Block?" Time 150 (20 Oct. 1997): 82. Ledbetter, James. "AOL-Time-Warner Make It Big." Industry Standard 11 Jan. 2000. <http://www.thestandard.com>. Lyons, Daniel. "Desparate.com (Media Companies Losing Millions on the Web Turn to Electronic Commerce)." Forbes 163.6 (22 March 1999): 50-1. Manes, Stephen. "The New MSN as Prehistoric TV." New York Times 4 Feb. 1997: C6. McQuail, Denis. Audience Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997. ---. Mass Communication Theory. 2nd ed. London: Sage, 1987. Mattelart, Armand. Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture. Trans. Susan Emanuel and James A. Cohen. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994. Morris, Merrill, and Christine Ogan. "The Internet as Mass Medium." Journal of Communications 46 (Winter 1996): 39-50. Nightingale, Virginia. Studying Audience: The Shock of the Real. London: Routledge, 1996. Pavlik, John V., and Everette E. Dennis. New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Reid, Calvin. "Time-Warner Seeks Electronic Synergy, Profits on the Web (Pathfinder Site)." Publisher's Weekly 242 (4 Dec. 1995): 12. Rheingold, Howard. Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Harper, 1993. Roscoe, Timothy. "The Construction of the World Wide Web Audience." Media, Culture and Society 21.5 (1999): 673-84. Saap, Geneva, and Ephraim Schwarrtz. "AOL-Time-Warner Deal to Impact Commerce, Content, and Access Markets." Infoworld 11 January 2000. <http://infoworld.com/articles/ic/xml/00/01/11/000111icimpact.xml>. Slater, Joanna. "Cool Customers: Music Channels Hope New Web Sites Tap into Teen Spirit." Far Eastern Economic Review 162.9 (4 March 1999): 50. Trott, Bob. "Microsoft Views AOL-Time-Warner as Confirmation of Its Own Strategy." Infoworld 11 Jan. 2000. <http://infoworld.com/articles/pi/xml/00/01/11/000111pimsaoltw.xml>. Yan, Catherine. "A Major Studio Called AOL?" Business Week 1 Dec. 1997: 1773-4. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Daniel M. Downes. "The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php>. Chicago style: Daniel M. Downes, "The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Daniel M. Downes. (2000) The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php> ([your date of access]).

Introduction: Technology EnthusiasmEnthusiasts are people who have a passion, keenness, dedication or zeal for a particular activity or hobby. Today, there are enthusiasts for almost everything, from genealogy, costume dramas, and country houses, to metal detectors, coin collecting, and archaeology. But to be described as an enthusiast is not necessarily a compliment. Historically, the term “enthusiasm” was first used in England in the early seventeenth century to describe “religious or prophetic frenzy among the ancient Greeks” (Hanks, n.p.). This frenzy was ascribed to being possessed by spirits sent not only by God but also the devil. During this period, those who disobeyed the powers that be or claimed to have a message from God were considered to be enthusiasts (McLoughlin).Enthusiasm retained its religious connotations throughout the eighteenth century and was also used at this time to describe “the tendency within the population to be swept by crazes” (Mee 31). However, as part of the “rehabilitation of enthusiasm,” the emerging middle-classes adopted the word to characterise the intensity of Romantic poetry. The language of enthusiasm was then used to describe the “literary ideas of affect” and “a private feeling of religious warmth” (Mee 2 and 34). While the notion of enthusiasm was embraced here in a more optimistic sense, attempts to disassociate enthusiasm from crowd-inciting fanaticism were largely unsuccessful. As such enthusiasm has never quite managed to shake off its pejorative connotations.The 'enthusiasm' discussed in this paper is essentially a personal passion for technology. It forms part of a longer tradition of historical preservation in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world. From preserved railways to Victorian pumping stations, people have long been fascinated by the history of technology and engineering; manifesting their enthusiasm through their nostalgic longings and emotional attachment to its enduring material culture. Moreover, enthusiasts have been central to the collection, conservation, and preservation of this particular material record. Technology enthusiasm in this instance is about having a passion for the history and material record of technological development, specifically here industrial archaeology. Despite being a pastime much participated in, technology enthusiasm is relatively under-explored within the academic literature. For the most part, scholarship has tended to focus on the intended users, formal spaces, and official narratives of science and technology (Adas, Latour, Mellström, Oldenziel). In recent years attempts have been made to remedy this imbalance, with researchers from across the social sciences examining the position of hobbyists, tinkerers and amateurs in scientific and technical culture (Ellis and Waterton, Haring, Saarikoski, Takahashi). Work from historians of technology has focussed on the computer enthusiast; for example, Saarikoski’s work on the Finnish personal computer hobby:The definition of the computer enthusiast varies historically. Personal interest, pleasure and entertainment are the most significant factors defining computing as a hobby. Despite this, the hobby may also lead to acquiring useful knowledge, skills or experience of information technology. Most often the activity takes place outside working hours but can still have links to the development of professional expertise or the pursuit of studies. In many cases it takes place in the home environment. On the other hand, it is characteristically social, and the importance of friends, clubs and other communities is greatly emphasised.In