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Journal articles on the topic 'Microstructure of steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Lomholt, Trine C., Yoshitaka Adachi, Jeremy Peterson, Russell Steel, Karen Pantleon, and Marcel A. J. Somers. "Microstructure Characterization of Friction Stir Spot Welded TRIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.275.

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Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels have not yet been successfully joined by any welding technique. It is desirable to search for a suitable welding technique that opens up for full usability of TRIP steels. In this study, the potential of joining TRIP steel with Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate whether acceptable welds can be produced, and additionally, to obtain an understanding of the microstructural changes during welding. The microstructure was investigated with a combination of microscopical techniques with the aim of i

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2

Samih, Y., Bernard Bolle, N. Alain-Bonasso, Sheng Zhi Hao, Chuang Dong, and Thierry Grosdidier. "Microstructure Modifications Induced by Pulsed Electron Beam in Steels." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1315.

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The present paper presents the first results of an ongoing research dedicated to the analysis of microstructure in steels surfaces treated by Low Energy High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (LEHCPEB). Various steels - 316L (a stainless steel), D2 (a cold-worked die steel) and 4Cr13 (a martensitic steel) - have been treated by LEHCPEB in order to improve the understanding of the surface microstructure modifications induced by this treatment. The microstructures in the modified surface were characterized by microscopy and diffraction techniques.

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3

Lopez, Juan Manuel Salgado, María Inés Alvarado, Hector Vergara Hernandez, José Trinidad Perez Quiroz, and Luis Olmos. "Failure of Stainless Steel Welds Due to Microstructural Damage Prevented by In Situ Metallography." Soldagem & Inspeção 21, no. 2 (2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2102.03.

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Abstract In stainless steels, microstructural damage is caused by precipitation of chromium carbides or sigma phase. These microconstituents are detrimental in stainless steel welds because they lead to weld decay. Nevertheless, they are prone to appear in the heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure of stainless steel welds. This is particularly important for repairs of industrial components made of austenitic stainless steel. Non-destructive metallography can be applied in welding repairs of AISI 304 stainless steel components where it is difficult to ensure that no detrimental phase is prese

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4

Tao, Xue Li, Kai Ming Wu, and Xiang Liang Wan. "Effect of Nb on Microstructure Evolution of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone with Large Heat Input Welding." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1174.

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The effect of Nb microalloying on microstructure transformation of coarse-grained heat-affected zone of high strength low alloy steels were investigated utilizing different heat input welding simulation. For the low-Nb steel, the microstructures of coarse-grained heat-affected zone mainly consisted of acicular ferrite, bainite and grain boundary ferrite for small heat input welding; the amount of acicular ferrite decreased whereas grain boundary ferrite, polygonal ferrite and pearlite increased with increasing heat input. In constrast, for the high-Nb steel, granular bainite was the dominant m

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Zheng, Hua, Kai Ming Wu, S. F. Sun, and G. W. Hu. "Niobium-Alloyed Steel Treated by Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 528 (February 2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.149.

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Given the strong recent interest in quenching-partitioning-tempering processed steels, the Niobium-alloyed medium carbon steel was investigated here. The microstructural observations and hardness were analyzed by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and hardness test. Results show that when quenched at 210°C and partitioned at 450°C, the quenching partitioning-tempering process leads to ultra fine-grained microstructures of martensite, retained austenite and carbides. And the microstructure and hardness changed differently with the increase of partitioned tim

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6

Nasiri, Z., and H. Mirzadeh. "Spheroidization heat treatment and intercritical annealing of low carbon steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 3 (2019): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180813033n.

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Spheroidization annealing of low carbon steel and its effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase (DP) steel were studied. It was revealed that the reduction in strength and hardness of the quenched martensitic microstructure was much more pronounced compared to the fully annealed ferritic-pearlitic banded microstructure with spheroidizing time. This was related to the confinement of spheroidized carbide particles to distinct bands in the latter, and the uniform dispersion of carbides and high-temperature tempering of martensite in the former. During intercritical ann

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7

Kučerová, Ludmila, Martin Bystrianský, and Josef Káňa. "The Effect of Isothermal Hold Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TRIP Steel." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.253.

