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Journal articles on the topic 'Microstructure and stainless steel'
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1
Lopez, Juan Manuel Salgado, María Inés Alvarado, Hector Vergara Hernandez, José Trinidad Perez Quiroz, and Luis Olmos. "Failure of Stainless Steel Welds Due to Microstructural Damage Prevented by In Situ Metallography." Soldagem & Inspeção 21, no. 2 (2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2102.03.
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Abstract In stainless steels, microstructural damage is caused by precipitation of chromium carbides or sigma phase. These microconstituents are detrimental in stainless steel welds because they lead to weld decay. Nevertheless, they are prone to appear in the heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure of stainless steel welds. This is particularly important for repairs of industrial components made of austenitic stainless steel. Non-destructive metallography can be applied in welding repairs of AISI 304 stainless steel components where it is difficult to ensure that no detrimental phase is present in the HAZ microstructure. The need of microstructural inspection in repairs of AISI 304 is caused because it is not possible to manufacture coupons for destructive metallography, with which the microstructure can be analyzed. In this work, it is proposed to apply in situ metallography as non-destructive testing in order to identify microstructural damage in the microstructure of AISI 304 stainless steel welds. The results of this study showed that the external surface micrographs of the weldment are representative of HAZ microstructure of the stainless steel component; because they show the presence of precipitated metallic carbides in the grain boundaries or sigma phase in the microstructure of the HAZ.
2
Brytan, Z. "The corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed stainless steels." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 92 (2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9662.
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Purpose: of this paper was to examine the corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed (LSA) stainless steels using electrochemical methods in 1M NaCl solution and 1M H2SO4 solution. The LSA conditions and alloying powder placement strategies on the material's corrosion resistance were evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: In the present work the sintered stainless steels of different microstructures (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) where laser surface alloyed (LSA) with elemental alloying powders (Cr, FeCr, Ni, FeNi) and hard powders (SiC, Si3N4) to obtain a complex steel microstructure of improved properties. Findings: The corrosion resistance of LSA stainless steels is related to process parameters, powder placing strategy, that determines dilution rate of alloying powders and resulting steel microstructure. The duplex stainless steel microstructure formed on the surface layer of austenitic stainless steel during LSA with Cr and FeCr reveal high corrosion resistance in 1M NaCl solution. The beneficial effect on corrosion resistance was also revealed for LSA with Si3N4 for studied steels in both NaCl and H2SO4 solutions. Ferritic stainless steel alloyed with Ni, FeNi result in a complex microstructure, composed of austenite, ferrite, martensite depending on the powder dilution rate, also can improve the corrosion resistance of the LSA layer. Research limitations/implications: The LSA process can be applied for single phase stainless steels as an easy method to improve surface properties, elimination of porosity and densification and corrosion resistance enhancement regarding as sintered material. Practical implications: The LSA of single phase austenitic stainless steel in order to form a duplex microstructure on the surface layers result in reasonably improved corrosion performance. Originality/value: The original LSA process of stainless steels (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) was studied regarding corrosion resistance of the alloyed layer in chloride and sulphate solutions.
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Rodriguez vargas, Bryan ramiro, Luciano Albini, Giulia Tiracorrendo, Riccardo Massi, Giulia Stornelli, and Andrea Di Schino. "EFFECT OF ULTRAFAST HEATING ON AISI 304 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 29, no. 2 (2023): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.29.2.1833.
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This study explores the effects of ultrafast heating on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. The research shows that ultrafast heating can lead to fine-grained mixed microstructures in steel, making it a potential alternative for modifying microstructure in stainless steel. The study demonstrates that a minimum temperature of 980 °C is required to achieve a fully recrystallized microstructure. The results also suggest that a lower temperature can result in a finer recrystallized grain size compared to higher temperature results. The study provides valuable insights into the impact of ultrafast heating on the microstructural constituents, recrystallization temperatures, and mechanical properties of investigated steel.
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Ravi Kumar, B., J. K. Sahu, and S. K. Das. "Influence of Annealing Process on Recrystallisation Behaviour of a Heavily Cold Rolled AISI 304L Stainless Steel on Ultrafine Grain Formation." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.334.
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AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel was cold rolled to 90% with and no inter-pass cooling to produced 89% and 43% of deformation induced martensite respectively. The cold rolled specimens were annealed by isothermal and cyclic thermal process. The microstructures of the cold rolled and annealed specimens were studied by the electron microscope. The observed microstructural changes were correlated with the reversion mechanism of martensite to austenite and strain heterogeneity of the microstructure. The results indicated possibility of ultrafine austenite grain formation by cyclic thermal process for austenitic stainless steels those do not readily undergo deformation induced martensite. Keywords: Austenitic stainless steel, Grain refinement, Cyclic thermal process, Ultrafine grain
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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.
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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades ČSN 17 and 19) were selected. These provided representative specimens for the actual comparison experiment. For stainless steel type, two steel types were chosen: hardenable X47Cr14 (ČSN 17 029) stainless steel and non-hardenable X2CrNiMo18-14-3 (ČSN 17 350) steel. They are suitable e.g. for surgical tools and replacements (respectively). For tooling materials, C80U (ČSN 19 152) carbon steel and American D2 highly-alloyed steel (ČSN “equivalent” being 19 572 steel) were chosen for the project. Finally, the M390 Böhler steel was chosen as representative of powdered (atomized) steels. The goal of this paper is to discuss structural aspects of modern stainless and tool steel types and to compare them against the steel made by the RSP method. Based on the paper's results, impact of powdered steel structural characteristics on the resistance to crack initiation shall be evaluated.
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Samih, Y., Bernard Bolle, N. Alain-Bonasso, Sheng Zhi Hao, Chuang Dong, and Thierry Grosdidier. "Microstructure Modifications Induced by Pulsed Electron Beam in Steels." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1315.
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The present paper presents the first results of an ongoing research dedicated to the analysis of microstructure in steels surfaces treated by Low Energy High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (LEHCPEB). Various steels - 316L (a stainless steel), D2 (a cold-worked die steel) and 4Cr13 (a martensitic steel) - have been treated by LEHCPEB in order to improve the understanding of the surface microstructure modifications induced by this treatment. The microstructures in the modified surface were characterized by microscopy and diffraction techniques.
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Akbari Mousavi, Seyed Ali Asghar, and A. R. Sufizadeh. "The Effects of Position of the Laser Beam on the Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Weld Microstructure of AISI 630 and AISI 321 Stainless Steels." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.424.