common with a number of other studies relating to technical hobbies, for example Takahashi who argues tinkerers were behind the advent of the radio and television receiver, Saarikoski’s work focuses on the role these users played in shaping the technology in question. The enthusiasts encountered in this paper are important here not for their role in shaping the technology, but keeping technological heritage alive. As historian of technology Haring reminds us, “there exist alternative ways of using and relating to technology” (18). Furthermore, the sociological literature on audiences (Abercrombie and Longhurst, Ang), fans (Hills, Jenkins, Lewis, Sandvoss) and subcultures (Hall, Hebdige, Schouten and McAlexander) has also been extended in order to account for the enthusiast. In Abercrombie and Longhurst’s Audiences, the authors locate ‘the enthusiast’ and ‘the fan’ at opposing ends of a continuum of consumption defined by questions of specialisation of interest, social organisation of interest and material productivity. Fans are described as:skilled or competent in different modes of production and consumption; active in their interactions with texts and in their production of new texts; and communal in that they construct different communities based on their links to the programmes they like. (127 emphasis in original) Based on this definition, Abercrombie and Longhurst argue that fans and enthusiasts differ in three ways: (1) enthusiasts’ activities are not based around media images and stars in the way that fans’ activities are; (2) enthusiasts can be hypothesized to be relatively light media users, particularly perhaps broadcast media, though they may be heavy users of the specialist publications which are directed towards the enthusiasm itself; (3) the enthusiasm would appear to be rather more organised than the fan activity. (132) What is striking about this attempt to differentiate between the fan and the enthusiast is that it is based on supposition rather than the actual experience and observation of enthusiasm. It is here that the ethnographic account of enthusiasm presented in this paper and elsewhere, for example works by Dannefer on vintage car culture, Moorhouse on American hot-rodding and Fuller on modified-car culture in Australia, can shed light on the subject. My own ethnographic study of groups with a passion for telecommunications heritage, early British computers and industrial archaeology takes the discussion of “technology enthusiasm” further still. Through in-depth interviews, observation and textual analysis, I have examined in detail the formation of enthusiast societies and their membership, the importance of the material record to enthusiasts (particularly at home) and the enthusiastic practices of collecting and hoarding, as well as the figure of the technology enthusiast in the public space of the museum, namely the Science Museum in London (Geoghegan). In this paper, I explore the culture of enthusiasm for the industrial past through the example of the Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society (GLIAS). Focusing on industrial sites around London, GLIAS meet five or six times a year for field visits, walks and a treasure hunt. The committee maintain a website and produce a quarterly newsletter. The title of my paper, “If you can walk down the street and recognise the difference between cast iron and wrought iron, the world is altogether a better place,” comes from an interview I conducted with the co-founder and present chairman of GLIAS. He was telling me about his fascination with the materials of industrialisation. In fact, he said even concrete is sexy. Some call it a hobby; others call it a disease. But enthusiasm for industrial archaeology is, as several respondents have themselves identified, “as insidious in its side effects as any debilitating germ. It dictates your lifestyle, organises your activity and decides who your friends are” (Frow and Frow 177, Gillespie et al.). Through the figure of the industrial archaeology enthusiast, I discuss in this paper what it means to be enthusiastic. I begin by reflecting on the development of this specialist subject area. I go on to detail the formation of the Society in the late 1960s, before exploring the Society’s fieldwork methods and some of the other activities they now engage in. I raise questions of enthusiast and professional knowledge and practice, as well as consider the future of this particular enthusiasm.Defining Industrial ArchaeologyThe practice of 'industrial archaeology' is much contested. For a long time, enthusiasts and professional archaeologists have debated the meaning and use of the term (Palmer). On the one hand, there are those interested in the history, preservation, and recording of industrial sites. For example the grandfather figures of the subject, namely Kenneth Hudson and Angus Buchanan, who both published widely in the 1960s and 1970s in order to encourage publics to get involved in recording. Many members of GLIAS refer to the books of Hudson Industrial Archaeology: an Introduction and Buchanan Industrial Archaeology in Britain with their fine descriptions and photographs as integral to their early interest in the subject. On the other hand, there are those within the academic discipline of archaeology who consider the study of remains produced by the Industrial Revolution as too modern. Moreover, they find the activities of those calling themselves industrial archaeologists as lacking sufficient attention to the understanding of past human activity to justify the name. As a result, the definition of 'industrial archaeology' is problematic for both enthusiasts and professionals. Even the early advocates of professional industrial archaeology felt uneasy about the subject’s methods and practices. In 1973, Philip Riden (described by one GLIAS member as the angry young man