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Journal articles on the topic 'Microstructure and stainless steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lopez, Juan Manuel Salgado, María Inés Alvarado, Hector Vergara Hernandez, José Trinidad Perez Quiroz, and Luis Olmos. "Failure of Stainless Steel Welds Due to Microstructural Damage Prevented by In Situ Metallography." Soldagem & Inspeção 21, no. 2 (2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2102.03.

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Abstract In stainless steels, microstructural damage is caused by precipitation of chromium carbides or sigma phase. These microconstituents are detrimental in stainless steel welds because they lead to weld decay. Nevertheless, they are prone to appear in the heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure of stainless steel welds. This is particularly important for repairs of industrial components made of austenitic stainless steel. Non-destructive metallography can be applied in welding repairs of AISI 304 stainless steel components where it is difficult to ensure that no detrimental phase is prese

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2

Brytan, Z. "The corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed stainless steels." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 92 (2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9662.

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Purpose: of this paper was to examine the corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed (LSA) stainless steels using electrochemical methods in 1M NaCl solution and 1M H2SO4 solution. The LSA conditions and alloying powder placement strategies on the material's corrosion resistance were evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: In the present work the sintered stainless steels of different microstructures (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) where laser surface alloyed (LSA) with elemental alloying powders (Cr, FeCr, Ni, FeNi) and hard powders (SiC, Si3N4) to obtain a complex steel microstructure o

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3

Rodriguez vargas, Bryan ramiro, Luciano Albini, Giulia Tiracorrendo, Riccardo Massi, Giulia Stornelli, and Andrea Di Schino. "EFFECT OF ULTRAFAST HEATING ON AISI 304 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 29, no. 2 (2023): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.29.2.1833.

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This study explores the effects of ultrafast heating on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. The research shows that ultrafast heating can lead to fine-grained mixed microstructures in steel, making it a potential alternative for modifying microstructure in stainless steel. The study demonstrates that a minimum temperature of 980 °C is required to achieve a fully recrystallized microstructure. The results also suggest that a lower temperature can result in a finer recrystallized grain size compared to higher temperature results. The study provides valuable insights into the impact of ultrafast

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4

Ravi Kumar, B., J. K. Sahu, and S. K. Das. "Influence of Annealing Process on Recrystallisation Behaviour of a Heavily Cold Rolled AISI 304L Stainless Steel on Ultrafine Grain Formation." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.334.

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AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel was cold rolled to 90% with and no inter-pass cooling to produced 89% and 43% of deformation induced martensite respectively. The cold rolled specimens were annealed by isothermal and cyclic thermal process. The microstructures of the cold rolled and annealed specimens were studied by the electron microscope. The observed microstructural changes were correlated with the reversion mechanism of martensite to austenite and strain heterogeneity of the microstructure. The results indicated possibility of ultrafine austenite grain formation by cyclic thermal proc

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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.

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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades

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Samih, Y., Bernard Bolle, N. Alain-Bonasso, Sheng Zhi Hao, Chuang Dong, and Thierry Grosdidier. "Microstructure Modifications Induced by Pulsed Electron Beam in Steels." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1315.

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The present paper presents the first results of an ongoing research dedicated to the analysis of microstructure in steels surfaces treated by Low Energy High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (LEHCPEB). Various steels - 316L (a stainless steel), D2 (a cold-worked die steel) and 4Cr13 (a martensitic steel) - have been treated by LEHCPEB in order to improve the understanding of the surface microstructure modifications induced by this treatment. The microstructures in the modified surface were characterized by microscopy and diffraction techniques.

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7

Akbari Mousavi, Seyed Ali Asghar, and A. R. Sufizadeh. "The Effects of Position of the Laser Beam on the Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Weld Microstructure of AISI 630 and AISI 321 Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.424.