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TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steels are low alloyed low carbon steels with complex microstructures consisting of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. This complex microstructure provides them with excellent strength to ductility balance, making them a member of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) group. Suitable microstructure can be obtained by either heat or thermo-mechanical treatment. A hold in bainite transformation region is an integral part of any form of commercial TRIP steel processing route, as it enables formation of sufficient volume fraction of bainite and also st

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8

Yao, Zi Shan, Guang Xu, and Ming Xing Zhou. "Effect of Vanadium on the Microstructure and Property of Rebar Steel." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.269.

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Rebar steel is used in the construction of various buildings. Vanadium (V), one of microalloying elements, is often added in the rebar steel to improve mechanical property. In order to analyse the effect of V on the microstructure and property of rebar steel, 0.043 wt.% V was added in a 20MnSi rebar steel. The base steel and V added steel were refined in a 50 kg vacuum induction furnace and rolled to plates of 14 mm thick. The mechanical properties of two steels were compared by tensile tests on a Wan-10000 tensile testing machine. The microstructure and precipitation of two steels were analys

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9

Toribio, Jesús. "Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steels as Hierarchically Structured Materials: An Approach to Johann Sebastian Bach." Key Engineering Materials 774 (August 2018): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.774.492.

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This paper analyzes the hierarchical microstructure of cold-drawn pearlitic steels. To this end, environmentally assisted fracture behavior and microstructural integrity in aggressive environments is analyzed in progressively cold-drawn pearlitic steels based on their microstructural evolution during the multi-step cold drawing manufacture process producing a slenderizing and orientation of the pearlitic colonies (first microstructural level), and orientation and densification of the ferrite/cementite lamellae (second microstructural level). Thus the microstructure of the cold-drawn pearlitic

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10

Scherff, Frederik, Jessica Gola, Sebastian Scholl, et al. "Numerical simulation of dual-phase steel based on real and virtual three-dimensional microstructures." Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 33, no. 5 (2021): 1989–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-00980-x.

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AbstractDual-phase steel shows a strong connection between its microstructure and its mechanical properties. This structure–property correlation is caused by the composition of the microstructure of a soft ferritic matrix with embedded hard martensite areas, leading to a simultaneous increase in strength and ductility. As a result, dual-phase steels are widely used especially for strength-relevant and energy-absorbing sheet metal structures. However, their use as heavy plate steel is also desirable. Therefore, a better understanding of the structure–property correlation is of great interest. M

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11

Santos, Dagoberto Brandão, Élida G. Neves, and Elena V. Pereloma. "Effect of Processing Route on Mechanical Behavior of C-Mn Multiphase High Strength Cold Rolled Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4375.

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The multiphase steels have complex microstructures containing polygonal ferrite, martensite, bainite, carbide and a small amount of retained austenite. This microstructure provides these steels with a high mechanical strength and good ductility. Different thermal cycles were simulated in the laboratory in order to create the microstructures with improved mechanical properties. The samples were heated to various annealing temperatures (740, 760 or 780°C), held for 300 s, and then quickly cooled to 600 or 500°C, where they were soaked for another 300 s and then submitted to the accelerated cooli

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12

Kim, Kwangsoo, Namhyun Kang, Minjung Kang, and Cheolhee Kim. "Assessment of Heat-Affected Zone Softening of Hot-Press-Formed Steel over 2.0 GPa Tensile Strength with Bead-On-Plate Laser Welding." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135774.

