Journal articles on the topic 'Microsoft Windows XP'

the eu recently forced microsoft to issue a second version of its windows xp operating system without a built-in windows media player, ruling that, by bundling its own media player, microsoft was effectively blocking competition from rivals (particularly real player and quicktime). microsoft's monopolistic approach in this case also landed it a fine of €497.2 million ($665m). the wrangling lasted well over a year, during which time windows xp with bundled media player had been sold so widely in europe as to partly invalidate the eu's attempts at stopping the us company monopolising and controlling the market. ‘the second version of windows will reflect what consumers want, and not what microsoft imposes on them,’ was the triumphant but belated comment of mario monti, the former eu commissioner in charge of competition.

In English, Technology development has a very important role in information management. Processing information related to large and fast inventory flows in a company certainly requires accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of information systems. This problem is experienced by the Sekolah Cinta Kasih in the activities of those who still use the manual recording system. The type of research used is descriptive research with a case study approach. By doing a series of system analysis, the author intends to design a computerized inventory information system. The system uses Microsoft Access 2010 which is capable of being operated in a Microsoft Windows XP operating system or a higher version of Windows.The computerized information system is expected to provide various facilities for the warehouse in processing database information and reports that are accurate, fast, and efficient. And minimize errors in inventory control. The new system design aims to prevent errors in the Accounting Information System Inventory by the Cinta Kasih School. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Perkembangan teknologi memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam manajemen informasi. Pengolahan informasi terkait dengan arus persediaan yang besar dan cepat dalam sebuah perusahaan tentunya membutuhkan akurasi, efisiensi, dan efektifitas sistem informasi. Permasalahan inilah yang dialami oleh Sekolah Cinta Kasih dalam aktivitas mereka yang masih menggunakan sistem pencatatan manual. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Dengan dilakukannya serangkaian analisa sistem, penulis bermaksud merancang suatu sistem informasi persediaan yang terkomputerisasi. Sistem tersebut menggunakan Microsoft Access 2010 yang mampu dioperasikan dalam sistem operasi Microsoft Windows XP atau versi Windows yang lebih tinggi. Sistem informasi terkomputerisasi tersebut diharapkan mampu memberikan berbagai kemudahan bagi pihak gudang dalam mengolah informasi database dan laporan yang akurat, cepat, dan efisien. Serta meminimalkan kesalahan dalam pengendalian persediaan di Sekolah Cinta Kasih.

Perkembangan teknologi memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam manajemen informasi. Pengolahan informasi terkait dengan arus persediaan yang besar dan cepat dalam sebuah perusahaan tentunya membutuhkan akurasi, efisiensi, dan efektifitas sistem informasi. Permasalahan inilah yang dialami oleh Sekolah Cinta Kasih dalam aktivitas mereka yang masih menggunakan sistem pencatatan manual. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Dengan dilakukannya serangkaian analisa sistem, penulis bermaksud merancang suatu sistem informasi persediaan yang terkomputerisasi. Sistem tersebut menggunakan Microsoft Access 2010 yang mampu dioperasikan dalam sistem operasi Microsoft Windows XP atau versi Windows yang lebih tinggi. Sistem informasi terkomputerisasi tersebut diharapkan mampu memberikan berbagai kemudahan bagi pihak gudang dalam mengolah informasi database dan laporan yang akurat, cepat, dan efisien. Serta meminimalkan kesalahan dalam pengendalian persediaan di Sekolah Cinta Kasih.

according to the current situation of small and medium-sized library carried out feasibility analysis and the actual demand. The library's basic business processes are described. Combining with the knowledge of library and database technology to design each module. The system using the Windows XP/Windows 6.0 as system platform, using Visual basic 6.0 as a front-end application development tools, Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as the background database. Through to the small and medium-sized books management system management system requirements analysis, functional module division, database model analysis, designed the database structure and application. Due to the use of computer management, improved the traditional manual management way, improve the management level.

Microsoft China had announced that it would end on a Windows XP system support and maintenance in the April 8, 2014, progress in the new study. NET development environment, further research database development technology is very important. C# in. NET framework most popular development language, compared to other languages, which have simple, convenient, rapid development, etc.[1]. Based on data access technology under. NET Framework, which provides a number of features to improve the operation of data. This article also describes in the latest. NET Framework, a new language inheritance query technology LINQ.

Microsoft’s file system, NTFS, is the most utilised file system by Windows OS versions XP, Vista, 7, and 10. These systems have a little-known file attribute feature known as alternate data streams (ADS) which allows each file in the NTFS file system to have multiple data streams. ADS cannot be removed from the NTFS operating systems. However, the presence of ADS is not inevitably an issue in the OS or file system. Valid instances can be found on systems if scanned and might be valid. Windows OS does not have any in-built tools or applications to determine and remove the presence of existing ADS. This research presents ADSA or alternate data stream attack framework to exploit the alternate data streams and perform cyberattacks on Microsoft operating systems. This research discusses the process of creating and searching alternate data streams with a standard file and an executable binary. The authors executed ADS-hidden executable binary in the ADS. The authors present methods to detect and perform a clean-up by deleting the alternate data stream.

The use of intelligent technologies in legal document preparation continue to develop so as to integrate with new software and operating system developments. At the end of May products were launched by both the West Group (WestCiteLink) and LexisNexis containing smart tag features allowing integration between Windows XP (Microsoft's new operating system to be launched in the UK in October) and legal databases. As users type, smart tags activate automatically and find and identify legal citations to statutes, cases etc. Once identified a set of options can provide automatic link creation to the documents on Westlaw or LexisNexis, without the user having to leave the Word document. WestCiteLink is the result of a strategic alliance between West Group and Microsoft. As the cursor hangs over the citation the user is presented with options which can:• find the document on Westlaw• determine the KeyCite history• identify citing references• create a hyperlink to the document• mark the cite for inclusion in a Table of Authorities.

Technology development has a very important role in information management. Processing information related to large and fast inventory flows in a company certainly requires accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of information systems. This problem is experienced by the Sekolah Cinta Kasih in the activities of those who still use the manual recording system. The type of research used is descriptive research with a case study approach. By doing a series of system analysis, the author intends to design a computerized inventory information system. The system uses Microsoft Access 2010 which is capable of being operated in a Microsoft Windows XP operating system or a higher version of Windows.The computerized information system is expected to provide various facilities for the warehouse in processing database information and reports that are accurate, fast, and efficient. And minimize errors in inventory control. The new system design aims to prevent errors in the Accounting Information System Inventory by the Cinta Kasih School.

More attention has been paid to the long-distance video monitoring systems with the development of the Internet of things recently, especially much more increasing concern took place in application of agriculture monitoring systems. An agricultural ecology remote video monitoring system was designed and established using the environment of Microsoft Visual C++6.0 based on Windows XP operating system in this paper. Three key skills including the VFW video capture technology, H.264 video coding/encoding and multi-threading technology are utilized. The transmitting video; audio and text file in the remote video monitoring system are totally realized through VC++ software. The information can be gained; restored and queried through the Internet of things and the ecology garden may also be remote controlled at the same time.

The identification of risk factors is an important aspect of preventive activities in the field of prevention of addictive behavior. In order to identify social factors that may influence the formation of cyber-addictions, we turned our attention to family relationships. Because, the family is the closest and first circle of social interaction, that has the greatest impact on the formation of personal qualities. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of family parenting styles of cyber-addicts through the eyes of children. Research methods: bibliographic (analysis, systematization, theoretical data and literature sources), historical (study of the origin, formation and development of the concept) and psychodiagnostic, Methodology «Parents are evaluated by children» (I. A. Furmanov and A. A. Aladdin), as well as a structured interview, mathematical and statistical data processing was performed using the program «Microsoft Excel, XP» and «SPSS 26.0 for Windows XP». It was found that among the study groups of people with cyber-addictions predominate: hypoprotection, underdevelopment of parental feel ings, conflict between spouses in the field of education, emotional rejection, abuse and the benefits of child qualities. Since the family is only a part of the personality microsociety, the study of social factors that can become factors in the formation of cyber addictions should be continued, this will make it possible to highlight additional social factors in the formation of this addiction and take them into account when developing preventive and psychocorrectional programs.

У вищих навчальних закладах студенти згідно освітньо-професійної програми підготовки бакалавра [2], повинні володіти сучасними методами ефективного доступу, систематизації та збереження інформації, використовувати методи ідентифікації та класифікації інформації за допомогою програмних засобів, вміти проектувати інформаційні потоки для комп’ютерних систем, визначати принципи організації інформаційного забезпечення інформаційних систем, знати загальну структуру сучасних комп’ютерів, основні операційні системи, володіти методами та сучасними програмними засобами для налагодження програм та програмних комплексів, мати досвід підтримки програмного продукту під час експлуатації. Набуття всіх цих знань та вмінь неможливо без досконалого професійного володіння налаштуваннями операційної системи.Налаштування операційної системи Windows можна здійснювати використовуючи стандартні засоби, наприклад, «Управління комп’ютером», «Служби», «Панель управління». Але вбудовані в операційну систему додатки не надають можливості розширеного конфігурування системи.Для більш гнучкого налаштування здебільшого користуються програмним забезпеченням сторонніх розробників [3]. Прикладом такої програми є утиліта «Tweak XP» фірми Totalidea Software. Ця програма є однією з провідних в даному сегменті ринку спеціалізованого програмного забезпечення, однак вимагає ліцензування, тому як правило використовуються freeware-утиліти. Такі програми дозволяють здійснювати конфігурування системи досить швидко і без особливих труднощів. Однак, основним недоліком зазначених програмних продуктів є обмеження їх функціональних можливостей, у зв’язку з чим неможливо охопити всі особливості налаштування операційної системи.Ефективнішим засобом конфігурування операційної системи є налаштування методом безпосереднього редагування системного реєстру. Відслідковування змін у базі даних налаштувань реєстру дає можливість здійснювати оптимізацію операційної системи, захист від вірусів та backdoor модулів. Деякі вірусні програми знешкоджуються прямим редагуванням системного реєстру [1].Знання особливостей системного реєстру необхідні не тільки для налаштування програмного забезпечення і встановлених пристроїв, а й для підтримання на надійному рівні безпеки комп’ютера. Реєстр надає можливість керувати обліковими записами користувачів та розмежуванням їх доступу до ресурсів комп’ютера.Модифікацію системного реєстру можна здійснювати використовуючи спеціальні reg-файли, що містять інформацію про створені адміністратором налаштування.Коли студент працює з програмою-твікером, то механізм функціонування налаштувань системи повністю прихований від нього, тобто як наслідок відсутність розуміння внутрішніх механізмів функціонування операційної системи. У випадку налаштування операційної системи через безпосереднє редагування системного реєстру студенту стає доступною вся структура взаємозв’язків у внутрішній роботі операційної системи, і знаючи загальні механізми функціонування та використовуючи аналітико-синтетичний апарат студент може комбінувати існуючі та створювати свої налаштування, тобто досягає гнучкості налаштування системи, якої неможливо досягти при використанні твікерів.Крім того знання внутрішньої будови системи налаштувань операційної системи дозволяє студенту поглиблювати свої знання в системному програмуванні при написанні утиліт для налаштування та захисту ОС.