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The study was conducted to investigate the effects of laser beam position on the weld microstructure of AISI 630 and AISI 321 stainless steels. The optical and scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction of the weld microstructures were carried out. The results showed that if the laser beam was focused at the interface, austenite, marensite and ferrite microstructures were formed at the weld region. If the laser beam was focused toward the AISI 630 stainless steel denoted as sample P in the manuscript, the martensitic-ferritic microstructures were produced in the weld cross section. If the laser beam was focused toward the AISI 321 stainless steel designated as sample A in the text, the austenitic microstructure was produced in the weld bead. The maximum hardness in all samples was occurred at the AISI 630 interface.
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Derazkola, Hamed Aghajani, Eduardo García Gil, Alberto Murillo-Marrodán, and Damien Méresse. "Review on Dynamic Recrystallization of Martensitic Stainless Steels during Hot Deformation: Part I—Experimental Study." Metals 11, no. 4 (2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040572.
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The evolution of the microstructure changes during hot deformation of high-chromium content of stainless steels (martensitic stainless steels) is reviewed. The microstructural changes taking place under high-temperature conditions and the associated mechanical behaviors are presented. During the continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX), the new grains nucleate and growth in materials with high stacking fault energies (SFE). On the other hand, new ultrafine grains could be produced in stainless steel material irrespective of the SFE employing high deformation and temperatures. The gradual transformation results from the dislocation of sub-boundaries created at low strains into ultrafine grains with high angle boundaries at large strains. There is limited information about flow stress and monitoring microstructure changes during the hot forming of martensitic stainless steels. For this reason, continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX) is still not entirely understood for these types of metals. Recent studies of the deformation behavior of martensitic stainless steels under thermomechanical conditions investigated the relationship between the microstructural changes and mechanical properties. In this review, grain formation under thermomechanical conditions and dynamic recrystallization behavior of this type of steel during the deformation phase is discussed.
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Li, Lingze, Ruiliang Liu, Quanli Liu, Zhaojie Wu, Xianglong Meng, and Yulan Fang. "Effects of Initial Microstructure on the Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Ferritic Stainless Steel." Coatings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101404.
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AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel with different initial microstructures was low-temperature plasma nitrided to improve its hardness and wear resistance in the present investigation. The microstructure and properties of the low-temperature nitrided layers on stainless steel with different initial microstructures were studied by an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, microhardness tester, pin-on-disk tribometer, and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the low-temperature nitrided layer characteristics of ferritic stainless steel are highly initial-microstructure dependent. For the ferritic stainless steel with a solid solution and annealing treatment, it had the best performance after low-temperature plasma nitriding when compared with the stainless steel with other initial microstructures. The nitrided layer thickness reached 34 μm after nitriding at 450 °C for 8 h. The phase composition of the low-temperature-nitrided layer consisted mainly of a nitrogen “expanded” α phase (αN) and iron nitrides (Fe4N and Fe2–3N). The hardness of the nitrided layer could reach up to 1832 HV0.1. Moreover, the wear and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on the solution and annealing treated ferritic stainless steel could be improved at the same time.
10
Rodriguez, Salvador Valtierra, Michael Greenwood, Delin Li, et al. "Phase-field modeling of austenitic steels used in turbines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1281, no. 1 (2023): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1281/1/012047.
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Abstract The performance in hydro-electric turbine casting and repair requires understanding of how process parameters and chemistry selection affect solidification microstructures. The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative phase-field formulation for process-microstructure relationships that seeks to model stainless steels. We have developed a phase-field model to simulate austenitic stainless steel solidification under experimental thermal histories. To this end we look at a pseudo-binary approximations for numerical efficiency. The pseudo-binary formulation is underpinned by the alloying element equivalent value, a metallurgical tool used to analyze the microstructural impact of “minor” alloying elements in stainless steels. For model validation we develop thin wall casting experiments to measure the thermal history and chemistry controlled microstructure. The models incorporate a thermodynamic parameterization and are linked to a thermal-phase transformation model which represents the experimentally measured thermal history. The results display a good agreement with the primary branch spacing and cellular to dendritic transition of the casting experiments. These models and software provide the basis for future expansion to include more complex microstructures.
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Scheriau, Stephan, Thomas Schöberl, Siegfried Kleber, and Reinhard Pippan. "Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behavior of SPD Deformed 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.491.
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The microstructural evolution, the changes in microhardness and the recrystallization behavior of a modified 316L stainless steel were investigated during high pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing. To study the impact of the governing process parameters on the evolving microstructures, the applied strain, the strain path and the annealing temperatures were varied. In contrast to ordinary single phase steels, which showed a decrease in the structural size ending in a saturation of the microstructural refinement between an equivalent strain eq of 10 and 15, HPT of the modified 316L results in a steep increase in shear stress at very small strains and the saturation region is reached far before eq = 10. Studies using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that at large strains the original coarse grains are converted by the massive intersection and fragmentation of twins into a nanometer-scaled microstructure. In the case of monotonic HPT, shock annealing of the deformed discs results in rows of fine and coarse grains. In the cyclic deformed discs a homogenous, fine-grained and almost fully recrystallized microstructure was observed. The results clearly show that both the strength and ductility of the material can be significantly influenced by SPD and subsequent annealing. Possible reasons for the observed differences in the deformation and annealing behavior are discussed.
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Yang, De Ming, and Bo Han Tian. "Microstructure of 316L Stainless Steel Coating Deposited by the Low Pressure Plasma Spray." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4888.
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Original equiaxed 316L stainless steel coatings were successfully deposited by the low pressure plasma spray. For comparison, the coatings of 316L stainless steel with normal lamellar structure were also prepared by the air plasma spray (APS). The microstructures were investigated using optical micrograph (OM). The results show that the microstructures of LPPS 316L stainless steel coatings reveal the fine equiaxed microstructures like the solidified stainless steels,which are significantly different from that of APS coatings with lamellar structures.
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Isik, Murat. "Additive manufacturing and characterization of a stainless steel and a nickel alloy." Materials Testing 65, no. 3 (2023): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0278.
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Abstract Recently, additive manufacturing is of interest, and there is a trend to study additively manufactured materials such as Inconel 718 and 316L stainless steel. Additive manufacturing brings the easiness of production of complex geometries, avoids expensive tools, helps achieve interesting microstructures and obtaining promising results for future applications. Since the additive procedure is sensitive to many fabrication variables thereby affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties. This motivation promotes investigating the additively manufactured microstructure of 316L stainless steel and Inconel 718. While 316L stainless steel was fabricated using an electron-based powder bed fusion manner, directed energy deposition was preferred for Inconel 718. Samples were examined utilizing optical and scanning electron microscopes. Results suggest processing of 316L stainless steel gives rise to the same porosity rate as Inconel 718. Bimodal equiaxed austenite grain morphology was observed whereas no dendrite presence was detected for 316L stainless steel. Additive manufacturing types do not cause a significant change in the level of porosity for Inconel 718 alloy. Unlike the case of stainless steel, additive manufacturing results in dendritic microstructure formation in Inconel 718 whereas powder bed fusion-type production triggers a better refinement compared to that of directed energy deposition.
