Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microstrain Level

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microstrain Level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Microstrain Level"

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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Influence of Testing Environment on Fluctuation of Initial Stiffness of Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Building Construction 5, no. 2 (2023): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8012300.

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<em>Monthly variation in the environment and the daily fluctuation in the temperature exhibit thermal stresses in the pavement in addition to the vehicular loading. Asphalt concrete mixtures were prepared with the highest possible binder content and compacted using a roller in a slab mold in this study. Beam specimens were obtained from the slab samples and tested for fatigue at </em><em>three pavement operating temperature of (5, 20, and 30) &deg;C and under three constant strain levels of (250, 400, and 750) microstrain. The fluctuation of the percent initial flexural stiffness was monitored through the test until failure. It was observed that </em><em>the fluctuation of initial stiffness is in the range of (200-5) %, at various microstrain levels and under various testing environment and it is restricted as the microstrain level increases. The fatigue life increases as the testing temperature rises while it decline as the microstrain level increases. It was concluded that high constant strain level of 750 microstrain was able to significantly restrict the fluctuation of initial stiffness regardless of the testing environment. </em>
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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Influence of Flexural Stress Repetitions on Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management 3, no. 2 (2022): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6598603.

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The flexible pavement usually practices flexural stress repetitions of the mixed traffic loading through its service life. The deformation, flexural stiffness and the dissipated energy is expected to be different under various modes of loading. In the present assessment, slab samples of asphalt concrete were prepared at optimum binder requirement using the roller compaction. Beam specimens of and 62 mm width, 400 mm length, and 56 mm depth were extracted from the slab samples. Asphalt concrete beam specimens were tested under repeated flexural stresses at 20 &ordm; environment using the constant strain mode. Five levels of constant microstrain have been implemented as a target amplitude, (100, 200, 500, 700 and 1000) microstrain while a loading frequency of 5 Hz was used. The test process was terminated at 50 % reduction in the stiffness. Test results were analysed and assessed. It was observed that as the flexural stiffness increases, the permanent microstrain declines regardless of the microstrain level implemented. However, the deformation increases by (3, 8, 11, and 16) % when the microstrain level rises from 100 to 200, 500, 700, and 1000 respectively. The dissipated energy increases by (14, 16, 6, and 15.5) % when the microstrain level rises from 100 to 200, 500, 700, and 1000 respectively. The flexural stiffness declines by (53, 75, 79, and 84) % as the microstrain increases from 100 to 200, 500, 700, and 1000 respectively.
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Leineweber, Andreas. "Thermal expansion anisotropy as source for microstrain broadening of polycrystalline cementite, Fe3C." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 5 (2016): 1632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716012383.

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Cementite (Fe3C) powder consisting of polycrystalline particles was investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction at temperatures between 10 and 973 K. The data reveal a pronouncedly anisotropic thermal expansion of the orthorhombic unit cell as well as microstrain broadening varying considerably with temperature. Using a theory for predicting thermal-microstress-induced microstrain already applied in previous work to ambient-temperature sealed-tube X-ray powder diffraction data from the same material [Leineweber (2012). J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 944–949], the temperature-dependent extent of the measured microstrain broadening could be quantitatively related to the measured temperature-dependent anisotropy of the thermal expansion. Thereby, the fact that the extent of the measured microstrain broadening is somewhat smaller than the predicted amount can be explained by the presence of the free surfaces of the powder particles reducing the level of microstress-induced microstrain.
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Saad, I. Sarsam. "Assessing the Impact of Micro and Nano Size Additives on the Dissipated Energy of Asphalt Concrete Through Fatigue." Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Project Management 5, no. 3 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7503737.

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In the present assessment, the impact of micro and Nano size additives (fly ash and silica fumes) on the dissipated energu of asphalt concrete mixtures through the fatigue process was assessed. Beam specimens were tested for fatigue under three constant strain levels using four point bending beam technique.It was observed that the damage resistance for the silica fumes and fly ash treated mixtures as indicated by the increment in dissipated energy declines by (50 and 91) % and (20 and 90) % at 400 and 750 microstrain level respectively as compared with that at 250 microstrain level. The fatigue life at 750 microstrain level increases by (66.6, and 50) %for mixtures treated with fly ash and silica fumes respectively as compared with the control mixture. It was concluded that at higher dissipated energy level, the implemented additives exhibit no significant influence on permanent deformation as compared with the control mixture.
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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Failure mechanism of sustainable asphalt concrete under Environmental influence." Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Project Management 7, no. 2 (2024): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10990005.