Experimental data gained through research requires systematization and interpretation of the effectiveness of applicable objects, methods and agricultural technologies. This data is of scientific and practical value for proper decision-making in agricultural practice. The purpose of the research is twofold: 1) to develop a structured database based on the results of long-term field experiments using various plant-microbial symbioses in legumes agrocenoses under soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea; 2) to generalize information to search for the possibility of biological control of plant productivity. The database has the minimum software requirements: Microsoft Office suite for Microsoft Windows operating systems (XP or higher OS) and software package for statistical analysis Statistica_10. Data collection, sorting and systematization, as well as matrix writing was carried out in Microsoft Excel; database structure development and design – using Microsoft Visual Basic for Application (VBA); data analysis and processing, as well as agrocenosis productivity modelling, were carried out with the help of Statistica (StatSoft) version 10. The database size is 8 MB. It has three structured VBA blocks: 1) biological activity of the soil, 2) physiological and biochemical status, productivity of plants and 3) matrices of indicators of biological activity of the soil and plant biology. Information on the structural and functional organization of the soil microbiocenosis, enzymatic activity and soil respiration, symbiotic efficiency, intensity and direction of microbiological and biochemical processes in the rhizosphere of legumes, as well as their physiological status, productivity and seed quality included sequentially. The Database is implemented on 23 electronic sheets in Microsoft Excel, integrates and interacts with the Statistica_10. The Database allows searching for interactive links in the system “microorganisms–plants–soil”, modelling the productivity of agrocenoses, identifying plant-microbial systems with the active interface when using polyfunctional microbial preparations in the technology of growing legumes under soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea. With the help of the database, we found that the use of polyfunctional microbial preparations causes different potential in the system “microorganisms–plants–soil”. Bacterization of plants with microbial preparations has 1.8 times factorial effect more on the physiology and productivity of legumes (76 %) compared to a factorial effect on the biological activity of the soil in the agrocenosis (42 %). The potential of the interaction of the cyanorhizobial consortium with legumes was revealed. It had a minimal total factor difference (29 %) between the physiological and biochemical state, productivity of legumes and indicators of biological activity of soil compared to ‘Rhizobofit’ (36 %), ‘Rhizobofit’, ‘Phosphoenterin’, ‘Biopolycid’ (33 %), ‘Rhizobofit’ and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (39 %).

Frequency of oral lesions is varied in different population and knowledge of diseases prevalence in a geographic location will improve preventive measures. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral biopsied lesions in a major oral pathology laboratory center of city of Tehran. Material and methods: A retrospective study was done on data obtained from the archive of oral and maxillofacial pathology department of Islamic Azad University, dental branch of Tehran, from 2005 to 2011. Following variables were analyzed: age, gender, anatomic location, and the histological results obtained. Lesions were classified to 18 different categories. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 12.0 for windows Xp. All the data were recorded in Microsoft Office Excel for further evaluation and making a data bank to easy access.Results: Of the 460 patients studied, the mean age was 38 years. The most frequent lesions were in the group of reactive lesions (22.51%), followed by odontogenic cysts. The most frequent lesion was radicular cyst and odontogenic keratocyst (keratocystic odontogenic tumor). Malignant lesions constituted 2.38%, of which squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy (1.52%). Mandible was the most common location for occurrence of lesions (32.6%) followed by gingiva (11.95%). Conclusion: Our study provides helpful information of oral lesion’s distribution in an Iranian population. The results showed high frequency of odontogenic keratocyst (keratocystic odontogenic tumor) which is not in agreement with other studies and need more evaluation of etiological factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the parameters of the grain air-sieve cleaner in laboratory conditions on the external quality of food maize (Zea mays L.) kernel in terms of the design for the selection of a suitable sieve mesh for cleaning procedures. The object of the research was maize kernel, variety Pionier P0216, year of cultivation 2019. The available laboratory equipment was used in the study. To evaluate the external quality of food maize kernel, indicators were determined, which were investigated before and after cleaning. An Asus notebook computer with software from Microsoft Windows XP and Ofice 2010 was used to evaluate the measurement results. These results were achieved: an average bulk density of 846.77 kg.m-3 was found in the input sample of food maize kernel after harvest, admixtures before cleaning reached an average of 19.1% and impurities of 2.76%, cleanliness of kernels before cleaning averaged 76.9%, the output after cleaning expressed in terms of bulk density reached an average value of 851.15 kg.m-3, admixtures after cleaning reached 0.07% and impurities 4.21%, clean kernels after cleaning reached 94.86% and damage kernels after cleaning decreased slightly by separation of fragments and chipped kernels. In conclusion, it was stated that the laboratory technique for post-harvest treatment of grain is at a high level worldwide. Currently, the issue of post-harvest processing of grain in Slovakia is addressed at an average level. Post-harvest processing and storage of grain in terms of enginery and technological and economic aspects is little researched in the Slovak Republic, so these issues are open to further research.

Objective - study of isolating Stavudine from biological fluids (urine, blood plasma). Materials and methods. Objects of research: substance and tablets of 30 mg Stavudine. Reagents: purified water, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ether, heptane, toluene, acetone, 95% ethyl alcohol, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, 10% ammonium hydroxide solution, 5%solutions of sodium sulfate, 20%sodium sulfate saturated, sodium chloride, sodium chloride saturated, 20%ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate saturated. Universal ionomer IT-1101. Stavudine was isolated by liquid-liquid extraction. To detect and quantify Stavudine, thin - layer sorbent chromatography (TLC) and UV spectrophotometry were used. Statistical data processing was performed using the software package for Windows XP (Microsoft Excel), and using the Student's t-test. Results. When using thin-layer chromatography to identify Stavudine, it was found that the Rf value of the spots of Stavudine extracts from biological material corresponded to the Rf value range of 0.67-0.69. The Rf spot value of the standard Stavudine witness sample corresponded to (0.68±0.01). The stability study showed that the Stavudine solution is stable in a hydrochloric acid solution of 0.1 M, in which the absorption spectrum of Stavudine is characterized by absorption maxima at wavelengths of 209±1 and 267±1 nm. The wavelength of 267±1 nm was chosen as the analytical wavelength for the quantitative determination of Stavudine. In the course of the study, various factors affecting the degree of extraction of Stavudine from aqueous solutions were studied. The extractant is ethyl acetate, pH 3, the electrolyte is a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate. The extraction time is 7 minutes, twice. Conclusion. Methods of identification and quantitative determination of Stavudine in extracts from urine and blood plasma by TLC and UV spectrophotometry have been developed. Methods of isolation of Stavudine from urine and blood plasma using the liquid-liquid extraction method have been developed (93.33±2.02%; 89.77±2.02% respectively).

Aim of the study. Show the possibilities of diagnosing non - tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lungs (NTML) in the practice of the pulmonologist. Materials and methods. A survey of 90 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of non - tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lungs (NTML) was presented. The diagnosis of pulmonary mycobacteriosis was established in accordance with the criteria proposed in 2007 by the American Thoracic Society and the American Society of Infectious Diseases (ATS/IDRS). Among the patients, 55 (61.1%) women prevailed, the average age was 51.2±15.3 years. Patients were evaluated complaints, the presence of concomitant diseases of the lungs, was carried out computed tomography of the chest high - resolution (HRCT), a culture study of sputum, in the absence of sputum or a single determination of the NTM culture in it, a study was conducted on materials of bronchoalveolar washout (ALS/BAL), or lung biopsies. Statistical processing of the research results was performed using descriptive statistics using Microsoft® Excel for Windows xp® on a personal computer. Results and conclusion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that before the diagnosis of NTML was established, 66.7% of patients were long observed for chronic lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis), and in 55.6% of cases (50 people) were registered with a phthisiologist about pulmonary tuberculosis. According to the CT scan of OGK, dissemination was determined in 66.7% of cases, in 48.9% - bronchiectasis, single or multiple destruction cavities - 46.7% of cases. In 72.2% of cases, non - tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were found in sputum, in 33.3% - in ALS and in 22.2% of NTMs were found in the surgical material. In 14.4% of cases, only surgery allowed to establish the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis.

У сучасній світовій літературі велика увага приділяється питанням загального впливу інфекційного навантаження на імунну систему організму, і, як наслідок, розвитку автоімунних станів щитоподібної залози. Т-лімфоцити є основними ефекторами адаптивної імунної системи і мають вирішальне значення для захисту організму від патогенних інфекційних збудників. Особливу увагу в цьому питанні привертає до себе вплив різноманітних чинників на організм вагітної, тобто пренатальна неспецифічна дія зовнішніх інфекційних антигенів на організм, які б мали віддалені прояви після народження. Мета – експериментально встановити особливості морфогенезу лімфоїдної тканини щитоподібної залози у ранньому постнатальному періоді онтогенезу за умов пренатальної дії стафілококового анатоксину. Матеріал і методи. Експериментально досліджено щитоподібні залози щурів лінії Вістар у віці від 1 до 14 доби постнатального розвитку (всього 90 тварин). Кожному плоду на 18 добу датованої вагітності під час лапаротомії, шляхом крізьматкової, крізьоболонкової підшкірної ін’єкції вводили стафілококовий анатоксин рідкий очищений адсорбований (10–14 одиниць зв’язування у 1 мл, розведений у 10 разів) в дозі 0,05 мл, тваринам контрольної групи аналогічно вводили 0,9 % розчин NaCl. Комплекс щитоподібної залози з ділянкою трахеї фіксували в 10 % розчині нейтрального забуференого формаліну протягом доби. Гістологічні зрізи товщиною 3–5 мкм забарвлювали гематоксиліном і еозином, імуногістохімічно із застосуванням моноклональних антитіл СD 3 (5В2), CD4 (5B4), CD8 (32-M4), CD20 (D-10) фірми Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. із дофарбовуванням ядер гематоксиліном Майера. Фотодокументацію досліджуваних об’єктів виконано з використанням мікроскопа Carl Zeiss «Primo Star» з використанням камери AxioCam, комплекс морфометричних досліджень виконувався за допомогою програми Zeiss Zen (2017). Статистичний аналіз отриманих результатів проводили за допомогою персонального комп’ютера на базі операційної системи Windows XP за допомогою статистичного пакета «Statistica for Windows 6.0» (StatSoftInc.), програма Excel (Microsoft Office, USA). Результати. Внутрішньоплідне введення стафілококового анатоксину призвело до часткової лімфоцитарної інфільтрації строми щитоподібної залози і формування внутрішньоорганної дифузної лімфоїдної тканини здебільшого з СD 3+ та СD 4+ лімфоцитів (збільшення кількості Т-лімфоцитів за цей період у 75,1 раза), та кооперації її у вигляді лімфоїдного вузлика на 14 добу постнатального життя, клітинний склад якого був імуногістохімічно представлений СD 3+СD 4+ та СD 3+СD 8+ Т-лімфоцитами, що супроводжувалося розширенням і явищами стазу у венулах, активацією мастоцитів і макрофагів. Така морфологічна картина у щитоподібних залозах антигенпремійованих тварин наявна на периферії залози. Таким чином, інтенсивні зміни в імунологічному компартменті щитоподібної залози з формуванням дифузної лімфоїдної тканини у щурів раннього віку після пренатальної дії стафілококового анатоксину обумовлені генералізованим пренатальним антигенним навантаженням організму в цілому та є проявами реактивності у процесі формування антигеннезалежного диференціювання Т-лімфоцитів у тимусі.