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Li, Jing Yuan, Sumio Sugiyama, and Jun Yanagimoto. "Microstructural Evolution and Deformation Behavior of Stainless Steel in Semi-Solid State." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.681.
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Thixoforming or Semi-Solid Metal Forming offers many advantages in comparison with casting and conventional forging. The purpose of the present study is to provide the basic microstructure and deformation data for austenitic and ferritic stainless steel under mushy state. As well known, the stainless steels solidify in different modes according to the different chemical compositions. In this paper, microstructural evolution of austenitic stainless steel type 304 which solidifies in FA mode ( L → L +δ → L +δ +γ →δ +γ →γ ),austenitic stainless steel type 310S which solidifies in A mode ( L → L +γ →γ ), and ferritic stainless steel type 430 which solidifies in F mode ( L → L +δ →δ )are investigated during partial remelting by way of SIMA (Strain Induced Melted Activation). The results show that A and F mode of stainless steels melt directly at the grain boundary without phase transformation during reheating. A banded structure, originating from the primary dendritic segregation of the original ingots, is observed in type 310S steel during further heating. On the other hand, a perfect globular and insegregative two-phase semi-solid structure L +δ can be obtained while heated beyond the banded three-phase L +δ +γ semi-solid state in FA mode austenitic stainless steel type 304. This spheroidization can be attributed to the peritectic reaction occurred in the L +δ +γ semi-solid state. In addition, simple compression tests of these alloys in semi-solid state for varied combination of deformation rate and deformation temperature are conducted to examine the deformation behavior of stainless steel. Flow stress curves exhibit abrupt change in various alloys, even though in the same alloy such as type 304, various flow stresses are observed according to the difference in inner microstructure or morphology. Stress of type 310S steel shows the most reduction as the deformation temperature increasing at the same strain rate condition. The Liquid is centralized to periphery by the compression force in all deformed test pieces. Fracture, observed in all alloys except type 304 steel in globular L +δ semi-solid state, should be resulted from the lack of liquid in L +δ +γ state of type 304 steel and solidification crack in type 310S and type 430 steel. Deformation of solid particles occurs only in L +δ +γ state of type 304 steel. Last in this paper, various deformation mechanisms are proposed for various microstructures.
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Cui, Puchang, Geshu Xing, Zhisheng Nong, et al. "Recent Advances on Composition-Microstructure-Properties Relationships of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238443.
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Precipitation hardening stainless steels have attracted extensive interest due to their distinguished mechanical properties. However, it is necessary to further uncover the internal quantitative relationship from the traditional standpoint based on the statistical perspective. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the relationships among the composition, microstructure, and properties of precipitation hardened stainless steels. First, the influence of general chemical composition and its fluctuation on the microstructure and properties of PHSS are elaborated. Then, the microstructure and properties under a typical heat treatment regime are discussed, including the precipitation of B2-NiAl particles, Cu-rich clusters, Ni3Ti precipitates, and other co-existing precipitates in PHSS and the hierarchical microstructural features are presented. Next, the microstructure and properties after the selective laser melting fabricating process which act as an emerging technology compared to conventional manufacturing techniques are also enlightened. Thereafter, the development of multi-scale simulation and machine learning (ML) in material design is illustrated with typical examples and the great concerns in PHSS research are presented, with a focus on the precipitation techniques, effect of composition, and microstructure. Finally, promising directions for future precipitation hardening stainless steel development combined with multi-scale simulation and ML methods are prospected, offering extensive insight into the innovation of novel precipitation hardening stainless steels.
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Liu, Yichen, Xiongbing Li, Guangdong Zhang, Shuzeng Zhang, and Hyunjo Jeong. "Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method." Materials 13, no. 6 (2020): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061395.
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Tube/Pipe (TP) 304 stainless steel has been widely used in industry, but a change in its microstructures may endanger its service safety, and it is essential to evaluate its microstructural evolution. In this work, a pulse-echo nonlinear method is proposed to characterize the microstructural evolution of the TP304 stainless steel. The detailed pulse-echo nonlinear experimental process is presented, and it is shown that the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined when the effect of attenuation is taken into account. The microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel is artificially controlled by annealing treatments before it is evaluated by using nonlinear ultrasonic method and metallographic method. The results show that the grain sizes increase as the annealing time increases, which leads to the performance degradation of the TP304 steel and an increase in the nonlinear parameters, with the reason discussed considering the variation in the microstructure. The present pulse-echo nonlinear method is easier to conduct than the traditional transmission-through method and the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined for quantitative characterization. The variation in determined nonlinear parameters provides a reference to evaluate the microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel.
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Itman Filho, André, Wandercleiton da Silva Cardoso, Leonardo Cabral Gontijo, Rosana Vilarim da Silva, and Luiz Carlos Casteletti. "Austenitic-ferritic stainless steel containing niobium." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 4 (2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000400010.
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The austenitic-ferritic stainless steels present a better combination of mechanical properties and stress corrosion resistance than the ferritic or austenitic ones. The microstructures of these steels depend on the chemical compositions and heat treatments. In these steels, solidification starts at about 1450ºC with the formation of ferrite, austenite at about 1300ºC and sigma phase in the range of 600 to 950ºC.The latter undertakes the corrosion resistance and the toughness of these steels. According to literature, niobium has a great influence in the transformation phase of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. This study evaluated the effect of niobium in the microstructure, microhardness and charge transfer resistance of one austenitic-ferritic stainless steel. The samples were annealed at 1050ºC and aged at 850ºC to promote formation of the sigma phase. The corrosion testes were carried out in artificial saliva solution. The addition of 0.5% Nb in the steel led to the formation of the Laves phase.This phase, associated with the sigma phase, increases the hardness of the steel, although with a reduction in the values of the charge transfer resistance.
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Liu, Xiao, and Jing Long Liang. "Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 21Cr-11Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.95.
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The effect of Ce on structure and mechanical properties of 21Cr11Ni austenitic stainless steels were studied by metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test. The results show that the proper amount of Ce can refine microstructure of austenitic stainless steel. Fracture is changed from cleavage to ductile fracture by adding Ce to austenitic stainless steel. 21Cr11Ni stainless steel containing 0.05% Ce can improve its high temerature strength, and the strength is increased 21.81% at 1073K respectively comparing with that of 21Cr11Ni stainless steel without Ce.