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The study was conducted to investigate the effects of laser beam position on the weld microstructure of AISI 630 and AISI 321 stainless steels. The optical and scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction of the weld microstructures were carried out. The results showed that if the laser beam was focused at the interface, austenite, marensite and ferrite microstructures were formed at the weld region. If the laser beam was focused toward the AISI 630 stainless steel denoted as sample P in the manuscript, the martensitic-ferritic microstructures were produced in the weld cross section. If

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8

Derazkola, Hamed Aghajani, Eduardo García Gil, Alberto Murillo-Marrodán, and Damien Méresse. "Review on Dynamic Recrystallization of Martensitic Stainless Steels during Hot Deformation: Part I—Experimental Study." Metals 11, no. 4 (2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040572.

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The evolution of the microstructure changes during hot deformation of high-chromium content of stainless steels (martensitic stainless steels) is reviewed. The microstructural changes taking place under high-temperature conditions and the associated mechanical behaviors are presented. During the continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX), the new grains nucleate and growth in materials with high stacking fault energies (SFE). On the other hand, new ultrafine grains could be produced in stainless steel material irrespective of the SFE employing high deformation and temperatures. The gradual tr

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9

Li, Lingze, Ruiliang Liu, Quanli Liu, Zhaojie Wu, Xianglong Meng, and Yulan Fang. "Effects of Initial Microstructure on the Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Ferritic Stainless Steel." Coatings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101404.

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AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel with different initial microstructures was low-temperature plasma nitrided to improve its hardness and wear resistance in the present investigation. The microstructure and properties of the low-temperature nitrided layers on stainless steel with different initial microstructures were studied by an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, microhardness tester, pin-on-disk tribometer, and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the low-temperature nitrided layer characteristics of ferritic stainless steel are highly init

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10

Rodriguez, Salvador Valtierra, Michael Greenwood, Delin Li, et al. "Phase-field modeling of austenitic steels used in turbines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1281, no. 1 (2023): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012047.

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Abstract The performance in hydro-electric turbine casting and repair requires understanding of how process parameters and chemistry selection affect solidification microstructures. The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative phase-field formulation for process-microstructure relationships that seeks to model stainless steels. We have developed a phase-field model to simulate austenitic stainless steel solidification under experimental thermal histories. To this end we look at a pseudo-binary approximations for numerical efficiency. The pseudo-binary formulation is underpinned by the al

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11

Scheriau, Stephan, Thomas Schöberl, Siegfried Kleber, and Reinhard Pippan. "Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behavior of SPD Deformed 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.491.

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The microstructural evolution, the changes in microhardness and the recrystallization behavior of a modified 316L stainless steel were investigated during high pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing. To study the impact of the governing process parameters on the evolving microstructures, the applied strain, the strain path and the annealing temperatures were varied. In contrast to ordinary single phase steels, which showed a decrease in the structural size ending in a saturation of the microstructural refinement between an equivalent strain eq of 10 and 15, HPT of the modified 316L r

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Yang, De Ming, and Bo Han Tian. "Microstructure of 316L Stainless Steel Coating Deposited by the Low Pressure Plasma Spray." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4888.

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Original equiaxed 316L stainless steel coatings were successfully deposited by the low pressure plasma spray. For comparison, the coatings of 316L stainless steel with normal lamellar structure were also prepared by the air plasma spray (APS). The microstructures were investigated using optical micrograph (OM). The results show that the microstructures of LPPS 316L stainless steel coatings reveal the fine equiaxed microstructures like the solidified stainless steels,which are significantly different from that of APS coatings with lamellar structures.

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13

Isik, Murat. "Additive manufacturing and characterization of a stainless steel and a nickel alloy." Materials Testing 65, no. 3 (2023): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0278.