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High-strength hot-press-formed (HPF) steels with a fully martensitic microstructure are being widely used in the fabrication of automotive body structure, and 2.0 GPa-strength HPF steel has recently been commercially launched. However, heat-affected zone (HAZ) softening is unavoidable in welding martensitic steel. In this study, the HAZ softening characteristic of 2.0 GPa HPF steel was investigated by applying a high-brightness laser welding process, wherein the heat input was controlled by varying the welding speed. Microstructural evaluation and hardness test results showed that the base met

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13

Sokolov, Dmitry F., Alexey A. Ogoltcov, Alexander A. Vasilyev, N. G. Kolbasnikov, and S. F. Sokolov. "Modeling of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled Steels." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.116.

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An integral mathematical physically based model is developed for prediction of the microstructure and mechanical properties of steels processed in accordance with a given hot deformation and accelerated cooling regimes. The model predicts austenite microstructure evolution under hot deformation, as well as its transformation during subsequent cooling with account of formation of ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite. Structure-property relationships are developed using an extensive experimental database chemical composition - microstructure - mechanical properties obtained for 10 steel gra

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14

Zhao, Jin Hua, Dong Fang Li, Guo Yuan, et al. "Fracture and Crack Propagation Behavior of 560 MPa Microalloyed Pipeline Steel under Different Cooling Schedules." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1094–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1094.

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Three kinds of pipeline steel with different microstructures were fabricated by varying cooling schedules during thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP). Charpy impact property of the pipeline steels were obtained, and the fracture and crack-arrest mechanisms were further studied. The results indicated that the steels were classified into two kinds according to their microstructures, the mixture of acicular ferrite (AF), quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF), granular bainite (GB) and small fraction of degenerate pearlite (DP), and the mixed microstructure of AF and GB, respectively. The process

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15

Scheriau, Stephan, Thomas Schöberl, Siegfried Kleber, and Reinhard Pippan. "Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behavior of SPD Deformed 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.491.

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The microstructural evolution, the changes in microhardness and the recrystallization behavior of a modified 316L stainless steel were investigated during high pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing. To study the impact of the governing process parameters on the evolving microstructures, the applied strain, the strain path and the annealing temperatures were varied. In contrast to ordinary single phase steels, which showed a decrease in the structural size ending in a saturation of the microstructural refinement between an equivalent strain eq of 10 and 15, HPT of the modified 316L r

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16

Novy, Zbysek, and Kateřina Opatová. "Capabilities of Thixoforming of Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.99.

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Thanks to innovative processing routes, even conventional materials which have been around for years can be manipulated to obtain unconventional microstructures with specific mechanical and physical properties. This also holds for various semi-solid forming processes, which represent a dynamically developing field. Yet, these processes are still under development due to their technological complexity. One of the innovative methods of semi-solid processing is mini-thixoforming. As it focuses on very small-size products, it offers very steep heating curves and extremely high solidification and c

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17

Marvi-Mashhadi, M., A. Rezaee-Bazzaz, and Mohammad Mazinani. "Modelling the Flow Behaviour of Dual-Phase Steels with Different Martensite Volume Fractions by Finite Element Method." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1503.

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Dual-phase (DP) steels have a composite-type microstructure consisting mainly of hard martensite islands embedded in a soft ferrite matrix. DP steels exhibit a characteristic combination of high strength, high work hardening rate and good ductility. Mechanical behaviour of DP steels is closely related to their microstructures. Hence, it is necessary to take into account their microstructural parameters in any attempt to estimate their flow behaviour. In this study, the flow curves of low carbon DP steels with 26.4 and 52% martensite produced by intercritical annealing processes at different te

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18

Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.

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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades

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19

Balart, M. J., Claire L. Davis, Martin Strangwood, and J. F. Knott. "Cleavage Initiation in Ti-V-N and V-N Microalloyed Forging Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.729.