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Gargalis, Leonidas, Leonidas Karavias, Joachim S. Graff, Spyros Diplas, Elias P. Koumoulos, and Evangelia K. Karaxi. "Novel Powder Feedstock towards Microstructure Engineering in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Case Study on Duplex/Super Duplex and Austenitic Stainless-Steel Alloys." Metals 13, no. 9 (2023): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13091546.
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Additive manufacturing of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) and Super Duplex Stainless Steels (SDSS) has been successfully demonstrated using LPBF in recent years, however, both alloys feature an almost fully ferritic microstructure in the as-built condition due to the fast cooling rates associated with the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process. Blends of DSS and SDSS powders were formulated with austenitic stainless-steel 316L powder, aiming to achieve increased austenite formation during in the LPBF as-built condition to potentially minimize the post heat treatments (solution annealing and quenching). Powder characteristics were investigated and process parameters were optimized to produce near fully dense parts. Nanoindentation (NI) tests were conducted to measure, not only the local mechanical properties and correlate them with the as-built microstructure, but also to gain a deeper understanding in the deformation behavior of individual phases that cannot be studied directly by macroscopic tensile tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) were employed for microstructural analysis and phase quantification. The microstructural analysis and EBSD phase maps revealed an increase in austenite in the as-built microstructures. Blend 1 resulted in a duplex microstructure consisting of 10% austenite at the XY plane and 20% austenite at the XZ plane. The austenite content increased with increasing proportion of 316L stainless steel in the powder blends. The DSS blend required a much higher volumetric energy density for the fabrication of near fully dense parts. This imposed a slower solidification and a higher melt pool homogeneity, allowing for adequate diffusion of the austenite stabilizing elements. The presented workflow and findings from this study provide valuable insights into powder mixing for the development of custom alloys for rapid material screening in LPBF.
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Simon, Soma Csaba, and Balázs Varbai. "High Heat Input Welding of NSSC 2120 Type Lean Duplex Steel." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 5, no. 1 (2022): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2022-01-08.
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Abstract Duplex stainless steels offer a high strength alternative to stainless steel, while providing excellent corrosion resistance, due to their dual-phase microstructure. This microstructure can be significantly influenced during welding, thus the maximum recommended heat input is usually 2.5 kJ/mm. In this research, we inspected the high heat input (3 kJ/mm) weldability of NSSC 2120 lean duplex stainless steel, which is designed and developed specifically for this purpose. The welds were evaluated by metallographic techniques and corrosion tests. It was found the NSSC 2120 grade can be welded with high heat input without deterioration in the phase balance and microstructure.
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Nguyen, Minh Thuyet. "Comparative Analysis of Microstructure in Ferritic Steel Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Manufacturing Processes." Materials Science Forum 1140 (December 19, 2024): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-lmbt23.
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Ferritic 439 stainless steels, known as iron–chromium alloys with chromium content between 11% and 30%, have been extensively used worldwide due to their good corrosion resistance, good formability, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and lower cost compared to austenitic stainless steels. Conventional production processes for these steels, such as melting, casting, and rolling, are predominantly employed due to the material's difficult formability and machinability, especially when producing complex shapes. However, additive manufacturing (AM) offers new processing opportunities. AM technology, specifically Selective Laser Melting (SLM), fuses metallic powders using a precisely focused and controlled laser beam, enabling the production of highly complex parts with high precision. In this work, we present a comparison of ferritic 439 stainless steel manufactured using SLM technology with conventionally manufactured one, focusing on their microstructure, phase, and mechanical properties. The results reveal that SLM significantly increases material strength and hardness due to notable differences in microstructure fineness and phase composition. The rapid solidification during the SLM process results in a microstructure for the as-printed ferritic 439 stainless steel that significantly differs from that of conventionally manufactured ferritic 439 stainless steel. This distinctive microstructure in the additively manufactured product is likely responsible for various other differences in material behavior.
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Jin, Chunhui, Honglin Zhou, Yuan Lai, et al. "Microstructure and mechanical properties of 15-5 PH stainless steel under different aging temperature." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021078.
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The influence of aging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr15Ni5 precipitation hardening stainless steel (15-5 PH stainless steel) were investigated at aging temperature range of 440–610 °C. The tensile properties at ambient temperature of the 15-5 PH stainless steel processed by different aging temperatures were tested, and the microstructural features were further analyzed utilizing optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Results indicated the strength of the 15-5 PH stainless steel was firstly decreased with increment of aging temperature from 440 to 540 °C, and then increased with the increment of aging temperature from 540 to 610 °C. The strength and ductility were well matched at aging temperature 470 °C, and the yield strength, tensile strength as well as elongation were determined to be 1170 MPa, 1240 MPa and 24%, respectively. The microstructures concerning to different aging temperatures were overall confirmed to be lath martensite. The strengthening mechanisms induced by dislocation density and the second phase precipitation of Cu-enriched metallic compound under different aging temperatures were determined to be the predominant strengthening mechanisms controlling the variation trend of mechanical properties corresponding to different aging temperatures with respect to 15-5 PH stainless steel.
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Mészáros, István, Bálint Bögre, and Péter János Szabó. "Magnetic and Thermoelectric Detection of Sigma Phase in 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel." Crystals 12, no. 4 (2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040527.
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Duplex stainless steel has significantly broadened the range of applications of stainless steel. They have a dual-phase microstructure containing ferrite and austenite at approximately a 50–50% phase ratio. Their corrosion resistance is much better compared to the traditional austenitic stainless steel, especially in surroundings containing chloride ion. Moreover, the large stress yield of duplex steels offers significant advantages in structural applications. The ferrite phase in some duplex stainless steels is metastable due to its composition. Consequently, the ferrite can decompose to a secondary austenite and sigma phase due to heat input. The sigma phase is a hard and brittle intermetallic compound phase that significantly deteriorates the mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties of duplex stainless steel. The embrittlement can cause a safety risk in industrial applications. This paper is a preliminary study to investigate what physical properties can be used to obtain information on sigma-phase-induced embrittlement. In this work, the effect of plastic deformation and heat treatment was studied in the appearance of the sigma phase in 2507 duplex stainless steel. Magnetic saturation polarization and thermoelectric power measurements were used to monitor the microstructural changes due to cold rolling and heat treatment. It was found that the magnetic saturation polarization and thermoelectric power measurements can be effective tools for monitoring the sigma-phase formation in duplex stainless steels due to heat input. Their application helps to prevent the embrittlement problems caused by the sigma-phase formation in duplex stainless steel structures.
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Winarto, Winarto, Muhammad Anis, Rini Riastuti, and I. N. Suarjana. "Study the Effect of Welding Position and Plate Thickness to the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the TIG Dissimilar Metal Welded between Carbon Steel ASTM A36 and Stainless Steel 304 Plates." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.364.