of industrial archaeology), the then president of the Oxford University Archaeology Society, wrote a damning article in Antiquity, calling for the subject to “shed the amateur train drivers and others who are not part of archaeology” (215-216). He decried the “appallingly low standard of some of the work done under the name of ‘industrial archaeology’” (211). He felt that if enthusiasts did not attempt to maintain high technical standards, publish their work in journals or back up their fieldwork with documentary investigation or join their county archaeological societies then there was no value in the efforts of these amateurs. During this period, enthusiasts, academics, and professionals were divided. What was wrong with doing something for the pleasure it provides the participant?Although relations today between the so-called amateur (enthusiast) and professional archaeologies are less potent, some prejudice remains. Describing them as “barrow boys”, some enthusiasts suggest that what was once their much-loved pastime has been “hijacked” by professional archaeologists who, according to one respondent,are desperate to find subjects to get degrees in. So the whole thing has been hijacked by academia as it were. Traditional professional archaeologists in London at least are running head on into things that we have been doing for decades and they still don’t appreciate that this is what we do. A lot of assessments are handed out to professional archaeology teams who don’t necessarily have any knowledge of industrial archaeology. (James, GLIAS committee member)James went on to reveal that GLIAS receives numerous enquiries from professional archaeologists, developers and town planners asking what they know about particular sites across the city. Although the Society has compiled a detailed database covering some areas of London, it is by no means comprehensive. In addition, many active members often record and monitor sites in London for their own personal enjoyment. This leaves many questioning the need to publish their results for the gain of third parties. Canadian sociologist Stebbins discusses this situation in his research on “serious leisure”. He has worked extensively with amateur archaeologists in order to understand their approach to their leisure activity. He argues that amateurs are “neither dabblers who approach the activity with little commitment or seriousness, nor professionals who make a living from that activity” (55). Rather they pursue their chosen leisure activity to professional standards. A point echoed by Fine in his study of the cultures of mushrooming. But this is to get ahead of myself. How did GLIAS begin?GLIAS: The GroupThe 1960s have been described by respondents as a frantic period of “running around like headless chickens.” Enthusiasts of London’s industrial archaeology were witnessing incredible changes to the city’s industrial landscape. Individuals and groups like the Thames Basin Archaeology Observers Group were recording what they could. Dashing around London taking photos to capture London’s industrial legacy before it was lost forever. However the final straw for many, in London at least, was the proposed and subsequent demolition of the “Euston Arch”. The Doric portico at Euston Station was completed in 1838 and stood as a symbol to the glory of railway travel. Despite strong protests from amenity societies, this Victorian symbol of progress was finally pulled down by British Railways in 1962 in order to make way for what enthusiasts have called a “monstrous concrete box”.In response to these changes, GLIAS was founded in 1968 by two engineers and a locomotive driver over afternoon tea in a suburban living room in Woodford, North-East London. They held their first meeting one Sunday afternoon in December at the Science Museum in London and attracted over 130 people. Firing the imagination of potential members with an exhibition of photographs of the industrial landscape taken by Eric de Maré, GLIAS’s first meeting was a success. Bringing together like-minded people who are motivated and enthusiastic about the subject, GLIAS currently has over 600 members in the London area and beyond. This makes it the largest industrial archaeology society in the UK and perhaps Europe. Drawing some of its membership from a series of evening classes hosted by various members of the Society’s committee, GLIAS initially had a quasi-academic approach. Although some preferred the hands-on practical element and were more, as has been described by one respondent, “your free-range enthusiast”. The society has an active committee, produces a newsletter and journal, as well as runs regular events for members. However the Society is not simply about the study of London’s industrial heritage, over time the interest in industrial archaeology has developed for some members into long-term friendships. Sociability is central to organised leisure activities. It underpins and supports the performance of enthusiasm in groups and societies. For Fine, sociability does not always equal friendship, but it is the state from which people might become friends. Some GLIAS members have taken this one step further: there have even been a couple of marriages. Although not the subject of my paper, technical culture is heavily gendered. Industrial archaeology is a rare exception attracting a mixture of male and female participants, usually retired husband and wife teams.Doing Industrial Archaeology: GLIAS’s Method and PracticeIn what has been described as GLIAS’s heyday, namely the 1970s to early 1980s, fieldwork was fundamental to the Society’s activities. The Society’s approach to fieldwork during this period was much the same as the one described by champion of industrial archaeology Arthur Raistrick in 1973:photographing, measuring, describing, and so far as possible documenting buildings, engines, machinery, lines