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Abstract Recently, additive manufacturing is of interest, and there is a trend to study additively manufactured materials such as Inconel 718 and 316L stainless steel. Additive manufacturing brings the easiness of production of complex geometries, avoids expensive tools, helps achieve interesting microstructures and obtaining promising results for future applications. Since the additive procedure is sensitive to many fabrication variables thereby affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties. This motivation promotes investigating the additively manufactured microstructure of 316L sta

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14

Li, Jing Yuan, Sumio Sugiyama, and Jun Yanagimoto. "Microstructural Evolution and Deformation Behavior of Stainless Steel in Semi-Solid State." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.681.

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Thixoforming or Semi-Solid Metal Forming offers many advantages in comparison with casting and conventional forging. The purpose of the present study is to provide the basic microstructure and deformation data for austenitic and ferritic stainless steel under mushy state. As well known, the stainless steels solidify in different modes according to the different chemical compositions. In this paper, microstructural evolution of austenitic stainless steel type 304 which solidifies in FA mode ( L → L +δ → L +δ +γ →δ +γ →γ ),austenitic stainless steel type 310S which solidifies in A mode ( L → L +

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15

Cui, Puchang, Geshu Xing, Zhisheng Nong, et al. "Recent Advances on Composition-Microstructure-Properties Relationships of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238443.

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Precipitation hardening stainless steels have attracted extensive interest due to their distinguished mechanical properties. However, it is necessary to further uncover the internal quantitative relationship from the traditional standpoint based on the statistical perspective. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the relationships among the composition, microstructure, and properties of precipitation hardened stainless steels. First, the influence of general chemical composition and its fluctuation on the microstructure and properties of PHSS are elaborated. Then, the m

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16

Liu, Yichen, Xiongbing Li, Guangdong Zhang, Shuzeng Zhang, and Hyunjo Jeong. "Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method." Materials 13, no. 6 (2020): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061395.

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Tube/Pipe (TP) 304 stainless steel has been widely used in industry, but a change in its microstructures may endanger its service safety, and it is essential to evaluate its microstructural evolution. In this work, a pulse-echo nonlinear method is proposed to characterize the microstructural evolution of the TP304 stainless steel. The detailed pulse-echo nonlinear experimental process is presented, and it is shown that the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined when the effect of attenuation is taken into account. The microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel is artificially c

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17

Itman Filho, André, Wandercleiton da Silva Cardoso, Leonardo Cabral Gontijo, Rosana Vilarim da Silva, and Luiz Carlos Casteletti. "Austenitic-ferritic stainless steel containing niobium." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 4 (2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000400010.

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The austenitic-ferritic stainless steels present a better combination of mechanical properties and stress corrosion resistance than the ferritic or austenitic ones. The microstructures of these steels depend on the chemical compositions and heat treatments. In these steels, solidification starts at about 1450ºC with the formation of ferrite, austenite at about 1300ºC and sigma phase in the range of 600 to 950ºC.The latter undertakes the corrosion resistance and the toughness of these steels. According to literature, niobium has a great influence in the transformation phase of austenitic-ferrit

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18

Liu, Xiao, and Jing Long Liang. "Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 21Cr-11Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.95.

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The effect of Ce on structure and mechanical properties of 21Cr11Ni austenitic stainless steels were studied by metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test. The results show that the proper amount of Ce can refine microstructure of austenitic stainless steel. Fracture is changed from cleavage to ductile fracture by adding Ce to austenitic stainless steel. 21Cr11Ni stainless steel containing 0.05% Ce can improve its high temerature strength, and the strength is increased 21.81% at 1073K respectively comparing with that of 21Cr11Ni stainless steel without Ce.

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19

Gargalis, Leonidas, Leonidas Karavias, Joachim S. Graff, Spyros Diplas, Elias P. Koumoulos, and Evangelia K. Karaxi. "Novel Powder Feedstock towards Microstructure Engineering in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Case Study on Duplex/Super Duplex and Austenitic Stainless-Steel Alloys." Metals 13, no. 9 (2023): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13091546.