ABSTRACTObjective: to quantify the Brazilian scientific production from 2001 to 2008. Method: we used as sources the articles published in the database of Scielo from 2001 to 2008. The data were treated statistically, placed in a database in Microsoft Excel, then. Categorized and thus divided into tables which show the number of journal articles and in accordance with its themes. Results: from the analysis of the data, found a shortfall in the scientific production on this topic in the field of nursing and the need for more research. Conclusion: you can point out, indeed, the need for Brazilian on the subject, conducted by professional nursing since it seems that he has not been significantly explored in this area. Descriptors: breast cancer; mastectomy; nursing.RESUMOObjetivo: realizar levantamento das produções científicas brasileiras sobre câncer de mama no período de 2001 a 2008. Método: estudo retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, em que foram realizadas buscas em base de dados da Scielo dos últimos seis anos (2001 a 2008), considerando-se dois unitermos, individualmente e de forma cruzada: “câncer de mama” e/ou “mastectomia”. A coleta de dados secundários foi realizada no período de abril a junho de 2008 com uso de um formulário. Após a coleta, realizou-se a leitura criteriosa dos títulos e resumos do material. Em seguida, os mesmos foram codificados, categorizados e quantificados com o uso do Programa Excel do Windows Explorer versão XP, com a apresentação dos dados em tabelas e figuras os quais foram analisados com base na literatura pertinente ao tema. Resultados: a partir da análise dos dados, constatamos um déficit nas produções científicas sobre essa temática na área da enfermagem e a necessidade de mais pesquisas. Conclusão: pode-se apontar, ainda, para a necessidade da realização de pesquisas brasileiras sobre o tema, realizadas por profissionais de enfermagem uma vez que parece que ele não vem sendo significativamente explorado neste âmbito. Descritores: Câncer de mama; Mastectomia; Enfermagem.RESUMENObjetivo: cuantificar la producción científica brasileña en el período comprendido entre 2001 y 2008. Método: se utilizaron como fuentes los artículos publicados en la base de datos de Scielo entre 2001 y 2008. Los datos fueron tratados estadísticamente, colocados en una base de datos en Microsoft Excel, entonces. Clasificados y, por tanto, dividida en cuadros que muestran el número de artículos de revistas y de conformidad con sus temas. Resultados: del análisis de los datos, encontraron un déficit en la producción científica sobre este tema en el ámbito de la enfermería y la necesidad de más investigación. Conclusión: se puede señalar, de hecho, la necesidad de Brasil sobre el tema, realizado por profesionales de enfermería, ya que parece que no ha sido explorado en esta área. Descriptores: cáncer de mama; mastectomía; enfermería.

The whole world today is rapidly following the path of digitalization of society, cyberspace is becoming a new sphere of reality for the majority of the population. Despite all the advantages of interactive technologies and the speed of obtaining the necessary information due to the prevalence of the Internet. New problematic issues also arise. Almost 8% of the world's population has been already addicted to the Internet, but questions about the nosology, etiology of cyber addictions and their treatment and prevention still remain unresolved. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of social living conditions on the severity of cyber addictions. The following research methods were used: bibliographic and historical analysis of theoretical heritage, psychodiagnostic testing: Test-questionnaire for detecting cyber addiction (TQC) and semi-structured interview of respondents to clarify social living conditions as well as mathematical and statistical methods for data analysis (data processing was done using the program "Microsoft Excel", "SPSS 26.0 for Windows XP"). The study sample consisted of 559 people, including 408 who had certain types of cyber addictions and 151 people who agreed to join the control group (relatively healthy). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of bioethics and deontology. It was found that the most typical addictions for boys are computer addiction, Internet addiction, game addiction and gadget addiction; more typical addictions for girls are cybercommunication addiction and selfie. In correlation analysis (according to Pearson and Tau-b Kendall) of relationship between the influence of social living conditions on the severity of cyber addictions it was found that according to the results of both correlation matrices the links were not revealed between cyber addictions and educational institutions in which our respondents studied; but at the same time a direct relationship was found between computer addiction, Internet addiction, game addiction and cyber-communication addiction with the academic success of cyber-addicts. Such a type of cyber addiction as selfie has an inverse relationship with the material wealth of the family. When analyzing the results obtained by Pearson's correlation analysis, it can be argued that the manifestations of all types of cyber addictions have a medium direct connection with conflicts with parents, a weak direct connection between cyber addictions and conflicts with peers.

The thyroid gland is important for the normal functioning of the body, and is the largest endocrine organ, which among the endocrine glands will be the first in the process of embryogenesis. In recent decades, the prevalence of thyroid pathologies of various origins among the world's population has reached critical proportions. The use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy remains a debatable issue in obstetrics today, as they can both positively and negatively affect the processes of organ morphogenesis and be the cause of pathological conditions in the postnatal period. It is known that the entry of cortisol from mother to fetus through the placenta is controlled by enzymes produced by the latter. However, synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone, can freely cross the blood-placental barrier and cause changes in postnatal immunity and disease in the future. The thyroid gland, having a relatively "simple" basic structure depending on the level of activity and the period of ontogenesis, exhibits various forms of morphological organization. Ideas about the structure and function of the thyroid gland were formed in the course of centuries of its study. Modern experimental and technical capabilities of the study of the body provided information about the structural and functional features of the thyroid gland and the numerical relationships of its structures at different levels of the organization. The aim of the study was to establish the features of the morphogenesis of the rats’ thyroid gland from 60 to 120 days of life after prenatal exposure to dexamethasone. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using a personal computer based on the Windows XP operating system using the statistical package "Statistica for Windows 6.0" (StatSoftInc., Serial number №AXXR712D833214FAN5), Excel (Microsoft Office, USA). Methods of variation statistics were used. All research results were recorded in journals and protocols of primary documentation, as well as with the use of electronic media. Significance of differences between groups was assessed using Student-Fisher t-test for a confidence level of at least 95 % (p <0.05). During the study it was found that in the juvenile period the morphological structure of the rats’ thyroid gland of intact and control groups is finally formed, in the parts of which the peripheral and central parts with rather high sclerosing index (6.20 and 6.46, respectively) can be microscopically distinguished due to prevalence. the percentage of parenchymal component (60.82±1.13 % and 61.44±0.71 %) above the stroma (9.86±1.02 % and 9.53±0.94 %). The study of material obtained from animals prenatally exposed to dexamethasone showed a violation of the morphogenesis of histoarchitectonics of the thyroid gland with the formation of a lobular structure of its particles due to an increase in stromal component (23.63±0.88 %), which was expressed in a decrease in sclerosis index (2.364), but there was a compensatory increase in the percentage of follicular epithelium on the 120th day of life (55.87±0.79 %) compared with the 90th day (49.24±1.25 %), without morphological signs of functional disorders.

The objective: was to reduce the incidence and severity of the development of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes»: miscarriage of pregnancy, placental insufficiency, fetal growth retardation and / or fetal distress, preeclampsia, premature detachment of a normally located placenta, premature delivery, by developing an algorithm for prophylaxis during pregnancy in women at high risk for their development. Materials and methods. Clinical and statistical analysis of pregnancy in 88 pregnant women with high risk of decompensation of placental insufficiency was conducted. Depending on the method of preventing complications, 2 groups were formed. The I group included 58 pregnant women who were offered the following algorithm: micronized progesterone 200 mg PV from 6 to 20 weeks of gestation; from 21 to 26 weeks of gestation and from 31 to 36 weeks; phleboprotector with ultra-micronized fractions of bioflavonoids (Flego) 15 ml per os; with subsequent appointment from 21 to 26 weeks of gestation; and from 31 to 36 weeks. Group II included 30 pregnant women who had abandoned any proposed prophylactic measures. The control group consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women. Clinical and statistical analysis of pregnancy in the study groups was conducted. During statistical processing, personal computer and software Microsoft Excel XP and Statistica 6.0 Windows, methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis were used. The reliability of the difference between the indicators is estimated by the Student-Fisher criterion. Results. The method of prophylaxis of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes» by sequential administration from the early stages of pregnancy of micronized progesterone with the following appointment – from the second trimester of pregnancy – showed a high efficacy of the phleboprotector, which is manifested in a significantly lower number of cases of preeclampsia in the main group of 3.5% (2) versus 50% (15) in the control group, placental insufficiency was 13.8% (8) versus 100% (30); fetal growth retardation was 5.2% (3) versus 56.7% (17); fetal distress was 3.5% (2) versus 43 , 3% (13), preterm labor 1.7% (1) versus 13.3% (4) and in the absence of premature detachment normal but located on the placenta, severe forms of preeclampsia and placental insufficiency. Conclusions. Pregnant of «Great Obstetrical Syndromes» risk groups need timely prophylactic measures to reduce the likelihood of a pathological pregnancy and improve perinatal outcomes. The proposed prophylaxis scheme significantly lowered the incidence of large obstetric syndromes and improved neonatal outcomes. Key words: great obstetrical syndromes, pathological pregnancy, placental dysfunction, phleboprotector.