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<em>The performance of asphalt concrete pavement changes under the influence of environment and dynamic loading; this can reveal their rheological characteristics and affect the sustainability and fatigue life of asphalt concrete. An attempt has been made in the present study to detect the failure mechanism of asphalt concrete mixture when practicing three levels of constant strain through the fatigue life and sustaining environmental influence. Slab samples of asphalt concrete mixtures were prepared with optimum binder content and compacted in the laboratory by roller. Beam specimens were extruded and tested for fatigue life under dynamic flexural stresses. Three testing environments (30, 20, and 5) ℃ and three constant strain levels (750, 400, and 250) Microstrain were implemented. The failure mechanism occurred in three stages when low strain level of 250 Microstrain was implemented regardless of the testing environment while five stages of failure are observed when moderate strain level of 400 Microstrain is considered. However, two stages of failure could be detected when the beam specimens were tested at high strain level of 750 micro strains. It was concluded that cold testing environment can control the decline in the flexural stiffness of asphalt concrete regardless of the implemented strain levels and enhance the fatigue life of asphalt concrete as compared with other testing environments.</em>
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Saad, I. Sarsam. "Sensitivity of Phase Angle to Testing Conditions of Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering and Management 5, no. 2 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6645720.

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The phase angle has been well established to be used as performance indicators for asphalt cement binder. It is the principal measure of visco-elastic behavior and represents the ratio of viscous over elastic behavior. In the present work, asphalt concrete beam specimens were tested for repeated flexural bending under variable microstrain level of (250, 400, and 750), and three testing environments (5, 20, and 30) &deg;C. Specimens were prepared at optimum binder requirement and at 0.5 % binder above and below the optimum value. The sensitivity of the phase angle was evaluated among the above testing variables. It was observed that the phase angle decline from (66 to 56 and 48) &deg; under microstrain levels of (250, 400, and 750) respectively. The fatigue life increases from (100 to 3000 and 9000) as the testing environment changes from (5 to 20, and 30) &deg; C respectively at a phase angle of 10&deg;. At low testing temperature of 5&deg; C, lower phase angle and higher flexural stiffness exists. Finally, at a flexural stiffness of 200 MPa, the phase angle declines from (70 to 55 and 45)&deg; as the asphalt binder content increases from (4.4 to 4.9, and 5.4) % respectively. At a fatigue life of 100, the phase angle rises from (10, to 28, and 36) &ordm; when the testing temperature rises from (5 to 20, and 30) &deg; C respectively. It can be concluded that a significant sensitivity of phase angle is detected for variation in binder content, microstrain level, and testing environment.
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Ivanisenko, Julia, Alexander Minkow, Ruslan Valiev, and Hans Jorg Fecht. "Recovery of HPT-Processed Iron Studied by Orientation Imaging Microscopy." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.891.

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A comprehensive investigation of microstructure evolution upon annealing in the temperature range between 100°C and 450°C in SPD-processed nanocrystalline iron had been conducted using transmission and orientation imaging microscopy, and XRD analysis. The asprocessed microstructure was typical of severely deformed metals consisting of grains with a mean size of 110 nm, each subdivided by a network of subgrain boundaries. Additionally, measurements of microstrains using XRD found a very high microstrain level of 0.003 in this material. After annealing at 200°C a drastic decrease of microstrains was observed; whereas no notable changes in the size of grains and subgrains as well in misorientation spectra have been revealed. Thus we relate this decrease of microstrains with recovery of non-equilibrium grain boundaries. Annealing at higher temperatures hadn’t led to further decrease of microstrains, but resulted in slight subgrain growth from 65 to 78 nm accompanied by increase of mean misorientation angle from 5° to 6.3°at 450°C. This indicates the occurrence of coalescence of subgrains as additional recovery mechanism.
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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Visco-Elastic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete at Various Constant Strain Levels and Binder Content." Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14219926.