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Additive manufacturing of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) and Super Duplex Stainless Steels (SDSS) has been successfully demonstrated using LPBF in recent years, however, both alloys feature an almost fully ferritic microstructure in the as-built condition due to the fast cooling rates associated with the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process. Blends of DSS and SDSS powders were formulated with austenitic stainless-steel 316L powder, aiming to achieve increased austenite formation during in the LPBF as-built condition to potentially minimize the post heat treatments (solution annealing and quen

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Simon, Soma Csaba, and Balázs Varbai. "High Heat Input Welding of NSSC 2120 Type Lean Duplex Steel." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 5, no. 1 (2022): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2022-01-08.

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Abstract Duplex stainless steels offer a high strength alternative to stainless steel, while providing excellent corrosion resistance, due to their dual-phase microstructure. This microstructure can be significantly influenced during welding, thus the maximum recommended heat input is usually 2.5 kJ/mm. In this research, we inspected the high heat input (3 kJ/mm) weldability of NSSC 2120 lean duplex stainless steel, which is designed and developed specifically for this purpose. The welds were evaluated by metallographic techniques and corrosion tests. It was found the NSSC 2120 grade can be we

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Nguyen, Minh Thuyet. "Comparative Analysis of Microstructure in Ferritic Steel Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Manufacturing Processes." Materials Science Forum 1140 (December 19, 2024): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-lmbt23.

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Ferritic 439 stainless steels, known as iron–chromium alloys with chromium content between 11% and 30%, have been extensively used worldwide due to their good corrosion resistance, good formability, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and lower cost compared to austenitic stainless steels. Conventional production processes for these steels, such as melting, casting, and rolling, are predominantly employed due to the material's difficult formability and machinability, especially when producing complex shapes. However, additive manufacturing (AM) offers new processing opportunities. AM techno

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Jin, Chunhui, Honglin Zhou, Yuan Lai, et al. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of 15-5 PH stainless steel under different aging temperature." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021078.

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The influence of aging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr15Ni5 precipitation hardening stainless steel (15-5 PH stainless steel) were investigated at aging temperature range of 440–610 °C. The tensile properties at ambient temperature of the 15-5 PH stainless steel processed by different aging temperatures were tested, and the microstructural features were further analyzed utilizing optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Results indicated the strength o

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Mészáros, István, Bálint Bögre, and Péter János Szabó. "Magnetic and Thermoelectric Detection of Sigma Phase in 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel." Crystals 12, no. 4 (2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040527.

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Duplex stainless steel has significantly broadened the range of applications of stainless steel. They have a dual-phase microstructure containing ferrite and austenite at approximately a 50–50% phase ratio. Their corrosion resistance is much better compared to the traditional austenitic stainless steel, especially in surroundings containing chloride ion. Moreover, the large stress yield of duplex steels offers significant advantages in structural applications. The ferrite phase in some duplex stainless steels is metastable due to its composition. Consequently, the ferrite can decompose to a se

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Winarto, Winarto, Muhammad Anis, Rini Riastuti, and I. N. Suarjana. "Study the Effect of Welding Position and Plate Thickness to the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the TIG Dissimilar Metal Welded between Carbon Steel ASTM A36 and Stainless Steel 304 Plates." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.364.

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Dissimilar metal welding was mostly done to optimize the application and engineering requirements with economic considerations. Weld microstructures greatly influenced the mechanical properties of welded joints. The investigations were carried out to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar weldment between carbon steel ASTM A36 and austenitic stainless steel 304 with a variation of welding position (1G, 2G, 3G) and weld thickness (6 mm to 12 mm) joints by TIG welding. A detailed analysis was conducted on the weld zone composition, the microstructural, and mechanica

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Zbigniew, Brytan, Mirołsaw Bonek, Leszek Adam Dobrzański, Daniele Ugues, and Marco Actis Grande. "The Laser Surface Remelting of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2511.