Diseases of thyroid gland (TG) rank first among all endocrine pathologies and remain one of the most difficult problems. According to the statistics of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the prevalence of hypothyroidism in children does not exceed 0.035%. However, the relatively low rate can be explained by the low level of detection and diagnosis of this pathological condition due to the variability and low specificity of its symptoms. More acceptable for practice are methods of ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid gland and laboratory examination of the content of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum. Aim. To evaluate the results of ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in children with hypothyroidism. Methods. The results are based on a survey of 94 children with hypothyroidism living in the Chernivtsi region aged 2 to 10 years. An ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, determination of the level of thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using standard methods using the StatSoft software package © Statistica® 6.0 for Microsoft® Windows XP. Results. Analysis of the results of the study showed that in 59.6% of cases (56 out of 94) the diagnosis was made by screening for congenital hypothyroidism, and in 40.4% of cases (38 out of 94) the disease was diagnosed outside the screening. According to the results of our ultrasound, it was found that in 29 patients the thyroid tissue was not visualized in a typical place or its total volume was much less than normal. Of these, in 12 individuals, thyroid tissue was not reliably visualized at the site of TG projection, and in 17 cases was hypoplasia. In 65 patients, the TG was in a typical place, and its volume corresponded to the norm on the surface area of the body. In 85 people, regardless of the state of functional activity of the TG had a heterogeneous echostructure of the thyroid parenchyma), in 9 people the echostructure of the thyroid parenchyma was homogeneous. In thyroid hypoplasia, the level of TSH was at lower values (p <0.05) compared with thyroid dystopia. Conclusion. Sonographic examination of the thyroid gland has a high level of information. In cases of malformations of the thyroid gland there is a more pronounced degree of thyroid insufficiency.

The research study entitled “Areza Town Center Inventory System of Dealership” was an information technology (IT) system developed for the management and staff of Areza Town Center located in Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines. The main purpose of the study was to develop an IT system that can monitor and record the transaction and the information of customers and the accurate computation of billings, services and annual income of the company. Specifically, it aimed (1) To develop a system that will meet the requirement of the Areza Town Center; (2) To create and analyze the use of the IT system depending on the process of the transaction and functions of the Areza Town Center; (3) To test and evaluate the system in terms of system usability, design, user-friendliness, error handling and system security; and (4) To implement the system among the staff and management of the Areza. The Areza Town Center Dealership Inventory System is developed for the purpose of inventory of information and facilitates the management of Areza Town Center. The system has a restriction for any unauthorized use, decoding, and manipulation of information on the system. It can handle a large amount of information and the system can assure the security of data records. The system runs using Pentium 4 and a higher processor, at least 50 MB for the program and 1 GB for the database to store records of transactions, sales, stocks, and income. The system runs with the use of Microsoft XP and Windows 7 as an operating system. The capstone project is a local area network (LAN) based system and it does not need an internet connection to operate. The inventory system was presented to the client for verification of the details to identify errors and clarify the process of the company. To determine the overall performance of the developed system, the researchers used a questionnaire-checklist, which includes indicators such as system design, usability, user-friendliness and error – handling. The questionnaire-checklist was validated and was distributed to the selected respondents. A total of thirty (30) respondents were purposely chosen to assess the performance of the system using the questionnaire-checklist. All the data were gathered, tabulated and the overall performance of the system was determined through statistical tools such as weighted mean and standard deviation as well as the analysis of variance to determine the overall performance of the system. The researchers used Microsoft Excel for the computation of the statistical results. In light of the findings obtained, it was concluded that the Areza Town Center Inventory System of Dealership was highly usable, has a good design, and has excellent error-handling, highly user-friendly and highly secured. Based on the conclusion drawn, the following were recommended: (1) the Areza Town Center Dealership Inventory System is recommended to be used by the Areza Town Center; (2) the researchers may enhance the database of the system by adding database backup and more additional features; and (3) future researchers may use this study as their reference when they conduct similar study.

<p>The results of determination of protein fractions, cortisol content in blood of rabbits, which further added to the feed of natural origin biologically active substances are presented in the article. As an antistressors and immunomodulators in pre-slaughter period are using of spleen extract biologically active substances were obtained with ultrasound application. The purpose of research — determination of changes of protein fractions, cortisol content in rabbits blood before slaughter and their correction of natural origin biologically active substances (spleen extract).</p> <p>Object and research methods. The experiment was conducted on 15 rabbits with standard diet. Three groups of rabbits five month of age (5 rabbits each) was formed for research. The spleen extract were using as an biologically active substances to the feed rabbits in pre-slaughter period (five days before slaughter). The extracts were applied to feed by aerosol method (70 °alcohol solution of spleen extract volume of 1.4 ml per rabbit) (group I). The rabbits (group II) received to the feed in the same way of 70 °alcohol solution in the same volume. The control group rabbits received the standard feed in the same volume. The feed eating by rabbits was exercised daily. The rabbits ate food completely. The rabbits slaughter was carried out in the morning. The blood plasma protein fractions separation was carried out by horizontal electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG).</p> <p class="Default">Mathematical treatment of the research results worked statistically using the software package Statistica 6.0 and Microsoft Excel for Windows XP. Probability differences was assessed by Student t-test and results considered likely at P ≤ 0.05.</p> <p>Results and discussion. We measured the ratio of blood plasma protein fractions of rabbits, which in addition to the feed fed of natural origin biologically active substances. As a result of research was found that aerosol introduction of the spleen extract to the rabbits feed increases the Prealbumin concentration in rabbits blood plasma of two experimental groups twice (P ≤ 0.05) and 2.8 times (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the control.</p> <p>Cortisol level in rabbits (which further added to the feed of spleen extract (I research group) blood plasma was reliable lower by 40 % (Р&lt;0.05) compared to control, that may to indicate decreasing of stress before slaughter. On the rabbits feeding final stage is necessary to consider a pre-slaughter stress and to apply of natural origin biologically active substances. The results which obtained can to use in researches of stress hormones, such as cortisol, on farm animals for organism resistance increasing, correction and avoid their pre-slaughter stress and improve product quality.</p>

Many researchers in various fields of psychology, as well as specialists who are not related to psychological study, such as sociologists, political scientists, economists, have considered such a phenomenon as “life satisfaction” in recent decades. There is also a heightened interest in life satisfaction in the applied aspect. The state of the personality in the psychological point of view is determined more often by emotional stability, stress resistance, high motivation, therefore, in a word, harmonious relations in the world around and with oneself. The researchers are faced with the question: “How can you achieve life satisfaction using such a harmonious construction?”. Life satisfaction can act as a constant feature and tool for achieving and realizing a person's life path in general. This phenomenon is associated in psychological studies with such names as: M. Argyle, A. Maslow, V. Frankl, R. R. May, E. Benko, etc. According to the general life satisfaction, which is closely related to the given problem of important aspects of life (self-esteem; family; friendship; social aspects, such as: work, learning activity; economic and social status, etc.). In the meantime, all these person`s spheres of life are closely connected with one more phenomenon, namely the deceptiveness of personality. But as the study of different age periods shows, it is especially important that the characteristic feature of the personality is manifested in adolescents. It is in this age and the propensity to deceive can influence the future behavioral strategies and leave a mark on the whole path of life. The aim of this study was to find the features of life satisfaction and the specifics of delusional personality in adolescence. A total of 48 young people aged 18 to 23 took part in the study. The following research methods were used: theoretical (classification, structuring and analysis of approaches to the study and understanding of delusion and life satisfaction in the psychological literature); empirical (test methods: Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (M. M. Melnikova), The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWSL; E. Diner (1985)); Multidimensional-Functional Diagnosis of Lies (V. P. Pryadein, I. A. Tserkovnikov), “Motives of Telling Lies” by I. P. Shkuratova, as well as mathematical and statistical (data processing was done using Microsoft Excel, SPSS 26.0 for Windows XP). The correlation analysis revealed the presence of significant positive and negative relationships at the level of 1% and 5% between the causes and motivations of delusion, its components with life satisfaction. The obtained correlation relationships confirm the assumptions about the interconnectedness and mutual influence of the studied indicators of delusion and life satisfaction. The groups of subjects with high and low level of life satisfaction (according to E. Diner) were determined: the group with high value indicator of the general level of life satisfaction (HLS, n = 12) and the group with low value indicator of the general level of life satisfaction (LLS, n = 16 ), which made it possible to study the psychological features of deception, motivation to use deceptiveness in everyday life in all spheres of life and study the peculiarities of the content of the components of motivation to use deceptiveness in adolescence.