of communication, still or recently in use, providing a satisfactory record for the future before the object may become obsolete or be demolished. (13)In the early years of GLIAS and thanks to the committed efforts of two active Society members, recording parties were organised for extended lunch hours and weekends. The majority of this early fieldwork took place at the St Katherine Docks. The Docks were constructed in the 1820s by Thomas Telford. They became home to the world’s greatest concentration of portable wealth. Here GLIAS members learnt and employed practical (also professional) skills, such as measuring, triangulations and use of a “dumpy level”. For many members this was an incredibly exciting time. It was a chance to gain hands-on experience of industrial archaeology. Having been left derelict for many years, the Docks have since been redeveloped as part of the Docklands regeneration project.At this time the Society was also compiling data for what has become known to members as “The GLIAS Book”. The book was to have separate chapters on the various industrial histories of London with contributions from Society members about specific sites. Sadly the book’s editor died and the project lost impetus. Several years ago, the committee managed to digitise the data collected for the book and began to compile a database. However, the GLIAS database has been beset by problems. Firstly, there are often questions of consistency and coherence. There is a standard datasheet for recording industrial buildings – the Index Record for Industrial Sites. However, the quality of each record is different because of the experience level of the different authors. Some authors are automatically identified as good or expert record keepers. Secondly, getting access to the database in order to upload the information has proved difficult. As one of the respondents put it: “like all computer babies [the creator of the database], is finding it hard to give birth” (Sally, GLIAS member). As we have learnt enthusiasm is integral to movements such as industrial archaeology – public historian Raphael Samuel described them as the “invisible hands” of historical enquiry. Yet, it is this very enthusiasm that has the potential to jeopardise projects such as the GLIAS book. Although active in their recording practices, the GLIAS book saga reflects one of the challenges encountered by enthusiast groups and societies. In common with other researchers studying amenity societies, such as Ellis and Waterton’s work with amateur naturalists, unlike the world of work where people are paid to complete a task and are therefore meant to have a singular sense of purpose, the activities of an enthusiast group like GLIAS rely on the goodwill of their members to volunteer their time, energy and expertise. When this is lost for whatever reason, there is no requirement for any other member to take up that position. As such, levels of commitment vary between enthusiasts and can lead to the aforementioned difficulties, such as disputes between group members, the occasional miscommunication of ideas and an over-enthusiasm for some parts of the task in hand. On top of this, GLIAS and societies like it are confronted with changing health and safety policies and tightened security surrounding industrial sites. This has made the practical side of industrial archaeology increasingly difficult. As GLIAS member Bob explains:For me to go on site now I have to wear site boots and borrow a hard hat and a high visibility jacket. Now we used to do incredibly dangerous things in the seventies and nobody batted an eyelid. You know we were exploring derelict buildings, which you are virtually not allowed in now because the floor might give way. Again the world has changed a lot there. GLIAS: TodayGLIAS members continue to record sites across London. Some members are currently surveying the site chosen as the location of the Olympic Games in London in 2012 – the Lower Lea Valley. They describe their activities at this site as “rescue archaeology”. GLIAS members are working against the clock and some important structures have already been demolished. They only have time to complete a quick flash survey. Armed with the information they collated in previous years, GLIAS is currently in discussions with the developer to orchestrate a detailed recording of the site. It is important to note here that GLIAS members are less interested in campaigning for the preservation of a site or building, they appreciate that sites must change. Instead they want to ensure that large swathes of industrial London are not lost without a trace. Some members regard this as their public duty.Restricted by health and safety mandates and access disputes, GLIAS has had to adapt. The majority of practical recording sessions have given way to guided walks in the summer and public lectures in the winter. Some respondents have identified a difference between those members who call themselves “industrial archaeologists” and those who are just “ordinary members” of GLIAS. The walks are for those with a general interest, not serious members, and the talks are public lectures. Some audience researchers have used Bourdieu’s metaphor of “capital” to describe the experience, knowledge and skill required to be a fan, clubber or enthusiast. For Hills, fan status is built up through the demonstration of cultural capital: “where fans share a common interest while also competing over fan knowledge, access to the object of fandom, and status” (46). A clear membership hierarchy can be seen within GLIAS based on levels of experience, knowledge and practical skill.With a membership of over 600 and rising annually, the Society’s future is secure at present. However some of the more serious members, although retaining their membership, are pursuing their enthusiasm elsewhere: through break-away recording