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The laser surface remelting (LSR) process was successfully applied to restore localized corrosion resistance in sensitized stainless steel and also as a useful method to improve passivity of some martensitic stainless steels. The LSR process can be successfully applied to repair cracks and defects at the surface of highly thermo-mechanically loaded parts of stainless steel. The purpose of presented study was to evaluate the microstructure and properties of laser remelted surface of stainless steels. The wrought austenitic stainless steel and sintered in vacuum 316L type were studied. The laser

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Li, Hao, Liyuan Zhang, Boyang Zhang, and Qingdong Zhang. "Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Clad Plate." Materials 12, no. 3 (2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030509.

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In this study the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate are researched. Due to element diffusion (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn), a 20 μm thick diffusion layer is formed between stainless steel and carbon steel clad plate. The diffusion layer has a stable mechanical performance without obvious grain microstructure, and its internal mechanical properties show a graded change in the thickness direction. This is beneficial to a strong bond between stainless steel and carbon steel and the stable transition of mechanical performance in the thickness direction, as well as further c

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Firmanto, Hudiyo, Susila Candra, Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat, Yesa Priscilla Triastomo, and Ivan Wirawan. "Tensile Strength and Microstructure of Rotary-Friction-Welded Carbon-Steel and Stainless-Steel Joints." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010007.

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Due to the different properties of the materials, the fusion welding of dissimilar metals may be difficult. Structural irregularities may form as a result of various phase transformations during welding. Solid-state welding, as opposed to fusion welding, occurs below the melting temperature. As a result of the melting and solidification phenomena that happen in fusion welding, solid-state welding is expected to reduce the potential for phase transformation. This paper describes the use of a rotary friction welding technique to join carbon steel and 304 stainless steel. The purpose of this work

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Żółciak, Tadeusz, Piotr Wach, and Paweł Bilski. "Application of technical nitrogen during nitriding or nitrocarburizing alloyed steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 25, no. 1-2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4476.

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In the present work technical nitrogen application for surface activation of alloyed steels with chrome, particularly stainless steel X20Cr13 during nitriding and carbonitriding was investigated .Hardness and microstructure of nitrided layers were examined. Possibility of using technical nitrogen containing 0,2%O2 for surface activation of X20Cr13 stainless steel was confirmed and activation conditions for investigated alloyed steels were determined.

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Salleh, Siti Hawa Mohamed, Mohd Nazree Derman, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Junaidi Syarif, and S. Abdullah. "Microstructure and Properties of Heat-Treated 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.105.

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440C martensitic stainless steels are widely used because of their good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of 440C martensitic stainless steel were evaluated after heat treatment of these materials at various types of heat treatment processes. The initial part of this investigation focused on the microstructures of these 440C steels. Microstructure evaluations from the as-received to the as-tempered condition were described. In the as-received condition, the formations of ferrite matrix and carbide particles were observed in this steel. In contrast, the precipitation of M7C3carbi

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Shen, Sicong, Xingyu Ma, Xiaolong Song, Wenwen Zhao, and Yong Shen. "Effect of Quenching Cooling Rate on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Precipitation-Hardened Martensitic Stainless Steels." Coatings 14, no. 5 (2024): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050572.

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Heat treatment plays a decisive role in the microstructure of metallic materials. The effect of cooling rate changes caused by the quenching medium on the microstructure of steel materials should be clarified. In this study, the effect of the quenching cooling rate on the microstructure of two precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels was investigated. The mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility effected by the changes in the microstructure were also analyzed. A slow tensile test and hydrogen pre-charging were carried out to obtain the hydrogen embrittlement s

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Takahashi, O., Y. Shibui, P. G. Xu, S. Harjo, T. Suzuki, and Y. Tomota. "Microstructural Features and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior in Hot-Rolled Lean Duplex Stainless Steels." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010016.