A prominent place in the structure of narcological disorders is opioid drug abuse. It has been detected that in patients with narcotic dependence, especially those who use substances based on opium, have the frequency and severity of oral cavity diseases significantly increased. Within patients with a different narcotic experience, predominantly, manifestations of generalized parodontitis (GP) are observed, with inflammatory-destructive processes in parodontum in drug addicts found in 2.5–10 times more frequent than in the population. The amplification of free radical oxidation of cell membranes with the accumulation of oxidation products is one of the essential links in the complex of mediators of inflammation in the periodontal disease. Intoxication, including narcotic drugs, results in insufficient antioxidant protection, which leads to the diffusion of products of free radical oxidation from soft tissues into bone with induction of collagen fibers destruction. Membrane-destructive processes with GP are insufficiently studied. The aim of the study – to learn the dynamics of indicators of antioxidant defense system in patients with generalized periodontitis with toxic hepatitis under opioid dependence, namely, the study of the level of middle molecules (MM) in serum and MTS, as well as the content of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activity enzymes of the system of antioxidant protection (AOP) of drug addicted patients with toxic hepatitis at the aggravation of the inflammatory and destructive process in parodontium and comparison of these indices with the group of patients without drugs term dependence. Materials and Methods.122 patients with generalized periodontitis were examined. Of the 90 patients examined, they had a history of addiction and methadone replacement therapy. 32 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity did not use narcotic substances and formed a control group. Laboratory studies were conducted dynamically – before the course of preventive treatment and after its completion (after 20–24 days). Statistical processing of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 (Microsoft® Windows® XP Professional, USA) and Statistic v. 6.0 (StatSoft, USA). Calculated the basic statistical constants (M ± m). Results and Discussion. As the universal biochemical marker of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication (SEI), the most promising is the study of co-occurrence in blood and other biological fluids of metabolites – SM, with which the occurrence of secondary immunodeficiency (SID) is associated. We conducted a study of the level of SM in the blood serum and in the CSG, as well as the composition of LPO products and the activity of the enzymes of the AOZ system in drug-dependent patients with toxic hepatitis during exacerbation of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium. The toxic properties of the molecules of the "average mass" in the exacerbation of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium consist in their ability to participate in the development of SID, inhibit the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, induce neurotoxic effects and dramatically increase the permeability of capillary membranes, causing microcirculation disturbances. In patients with exacerbation of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium (control group), the serum level of CM in the serum was doubled (at a rate of (0.52±0.05) g / L, P <0.001), which was (1.06±0.09) g / l. The concentration of SM in the blood serum of drug addicts with toxic hepatitis with exacerbation of HP is twice that of the control group SEI (P <0.001) and 4.17 times higher than the norm (P <0.001), which is (2.17±0.13) g / l. An analysis was made of the dynamics of growth of endogenous intoxication molecules of patients with toxic hepatitis with exacerbation of GP depending on the length of drug addiction. The content of SM in serum with a minimum "length of stay" averaged (1.51 ± 0.15) g / l, which is higher than the value in the control group at 1.39 times (P <0.001). In patients with a period of use of narcotic drugs from 2 to 4 years, the concentration of SM in the blood increased 2.21 times (P <0.001) and amounted to (2.34±0.28) g / l. The highest level of "average mass" molecules was observed in patients with "experience" of drug addiction for more than 4 years, which was (3.17±0.39) g / l, that is, a triple increase (P <0.001). The composition of CM in mixed saliva (non-invasive method) was also analyzed: in drug addicts, there was a more significant increase in SM in the salivary saliva of patients with toxic hepatitis in exacerbation of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium. Thus, the SEI index exceeded the control value by 1.62 times and amounted to (0.55 ± 0.04) g / l (P <0.05), which characterizes the virulence of toxic autoaggression in the examined patients with opioid dependence and the insolvency of organs entering in the functional system of detoxification (liver, immune surveillance systems). The disturbance of lipid peroxidation processes in drug-dependent patients was analyzed depending on the duration of use of opioid preparations. The level of DC in patients with a short "experience" of drug dependence (up to 2 years) was 1.20 times higher than the control value (P <0.001), 1.41 times (P <0.001) over 2–4 years and more than 4 years – 1.59 times (P <0.001). The multiplicity of the increase in the final metabolites of lipid peroxidation also directly depended on the duration of drug dependence. Individual analysis with exacerbation of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium showed multidirectional changes in the activity of enzymes of the AOZ system in the blood, depending on the presence or absence of addiction to narcotic substances. And so, in people with drug addiction against the background of intoxication with narcotic substances, stable changes in the activity of the AOZ system have been revealed: they become stronger with time. Thus, the activity of GP, SOD and CT in whole blood was significantly reduced with an increase in the length of drug dependence in all study groups. Weakness of antioxidant protection is one of the reasons for the progression of the inflammatory process in the periodontium, which gives grounds for the appointment as methods of metabolic correction of drugs with antioxidant activity. Conclusions. 1. The conducted study showed the presence of metabolic disorders in the exacerbation of the inflammatory and destructive process in periodontia in patients with toxic hepatitis opioid genesis, manifested by the syndrome of endogenous intoxication, characterized by an increase in the concentration of CM in serum and mixed saliva. In drug addicts with HF and toxic hepatitis there is a significant increase in the processes of lipid oxidation - an increase in the content of primary and secondary products (DK and MDA) in serum. At the same time, the most pronounced changes in the indicators of endogenous intoxication syndrome and LPA appeared in patients with a long history of narcotic addiction. Chronic intoxication with narcotic substances in patients with inflammatory-destructive process in periodontia is accompanied by an enzyme imbalance of the AOP system - inhibition of the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The decrease in AOP activity indicates a deep imbalance in the system of free radical oxidation - antioxidant protection in the direction of activation of the LPO. The accumulation in the body of the products of the LPO (end – MDA and intermediate – DC) and the development of endotoxicosis, leads to stimulation of the monooxygenase system, changes in the reaction of lipid, hormonal, immune status, with the depletion of the antioxidant system. Activation of LPO promotes damage to cellular and subcellular biomembranes of hepatocytes and, accordingly, to the progression of the chronic pathological process in the liver parenchyma. The given data on the participation of free radical oxidation in the genesis of GP indicate the expediency of the use of antioxidants and other bioregulators in the complex therapy of patients with opioid dependence and toxic hepatitis.

PT. Eagle Indo Pharma merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang farmasi. Perusahaan berada di Jl. Raya Prabu Siliwangi Km 1,1 Desa Alam Jaya, Kec. Jatiuwung Tangerang. Mengikuti perkembangan teknologi informasi yang semakin pesat dan semakin canggih, PT. Eagle Indo Pharma memerlukan sistem penggajian yang dilakukan secara terkomputerisasi sehingga dapat memudahkan dalam pemrosesan dan pengerjaannya. Perancangan proses yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan Data Flow Diagram (DFD), perancangan basis data dengan menggunakan Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). Perancangan sistem informasi ini menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic 6.0, basis data yang digunakan adalah pemrograman Microsoft Access 2007, dan Sistem Operasi Microsoft Windows XP. Perancangan sistem informasi yang baru diharapkan bisa menjadi fasilitas yang berguna bagi perusahaan dalam menjalankan kegiatan penggajian dengan lebih baik dan dapat mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.

Grid is an emerging technology that aims at utilizing resources efficiently and effectively, A botnet is a collection of infected computers and the common attacks are A Distributed denial of service attack (DDOS) is any type of attack on a networking structure to disable a server from servicing its clients. Attacks range from sending millions of requests to a server in an attempt to slow it down, flooding a server with large packets of invalid data, to sending requests with an Invalid or spoofed ip address. A botnet is taking action on the client itself via IRC Channels without the hackers having to login to the clients computer. In this paper we show the implementation and analysis of three main types of attack: Ping of Death, TCP SYN Flood, and Distributed DOS. The Ping of Death attack will be simulated against a Microsoft Windows xp, computer. The TCP SYN Flood attack will be simulated against a Microsoft Windows 2007 IIS FTP Server. Distributed DOS will be demonstrated by simulating a distribution zombie program that will carry the Ping of Death attack. This paper focuses on improving the efficiency of the system performance over the network by implementing algorithm, It demonstrate the potential damage from DOS attacks and analyze the ramifications of the damage.

In this paper, the air temperature is monitored weather station AWS / EV faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, “Politehnica” University of Bucharest during September-November 2009. Air temperature is one of the most important meteorological parameters. In recent years intensified the greenhouse effect, so it is very important to monitor atmospheric temperature.Air temperature and relative humidity variation was monitored using weather station type: AWS / E V. equipment Biotechnical Engineering Faculty of the UPB (Polytechnic University of Bucharest) SIAP + MICROS program GECO Version 2.3.2 automatically records the following parameters: air temperature, wind direction and speed, air humidity, solar radiation, rain. We have achieved and the statistical analysis of relative humidity in the months examined, highlighting the maximum and minimum relative humidity. Using Data Acquisition software is done, That year operating system runs under Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME, Win NT, Windows 2000, XP. Meteorological time is measured, Recorded and transmitted automatically in real time with specific systems and Stored on computer databases [3]

Komputer pada era globalisasi saat ini menjadi kebutuhan utama dalam menunjang kerja-kerja manusia. Salah satu cabang ilmu komputer yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh manusia untuk membantu kerjanya adalah pembentukan sistem pakar yang merupakan salah satu sub bidang ilmu kecerdasan buatan [1]. Salah satu pemanfaatan sistem pakar adalah dalam bidang kedokteran gigi. Terbukti dengan munculnya penelitian I Nyoman Kusuma Wardana bertajuk perancangan sistem pakar untuk diagnosa penyakit mulut dan gigi menggunakan bahasa pemrograman CLIPS yang dipublikasikan pada Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Teknologi Informasi yang diadakan di Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta 21 Juni 2008. Aplikasi ini tampil dengan interface berupa pertanyaan-pertanyaan tertutup tentang gejala yang dirasakan oleh user sehingga tidak memaksimalkan hasil diagnosa yang didapat. Sistem pakar ini juga menjadi pengembangan dari penelitian Bambang Suyono (Seminar Nasional Informatika UPN Yogyakarta 22 Mei 2010) yang memiliki kekurangan pada penggunaan metode penelusuran depth first search sehingga tidak mampu menampilkan dua atau beberapa solusi [3], padahal dalam mendiagnosa penyakit terkadang seorang dokter menetapkan diagnosa banding. Hal inilah yang mendorong penulis mengembangkan sistem aplikasi tersebut dengan memperbaiki segala kekurangan yang ada. Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah Extreme Programming (XP) yang merupakan bagian dari metode AGILE [7], terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu, Planning, Design, Coding, Test dan release [8]. Penelitian ini menggunakan software PHP versi 5.3.5 sebagai bahasa pemrograman, MYSQL versi 5.0.7 sebagai database dan keduanya terdapat dalam satu paket localhost XAMPP versi 1.7.4, sementara design aplikasi ini menggunakan Microsoft Office Front Page 2003. Sistem operasi yang digunakan penulis adalah Microsoft Windows Vista dan Personal Computer (PC) dengan spesifikasi, prosesor Intel Pentium Dual Core, RAM 1 GB dan Hard disk 160 GB. Kelebihan sistem pakar ini dari sistem sebelumnya adalah cakupan diagnosa penyakit gigi dan mulut yang lebih banyak, tampilan lebih interaktif serta mampu menentukan diagnosa banding dari kedekatan gejala yang menyertai penyakit gigi dan mulut.Kata kunci: Extreme Programming (XP), Sistem Pakar, Penyakit Gigi dan Mulut

As business activities are becoming increasing globally and as numerous firms expand their operations into overseas markets, there is need for human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees. From ages, firms/organizations have been having great problems in getting the right professionals into appropriate jobs and training. This research focuses at exploiting information technology in order to overcome these problems. The system, which is a network of inter–related processes, collects data from applicants through a web-based interface and matches with appropriate jobs. This prevents the frustration and some other problems inherent in the manual method of job recruitment, which is the traditional unstructured interview and knowledge based method for matching applicants to jobs. The proposed system is a neural network web-based human resource management system model running on Internet Information (IIS) server with capabilities for Active Server Page (ASP) and Microsoft Access; while Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) are used for authoring web pages. Finally, the system can run on the minimum Pentium machines with Windows XP operating system

Background: Community based approach to palliative care considers home based care as the corner stone of palliative care services. To ensure the services available and accessible to all, thrust should be given for a primary health care based approach. However there is an acute shortage of trained manpower. The primary health care physicians need to be trained in effective pain and symptom palliation. We aimed to study the clinical and socio-demographic profile of patients receiving palliative home care which would be helpful for the training of more man power and effective planning in this interdisciplinary endeavor. Methods: Cross sectional study among 345 participants who were registered with the palliative care unit at the Urban Primary Health Care Unit in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Statistical Analysis: The data were entered using Microsoft excel for Windows XP and analyzed using SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Mean age was 70.9 years and 56.8% were females. 98% of the patients have care givers and 50% caregivers were elementary educated and 25% caregivers were employed. 51% participants have benefits of pension schemes and others did not receive any kind of financial assistance. 70.7% did not have any kind of insurance coverage. 84.3% participants availed services of public hospitals. Majority had Hypertension (70.4%) followed by diabetes mellitus (49.3%) and dyslipidemia (26.7%) as comorbidities. Conclusions: Contrary to the existing conventional expensive hospital care model, LSG supported home-based palliative care conducted by local primary health care system to certain extend can give comprehensive health care to bed ridden patients and thus improve the quality of life. The interface between institutional care and home care needs more exploration and prospective studies.