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Dissimilar metal welding was mostly done to optimize the application and engineering requirements with economic considerations. Weld microstructures greatly influenced the mechanical properties of welded joints. The investigations were carried out to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar weldment between carbon steel ASTM A36 and austenitic stainless steel 304 with a variation of welding position (1G, 2G, 3G) and weld thickness (6 mm to 12 mm) joints by TIG welding. A detailed analysis was conducted on the weld zone composition, the microstructural, and mechanical properties. The results show that the welding position and thickness of the weld joints influenced the microstructure both in HAZ and weld metal. Size, distribution, and orientation of microstructure were improved and more uniform with increasing of welded joint thickness. In HAZ carbon steel, GB ferrite was dominant, especially for the flat welding position (1G), while for the horizontal position (2G) and the vertical welding position (3G) showed other structures such as Widmanstaten ferrite, hard-structures like martensite and bainite. In the region near the fusion line and the weld metal, the chemical composition changed due to thermal convection, diffusion, and macro-segregation caused by penetration of liquid metal carbon steel into the weld pool. SEM/EDS results indicated diffusion of carbon from carbon steel A36 to stainless steel 304 and formed the hard-structure along the fusion line. The mechanical test results showed that the tensile test breaking point occurred in the parent metal of carbon steel A36. The bending test results showed very high stress on the face side of the welding joint, and there are no cracks from the bending test result. Vickers hardness testing showed that the hardness distribution increased from the carbon steel HAZ to the stainless steel HAZ, and the maximum hardness has achieved the value of 297 Hv at the fusion line of stainless steel 304.
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Zbigniew, Brytan, Mirołsaw Bonek, Leszek Adam Dobrzański, Daniele Ugues, and Marco Actis Grande. "The Laser Surface Remelting of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2511.
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The laser surface remelting (LSR) process was successfully applied to restore localized corrosion resistance in sensitized stainless steel and also as a useful method to improve passivity of some martensitic stainless steels. The LSR process can be successfully applied to repair cracks and defects at the surface of highly thermo-mechanically loaded parts of stainless steel. The purpose of presented study was to evaluate the microstructure and properties of laser remelted surface of stainless steels. The wrought austenitic stainless steel and sintered in vacuum 316L type were studied. The laser treatment was performed with the use of high power diode laser (HPDL) and the influence of beam power of 0.7-2.1kW on the properties of the surface layer was evaluated. The geometrical characteristics and x-ray analysis of weld bead were studied as well as microhardness, surface roughness and corrosion resistance were measured. The increase of laser beam power of LSR resulted in the increase of hardness of sintered stainless steel due to the reduction of porosity and formation of fine dendritic and cellular-dendritic microstructure. The corrosion resistance of remelted surface increased for sintered materials, when remelted at 2.1kW. The wrought stainless steel revealed impairment of pitting corrosion when remelted at lower beam power rate.
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Li, Hao, Liyuan Zhang, Boyang Zhang, and Qingdong Zhang. "Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Clad Plate." Materials 12, no. 3 (2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030509.
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In this study the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate are researched. Due to element diffusion (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn), a 20 μm thick diffusion layer is formed between stainless steel and carbon steel clad plate. The diffusion layer has a stable mechanical performance without obvious grain microstructure, and its internal mechanical properties show a graded change in the thickness direction. This is beneficial to a strong bond between stainless steel and carbon steel and the stable transition of mechanical performance in the thickness direction, as well as further carbon diffusion changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties near the diffusion layer of clad plate. Carburization stainless steel with a thickness of 150 μm is formed in the stainless steel side and decarburization carbon steel with a thickness of 80 μm is formed in the carbon steel side.
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Firmanto, Hudiyo, Susila Candra, Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat, Yesa Priscilla Triastomo, and Ivan Wirawan. "Tensile Strength and Microstructure of Rotary-Friction-Welded Carbon-Steel and Stainless-Steel Joints." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010007.
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Due to the different properties of the materials, the fusion welding of dissimilar metals may be difficult. Structural irregularities may form as a result of various phase transformations during welding. Solid-state welding, as opposed to fusion welding, occurs below the melting temperature. As a result of the melting and solidification phenomena that happen in fusion welding, solid-state welding is expected to reduce the potential for phase transformation. This paper describes the use of a rotary friction welding technique to join carbon steel and 304 stainless steel. The purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of rotary friction welding (RFW) when joining 304 stainless steel to carbon steels with different carbon contents. Experiments were carried out on the RFW of low- and medium-carbon steels with 304 stainless steel. The investigation was carried out using the Taguchi method of experimental design. The joints’ tensile strengths and microstructures were evaluated. The parameters that had the greatest influence on the tensile strengths of the welding results were identified. The combination of parameters resulting in the greatest tensile strength is also suggested. A microstructural examination of the weldment revealed mechanical mixing and interlocking.
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Żółciak, Tadeusz, Piotr Wach, and Paweł Bilski. "Application of technical nitrogen during nitriding or nitrocarburizing alloyed steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 25, no. 1-2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4476.
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In the present work technical nitrogen application for surface activation of alloyed steels with chrome, particularly stainless steel X20Cr13 during nitriding and carbonitriding was investigated .Hardness and microstructure of nitrided layers were examined. Possibility of using technical nitrogen containing 0,2%O2 for surface activation of X20Cr13 stainless steel was confirmed and activation conditions for investigated alloyed steels were determined.
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Salleh, Siti Hawa Mohamed, Mohd Nazree Derman, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Junaidi Syarif, and S. Abdullah. "Microstructure and Properties of Heat-Treated 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.105.
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440C martensitic stainless steels are widely used because of their good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of 440C martensitic stainless steel were evaluated after heat treatment of these materials at various types of heat treatment processes. The initial part of this investigation focused on the microstructures of these 440C steels. Microstructure evaluations from the as-received to the as-tempered condition were described. In the as-received condition, the formations of ferrite matrix and carbide particles were observed in this steel. In contrast, the precipitation of M7C3carbides and martensitic structures were present in this steel due to the rapid quenching process from the high temperature condition. After precipitation heat treatment, the Cr-rich M23C6carbides were identified within the structures. Moreover, a 30 minutes heat-treated sample shows the highest value of hardness compared to the others holding time. Finally, the tempering process had been carried out to complete the whole heat treatment process in addition to construct the secondary hardening phenomenon. It is believed that this phenomenon influenced the value of hardness of the 440C steel.
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Shen, Sicong, Xingyu Ma, Xiaolong Song, Wenwen Zhao, and Yong Shen. "Effect of Quenching Cooling Rate on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Precipitation-Hardened Martensitic Stainless Steels." Coatings 14, no. 5 (2024): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050572.