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The characteristics of texture and microstructure of lean duplex stainless steels with low Ni content produced through hot rolling followed by annealing were investigated locally with electron backscatter diffraction and globally with neutron diffraction. Then, the ductile–brittle transition (DBT) behavior was studied by Charpy impact test. It is found that the DBT temperature (DBTT) is strongly affected by the direction of crack propagation, depending on crystallographic texture and microstructural morphology; the DBTT becomes extremely low in the case of fracture accompanying delamination. A

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Jin, Wanwan, Chaoqun Zhang, Shuoya Jin, Yingtao Tian, Daniel Wellmann, and Wen Liu. "Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051563.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions,

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Arumugham Akilan, Arulselvan, Ravi K. Enneti, Vamsi Krishna Balla, and Sundar V. Atre. "Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Properties of Laser-Powder Bed Fusion Fabricated Water Atomized 25Cr7Ni Stainless Steel." Lubricants 10, no. 12 (2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120340.

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25Cr7Ni stainless steel (super duplex stainless steels) exhibits a duplex microstructure of ferrite and austenite, resulting in an excellent combination of high strength and corrosion resistance. However, Laser-Powder Bed Fusion fabrication of a water-atomized 25Cr7Ni stainless steel of novel chemical composition resulted in a purely ferritic microstructure and over 5% porosity. The current study investigated the effects of two hot isostatic pressing parameters on the physical, mechanical, and corrosion properties as well as microstructures of water-atomized 25Cr7Ni stainless steel of novel co

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Rodrigues, António, Altino Loureiro, and António Castanhola Batista. "Phase Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steel A-TIG Welds." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.549.

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The aim of this research is to study the effect of the welding conditions and of an activating flux on the microstructure of the melted material of autogeneous A-TIG welds, made on austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. The increase of heat-input coarsened the microstructure, changed its morphology and decreased the δ-ferrite content retained in the microstructure. The use of a TiO2 activating flux does not significantly affect the microstructures. A thin layer tends to form in the surface of the welds, which microstructure and ferrite content are different from those observed in its core.

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Ferreira Filho, Demostenes, Daniel Souza, José Lúcio Gonçalves Júnior, Ruham Pablo Reis, Washington Martins Da Silva Junior, and Amanda Figueira Tavares. "Influence of Substrate on the Tribological Behavior of Inconel 625 GMAW Overlays." Coatings 13, no. 8 (2023): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081454.

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This study investigates the microstructure and tribological behavior of Inconel 625 overlays applied via GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) with and without a 316LSi stainless-steel intermediate layer on top of A36 steel. The microstructural characterization was conducted via FESEM with EDS. The tribological behavior was evaluated using a tribometer in a reciprocating configuration. The results showed that the wear rate of the Inconel 625 weld overlay with the 316LSi intermediate layer was higher than without it. However, no variations were observed in terms of hardness and the friction coefficient

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Na, Shun Sang, Guo Tao Zhang, Qian Xu, and Jin Hua Gong. "Duplex Stainless Steel Microstructure Display and Microscopic Study." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1247.

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Several chemical corrosives which show the microstructure of Cr13 stainless steel are prepared. The paper introduces their methods and conditions of use and compares to their corrosive effects. The results indicate that corrosive which contains copper salt can make microstructures displaying clearly and have good reproducibility. In addition, it also has others advantages, for example, operation method and formula is simple and it can be preserved for long time. The paper provides convenient conditions for stainless steel optical microscope analysis.

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Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "New Steel Combinations Produced by the Damascus Technique." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.14.

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Multilayered forged steel plates, which combine the properties of diverse steel qualities, are referred to as Damascus steels. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by the Damascus technique in Europe. In this work four different steel combinations were investigated. Combining Fe with carbon steel C60 resulted in a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. By forging two heat-treatable steels C40 and C60 martensite with an inhomogeneous carbon distribution was formed. Combining Fe with an austenitic stainless steel showed ferrite and austenite with grain boundary carbides and

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Rodríguez, V., V. K. Nadimpalli, D. B. Pedersen, A. Ruiz, and M. A. J. Somers. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Spray-Formed and Vacuum Cast AISI 440C-Mod Martensitic Stainless Steel." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 79, no. 6 (2024): 288–310. https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2024-0021.