A common criticism of the rhythm video games genre — including series like Guitar Hero and Rock Band, is that playing musical simulation games is a waste of time when you could be playing an actual guitar and learning a real skill. A more serious criticism of games cultures draws attention to the degree of e-waste they produce. E-waste or electronic waste includes mobiles phones, computers, televisions and other electronic devices, containing toxic chemicals and metals whose landfill, recycling and salvaging all produce distinct environmental and social problems. The e-waste produced by games like Guitar Hero is obvious in the regular flow of merchandise transforming computer and video games stores into simulation music stores, filled with replica guitars, drum kits, microphones and other products whose half-lives are short and whose obsolescence is anticipated in the annual cycles of consumption and disposal. This paper explores the connection between e-waste and obsolescence in the games industry, and argues for the further consideration of consumers as part of the solution to the problem of e-waste. It uses a case study of the PC digital distribution software platform, Steam, to suggest that the digital distribution of games may offer an alternative model to market driven software and hardware obsolescence, and more generally, that such software platforms might be a place to support cultures of consumption that delay rather than promote hardware obsolescence and its inevitability as e-waste. The question is whether there exists a potential for digital distribution to be a means of not only eliminating the need to physically transport commodities (its current 'green' benefit), but also for supporting consumer practices that further reduce e-waste. The games industry relies on a rapid production and innovation cycle, one that actively enforces hardware obsolescence. Current video game consoles, including the PlayStation 3, the Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii, are the seventh generation of home gaming consoles to appear within forty years, and each generation is accompanied by an immense international transportation of games hardware, software (in various storage formats) and peripherals. Obsolescence also occurs at the software or content level and is significant because the games industry as a creative industry is dependent on the extensive management of multiple intellectual properties. The computing and video games software industry operates a close partnership with the hardware industry, and as such, software obsolescence directly contributes to hardware obsolescence. The obsolescence of content and the redundancy of the methods of policing its scarcity in the marketplace has been accelerated and altered by the processes of disintermediation with a range of outcomes (Flew). The music industry is perhaps the most advanced in terms of disintermediation with digital distribution at the center of the conflict between the legitimate and unauthorised access to intellectual property. This points to one issue with the hypothesis that digital distribution can lead to a reduction in hardware obsolescence, as the marketplace leader and key online distributor of music, Apple, is also the major producer of new media technologies and devices that are the paragon of stylistic obsolescence. Stylistic obsolescence, in which fashion changes products across seasons of consumption, has long been observed as the dominant form of scaled industrial innovation (Slade). Stylistic obsolescence is differentiated from mechanical or technological obsolescence as the deliberate supersedence of products by more advanced designs, better production techniques and other minor innovations. The line between the stylistic and technological obsolescence is not always clear, especially as reduced durability has become a powerful market strategy (Fitzpatrick). This occurs where the design of technologies is subsumed within the discourses of manufacturing, consumption and the logic of planned obsolescence in which the product or parts are intended to fail, degrade or under perform over time. It is especially the case with signature new media technologies such as laptop computers, mobile phones and portable games devices. Gamers are as guilty as other consumer groups in contributing to e-waste as participants in the industry's cycles of planned obsolescence, but some of them complicate discussions over the future of obsolescence and e-waste. Many gamers actively work to forestall the obsolescence of their games: they invest time in the play of older games (“retrogaming”) they donate labor and creative energy to the production of user-generated content as a means of sustaining involvement in gaming communities; and they produce entirely new game experiences for other users, based on existing software and hardware modifications known as 'mods'. With Guitar Hero and other 'rhythm' games it would be easy to argue that the hardware components of this genre have only one future: as waste. Alternatively, we could consider the actual lifespan of these objects (including their impact as e-waste) and the roles they play in the performances and practices of communities of gamers. For example, the Elmo Guitar Hero controller mod, the Tesla coil Guitar Hero controller interface, the Rock Band Speak n' Spellbinder mashup, the multiple and almost sacrilegious Fender guitar hero mods, the Guitar Hero Portable Turntable Mod and MAKE magazine's Trumpet Hero all indicate a significant diversity of user innovation, community formation and individual investment in the post-retail life of computer and video game hardware. Obsolescence is not just a problem for the games industry but for the computing and electronics industries more broadly as direct contributors to the social and environmental cost of electrical waste and obsolete electrical equipment. Planned obsolescence has long been the experience of gamers and computer users, as the basis of a utopian mythology of upgrades (Dovey and Kennedy). For PC users the upgrade pathway is traversed by the consumption of further hardware and software post initial purchase in a cycle of endless consumption, acquisition and waste (as older parts are replaced and eventually discarded). The accumulation and disposal of these cultural artefacts does not devalue or accrue in space or time at the same rate (Straw) and many users will persist for years, gradually upgrading and delaying obsolescence and even perpetuate the circulation of older cultural commodities. Flea markets and secondhand fairs are popular sites for the purchase of new, recent, old, and recycled computer hardware, and peripherals. Such practices and parallel markets support the strategies of 'making do' described by De Certeau, but they also continue the cycle of upgrade and obsolescence, and they are still consumed as part of the promise of the 'new', and the desire of a purchase that will finally 'fix' the users' computer in a state of completion (29). The planned obsolescence of new media technologies is common, but its success is mixed; for example, support for Microsoft's operating system Windows XP was officially withdrawn in April 2009 (Robinson), but due to the popularity in low cost PC 'netbooks' outfitted with an optimised XP operating system and a less than enthusiastic response to the 'next generation' Windows Vista, XP continues to be popular. Digital Distribution: A Solution? Gamers may be able to reduce the accumulation of e-waste by supporting the disintermediation of the games retail sector by means of online distribution. Disintermediation is the establishment of a direct relationship between the creators of content and their consumers through products and services offered by content producers (Flew 201). The move to digital distribution has already begun to reduce the need to physically handle commodities, but this currently signals only further support of planned, stylistic and technological obsolescence, increasing the rate at which the commodities for recording, storing, distributing and exhibiting digital content become e-waste. Digital distribution is sometimes overlooked as a potential means for promoting communities of user practice dedicated to e-waste reduction, at the same time it is actively employed to reduce the potential for the unregulated appropriation of content and restrict post-purchase sales through Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies. Distributors like Amazon.com continue to pursue commercial opportunities in linking the user to digital distribution of content via exclusive hardware and software technologies. The Amazon e-book reader, the Kindle, operates via a proprietary mobile network using a commercially run version of the wireless 3G protocols. The e-book reader is heavily encrypted with Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies and exclusive digital book formats designed to enforce current copyright restrictions and eliminate second-hand sales, lending, and further post-purchase distribution. The success of this mode of distribution is connected to Amazon's ability to tap both the mainstream market and the consumer demand for the less-than-popular; those books, movies, music and television series that may not have been 'hits' at the time of release. The desire to revisit forgotten niches, such as B-sides, comics, books, and older video games, suggests Chris Anderson, linked with so-called “long tail” economics. Recently Webb has queried the economic impact of the Long Tail as a business strategy, but does not deny the underlying dynamics, which suggest that content does not obsolesce in any straightforward way. Niche markets for older content are nourished by participatory cultures and Web 2.0 style online services. A good example of the Long Tail phenomenon is the recent case of the 1971 book A Lion Called Christian, by Anthony Burke and John Rendall, republished after the author's film of a visit to a resettled Christian in Africa was popularised on YouTube in 2008. Anderson's Long Tail theory suggests that over time a large number of items, each with unique rather than mass histories, will be subsumed as part of a larger community of consumers, including fans, collectors and everyday users with a long term interest in their use and preservation. If digital distribution platforms can reduce e-waste, they can perhaps be fostered by to ensuring digital consumers have access to morally and ethically aware consumer decisions, but also that they enjoy traditional consumer freedoms, such as the right to sell on and change or modify their property. For it is not only the fixation on the 'next generation' that contributes to obsolescence, but also technologies like DRM systems that discourage second hand sales and restrict modification. The legislative upgrades, patches and amendments to copyright law that have attempted to maintain the law's effectiveness in competing with peer-to-peer networks have supported DRM and other intellectual property enforcement technologies, despite the difficulties that owners of intellectual property have encountered with the effectiveness of DRM systems (Moore, Creative). The games industry continues to experiment with DRM, however, this industry also stands out as one of the few to have significantly incorporated the user within the official modes of production (Moore, Commonising). Is the games industry capable (or willing) of supporting a digital delivery system that attempts to minimise or even reverse software and hardware obsolescence? We can try to answer this question by looking in detail at the biggest digital distributor of PC games, Steam. Steam Figure 1: The Steam Application user interface retail section Steam is a digital distribution system designed for the Microsoft Windows operating system and operated by American video game development company and publisher, Valve Corporation. Steam combines