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The effects of matrix microstructure and features of non-metallic inclusion (morphology, type, volume fraction and size) on cleavage initiation in medium-carbon Ti-V-N and V-N microalloyed resulphurized forging steels have been determined by examining fracture surfaces produced in room temperature Charpy impact tests. The steels were generally Al-deoxidised but one V-N steel was Si-deoxidised. It has been found that, in the Ti-treated steel, having a ferrite-pearlite microstructure, brittle fracture initiation occurred at cracked coarse (Ti,V)(C,N) single phase or [(Ti,V)(C,N)/Al2O3/MnS] multi

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20

Yu, Yi Peng, Jin Feng Huang, Hua Cui, Yuan Hua Cai, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Microstructures and Thermostability of Spray Formed Nb-Containing High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.3.

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The M3 type high speed steel billets with / without Nb addition were prepared via spray forming. The effects of cooling rate and Nb on the microstructures and property of the M3 type high speed steel were investigated. The results show that the as-cast steels contain coarse primary dendrites and M2C eutectic carbide, but the equiaxed grains and fine carbides are formed in the spray-formed steels. It can be seen that carbide precipitation and grain growth were suppressed by high cooling rate. The Nb additions can change the types of primary carbides. The solidified carbide microstructure was ef

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21

Adachi, Yoshitaka, and Kaneaki Tsuzaki. "Ultra Rapid Softening of High Strength Structural Steels by Thermomechanical Treatment." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4807.

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This study aims to shorten the softening treatment period as possible in high strength structural steels. The steel used is SCM440 steel. As an initial microstructure, martensite, bainite, pearlite and complicated microstructure consisting of ultrafine polygonal, martensite and equiaxed cementite were extensively examined to understand their softening process on aging at 973K. These initial microstructures were prepared by heat or thermomechanical treatment. Their initial Vickers hardness (Hv(10kgf)) were 634, 281, 219 and 238, respectively. It is noteworthy that within five minutes on aging h

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Xiao, Gui Zhi, Kuai She Wang, Fu Xian Zhu, and Hong Shuang Di. "Development of Direct Quenching Process for SPV490Q Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.757.

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SPV490Q steel is a low alloy high strength structural steel plate used in the manufacture of oil storage tank. To improve the comprehensive performance of SPV490Q steel plate and reduce manufacturing costs, direct quenching technology has been developed as revolutionary plate manufacturing technologies in recent years. Effect of direct quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of high performance SPV490Q steel plate has been studied. The direct quenched (DQ) steel plates are rolled at different finish rolling temperatures, and their microstructures and mechanical properties are com

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23

Mannucci, A., E. Anelli, M. Armengol, and Maurizio Vedani. "Ductility of Microalloyed Steels during Hot Deformation." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3362.

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The ductility behaviour experienced by steels for linepipe (LP) applications in a temperature range generally from 700°C to 1200°C is a widely studied subject in steel research, especially for its implication on cracking during continuous casting and rolling. Hot tensile / torsion tests on as-cast products, conducted until fracture, are normally used to characterise the hot deformability behaviour. Depending on the industrial hot deformation process within which the steel aptitude is being investigated, other types of tests can be more adequate. With the aim to characterize the hot deformabili

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Zeng, Yan Ping, and Wen Yang. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of a Newly Developed Plastic Injection Mold Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.263.

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The microstructure of a new plastic injection mold steel in the annealed condition and effect of quenching-tempering process on the microstructure and hardness of this steel were investigated by means of OM, SEM, XRD and a digital hardness tester. The microstructure of the annealed steel consisted of ferrite and secondary particles which were identified as a FeCr intermetallic phase based on EDS and XRD analysis. Strong segregation exists in the steel. The microstructures of the quenched steels consisted of fine martensite, a small amount of blocky ferrite and secondary particles except quench

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Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "New Steel Combinations Produced by the Damascus Technique." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.14.