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<em>The visco-elastic behavior of asphalt concrete mixture is known to be highly susceptible to the variation in the binder content and strain level. Using laboratory roller compaction, samples of asphalt concrete slabs with the ideal binder requirement were created for the assessment. Additional samples were prepared with &plusmn; 0.5 % binder other than the optimum requirement. Beam specimens were obtained from the slab samples and tested under dynamic flexural stresses for fatigue life at 20 ℃ using three constant strain levels of (250, 400, and 750) microstrain. The variation in the visco-elastic behavior in terms of the fluctuation in the initial flexural stiffness of asphalt concrete beam specimens was assessed. </em><em>The visco-elastic behavior of asphalt concrete was monitored and its sensitivity to the variation in the binder content and strain level was evaluated. It was noticed that for mixture prepared with optimum binder content, </em><em>the initial flexural stiffness declines to (10, 20, and 40) % of its original values when the implemented constant strain level is (250, 400, and 750) microstrain respectively at the end of the visco-elastic stage of failure. On the other hand, such stages of failure occur after (3500, 550, and 110) seconds of loading respectively. </em><em>Higher or lower binder content than the optimum requirement exhibits decline of the initial flexural stiffness to (2, 30, and 60) % and 50 % of its original values when the implemented constant strain level is (250, 400, and 750) microstrain respectively. On the other hand, such stages of failure occur after (5000, 700, and 200) seconds and (1700, 400, and 100) seconds of loading respectively.</em>
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Talreja, Karishma S., Shobha J. Rodrigues, Umesh Y. Pai, et al. "A Nonlinear Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution and Microstrain Evaluation in Short Dental Implants with Three Different Implant–Abutment Connections in Single and Splinted Conditions in the Posterior Mandible." International Journal of Dentistry 2023 (July 27, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8851098.

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Background. Stress distribution plays a vital role in the longevity and success of implant-supported prosthesis. This study evaluated the von Mises stress and microstrain in the peri-implant bone and the implant–abutment junction of short dental implants with three different implant–abutment connections in splinted and unsplinted conditions using finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods. In this experimental study, nine transversely isotropic finite element models were developed, and randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 3): control, (Group AC) single-standard 4.3 × 10 mm bone level implant-supported restorations with external hexagonal (EH) connection, internal conical (IC) and internal trichannel (ITC) connection, single short implant-supported restorations (Group AT), and splinted short implant-supported restorations (Group B) for each of the three implant–abutment connections, respectively. A 200 N load was applied along the long axis of the implants and a 100 N (45°) oblique load was applied and von Mises stress and microstrain values were evaluated. Results. Single standard implants demonstrated the highest von Mises stress and microstrain values followed by single short implants and splinted short implants, respectively. Among the implant–abutment connections, the IC connection showed the highest values and the ITC connection showed the least values. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that splinting of short dental implants demonstrated lesser and more homogeneous stress and microstrain, especially on oblique loading. The microstrain values for all connections evaluated were within the physiological loading limit (200–2,500 N) and were hence considered safe for clinical use.
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Saad, Issa Sarsam. "Sensitivity of the Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete to Testing Variables." Journal of Transportation Engineering and Traffic Management 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5863433.

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The serviceability of flexible pavement is related to the fatigue life of asphalt concrete mixture. However, the loading, environment, ageing can influence the fatigue life. In the present investigation, asphalt concrete slab samples were prepared using laboratory roller compaction, beam specimens were extracted from the slab samples and tested under repeated flexural stresses. The beam specimens of 400 mm length and 50 mm height and 63 mm width were extracted from the slab samples. The beam specimens were subjected to the four-point repeated flexural bending beam test. Fatigue life of asphalt concrete mixture was assessed at three microstrain levels, (250, 400, and 750), three test temperatures, (5, 20, and 30) &deg;C, and three asphalt binder contents, (optimum, optimum +0.5, and optimum -0.5) %. It was observed that the fatigue life declines after ageing, moisture damage, low testing temperature, high microstrain level, and lower binder content. However, the stiffness also declines at lower binder content. At 400 micro-strain level, the fatigue life declines by (30.3 and 57) % after practicing short-term and long-term ageing processes respectively. However, the fatigue life declines by (59.6) % after practicing moisture damage process. The fatigue life increases by (480, and 1370) % when the testing temperature rises from (5 to 20, and 30) &deg;C respectively. The fatigue life of asphalt concrete increases by (43.4 and 67.7) % when the asphalt binder content rises from (4.4 to 4.9, and 5.4) % respectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microstrain Level"