groups in London; active membership of other groups and societies, for example the national Association for Industrial Archaeology; as well as heading off to North Wales in the summer for practical, hands-on industrial archaeology in Snowdonia’s slate quarries – described in the Ffestiniog Railway Journal as the “annual convention of slate nutters.” ConclusionsGLIAS has changed since its foundation in the late 1960s. Its operation has been complicated by questions of health and safety, site access, an ageing membership, and the constant changes to London’s industrial archaeology. Previously rejected by professional industrial archaeology as “limited in skill and resources” (Riden), enthusiasts are now approached by professional archaeologists, developers, planners and even museums that are interested in engaging in knowledge exchange programmes. As a recent report from the British think-tank Demos has argued, enthusiasts or pro-ams – “amateurs who work to professional standards” (Leadbeater and Miller 12) – are integral to future innovation and creativity; for example computer pro-ams developed an operating system to rival Microsoft Windows. As such the specialist knowledge, skill and practice of these communities is of increasing interest to policymakers, practitioners, and business. So, the subject once described as “the ugly offspring of two parents that shouldn’t have been allowed to breed” (Hudson), the so-called “amateur” industrial archaeology offers enthusiasts and professionals alike alternative ways of knowing, seeing and being in the recent and contemporary past.Through the case study of GLIAS, I have described what it means to be enthusiastic about industrial archaeology. I have introduced a culture of collective and individual participation and friendship based on a mutual interest in and emotional attachment to industrial sites. As we have learnt in this paper, enthusiasm is about fun, pleasure and joy. The enthusiastic culture presented here advances themes such as passion in relation to less obvious communities of knowing, skilled practices, material artefacts and spaces of knowledge. Moreover, this paper has been about the affective narratives that are sometimes missing from academic accounts; overlooked for fear of sniggers at the back of a conference hall. Laughter and humour are a large part of what enthusiasm is. Enthusiastic cultures then are about the pleasure and joy experienced in doing things. Enthusiasm is clearly a potent force for active participation. I will leave the last word to GLIAS member John:One meaning of enthusiasm is as a form of possession, madness. Obsession perhaps rather than possession, which I think is entirely true. It is a pejorative term probably. The railway enthusiast. But an awful lot of energy goes into what they do and achieve. Enthusiasm to my mind is an essential ingredient. If you are not a person who can muster enthusiasm, it is very difficult, I think, to get anything out of it. On the basis of the more you put in the more you get out. 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Introduction This year, 2008, marks the tenth anniversary of the portable MP3 player. MPMan F10, the first such device to utilise the MP3-encoding format, was launched in March 1998 (Smith). However it was not until April 2003 when Apple Inc launched the iPod that the market began the massive growth that has made the devices almost ubiquitous in everyday life. In 2006 iPods were rated as more popular than beer amongst college students in the United States, according to Student Monitor. Beer had only previously surpassed in popularity once before, in 1997, by the Internet (Zeff). This year will also see the launch in Australia of the latest offering in this line of products – the iPhone – which incorporates the popular MP3 player in an advanced mobile phone. The iPhone features a touch-sensitive flat screen that serves as the interface for its operating system. While the design is striking, it also generates accessibility problems. There are obvious implications for those with vision impairments when there are no physical markers to point towards the phone’s functions (Crichton). This article critically examines the promise of Internet-based digital technology to open up the world to people with disabilities, and the parallel danger that the social construction of disability in the digital environment will simply come to mirror pre-existing analogue discrimination. This paper explores how technologies and innovations designed to improve access by the disabled actually enhance access for all users. The first part of the paper focuses on ‘Web 2.0’ and digital access for people with disability, particularly those with vision impairment. The online software that drives the iPod and iPhone and exclusively delivers content to these devices is iTunes. While iTunes seems on the surface to provide enormous opportunity for the vision impaired to access a broad selection of audio content, its design actually works to inhibit access to the platform for this group. Apple promotes the use of iTunes in educational settings through the iTunes U channel, and this potentially excludes those who have difficulty with access to the technology. Critically, it is these excluded people who, potentially, could benefit the most from the new technology. We consider the difficulty experienced by users of screen readers and braille tablets in relation to iTunes and highlight the potential problems for universities who seek to utilise iTunes U. In the second part of the paper we reframe disability accessibility as a principle of universal access and design and outline how changes made to assist users with disability can enhance the learning experience of all students using the Lectopia lecture recording and distribution system as an example. The third section of the paper situates these digital