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Heat treatment plays a decisive role in the microstructure of metallic materials. The effect of cooling rate changes caused by the quenching medium on the microstructure of steel materials should be clarified. In this study, the effect of the quenching cooling rate on the microstructure of two precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels was investigated. The mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility effected by the changes in the microstructure were also analyzed. A slow tensile test and hydrogen pre-charging were carried out to obtain the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility parameters of the specimens. The results show that the quenching cooling rate only affects specific microstructures, including the twin structure and misorientation angle. Before hydrogen charging, the mechanical properties of the precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steels were not affected by changing the quenching cooling rate. After hydrogen charging, the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility decreased as the quenching cooling rate increased.
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Takahashi, O., Y. Shibui, P. G. Xu, S. Harjo, T. Suzuki, and Y. Tomota. "Microstructural Features and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior in Hot-Rolled Lean Duplex Stainless Steels." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4010016.
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The characteristics of texture and microstructure of lean duplex stainless steels with low Ni content produced through hot rolling followed by annealing were investigated locally with electron backscatter diffraction and globally with neutron diffraction. Then, the ductile–brittle transition (DBT) behavior was studied by Charpy impact test. It is found that the DBT temperature (DBTT) is strongly affected by the direction of crack propagation, depending on crystallographic texture and microstructural morphology; the DBTT becomes extremely low in the case of fracture accompanying delamination. A high Ni duplex stainless steel examined for comparison, shows a lower DBTT compared with the lean steel in the same crack propagating direction. The obtained results were also discussed through comparing with those of cast duplex stainless steels reported previously (Takahashi et al., Tetsu-to-Hagané, 100(2014), 1150).
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Jin, Wanwan, Chaoqun Zhang, Shuoya Jin, Yingtao Tian, Daniel Wellmann, and Wen Liu. "Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051563.
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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.
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Arumugham Akilan, Arulselvan, Ravi K. Enneti, Vamsi Krishna Balla, and Sundar V. Atre. "Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Properties of Laser-Powder Bed Fusion Fabricated Water Atomized 25Cr7Ni Stainless Steel." Lubricants 10, no. 12 (2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120340.
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25Cr7Ni stainless steel (super duplex stainless steels) exhibits a duplex microstructure of ferrite and austenite, resulting in an excellent combination of high strength and corrosion resistance. However, Laser-Powder Bed Fusion fabrication of a water-atomized 25Cr7Ni stainless steel of novel chemical composition resulted in a purely ferritic microstructure and over 5% porosity. The current study investigated the effects of two hot isostatic pressing parameters on the physical, mechanical, and corrosion properties as well as microstructures of water-atomized 25Cr7Ni stainless steel of novel composition fabricated by L-PBF for the first time in the literature. The corrosion behaviour was studied using linear sweep voltammetry in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The Hot Isostatic Pressing-treated sample achieved over 98% densification with a corresponding reduction in porosity to less than 0.1% and about 3~4% in annihilation of dislocation density. A duplex microstructure of ferrite 60% and austenite 40%was observed in the X-Ray Diffraction and etched metallography of the HIP-treated samples from a purely ferritic microstructure prior to the HIP treatment. With the evolution of austenite phase, the HIP-treated samples recorded a decrease in Ultimate Tensile Strength, yield strength, and hardness in comparison with as-printed samples. The variation in the morphology of the evolved austenite grains in the HIP-treated samples was observed to have a significant effect on the elongation. With a reduction in porosity and the evolution of the austenite phase, the HIP-treated samples showed a higher corrosion resistance in comparison with the as-printed samples.
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Rodrigues, António, Altino Loureiro, and António Castanhola Batista. "Phase Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steel A-TIG Welds." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.549.
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The aim of this research is to study the effect of the welding conditions and of an activating flux on the microstructure of the melted material of autogeneous A-TIG welds, made on austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. The increase of heat-input coarsened the microstructure, changed its morphology and decreased the δ-ferrite content retained in the microstructure. The use of a TiO2 activating flux does not significantly affect the microstructures. A thin layer tends to form in the surface of the welds, which microstructure and ferrite content are different from those observed in its core.
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Ferreira Filho, Demostenes, Daniel Souza, José Lúcio Gonçalves Júnior, Ruham Pablo Reis, Washington Martins Da Silva Junior, and Amanda Figueira Tavares. "Influence of Substrate on the Tribological Behavior of Inconel 625 GMAW Overlays." Coatings 13, no. 8 (2023): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081454.
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This study investigates the microstructure and tribological behavior of Inconel 625 overlays applied via GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) with and without a 316LSi stainless-steel intermediate layer on top of A36 steel. The microstructural characterization was conducted via FESEM with EDS. The tribological behavior was evaluated using a tribometer in a reciprocating configuration. The results showed that the wear rate of the Inconel 625 weld overlay with the 316LSi intermediate layer was higher than without it. However, no variations were observed in terms of hardness and the friction coefficient of the Inconel 625 weld overlays. The difference in the behavior of the two coatings was justified due to the microstructure morphology found in each case and chemical composition. When applied without the intermediate layer, Inconel 625 coating’s structure was dendritic, whereas it was cellular otherwise. An increase in the amount of Nb was observed in the layer deposited over 316LSi. This rise likely led to an increase in the number of precipitates and/or Laves phase formation. Thus, the results indicated that the difference in thermal conductivity and dilution between the stainless and carbon steels modifies the morphology of the microstructure of the Inconel 625 weld overlay, decreasing wear resistance when deposited on top of the stainless steel.
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Na, Shun Sang, Guo Tao Zhang, Qian Xu, and Jin Hua Gong. "Duplex Stainless Steel Microstructure Display and Microscopic Study." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1247.
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Several chemical corrosives which show the microstructure of Cr13 stainless steel are prepared. The paper introduces their methods and conditions of use and compares to their corrosive effects. The results indicate that corrosive which contains copper salt can make microstructures displaying clearly and have good reproducibility. In addition, it also has others advantages, for example, operation method and formula is simple and it can be preserved for long time. The paper provides convenient conditions for stainless steel optical microscope analysis.
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Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "New Steel Combinations Produced by the Damascus Technique." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.14.
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Multilayered forged steel plates, which combine the properties of diverse steel qualities, are referred to as Damascus steels. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by the Damascus technique in Europe. In this work four different steel combinations were investigated. Combining Fe with carbon steel C60 resulted in a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. By forging two heat-treatable steels C40 and C60 martensite with an inhomogeneous carbon distribution was formed. Combining Fe with an austenitic stainless steel showed ferrite and austenite with grain boundary carbides and segregation bands. The last combination of two cold working steels K110 and K600 led to a complex microstructure with martensite, retained austenite and two special types of carbides. After metallographic preparation and using of different etchants the various microstructures were characterized by light optical microscopy and confirmed by Vicker ́s microhardness measurements. Of high interest are the interfaces and the quality of the weld between the individual steel layers. In some regions oxidation and carbon diffusion were observed.