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Abstract The spray-forming process is a promising processing route for producing high-performance high-carbon steels. In this study, as-received and hardened/tempered spray-formed (SF) AISI 440C-Mod steel is compared to its vacuum cast (VaC) counterpart. For materials microstructure characterization scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction were utilized. For the characterization of the mechanical properties and performance hardness, tensile, and compression testing were performed. The results show that the SF

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Dudek, Agata, and Barbara Lisiecka. "Surface Treatment Proposals for the Automotive Industry by the Example of 316L Steel." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (2018): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0047.

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Abstract Nowadays, stainless steels are very interesting and promising materials with unique properties. They are characterized high mechanical strengths, high toughness and good corrosion resistance, so that can be used in many industrial sectors. An interesting alternative to steels obtained using the conventional methods is sintered stainless steel manufactured using the powder metallurgy technology. AISI 316L stainless steel is one of the best-known and widely used austenitic stainless steel. Modification of surface properties of stainless steels, in particular by applying the Cr3C2 coatin

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Han, Rui Feng, Sheng Sun Hu, Jun Qi Shen, Jian Han, and Hai Gang Xu. "Effect of Different Welding Parameters on the Microstructure of 21% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1446.

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Ferritic stainless steel is an economical stainless steel which doesn’t contain nickel or a little nickel. It has the broad prospects of application. By using 21% Cr ferritic stainless steel as test material, the paper analyses the microstructure of the joint. The different welding parameters have the different effect on the depth, the solidification form and the microstructure.

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Nansa-Arng, Santirat, and Prachya Peasura. "Microstructure Analysis of Post Weld Aging in Duplex Stainless Steel Welds." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.210.

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Duplex stainless steel (DSS) offers an alternative to the austenitic stainless steels especially at temperatures between –50 and 300°C and is suitable for structural applications. The research was study the effect of post weld aging (PWA) parameters on microstructure in heat affected zone. The specimen was duplex stainless steel (DSS) UNS31803 which thickness of 10 mm. The PWA sample were tested the microstructure and phase analysis. The factors used in this study were PWA temperature of 650, 750, and 850๐C with PWA time of 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. The welded specimens were tested by microstructur

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Li, Shuo, Miaomiao Zhao, Guizhen Qi, and Xiaolu Li. "Study on microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel during cryogenic rolling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3043, no. 1 (2025): 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3043/1/012007.

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Abstract The present study investigated the microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel during cryogenic rolling. The results indicated that during cryogenic rolling of 304 stainless steel, with a reduction ratio of 20%, 50%, and 80%, the corresponding content of α´-martensite volume fraction in the matrix was 10%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. As the reduction ratio increased from 20% to 50%, the microstructure transitioned from austenite with a significant presence of slip bands and SFs to lath martensite. When the reduction ratio reached 80%, the microstructure comprised dislocation cel

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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Oualid Beziou, Ines Hamdi, François Brisset, and Thierry Baudin. "Effect of Metal Filler on the Welded Joint of X70 Steel Joined to Duplex Stainless Steel by Gas Arc Welding." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 16, no. 1 (2025): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.16.1.1934.

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This study investigates the effects of using two different metal fillers on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel and X70 steel welded joint, performed using the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The electrodes employed were ER2209 and ER70S. The research aims to assess the feasibility of welding dissimilar steels with these two electrodes. Three weld passes were conducted using the different electrodes, followed by characterization of the welded joint's microstructure and evaluation of its mechanical properties. The primary char

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Penha, R. N., L. B. Silva, C. S. P. Mendonça, T. C. Moreira, and M. L. N. M. Melo. "Effect of ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 91 (2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1382.