developments within the continuum of disability theory deploying Finkelstein’s three stages of disability development. The focus then shifts to the potential of online virtual worlds such as Second Life to act as a place where the promise of technology to mediate for disability might be realised. Goggin and Newell suggest that the Internet will not be fully accessible until disability is considered a cultural identity in the same way that class, gender and sexuality are. This article argues that accessibility must be addressed through the context of design and shared open standards for digital platforms. Web 2.0 and Accessibility The World Wide Web based its successful development on a set of common standards that worked across different software and operating systems. This interoperability held out great opportunity for the implementation of enabling software for those with disability, particularly sight and hearing impairments. The increasing sophistication and diversification of online content has confounded this initial promise. Websites have become more complex, particularly with the rise of ‘Web 2.0’ and the associated trends in coding and website design. This has aggravated attempts to mediate this content for a disabled audience through software (Zajicek). As Wood notes, ‘these days many computers are used principally to access the Internet – and there is no telling what a blind person will encounter there’. As the content requiring translation – either from text into audio or onto a braille tablet, or from audio into text captions – become less standardised and more complex, it becomes both harder for software to act as a translator, and harder to navigate this media once translated. This is particularly the case when links are generated ‘on the fly’ for each view of a website and where images replace words as hyperlinks. These problems can trace their origin to before the development of the World Wide Web. Reihing, addressing another Apple product in 1987 notes: The Apple Macintosh is particularly hard to use because it depends heavily on graphics. Some word processors ‘paint’ pictures of letters on the screen instead of using standard computer codes, and speech or braille devices can’t cope (in Goggin and Newell). Web 2.0 sites loaded with Ajax and other forms of Java scripting present a particular challenge for translation software (Zajicek). iTunes, an iconic Web 2.0 application, is a further step away from easily translated content as proprietary software that while operating though the Internet, does not conform to Web standards. Many translation software packages are unable to read the iTunes software at all or are limited and only able to read part of the page, but not enough of it to use the program (Furendal). As websites utilising ‘Web 2.0’ technology increase in popularity they become less attractive to users who are visually impaired, particularly because the dynamic elements can not be accessed using screen readers provided with the operating system (Bigham, Prince and Ladner). While at one level this presents an inability for a user with a disability to engage with the popular software, it also meant that universities seeking to use iTunes U to deliver content were excluding these students. To Apple’s credit they have taken some of these access concerns on board with the recent release of both the Apple operating system and iTunes, to better enable Apple’s own access software to translate the iTunes screen for blind users. However this also illustrates the problems with this type of software operating outside of nominated standards as there are still serious problems with access to iTunes on Microsoft’s dominant Windows operating system (Furendal). While Widows provides its own integrated screen reading software, the company acknowledges that this is not sufficiently powerful for regular use by disabled users who will need to use more specialised programs (Wood). The recent upgrade of the standard Windows operating system from XP to Vista seems to have abandoned the previous stipulation that there was a keyboard shortcut for each operation the system performed – a key requirement for those unable to use a visual interface on the screen to ‘point and click’ with a mouse (Wood). Other factors, such as the push towards iTunes U, explored in the next section, explain the importance of digital accessibility for everyone, not just the disabled as this technology becomes ubiquitous. The use of Lectopia in higher education demonstrates the value of flexibility of delivery to the whole student population, inclusive of the disabled. iPods and Higher Education iTunes is the enabling software supporting the iPod and iPhone. As well as commercial content, iTunes also acts as a distribution medium for other content that is free to use. It allows individuals or organisations to record and publish audio and video files – podcasts and vodcasts – that can be automatically downloaded from the Internet and onto individual computers and iPods as they become available. Significantly this technology has provided opportunities for educational use. iTunes U has been developed by Apple to facilitate the delivery of content from universities through the service. While Apple has acknowledged that this is, in part, a deliberate effort to drive the uptake of iTunes (Udell), there are particular opportunities for the distribution of information through this channel afforded by the technology. Duke University in the United States was an early adopter, distributing iPods to each of its first-year students for educational use as early as 2004 (Dean). A recent study of students at The University of Western Australia (UWA) by Williams and Fardon found that students who listen to lectures through portable media players such as iPods (the ‘Pod’ in iPod stands for ‘portable on demand’) have a higher attendance rate at