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YEH, CHING-FENG, and 葉青豐. "Automatic Precise Device-Level Placement and Fixed-Length Microstrip Routing for Millimeter-Wave RFICs." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59405746705113584653.

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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>104<br>With advancing process technologies and booming IoT markets, millimeter-wave CMOS radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) have been widely developed in recent years. Since the performance of CMOS RFICs is very sensitive to the precision of the layout, precise placement of devices and precisely matched microstrip lengths to given values have been a labor-intensive and time-consuming task, and thus become a major bottleneck for time to market. This work introduces a novel holistic framework for concurrent device placement and microstrip routing of millimeter-wave RFICs. The resulting RFIC layouts excel in both performance and area compared with the simulation-tuning based manual layout, while the runtime is significantly reduced.
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Book chapters on the topic "Microstrain Level"

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Roy Choudhury, Somdotta. "An Electromagnetic Approach to Microstrip Structurers." In Electromagnetic Field - From Atomic Level to Engineering Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010148.

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Microstrip transmission lines are widely used in RF (radio frequency) and microwave circuits, where the geometry and characteristics of the electric fields play an important role in the performance of the system. The electric field distribution in a microstrip structure depends on several factors, including the dimensions of the strip, the substrate material, and the frequency of operation. The electric fields in a microstrip transmission line are primarily confined between the conductor (the microstrip strip) and the ground plane beneath the dielectric substrate. The distribution of the electric field depends on whether the microstrip is considered as a quasi-TEM (transverse electromagnetic) line or a quasi-TM (transverse magnetic) line, which is more typical for higher frequencies. In this chapter, a new investigation is presented to exhibit EM characteristics of a special type of microstrip structure, which is called defected microstrip structure (DMS). The DMS structures have natural tendencies to provide filtering characteristics. By changing the geometrical shape of DMS structures, different kinds of novel band-reject filters are designed. First, a rectangular complementary split ring-shaped DMS filter is developed to provide a single narrowband bandstop response at the ISM band. Different parametric studies, circuit model representations, and surface current distributions are shown here. Another dual-band bandstop filter is designed to consist of a folded rectangular complementary split ring structure. This compact, tunable filter is suitable for ISM bands, WLAN bands, and WiMax bands applications.
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Elsadek, Hala. "Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems." In Mobile and Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design. InTech, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/7705.

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"Antenna for ADS-B Signals." In Recent Advances in Satellite Aeronautical Communications Modeling. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8214-4.ch005.

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This chapter deals with calculations of the microstrip antenna and the linear phased array that were based on the method of moments using Antenna Magus software. The analysis of the characteristics of these antennas at different emitter numbers and different types of the amplitude distribution was carried out. Calculations of electric field intensity and directional patterns for collinear antennas were provided. The method of moments in the framework of two program complexes was used. Comparison has shown high level of results coincidence. The sample of the antenna is described, which is used in operating system for reception of ADS-B signals from airborne transponders.
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Mujawar, Mehaboob, and D. Vijaya Saradhi. "Design Considerations of EBG Structures for Wearable Applications." In Radar and RF Front End System Designs for Wireless Systems. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0916-2.ch008.

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This chapter shows and evaluates the design of a compact dual-band microstrip patch antenna working at 2.5 and 5.2 GHz for a number of important parameters. The antenna is designed to operate at these frequencies. By using not one but two distinct EBG ground planes, the proposed dual-band conventional ground plane antenna achieves a higher level of overall performance in comparison to its predecessor (in terms of directivity, gain, efficiency, and other features). It has been discovered that antennas modeled after EBGs perform much better than antennas constructed using conventional ground planes. In addition, the authors examined the performance of the recommended dual-band conventional ground-plane antenna under a variety of bending conditions.
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Sennouni, Mohamed Adel, Benaissa Abboud, Abdelwahed Tribak, Hamid Bennis, and Mohamed Latrach. "Advance and Innovation in Wireless Power Transmission Technology for Autonomous Systems." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0773-4.ch010.