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Rodríguez, V., V. K. Nadimpalli, D. B. Pedersen, A. Ruiz, and M. A. J. Somers. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Spray-Formed and Vacuum Cast AISI 440C-Mod Martensitic Stainless Steel." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 79, no. 6 (2024): 288–310. https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2024-0021.
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Abstract The spray-forming process is a promising processing route for producing high-performance high-carbon steels. In this study, as-received and hardened/tempered spray-formed (SF) AISI 440C-Mod steel is compared to its vacuum cast (VaC) counterpart. For materials microstructure characterization scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction were utilized. For the characterization of the mechanical properties and performance hardness, tensile, and compression testing were performed. The results show that the SF steel has a microstructure that is very different from the VaC condition. The differences in the microstructure of the steels after the different processing routes can be explained consistently by differences in the solidification rate and the rate of subsequent cooling of the solidified structure. In particular, the identity, morphology, and size of the primary carbides depend strongly on the combination of solidification and cooling rates. The differences in microstructures have a decisive influence on the mechanical properties of as-manufactured and hardened/tempered steels. The present findings demonstrate the potential of spray forming to produce high-performance AISI 440C-Mod martensitic stainless steel with improved mechanical properties compared to VaC steel.
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Dudek, Agata, and Barbara Lisiecka. "Surface Treatment Proposals for the Automotive Industry by the Example of 316L Steel." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (2018): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0047.
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Abstract Nowadays, stainless steels are very interesting and promising materials with unique properties. They are characterized high mechanical strengths, high toughness and good corrosion resistance, so that can be used in many industrial sectors. An interesting alternative to steels obtained using the conventional methods is sintered stainless steel manufactured using the powder metallurgy technology. AISI 316L stainless steel is one of the best-known and widely used austenitic stainless steel. Modification of surface properties of stainless steels, in particular by applying the Cr3C2 coating is becoming more and more popular. The technique of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to deposit Cr3C2 - NiAl powder on stainless steel surface. In this study presents arc surface remelting of two types of stainless steel was used by GTAW method in order to improve function and usability these materials. The results of optical microscope metallographic, hardness and scratch test are presented. The main assumption for this study was to analyze the microstructure and hardness after remelting and alloying the surface of 316L steel (using GTAW method) with current intensity 50 A.
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Han, Rui Feng, Sheng Sun Hu, Jun Qi Shen, Jian Han, and Hai Gang Xu. "Effect of Different Welding Parameters on the Microstructure of 21% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1446.
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Ferritic stainless steel is an economical stainless steel which doesn’t contain nickel or a little nickel. It has the broad prospects of application. By using 21% Cr ferritic stainless steel as test material, the paper analyses the microstructure of the joint. The different welding parameters have the different effect on the depth, the solidification form and the microstructure.
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Nansa-Arng, Santirat, and Prachya Peasura. "Microstructure Analysis of Post Weld Aging in Duplex Stainless Steel Welds." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.210.
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Duplex stainless steel (DSS) offers an alternative to the austenitic stainless steels especially at temperatures between –50 and 300°C and is suitable for structural applications. The research was study the effect of post weld aging (PWA) parameters on microstructure in heat affected zone. The specimen was duplex stainless steel (DSS) UNS31803 which thickness of 10 mm. The PWA sample were tested the microstructure and phase analysis. The factors used in this study were PWA temperature of 650, 750, and 850๐C with PWA time of 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. The welded specimens were tested by microstructure and phase analysis testing according to ASTM E3-11 code. The result showed that both of PWA temperature and PWA time can greatly affect microstructure and phase analysis in heat affected zone (HAZ). The ferrite that was austenite with a grain and an austenite scattered throughout. The microstructures of PWA 650 °C with PWA 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours in ferrite phase which ferrite phase was not different. The widmanstätten structures were observed high PWA temperatures were also distributed at grain. At high PWA temperature, ferrite at the grain boundary tended to decrease. Moreover excessive aging temperature can result in increasing austenite intensity and size in parent phase. Definitely, at high PWA temperature and time, over-aging of HAZ resulted in corrosion resistance reduce.
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Li, Shuo, Miaomiao Zhao, Guizhen Qi, and Xiaolu Li. "Study on microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel during cryogenic rolling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3043, no. 1 (2025): 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3043/1/012007.
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Abstract The present study investigated the microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel during cryogenic rolling. The results indicated that during cryogenic rolling of 304 stainless steel, with a reduction ratio of 20%, 50%, and 80%, the corresponding content of α´-martensite volume fraction in the matrix was 10%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. As the reduction ratio increased from 20% to 50%, the microstructure transitioned from austenite with a significant presence of slip bands and SFs to lath martensite. When the reduction ratio reached 80%, the microstructure comprised dislocation cells and lath martensite.
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Huang, Xuqiang, and Zhaoyang Lu. "Microstructure and Properties of Press-Bonded Dissimilar Stainless Steel and Mild Carbon Steel Ingots." Metals 12, no. 12 (2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122142.
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Dissimilar steel welds between stainless and mild steels are necessary for the efficient utilization of stainless steels in construction. In the present work, a dissimilar large-sized steel ingot was fabricated by press bonding a Q235 steel to a SUS 304 steel at 1100–500 °C. The microstructure of bonded interfaces has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with tensile tests to evaluate the bonding strength. It has been demonstrated that a strong-bonded, high-quality, dissimilar steel ingot could be fabricated by press bonding. The (Fe, Cr)3C carbide is present in the narrow zone of diffusion-bonded stainless steel and mild steel. Interestingly, the maximum hardness is not too high to make the transition zone brittle but enough to constrain the narrow soft ferrite during tensile and fatigue tests, causing the final fracture to occur in the mild steel region rather than the bonding interface.
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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Oualid Beziou, Ines Hamdi, François Brisset, and Thierry Baudin. "Effect of Metal Filler on the Welded Joint of X70 Steel Joined to Duplex Stainless Steel by Gas Arc Welding." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 16, no. 1 (2025): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.16.1.1934.
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This study investigates the effects of using two different metal fillers on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel and X70 steel welded joint, performed using the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The electrodes employed were ER2209 and ER70S. The research aims to assess the feasibility of welding dissimilar steels with these two electrodes. Three weld passes were conducted using the different electrodes, followed by characterization of the welded joint's microstructure and evaluation of its mechanical properties. The primary characterization techniques included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), corrosion testing, Vickers microhardness, and tensile testing. The welded joint exhibited no visible defects, and using two electrodes increased the hardness, particularly in the fusion zone, where it reached 290 HV. Microscopic analysis revealed a solidification microstructure in the fusion zone. The welded joint demonstrated intermediate corrosion resistance between the two base steels (duplex stainless steel and X70). At the same time, its tensile strength was also intermediate, achieving more than 96% of the nominal tensile strength of duplex stainless steel. This approach of bonding dissimilar steels offers a potential solution for substituting one steel type with another in automotive structures, enhancing their resistance and reducing production costs.