online games retail, DRM technologies and internet-based distribution services with social networking and multiplayer features (in-game voice and text chat, user profiles, etc) and direct support for major games publishers, independent producers, and communities of user-contributors (modders). Steam, like the iTunes games store, Xbox Live and other digital distributors, provides consumers with direct digital downloads of new, recent and classic titles that can be accessed remotely by the user from any (internet equipped) location. Steam was first packaged with the physical distribution of Half Life 2 in 2004, and the platform's eventual popularity is tied to the success of that game franchise. Steam was not an optional component of the game's installation and many gamers protested in various online forums, while the platform was treated with suspicion by the global PC games press. It did not help that Steam was at launch everything that gamers take objection to: a persistent and initially 'buggy' piece of software that sits in the PC's operating system and occupies limited memory resources at the cost of hardware performance. Regular updates to the Steam software platform introduced social network features just as mainstream sites like MySpace and Facebook were emerging, and its popularity has undergone rapid subsequent growth. Steam now eclipses competitors with more than 20 million user accounts (Leahy) and Valve Corporation makes it publicly known that Steam collects large amounts of data about its users. This information is available via the public player profile in the community section of the Steam application. It includes the average number of hours the user plays per week, and can even indicate the difficulty the user has in navigating game obstacles. Valve reports on the number of users on Steam every two hours via its web site, with a population on average between one and two million simultaneous users (Valve, Steam). We know these users’ hardware profiles because Valve Corporation makes the results of its surveillance public knowledge via the Steam Hardware Survey. Valve’s hardware survey itself conceptualises obsolescence in two ways. First, it uses the results to define the 'cutting edge' of PC technologies and publishing the standards of its own high end production hardware on the companies blog. Second, the effect of the Survey is to subsequently define obsolescent hardware: for example, in the Survey results for April 2009, we can see that the slight majority of users maintain computers with two central processing units while a significant proportion (almost one third) of users still maintained much older PCs with a single CPU. Both effects of the Survey appear to be well understood by Valve: the Steam Hardware Survey automatically collects information about the community's computer hardware configurations and presents an aggregate picture of the stats on our web site. The survey helps us make better engineering and gameplay decisions, because it makes sure we're targeting machines our customers actually use, rather than measuring only against the hardware we've got in the office. We often get asked about the configuration of the machines we build around the office to do both game and Steam development. We also tend to turn over machines in the office pretty rapidly, at roughly every 18 months. (Valve, Team Fortress) Valve’s support of older hardware might counter perceptions that older PCs have no use and begins to reverse decades of opinion regarding planned and stylistic obsolescence in the PC hardware and software industries. Equally significant to the extension of the lives of older PCs is Steam's support for mods and its promotion of user generated content. By providing software for mod creation and distribution, Steam maximises what Postigo calls the development potential of fan-programmers. One of the 'payoffs' in the information/access exchange for the user with Steam is the degree to which Valve's End-User Licence Agreement (EULA) permits individuals and communities of 'modders' to appropriate its proprietary game content for use in the creation of new games and games materials for redistribution via Steam. These mods extend the play of the older games, by requiring their purchase via Steam in order for the individual user to participate in the modded experience. If Steam is able to encourage this kind of appropriation and community support for older content, then the potential exists for it to support cultures of consumption and practice of use that collaboratively maintain, extend, and prolong the life and use of games. Further, Steam incorporates the insights of “long tail” economics in a purely digital distribution model, in which the obsolescence of 'non-hit' game titles can be dramatically overturned. Published in November 2007, Unreal Tournament 3 (UT3) by Epic Games, was unappreciated in a market saturated with games in the first-person shooter genre. Epic republished UT3 on Steam 18 months later, making the game available to play for free for one weekend, followed by discounted access to new content. The 2000 per cent increase in players over the game's 'free' trial weekend, has translated into enough sales of the game for Epic to no longer consider the release a commercial failure: It’s an incredible precedent to set: making a game a success almost 18 months after a poor launch. It’s something that could only have happened now, and with a system like Steam...Something that silently updates a purchase with patches and extra content automatically, so you don’t have to make the decision to seek out some exciting new feature: it’s just there anyway. Something that, if you don’t already own it, advertises that game to you at an agreeably reduced price whenever it loads. Something that enjoys a vast community who are in turn plugged into a sea of smaller relevant communities. It’s incredibly sinister. It’s also incredibly exciting... (Meer) Clearly concerns exist about Steam's user privacy policy, but this also invites us to the think about the economic relationship between gamers and games companies as it is reconfigured through the private contractual relationship established by the EULA which accompanies the digital distribution model. The games industry has established contractual and licensing arrangements with its consumer base in order to support and reincorporate emerging trends in user generated cultures and other cultural formations within its official modes of production (Moore, "Commonising"). When we consider that Valve gets to tax sales of its virtual goods and can further sell the information farmed from its users to hardware manufacturers, it is reasonable to consider the relationship between the corporation and its gamers as exploitative. Gabe Newell, the Valve co-founder and managing director, conversely believes that people are willing to give up personal information if they feel it is being used to get better services (Leahy). If that sentiment is correct then consumers may be willing to further trade for services that can reduce obsolescence and begin to address the problems of e-waste from the ground up. Conclusion Clearly, there is a potential for digital distribution to be a means of not only eliminating the need to physically transport commodities but also supporting consumer practices that further reduce e-waste. For an industry where only a small proportion of the games made break even, the successful relaunch of older games content indicates Steam's capacity to ameliorate software obsolescence. Digital distribution extends the use of commercially released games by providing disintermediated access to older and user-generated content. For Valve, this occurs within a network of exchange as access to user-generated content, social networking services, and support for the organisation and coordination of communities of gamers is traded for user-information and repeat business. Evidence for whether this will actively translate to an equivalent decrease in the obsolescence of game hardware might be observed with indicators like the Steam Hardware Survey in the future. The degree of potential offered by digital distribution is disrupted by a range of technical, commercial and legal hurdles, primary of which is the deployment of DRM, as part of a range of techniques designed to limit consumer behaviour post purchase. While intervention in the form of legislation and radical change to the insidious nature of electronics production is crucial in order to achieve long term reduction in e-waste, the user is currently considered only in terms of 'ethical' consumption and ultimately divested of responsibility through participation in corporate, state and civil recycling and e-waste management operations. The message is either 'careful what you purchase' or 'careful how you throw it away' and, like DRM, ignores the connections between product, producer and user and the consumer support for environmentally, ethically and socially positive production, distribrution, disposal and recycling. This article, has adopted a different strategy, one that sees digital distribution platforms like Steam, as capable, if not currently active, in supporting community practices that should be seriously considered in conjunction with a range of approaches to the challenge of obsolescence and e-waste. References Anderson, Chris. "The Long Tail." Wired Magazine 12. 10 (2004). 20 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/tail.html›. De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Dovey, Jon, and Helen Kennedy. Game Cultures: Computer Games as New Media. London: Open University Press,2006. Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. The Anxiety of Obsolescence. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2008. Flew, Terry. New Media: An Introduction. South Melbourne: Oxford UP, 2008. Leahy, Brian. "Live Blog: DICE 2009 Keynote - Gabe Newell, Valve Software." The Feed. G4TV 18 Feb. 2009. 16 Apr. 2009 ‹http://g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/693342/Live-Blog-DICE-2009-Keynote-–-Gabe-Newell-Valve-Software.html›. Meer, Alec. "Unreal Tournament 3 and the New Lazarus Effect." Rock, Paper, Shotgun 16 Mar. 2009. 24 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2009/03/16/unreal-tournament-3-and-the-new-lazarus-effect/›.Moore, Christopher. "Commonising the Enclosure: Online Games and Reforming Intellectual Property Regimes." Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society 3. 2, (2005). 12 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.swin.edu.au/sbs/ajets/journal/issue5-V3N2/abstract_moore.htm›. Moore, Christopher. "Creative Choices: Changes to Australian Copyright Law and the Future of the Public Domain." Media International Australia 114 (Feb. 2005): 71–83. Postigo, Hector. "Of Mods and Modders: Chasing Down the Value of Fan-Based Digital Game Modification." Games and Culture 2 (2007): 300-13. Robinson, Daniel. "Windows XP Support Runs Out Next Week." PC Business Authority 8 Apr. 2009. 16 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/142013,windows-xp-support-runs-out-next-week.aspx›. Straw, Will. "Exhausted Commodities: The Material Culture of Music." Canadian Journal of Communication 25.1 (2000): 175. Slade, Giles. Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2006. Valve. "Steam and Game Stats." 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://store.steampowered.com/stats/›. Valve. "Team Fortress 2: The Scout Update." Steam Marketing Message 20 Feb. 2009. 12 Apr. 2009 ‹http://storefront.steampowered.com/Steam/Marketing/message/2269/›. Webb, Richard. "Online Shopping and the Harry Potter Effect." New Scientist 2687 (2008): 52-55. 16 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026873.300-online-shopping-and-the-harry-potter-effect.html?page=2›. With thanks to Dr Nicola Evans and Dr Frances Steel for their feedback and comments on drafts of this paper.