lectures than those who do not. In 1998, the same year that the first portable MP3 player was being launched, the Lectopia (or iLecture) lecture recording and distribution system was introduced in Australia at UWA to enable students with disabilities better access to lecture materials. While there have been significant criticisms of this platform (Brabazon), the broad uptake and popularity of this technology, both at UWA and at many universities across Australia, demonstrates how changes made to assist disability can potentially help the broader community. This underpins the concept of ‘universal design’ where consideration given to people with disability also improves the lives of people without disability. A report by the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, examined the accessibility of digital technology. Disability issues, such as access to digital content, were reframed as universal design issues: Disability accessibility issues are more accurately perceived in many cases as universal access issues, such that appropriate design for access by people with disabilities will improve accessibility and usability for … the community more generally. The idea of universal access was integral to Tim Berners-Lee’s original conception of the Web – however the platform has developed into a more complex and less ordered environment that can stray from agreed standards (Edwards, "Stop"). iTunes comes with its own accessibility issues. Furendal demonstrated that its design has added utility for some impairments notably dyslexia and colour blindness. However, as noted above, iTunes is highly problematic for those with other vision impairment particularly the blind. It is an example of the condition noted by Regan: There exists a false perception among designers that accessibility represents a restriction on creativity. There are few examples that exist in the world that can dissuade designers of this notion. While there are no technical reasons for this division between accessibility and design, the notion exists just the same. The invisibility of this issue confirms that while an awareness of differing abilities can assist all users, this blinkered approach to diverse visual acuities is not only blocking social justice imperatives but future marketing opportunities. The iPhone is notable for problems associated with use by people with disabilities, particularly people with hearing (Keizer) and vision impairments (Crichton). In colder climates the fact that the screen would not be activated by a gloved hand has also been a problem, its design reflects bias against not just the physically impaired. Design decisions reflect the socially constructed nature of disability where disability is related to how humans have chosen to construct the world (Finkelstein ,"To Deny"). Disability Theory and Technology Nora Groce conducted an anthropological study of Martha’s Vineyard in the United States. During the nineteenth century the island had an unusually high incidence of deafness. In response to this everyone on the island was able to communicate in sign language, regardless of the hearing capability, as a standard mode of communication. As a result the impairment of deafness did not become a disability in relation to communication. Society on the island was constructed to be inclusive without regard to a person’s hearing ability. Finkelstein (Attitudes) identified three stages of disability ‘creation’ to suggest disability (as it is defined socially) can be eradicated through technology. He is confident that the third phase, which he argues has been occurring in conjunction with the information age, will offset many of the prejudicial attitudes established during the second phase that he characterised as the industrial era. Digital technologies are often presented as a way to eradicate disability as it is socially constructed. Discussions around the Web and the benefits for people with disability usually centre on accessibility and social interaction. Digital documents on the Internet enable people with disability greater access than physical spaces, such as libraries, especially for the visually impaired who are able to make use of screen readers. There are more than 38 million blind people who utilise screen reading technology to access the Web (Bigham, Prince and Ladner). A visually impaired person is able to access digital texts whereas traditional, analogue, books remain inaccessible. The Web also allows people with disability to interact with others in a way that is not usually possible in general society. In a similar fashion to arguments that the Web is both gender and race neutral, people with disability need not identify as disabled in online spaces and can instead be judged on their personality first. In this way disability is not always a factor in the social encounter. These arguments however fail to address several factors integral to the social construction of disability. While the idea that a visually impaired person can access books electronically, in conjunction with a screen reader, sounds like a disability-free utopia, this is not always the case as ‘digital’ does not always mean ‘accessible’. Often digital documents will be in an image format that cannot be read by the user’s screen reader and will need to be converted and corrected by a sighted person. Sapey found that people with disabilities are excluded from informational occupations. Computer programming positions were fourth least likely of the 58 occupations examined to employ disabled people. As Rehing observed in 1987, it is a fantasy to think that accessibility for blind people simply means turning on a computer (Rehing in Goggin and Newell). Although it may sound empowering for people with disability to interact in an environment where they can live out an identity different from the rhythm of their daily patterns, the reality