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This chapter focuses on the concept of transmitting power without using wires that is also known as Wireless Power Transmission (WPT). This chapter attempts to present the most important and relevant works in this field of research in order to develop a topical ‘overview', present the current results, and also share some contributions and ‘vision' for the future. The technological developments in Wireless Power Transmission is also presented and discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and the most potential applications of WPT are also presented. This chapter presents also new and efficient designs of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) involved to be used at low and high input power levels constraints at microwave frequencies of ISM band in particular at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The rectennas have been developed were based on microstrip technology incorporating a new class of phased antenna arrays with circular polarization associated with a new RF-to-DC rectifiers.
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"were designed to explore the factors that affect the ( 0.3)(W h0.264) resonant frequency. Strain measurement was (3) achieved by bonding the antenna to a cantilever beam and applying loads at the free end of the canti-Assuming that the antenna is subjected to a ten-lever beam, and microstrip antenna sensors that can sile strain ε along its electrical length direction, detect the crack length and propagtion alng diffr-the patch width and the su bstrate thickness will ent orientation with a sub-millimeter resolution was change due to Poisson’s effect, i.e., discussed." In Structural Health Monitoring and Integrity Management. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18510-82.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microstrain Level"

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Anand Kumar, A., M. Kathirvelu, C. Bharathiraja, G. Guruprasath, P. Karthickprasad, and D. Navinya. "Design of Wearable Textile Antenna for Medical and Wireless Application." In International Conference on Design, Materials and Metaheuristic Algorithms for Engineering. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-oakl4q.

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Wearable antenna design is becoming a growing subject of study because of its numerous applications. Patch antennas are the major focus of the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) application since they are affordable, lightweight, and have a straightforward design. With wearable uses in mind, we will be using a microstrip patch antenna. The planned antenna has measurements of 60 X 60 X 1.6 mm and a fr4 dielectric constant substrate with value of 1.6. Resonance frequency of the antenna is 2.45 GHz. It is possible to use this proposed antenna in military jackets, and it has a gain of 2.96 dBi. Due to its advantages, such as compatibility, flexibility, excellent designs, and shapes, as well as excellent performance under various conditions, safety, low power consumption, miniaturization, and accommodating bending angles, the SAR value is kept at a low level.
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Wang, Yuxuan, Mingzhe Hu, Yongjian Zhang та Yue Li. "System-level Verification of 0.007-λ-Thickness Wideband Microstrip Antenna for Cellphone Applications". У 2024 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iws61525.2024.10713692.

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Gorobets, N. N., and N. P. Yeliseyeva. "Reducing Level of Side Radiation of Vibrator and Microstrip Antennas in Definite Direction." In EMC_2000_Wroclaw. IEEE, 2000. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2000.10842173.

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Nissanov Nissan, Uri, Segun Akinola, and Ghanshyam Singh. "Terahertz High-Gain and Low Sidelobe Levels 6G Microstrip Array Antenna." In 2024 Second International Conference on Microwave, Antenna and Communication (MAC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/mac61551.2024.10837512.

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Gorobetz, N. N., and N. P. Eliseyeva. "Decreasing Levels of Lateral and Back Radiations of Vibrator and Microstrip Antennas." In EMC_1994_Wroclaw. IEEE, 1994. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.1994.10833395.

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Patro, B. Ashish Kumar, Amrit Prasad Behera, Jogesh Chandra Dash, and Debdeep Sarkar. "Series-Fed Binomial Tapered Microstrip Antenna with Low Side Lobe Level for Automotive MIMO RADAR Applications." In 2024 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference (MAPCON). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/mapcon61407.2024.10923089.

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Pues, Hugo, Stefan Leus, and Aymen Ben Saada. "Frequency Extension up to 9 GHz of the Coaxial-to-Microstrip Transition on a 4-Layer IC-level EMC Test Board." In 2024 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emceurope59828.2024.10722693.