Introduction This year, 2008, marks the tenth anniversary of the portable MP3 player. MPMan F10, the first such device to utilise the MP3-encoding format, was launched in March 1998 (Smith). However it was not until April 2003 when Apple Inc launched the iPod that the market began the massive growth that has made the devices almost ubiquitous in everyday life. In 2006 iPods were rated as more popular than beer amongst college students in the United States, according to Student Monitor. Beer had only previously surpassed in popularity once before, in 1997, by the Internet (Zeff). This year will also see the launch in Australia of the latest offering in this line of products – the iPhone – which incorporates the popular MP3 player in an advanced mobile phone. The iPhone features a touch-sensitive flat screen that serves as the interface for its operating system. While the design is striking, it also generates accessibility problems. There are obvious implications for those with vision impairments when there are no physical markers to point towards the phone’s functions (Crichton). This article critically examines the promise of Internet-based digital technology to open up the world to people with disabilities, and the parallel danger that the social construction of disability in the digital environment will simply come to mirror pre-existing analogue discrimination. This paper explores how technologies and innovations designed to improve access by the disabled actually enhance access for all users. The first part of the paper focuses on ‘Web 2.0’ and digital access for people with disability, particularly those with vision impairment. The online software that drives the iPod and iPhone and exclusively delivers content to these devices is iTunes. While iTunes seems on the surface to provide enormous opportunity for the vision impaired to access a broad selection of audio content, its design actually works to inhibit access to the platform for this group. Apple promotes the use of iTunes in educational settings through the iTunes U channel, and this potentially excludes those who have difficulty with access to the technology. Critically, it is these excluded people who, potentially, could benefit the most from the new technology. We consider the difficulty experienced by users of screen readers and braille tablets in relation to iTunes and highlight the potential problems for universities who seek to utilise iTunes U. In the second part of the paper we reframe disability accessibility as a principle of universal access and design and outline how changes made to assist users with disability can enhance the learning experience of all students using the Lectopia lecture recording and distribution system as an example. The third section of the paper situates these digital developments within the continuum of disability theory deploying Finkelstein’s three stages of disability development. The focus then shifts to the potential of online virtual worlds such as Second Life to act as a place where the promise of technology to mediate for disability might be realised. Goggin and Newell suggest that the Internet will not be fully accessible until disability is considered a cultural identity in the same way that class, gender and sexuality are. This article argues that accessibility must be addressed through the context of design and shared open standards for digital platforms. Web 2.0 and Accessibility The World Wide Web based its successful development on a set of common standards that worked across different software and operating systems. This interoperability held out great opportunity for the implementation of enabling software for those with disability, particularly sight and hearing impairments. The increasing sophistication and diversification of online content has confounded this initial promise. Websites have become more complex, particularly with the rise of ‘Web 2.0’ and the associated trends in coding and website design. This has aggravated attempts to mediate this content for a disabled audience through software (Zajicek). As Wood notes, ‘these days many computers are used principally to access the Internet – and there is no telling what a blind person will encounter there’. As the content requiring translation – either from text into audio or onto a braille tablet, or from audio into text captions – become less standardised and more complex, it becomes both harder for software to act as a translator, and harder to navigate this media once translated. This is particularly the case when links are generated ‘on the fly’ for each view of a website and where images replace words as hyperlinks. These problems can trace their origin to before the development of the World Wide Web. Reihing, addressing another Apple product in 1987 notes: The Apple Macintosh is particularly hard to use because it depends heavily on graphics. Some word processors ‘paint’ pictures of letters on the screen instead of using standard computer codes, and speech or braille devices can’t cope (in Goggin and Newell). Web 2.0 sites loaded with Ajax and other forms of Java scripting present a particular challenge for translation software (Zajicek). iTunes, an iconic Web 2.0 application, is a further step away from easily translated content as proprietary software that while operating though the Internet, does not conform to Web standards. Many translation software packages are unable to read the iTunes software at all or are limited and only able to read part of the page, but not enough of it to use the program (Furendal). As websites utilising ‘Web 2.0’ technology increase in popularity they become less attractive to users who are visually impaired, particularly because the dynamic elements can not be accessed using screen readers provided with the operating system (Bigham, Prince and Ladner). While at one level this presents an inability for a user with a disability to engage with the popular software, it also meant that universities seeking to use iTunes U to deliver content were excluding these students. To Apple’s credit they have taken some of these access concerns on board with the recent release of both the Apple operating system and iTunes, to better enable Apple’s own access software to translate the iTunes screen for blind users. However this also illustrates the problems with this type of software operating outside of nominated standards as there are still serious problems with access to iTunes on Microsoft’s dominant Windows operating system (Furendal). While Widows provides its own integrated screen reading software, the company acknowledges that this is not sufficiently powerful for regular use by disabled users who will need to use more specialised programs (Wood). The recent upgrade of the standard Windows operating system from XP to Vista seems to have abandoned the previous stipulation that there was a keyboard shortcut for each operation the system performed – a key requirement for those unable to use a visual interface on the screen to ‘point and click’ with a mouse (Wood). Other factors, such as the push towards iTunes U, explored in the next section, explain the importance of digital accessibility for everyone, not just the disabled as this technology becomes ubiquitous. The use of Lectopia in higher education demonstrates the value of flexibility of delivery to the whole student population, inclusive of the disabled. iPods and Higher Education iTunes is the enabling software supporting the iPod and iPhone. As well as commercial content, iTunes also acts as a distribution medium for other content that is free to use. It allows individuals or organisations to record and publish audio and video files – podcasts and vodcasts – that can be automatically downloaded from the Internet and onto individual computers and iPods as they become available. Significantly this technology has provided opportunities for educational use. iTunes U has been developed by Apple to facilitate the delivery of content from universities through the service. While Apple has acknowledged that this is, in part, a deliberate effort to drive the uptake of iTunes (Udell), there are particular opportunities for the distribution of information through this channel afforded by the technology. Duke University in the United States was an early adopter, distributing iPods to each of its first-year students for educational use as early as 2004 (Dean). A recent study of students at The University of Western Australia (UWA) by Williams and Fardon found that students who listen to lectures through portable media players such as iPods (the ‘Pod’ in iPod stands for ‘portable on demand’) have a higher attendance rate at lectures than those who do not. In 1998, the same year that the first portable MP3 player was being launched, the Lectopia (or iLecture) lecture recording and distribution system was introduced in Australia at UWA to enable students with disabilities better access to lecture materials. While there have been significant criticisms of this platform (Brabazon), the broad uptake and popularity of this technology, both at UWA and at many universities across Australia, demonstrates how changes made to assist disability can potentially help the broader community. This underpins the concept of ‘universal design’ where consideration given to people with disability also improves the lives of people without disability. A report by the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, examined the accessibility of digital technology. Disability issues, such as access to digital content, were reframed as universal design issues: Disability accessibility issues are more accurately perceived in many cases as universal access issues, such that appropriate design for access by people with disabilities will improve accessibility and usability for … the community more generally. The idea of universal access was integral to Tim Berners-Lee’s original conception of the Web – however the platform has developed into a more complex and less ordered environment that can stray from agreed standards (Edwards, "Stop"). iTunes comes with its own accessibility issues. Furendal demonstrated that its design has added utility for some impairments notably dyslexia and colour blindness. However, as noted above, iTunes is highly problematic for those with other vision impairment particularly the blind. It is an example of the condition noted by Regan: There exists a false perception among designers that accessibility represents a restriction on creativity. There are few examples that exist in the world that can dissuade designers of this notion. While there are no technical reasons for this division between accessibility and design, the notion exists just the same. The invisibility of this issue confirms that while an awareness of differing abilities can assist all users, this blinkered approach to diverse visual acuities is not only blocking social justice imperatives but future marketing opportunities. The iPhone is notable for problems associated with use by people with disabilities, particularly people with hearing (Keizer) and vision impairments (Crichton). In colder climates the fact that the screen would not be activated by a gloved hand has also been a problem, its design reflects bias against not just the physically impaired. Design decisions reflect the socially constructed nature of disability where disability is related to how humans have chosen to construct the world (Finkelstein ,"To Deny"). Disability Theory and Technology Nora Groce conducted an anthropological study of Martha’s Vineyard in the United States. During the nineteenth century the island had an unusually high incidence of deafness. In response to this everyone on the island was able to communicate in sign language, regardless of the hearing capability, as a standard mode of communication. As a result the impairment of deafness did not become a disability in relation to communication. Society on the island was constructed to be inclusive without regard to a person’s hearing ability. Finkelstein (Attitudes) identified three stages of disability ‘creation’ to suggest disability (as it is defined socially) can be eradicated through technology. He is confident that the third phase, which he argues has been occurring in conjunction with the information age, will offset many of the prejudicial attitudes established during the second phase that he characterised as the industrial era. Digital technologies are often presented as a way to eradicate disability as it is socially constructed. Discussions around the Web and the benefits for people with disability usually centre on accessibility and social interaction. Digital documents on the Internet enable people with disability greater access than physical spaces, such as libraries, especially for the visually impaired who are able to make use of screen readers. There are more than 38 million blind people who utilise screen reading technology to access the Web (Bigham, Prince and Ladner). A visually impaired person is able to access digital texts whereas traditional, analogue, books remain inaccessible. The Web also allows people with disability to interact with others in a way that is not usually possible in general society. In a similar fashion to arguments that the Web is both gender and race neutral, people with disability need not identify as disabled in online spaces and can instead be judged on their personality first. In this way disability is not always a factor in the social encounter. These arguments however fail to address several factors integral to the social construction of disability. While the idea that a visually impaired person can access books electronically, in conjunction with a screen reader, sounds like a disability-free utopia, this is not always the case as ‘digital’ does not always mean ‘accessible’. Often digital documents will be in an image format that cannot be read by the user’s screen reader and will need to be converted and corrected by a sighted person. Sapey found that people with disabilities are excluded from informational occupations. Computer programming positions were fourth least likely of the 58 occupations examined to employ disabled people. As Rehing observed in 1987, it is a fantasy to think that accessibility for blind people simply means turning on a computer (Rehing in Goggin and Newell). Although it may sound empowering for people with disability to interact in an environment where they can live out an identity different from the rhythm of their daily patterns, the reality serves to decrease the visibility of disability in society. Further, the Internet may not be accessible for people with disability as a social environment in the first place. AbilityNet’s State of the eNation Web Accessibility Report: Social Networking Sites found a number of social networking sites including the popular MySpace and Facebook are inaccessible to users with a number of different disabilities, particularly those with a visual impairment such as blindness or a cognitive disability like dyslexia. This study noted the use of ‘Captcha’ – ‘Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart’ – technology designed to differentiate between a person signing up for an account and an automated computer process. This system presents an image of a word deliberately blurred and disfigured so that it cannot be readily identified by a computer, which can only be translated by a human user. This presents an obstacle to people with a visual impairment, particularly those relying on transcription software that will, by design, not be able to read the image, as well as those with dyslexia who may also have trouble translating the image on the screen. Virtual Worlds and New Possibilities The development of complex online virtual worlds such as Second Life presents their own set of challenges for access, for example, the use of Captcha. However they also afford opportunity. With over a million residents, there is a diversity of creativity. People are using Second Life to try on different identities or campaign for causes relevant in the real world. For example, Simon Stevens (Simon Walsh in SL), runs the nightclub Wheelies in the virtual world and continues to use a wheelchair and helmet in SL – similar to his real-life self: I personally changed Second Life’s attitude toward disability when I set up ‘Wheelies’, its first disability nightclub. This was one of those daft ideas which grew and grew and… has remained a central point for disability issues within Second Life. Many new Disabled users make contact with me for advice and wheelies has helped some of them ‘come out’ and use a wheelchair (Carter). Able-bodied people are also becoming involved in raising disability awareness through Second Life, for example Fez Richardson is developing applications for use in Second Life so that the non-disabled can experience the effects of impairment in this virtual realm (Cassidy) Tertiary Institutions are embracing the potential of Second Life, utilising the world as a virtual classroom. Bates argues that Second Life provides a learning environment free of physical barriers that has the potential to provide an enriched learning experience for all students regardless of whether they have a disability. While Second Life might be a good environment for those with mobility impairment there are still potential access problems for the vision and hearing impaired. However, Second Life has recently become open source and is actively making changes to aid accessibility for the visually impaired including an audible system where leaves rustle to denote a tree is nearby, and text to speech software (Sierra). Conclusion Goggin and Newell observe that new technology is a prominent component of social, cultural and political changes with the potential to mitigate for disability. The uneven interface of the virtual and the analogue, as demonstrated by the implementation and operation of iTunes, indicates that this mitigation is far from an inevitable consequence of this development. However James Edwards, author of the Brothercake blog, is optimistic that technology does have an important role in decreasing disability in wider society, in line with Finkelstein’s third phase: Technology is the last, best hope for accessibility. It's not like the physical world, where there are good, tangible reasons why some things can never be accessible. A person who's blind will never be able to drive a car manually; someone in a wheelchair will never be able to climb the steps of an ancient stone cathedral. Technology is not like the physical world – technology can take any shape. Technology is our slave, and we can make it do what we want. With technology there are no good reasons, only excuses (Edwards, "Technology"). Internet-based technologies have the potential to open up the world to people with disabilities, and are often presented as a way to eradicate disability as it is socially constructed. While Finkelstein believes new technologies characteristic of the information age will offset many of the prejudicial attitudes established during the industrial revolution, where technology was established around able-bodied norms, the examples of the iPhone and Captcha illustrate that digital technology is often constructed in the same social world that people with disability are routinely disabled by. The Lectopia system on the other hand enables students with disabilities to access lecture materials and highlights the concept of universal access, the original ideology underpinning design of the Web. Lectopia has been widely utilised by many different types of students, not just the disabled, who are seeking flexibility. While we should be optimistic, we must also be aware as noted by Goggin and Newell the Internet cannot be fully accessible until disability is considered a cultural identity in the same way that class, gender and sexuality are. Accessibility is a universal design issue that potentially benefits both those with a disability and the wider community. References AbilityNet Web Accessibility Team. State of the eNation Web Accessibility Reports: Social Networking Sites. AbilityNet. January 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 ‹http://www.abilitynet.org.uk/docs/enation/2008SocialNetworkingSites.pdf›. Bates, Jacqueline. "Disability and Access in Virtual Worlds." 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