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Multilayered forged steel plates, which combine the properties of diverse steel qualities, are referred to as Damascus steels. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by the Damascus technique in Europe. In this work four different steel combinations were investigated. Combining Fe with carbon steel C60 resulted in a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. By forging two heat-treatable steels C40 and C60 martensite with an inhomogeneous carbon distribution was formed. Combining Fe with an austenitic stainless steel showed ferrite and austenite with grain boundary carbides and

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Chen, Yan Tang, Kai Guang Zhang, and Ji Hao Cheng. "Microstructure Evolution of a HSLA Offshore Steel with Cooling Rates." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.306.

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The high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been extensively used in offshore engineering. The appropriate microstructure of the HSLA structural steels was designedly controlled in steel making for offshore construction. The different microstructures of the steel were formed when shifted the cooling rate after final rolling. Experiment results shown that ferrite and pearlite were observed in the HSLA steel with a cooling rate less than 0.2°C/s. Bainite was formed when the cooling rate ranged from 1.0°C/s to 5.0°C/s and martensite was seen in the steel plate with a cooling rate more than 30°

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Serna, Sergio, Julio C. Villalobos, Osvaldo Flores, Horacio Martínez, Edgar López, and Bernardo Campillo. "Efecto del H2S en la Susceptibilidad al Agrietamiento de Dos Aceros Microaleados para Tubería." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (2018): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1447.

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Cracking in sour media modes were observed, and these were related mainly to the microstructure produced during the thermomechanical process of two microalloyed steels grade API X 52. Through the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics modified specimens. Steels loaded at similar initial stress intensity factors showed different cracking modes that were related directly to their different microstructures. Steels microstructures indicate different fabrication routes. Testing temperature played an important role on switching the cracking characteristics being remarkable by the ferrite-pearlite

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Fábián, Enikö Réka, and Áron Kótai. "Cold Rolling Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Al-Killed Steels." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.315.

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It have been studied the cold rolling effects on the microstructure of samples prepared from Al-killed low carbon steel sheets with high coiling temperatures. The microstructure of the hot rolled steels sheet is formed from ferrite and large carbides when the coiling temperature is high. The cold rolling affects the steel mechanical and electrochemical properties due to microstructural changes. We have studied the microstructure by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Low angles grain boundaries and the texture of samples were studied by EBSD method.

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Senuma, Takehide, and Yoshito Takemoto. "Model for Predicting Recrystallization Behavior of Cold Rolled Extralow Carbon Steel Sheets." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2302.

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Microstructual observations indicate that the recrystallization of cold rolled extralow carbon steel sheets occurs due to the abnormal growth of selected subgrains in recovered subgrain microstructures. The authors measured the orientations of a recovered microstructure of a cold rolled extralow carbon steel sheet by SEM-EBSP and classified the deformed grains into several types due to the orientation and its scattering degree. In this study, a model for predicting the recrystallization behavior of cold rolled extralow carbon steels has been developed by applying the model of Humphreys modifie

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Průcha, Vojtěch, Zdeněk Jansa, Jiří Šimeček, Ondřej Žďánský, and Antonín Kříž. "Characterization of Microstructure of Hadfield Steel." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.265.

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In this contribution, the preparation of metallographic sections and characterization of the microstructure of manganese Hadfield steels are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide information relevant to microstructural characterization of these steels. This type of steel is characterized by high resistance to abrasive wear, which is provided by surface strengthening through strain-induced martensitic transformation. Strengthening complicates the preparation of metallographic sections because the final microstructure can be influenced by the process and it can be eventually misinte

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Mohrbacher, Hardy, Jer-Ren Yang, Yu-Wen Chen, Johannes Rehrl, and Thomas Hebesberger. "Metallurgical Effects of Niobium in Dual Phase Steel." Metals 10, no. 4 (2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040504.

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Dual phase (DP) steels are widely applied in today’s automotive body design. The favorable combination of strength and ductility in such steels is in first place related to the share of ferrite and martensite. The pronounced work hardening behavior prevents localized thinning and allows excellent stretch forming. Niobium microalloying was originally introduced to dual phase steel for improving bendability by refining the microstructure. More recently developed “high ductility” (HD) DP steel variants provide increased drawability aided by a small share of austenite retained in the microstructur

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Brytan, Z. "The corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed stainless steels." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 92 (2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9662.