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Beck, B. Terry, Robert J. Peterman, Chih-Hang John Wu, and Steve Mattson. "Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Surface Contaminants on the Transfer Length of Smooth and Indented Prestressing Reinforcements Used in the Manufacture of Concrete Railroad Ties." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5751.

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It has been hypothesized that surface contaminants, such as lubricants on prestressing wires or strands, influence the resulting transfer length. However, until recently, the extent of this possible influence has only been speculation, as has been the relative influence on wire in comparison to strand. With the recent development of the ability to rapidly assess transfer length using new non-contact optical methods, it is now possible to explore hypothetical scenarios such as this with nearly real-time capability in the manufacturing plant. This paper presents a recent attempt to determine the effect of lubricating oil on the transfer length of ties, by conducting nearly real-time in-plant transfer length measurements using a newly developed prototype multi-camera non-contact transfer length measurement system. The testing was conducted on prismatic concrete turnout ties manufactured at the Nortrak plant in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Two different types of turnout ties were investigated, one containing indented 5.32-mm-diameter wire reinforcement and the other containing 3/8-in.-diameter 7-wire strand. These ties were located near the end of the casting bed. Prior to casting, one end of the form was sprayed with a generic lubricant, literally saturating the prestressing wires or strands. The ties were then cast and de-tensioned following the normal manufacturing process. This clearly represented a highly worst-case scenario for the influence of surface contaminants. Measurements were made using the new multi-camera system, providing a detailed profile of surface strain over several feet along each end of the last three ties in the casting beds (one for strand and one for wire) — the last tie being the one subjected to the application of oil prior to casting. Hence, the influence of oil application on adjacent ties was also revealed by these tests. For the tie end with strand reinforcement subjected to oil soaking, the maximum compressive strain only reached about 400 microstrain, far below the nominal average maximum strain level of approximately 1000 microstrain. In fact, the associated transfer length for the oil-soaked end could not be definitively measured because the strain level never achieved the plateau level of strain. In contrast, the tie end with oil-soaked indented wire exhibited a significant increase in transfer length; however, the transfer length remained well below the distance to the rail seat. From these worst-case tests, one can conclude that smooth strand is potentially highly influenced by lubricating oils, whereas the influence on indented wire is likely small by comparison.
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Mendez Betances, Luis, Samer Armaly, and Jeffrey L. Kauffman. "A Novel Low-Cost Approach to Testing High-Cycle Fatigue Limits." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82658.

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Abstract This paper presents a low-cost system for testing high-cycle fatigue (HCF) limits of critical components and materials. Fatigue testing is hugely time intensive and vibration shaker time is often prioritized for other tests. The basic system produces fully reversed bending in beam-like coupons, though the principles could be adapted to other test configurations. The system consists of an AC motor, variable frequency drive (VFD), eccentric cam / connecting rod, sliding base, and feedback controller; together, they provide base motion to drive a test specimen. An immediate drawback is the fixed base motion displacement amplitude, which depends solely on the cam’s eccentricity. As such, the system leverages the dynamic response of the test specimen to induce the intended vibration amplitude. The system drives the test specimen near resonance and exploits the steep slope of the test specimen’s frequency response function magnitude so that even small changes in motor speed can produce appreciable changes in the vibration amplitude. Feedback control drives a measurement of the vibration level to a desired level. Initial testing has been conducted generating root bending strains in excess of 2000 microstrain for 2.5 mm thick cantilever steel beams for durations on the order of 1 million cycles and strains as high as 1% for hundreds of cycles.
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Richards, Hayden, Hisham Abusalma, Abhijit Dasgupta, Andres Bujanda, Harvey Tsang, and Matthew Bowman. "Behavior of Printed Hybrid Electronic Assemblies With Embedded Components in Polymeric Substrates Subject to Extreme Acceleration Levels and Elevated Temperatures." In ASME 2024 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2024-140062.