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Penha, R. N., L. B. Silva, C. S. P. Mendonça, T. C. Moreira, and M. L. N. M. Melo. "Effect of ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 91 (2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1382.
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Purpose: SAF 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are materials characterized by a favourable combination of the properties of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. This type of stainless steel presents good weldability, corrosion resistance especially for stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this steel presents an unavoidable disadvantage that is its potential microstructural instability. Although duplex stainless steels design idea is to present two main types of microstructure, other phases and carbides or nitrides can precipitate. In the case of DSS SAF 2205, in addition to austenitic and ferritic microstructure, during heat treatment processing, welding or use may occur precipitation of undesirable intermetallic phases such as chi, Widmanstätten austenite, sigma besides carbides and nitrides. The precipitation of s-phase is associated with effects that cause both reduction of toughness and decreases the corrosion resistance on austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steels. Design/methodology/approach: This study evaluated the aging treatment effect on hardness, impact toughness and ferrite content of a SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Samples were solubilized at 1150°C, quenched in water and aged at 850°C during 1, 5, 10, 30, 60 or 180 minutes. After aging, cooling was to room temperature in air. Findings: Aging time promoted s-phase precipitation and hardness increase. Hardness and ferrite volume measurements, microscopy and the prediction of sigma phase bases the discussion. Impact toughness decreased with time aging and intermetallic phase precipitation. Research limitations/implications: As future work could be performed some corrosion test, vary the cooling rate after aging, and using other techniques to identify phases. Focus the research at lower aging times to try the describe Cr partitioning process to form sigma phase. Practical implications: High aging time should be avoided for SAF 2205 DSS. Originality/value: Usually sigma-phase precipitation on DDS is correlated to welding process. This paper correlates it to aging heat treatment.
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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Lamia Baghdadi, François Brisset, Denis Solas, and Thierry Baudin. "SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 2 (2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504.
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This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.
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Yin, De Jun, Zhong Min Zhao, Bao Jun Wu, Long Zhang, and Ya Lin Song. "Defect Control and Interfacial Microstructure of Laminated Composites of TiB2-Based Ceramic to 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel by Reaction Fusion Bonding." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.198.
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By taking Ti-B4C and CrO3-Al as the primary system and the subsystem respectively, the curve dependence of CrO3-Al subsystem on the adiabatic temperature of the reactive system was calculated in chemical dynamics, and laminated composite with TiB2-based ceramic to stainless steel was achieved without Al2O3 inclusions and microcracks at the interface, and the intermediate was clearly presented between the ceramic and the stainless steel through liquid fusion and liquid diffusion of the ceramic liquid and the molten steel. Because of the differences in constitutional diffusion and solid precipitation, the hybrid microstructures was presented in the intermediate, i.e. within the intermediate the ceramic and metallic phases in different size were alternately distributed to form 3-D net ceramic-metal microstructure, while the continuously-graded microstructure from the TiB2 matrix ceramic to stainless steel was also presented in both volume fraction and size of the TiB2 and TiC phases.
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Nascimento, Alexandre R. C., Samantha Michelle Gateman, Janine Mauzeroll, Sylvio Savoie, Robert Schulz, and Christian Moreau. "Electrochemical Behavior, Microstructure, and Surface Chemistry of Thermal-Sprayed Stainless-Steel Coatings." Coatings 9, no. 12 (2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120835.
Full textAbstract:
Thermally sprayed stainless-steel coatings were produced with a wide range of deposition parameters. The electrochemical behavior of polished coatings was monitored for 3 weeks in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution and compared to that of reference materials including a wrought stainless steel plate and a bulk ingot produced by arc melting of the spraying powder feedstock. Transitions in the polarization behavior are discussed based on the observed changes in coating microstructures as well as on the shifts in X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). Results show that the deposition parameters have a strong effect on the coating microstructures but the small differences in the polarization behavior of coatings mostly disappear after 1 week of testing. Microstructure evidence shows preferential corrosion at splats experiencing melting prior to deposition. Pitting and corrosion products between splat boundaries are also reported. XPS analysis shows that the coating surfaces are enriched in chromium oxides and hydroxides. Comparison between the coating and bulk stainless steels suggests that coating inherent defects play a major role on their impaired corrosion resistance.
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Ahmed, A., S. N. Ghali, M. Eissa, and S. A. El Badry. "Influence of Partial Replacement of Nickel by Nitrogen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (November 16, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/639283.
Full textAbstract:
A new modified austenitic stainless steel has been developed through partial replacement of nickel by nitrogen. Nitrogen stainless steel was produced in 10 kg induction furnace under nitrogen pressure, while reference one, AISI 316 steel grade, was produced in open-induction furnace. Both were cast and hot forged, and the total nitrogen was determined. Furthermore, the produced forged steels were subjected to solution treatment at different temperatures. The microstructure of produced stainless steels was observed. The X-ray diffractmeter and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy were used to follow the phase change in reference and modified steels after different heat treatment temperatures. The influence of grain-size, soluble, and insoluble nitrogen on tensile strength and hardness was investigated. The major phase in the modified steel has a fcc structure similar to the reference one, but with finer grains and more expanded lattice. The yield strength and hardness of the nitrogen-modified stainless steel are higher than the reference steel. On the other hand, the increase of nitrogen content deteriorates the steel ductility.
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Ramesh, Aditya, Vishal Kumar, Anuj, and Pradeep Khanna. "Weldability of duplex stainless steels- A review." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901076.
Full textAbstract:
Duplex stainless steel finds widespread use in various sectors of manufacturing and related fields. It has many advantages due to its distinctive structural combination of austenite and ferrite grains. It is the need of the current generation due to its better corrosive resistance over high production austenitic stainless steels. This paper reviews the weldability of duplex stainless steels, mentions the reason behind the need for duplex stainless steels and describes how it came into existence. The transformations in the heat-affected zones during the welding of duplex stainless steels have also been covered in this paper. The formation, microstructure and changes in high temperature and low temperature heat-affected zones have been reviewed in extensive detail. The effects of cooling rate on austenite formation has been briefly discussed. A comparison of weldability between austenitic and duplex stainless steel is also given. Finally, the paper reviews the applications of the various grades of duplex stainless steel in a variety of industries like chemical, paper and power generation and discusses the future scope of duplex stainless steel in various industrial sectors.