serves to decrease the visibility of disability in society. Further, the Internet may not be accessible for people with disability as a social environment in the first place. AbilityNet’s State of the eNation Web Accessibility Report: Social Networking Sites found a number of social networking sites including the popular MySpace and Facebook are inaccessible to users with a number of different disabilities, particularly those with a visual impairment such as blindness or a cognitive disability like dyslexia. This study noted the use of ‘Captcha’ – ‘Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart’ – technology designed to differentiate between a person signing up for an account and an automated computer process. This system presents an image of a word deliberately blurred and disfigured so that it cannot be readily identified by a computer, which can only be translated by a human user. This presents an obstacle to people with a visual impairment, particularly those relying on transcription software that will, by design, not be able to read the image, as well as those with dyslexia who may also have trouble translating the image on the screen. Virtual Worlds and New Possibilities The development of complex online virtual worlds such as Second Life presents their own set of challenges for access, for example, the use of Captcha. However they also afford opportunity. With over a million residents, there is a diversity of creativity. People are using Second Life to try on different identities or campaign for causes relevant in the real world. For example, Simon Stevens (Simon Walsh in SL), runs the nightclub Wheelies in the virtual world and continues to use a wheelchair and helmet in SL – similar to his real-life self: I personally changed Second Life’s attitude toward disability when I set up ‘Wheelies’, its first disability nightclub. This was one of those daft ideas which grew and grew and… has remained a central point for disability issues within Second Life. Many new Disabled users make contact with me for advice and wheelies has helped some of them ‘come out’ and use a wheelchair (Carter). Able-bodied people are also becoming involved in raising disability awareness through Second Life, for example Fez Richardson is developing applications for use in Second Life so that the non-disabled can experience the effects of impairment in this virtual realm (Cassidy) Tertiary Institutions are embracing the potential of Second Life, utilising the world as a virtual classroom. Bates argues that Second Life provides a learning environment free of physical barriers that has the potential to provide an enriched learning experience for all students regardless of whether they have a disability. While Second Life might be a good environment for those with mobility impairment there are still potential access problems for the vision and hearing impaired. However, Second Life has recently become open source and is actively making changes to aid accessibility for the visually impaired including an audible system where leaves rustle to denote a tree is nearby, and text to speech software (Sierra). Conclusion Goggin and Newell observe that new technology is a prominent component of social, cultural and political changes with the potential to mitigate for disability. The uneven interface of the virtual and the analogue, as demonstrated by the implementation and operation of iTunes, indicates that this mitigation is far from an inevitable consequence of this development. However James Edwards, author of the Brothercake blog, is optimistic that technology does have an important role in decreasing disability in wider society, in line with Finkelstein’s third phase: Technology is the last, best hope for accessibility. It's not like the physical world, where there are good, tangible reasons why some things can never be accessible. A person who's blind will never be able to drive a car manually; someone in a wheelchair will never be able to climb the steps of an ancient stone cathedral. Technology is not like the physical world – technology can take any shape. Technology is our slave, and we can make it do what we want. With technology there are no good reasons, only excuses (Edwards, "Technology"). Internet-based technologies have the potential to open up the world to people with disabilities, and are often presented as a way to eradicate disability as it is socially constructed. While Finkelstein believes new technologies characteristic of the information age will offset many of the prejudicial attitudes established during the industrial revolution, where technology was established around able-bodied norms, the examples of the iPhone and Captcha illustrate that digital technology is often constructed in the same social world that people with disability are routinely disabled by. The Lectopia system on the other hand enables students with disabilities to access lecture materials and highlights the concept of universal access, the original ideology underpinning design of the Web. Lectopia has been widely utilised by many different types of students, not just the disabled, who are seeking flexibility. While we should be optimistic, we must also be aware as noted by Goggin and Newell the Internet cannot be fully accessible until disability is considered a cultural identity in the same way that class, gender and sexuality are. Accessibility is a universal design issue that potentially benefits both those with a disability and the wider community. References AbilityNet Web Accessibility Team. State of the eNation Web Accessibility Reports: Social Networking Sites. AbilityNet. January 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 ‹http://www.abilitynet.org.uk/docs/enation/2008SocialNetworkingSites.pdf›. Bates, Jacqueline. "Disability and Access in Virtual Worlds." 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