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Abstract This study assessed the performance of printed hybrid electronic (PHE) assemblies subject to simultaneous exposure to elevated temperatures (up to 150 °C) and extreme mechanical shock (up to 100,000 g). The test specimens were rectangular beams measuring 3.2 mm thick, 12.7 mm wide, and 63.5 mm long, fabricated using injection molding from various polysulfone polymers. Several different electronic circuit elements — traces, passive components, and interconnects — were embedded into the largest flat surface of these substrates using a novel ‘mill-and-fill’ method. This method used conventional 5-axis CNC milling to generate pockets and channels into which the electrical elements were embedded. Traces were extrusion-printed with silver paste. The components used were 0-ohm resistors. Interconnects were formed using extrusion-printed tin-bismuth solder. Testing was accomplished using an accelerated-freefall drop tower equipped with a shock amplifier and integrated furnace. Acceleration pulses (half-sine shape) ranged from 25,000 g to 100,000 g with pulse durations of ∼.03-.1 ms and velocity changes of 6–25 m/s. Elevated temperatures ranged from 88 °C to 150 °C in addition to room temperature (25 °C). The specimens were fixtured in a clamped-clamped configuration (largest flat face upright) and did not experience any secondary impact. Tests were instrumented with accelerometers, thermocouples / RTDs, and strain gauges with sampling grates of 1 MHz. Thermal cameras and high-speed optical cameras were also used. At the highest acceleration levels, peak strain values measured &amp;gt; 14,000 microstrain. Drop degradation assessment was based on changes in electrical performance metric (such as overall circuit resistance) or based on structural failure of circuit elements. Measurements were made either in real time during the drop event or intermittently after a select number of drops. Global and meso-scale modeling was conducted to validate measured strain response data, facilitate generation of a damage accumulation model, explain observed failure modes, and predict physical and electrical response for future geometries and applications. Component separation and interconnect failure were the primary failure modes observed. As expected, number of cycles to failure decreased with increasing acceleration level and increasing temperature. The polysulfone beams themselves survived at all tested temperatures and most acceleration levels except for 100,000 g. Optical microscopy observations throughout testing showed cracking present in sintered silver traces, but this was not the sole predictor of circuit failure. Additional work is ongoing to further explore the causes for these failure modes and understand the implications of the physical response on different embedded components and specimen geometries.
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Reports on the topic "Microstrain Level"

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Hajj, Ramez, Marshall Thompson, Renan Santos Maia, et al. Updates to Mechanistic-Empirical Design Inputs for Illinois Flexible Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-010.

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This study reviews the Illinois Department of Transportation’s full-depth asphalt, limiting strain criterion, and asphalt over rubblized concrete design procedures, considering technological advancements in hot-mix asphalt—namely, the increased use of recycled materials and modified asphalt binders. The researchers evaluated the current |E*| algorithm by conducting laboratory tests with four mix designs and seven asphalt binders of different Superpave performance grades. They compared predictive models, including the current Illinois modulus algorithm as well as the Witczak, Hirsch, and newly developed Illinois Center for Transportation (ICT) Bayesian neural network (BNN) models. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) nondestructive test for modulus and field modulus measurements was evaluated as well. Subsequent tasks involved reviewing current fatigue endurance limit (FEL) criteria from an adapted protocol for the four-point bending beam fatigue test. This study found that typical hot-mix asphalt modulus values in Illinois are underestimated compared to modern mixes, suggesting potential savings by allowing an increased modulus value to be used, reducing layer thickness design. Low-temperature performance grades significantly influenced modulus, and the developed ICT BNN predictive model outperformed traditional ones. While UPV was promising for modulus screening, challenges related to material properties assumptions were identified. The current stage of research on assessing modern mixes’ FEL reveals the complexity of observing FEL using simplified methods. To advance this objective, a concept of acceptable stiffness ratio (SR) is introduced. In these cases, exceptionally long fatigue life would be obtained for mixes that demonstrate an acceptable drop in SR within 10,000 cycles, with no apparent evolution of the damage state. The most conservative estimation of strain level that would result in acceptable SR aligned with IDOT’s current 70 microstrain FEL criteria. On the less conservative side, allowing a 10% drop in SR within 10,000 loading cycles could increase the acceptable SR &lt; 1 strain level as high as approximately 180 microstrain, with caution needed regarding evolving mobility trends and environmental stressors including the changing climate.
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