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Purpose: SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are materials characterized by a favourable combination of the properties of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. This type of stainless steel presents good weldability, corrosion resistance especially for stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this steel presents an unavoidable disadvantage that is its potential microstructural instability. Although duplex stainless steels design idea is to present two main types of microstructure, other phases and carbides or nitrides can precipitate. In the case of DSS SAF 2205, in addition to austeni

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Huang, Xuqiang, and Zhaoyang Lu. "Microstructure and Properties of Press-Bonded Dissimilar Stainless Steel and Mild Carbon Steel Ingots." Metals 12, no. 12 (2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122142.

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Dissimilar steel welds between stainless and mild steels are necessary for the efficient utilization of stainless steels in construction. In the present work, a dissimilar large-sized steel ingot was fabricated by press bonding a Q235 steel to a SUS 304 steel at 1100–500 °C. The microstructure of bonded interfaces has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with tensile tests to evaluate the bonding strength. It has been demonstrated that a strong-bonded, high-quality, dissimilar steel ingot could be fabri

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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Lamia Baghdadi, François Brisset, Denis Solas, and Thierry Baudin. "SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 2 (2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504.

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This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. Th

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Yin, De Jun, Zhong Min Zhao, Bao Jun Wu, Long Zhang, and Ya Lin Song. "Defect Control and Interfacial Microstructure of Laminated Composites of TiB₂-Based Ceramic to 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel by Reaction Fusion Bonding." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.198.

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By taking Ti-B4C and CrO3-Al as the primary system and the subsystem respectively, the curve dependence of CrO3-Al subsystem on the adiabatic temperature of the reactive system was calculated in chemical dynamics, and laminated composite with TiB2-based ceramic to stainless steel was achieved without Al2O3 inclusions and microcracks at the interface, and the intermediate was clearly presented between the ceramic and the stainless steel through liquid fusion and liquid diffusion of the ceramic liquid and the molten steel. Because of the differences in constitutional diffusion and solid precipit

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Nascimento, Alexandre R. C., Samantha Michelle Gateman, Janine Mauzeroll, Sylvio Savoie, Robert Schulz, and Christian Moreau. "Electrochemical Behavior, Microstructure, and Surface Chemistry of Thermal-Sprayed Stainless-Steel Coatings." Coatings 9, no. 12 (2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120835.

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Thermally sprayed stainless-steel coatings were produced with a wide range of deposition parameters. The electrochemical behavior of polished coatings was monitored for 3 weeks in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution and compared to that of reference materials including a wrought stainless steel plate and a bulk ingot produced by arc melting of the spraying powder feedstock. Transitions in the polarization behavior are discussed based on the observed changes in coating microstructures as well as on the shifts in X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). Results show that the deposition parameters have a st

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Ahmed, A., S. N. Ghali, M. Eissa, and S. A. El Badry. "Influence of Partial Replacement of Nickel by Nitrogen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (November 16, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/639283.

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A new modified austenitic stainless steel has been developed through partial replacement of nickel by nitrogen. Nitrogen stainless steel was produced in 10 kg induction furnace under nitrogen pressure, while reference one, AISI 316 steel grade, was produced in open-induction furnace. Both were cast and hot forged, and the total nitrogen was determined. Furthermore, the produced forged steels were subjected to solution treatment at different temperatures. The microstructure of produced stainless steels was observed. The X-ray diffractmeter and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy were used to follow t

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Ramesh, Aditya, Vishal Kumar, Anuj, and Pradeep Khanna. "Weldability of duplex stainless steels- A review." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901076.

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Duplex stainless steel finds widespread use in various sectors of manufacturing and related fields. It has many advantages due to its distinctive structural combination of austenite and ferrite grains. It is the need of the current generation due to its better corrosive resistance over high production austenitic stainless steels. This paper reviews the weldability of duplex stainless steels, mentions the reason behind the need for duplex stainless steels and describes how it came into existence. The transformations in the heat-affected zones during the welding of duplex stainless steels have a

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