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Purpose: of this paper was to examine the corrosion resistance of laser surface alloyed (LSA) stainless steels using electrochemical methods in 1M NaCl solution and 1M H2SO4 solution. The LSA conditions and alloying powder placement strategies on the material's corrosion resistance were evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: In the present work the sintered stainless steels of different microstructures (austenitic, ferritic and duplex) where laser surface alloyed (LSA) with elemental alloying powders (Cr, FeCr, Ni, FeNi) and hard powders (SiC, Si3N4) to obtain a complex steel microstructure o

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Ravi Kumar, B., J. K. Sahu, and S. K. Das. "Influence of Annealing Process on Recrystallisation Behaviour of a Heavily Cold Rolled AISI 304L Stainless Steel on Ultrafine Grain Formation." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.334.

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AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel was cold rolled to 90% with and no inter-pass cooling to produced 89% and 43% of deformation induced martensite respectively. The cold rolled specimens were annealed by isothermal and cyclic thermal process. The microstructures of the cold rolled and annealed specimens were studied by the electron microscope. The observed microstructural changes were correlated with the reversion mechanism of martensite to austenite and strain heterogeneity of the microstructure. The results indicated possibility of ultrafine austenite grain formation by cyclic thermal proc

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Jirková, Hana, David Aišman, Indrani Sen, et al. "Mini-Thixoforming of a Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.500.

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Semi-solid processing is complicated by various inherent technical problems. However, once these problems are solved, thixoforming allows intricately shaped components to be manufactured very effectively – often with microstructures that cannot be produced by any other techniques. The recently introduced mini-thixoforming method is an example of such a novel technique for semi-solid processing of steel. The wall thicknesses of resulting parts are about 1 mm. Microstructures of semi-solid-processed steels typically consist of a high proportion of globular particles of metastable austenite embed

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Bordone, Matías, Juan Perez-Ipiña, Raúl Bolmaro, Alfredo Artigas, and Alberto Monsalve. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Aspects of Two High-Manganese Steels with TWIP/TRIP Effects: A Comparative Study." Metals 11, no. 1 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010024.

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This article is focused on the mechanical behavior and its relationship with the microstructural changes observed in two high-manganese steels presenting twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), namely Steel B and Steel C, respectively. Chemical compositions were similar in manganese, but carbon content of Steel B approximately doubles Steel C, which directly impacted on the stacking fault energy (SFE), microstructure and mechanical response of each alloy. Characterization of as-cast condition by optical microscope revealed a fully austenitic microstruct

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Sherman, Don H., Bing J. Yang, Adrian V. Catalina, et al. "Modeling of Microstructure Evolution of Athermal Transformation of Lath Martensite." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4795.

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Martensitic microstructures in steels provide the strength and toughness required for the dynamic loads experienced by construction and mining machines. Such microstructures are produced with appropriate heat treatments. A physics based model has been developed to represent the microstructure evolution during the martensitic transformation. This modeling has been used to understand the role of as-quenched microstructure on subsequent processing. This paper describes modeling the martensitic transformation in steels under different cooling rates. The model described in this paper has been valid

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Hou, Fei Fei, Atsushi Ito, Yu Bai, Akinobu Shibata, and Nobuhiro Tsuji. "Microstructure Evolution and Change in Mechanical Properties of Medium Mn Steels during Thermomechanical Processing." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.346.

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Medium manganese steels are nowadays energetically investigated as the third generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) because of their excellent balance between material cost and mechanical properties. However, the phase transformation and microstructure evolution in medium manganese steels during various heat treatments and thermomechanical processing are still unclear. The present study firstly examined kinetics of static phase transformation behavior and microstructural change in a 3Mn-0.1C medium manganese steel. Hot compression tests were also carried out to investigate the influen

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Varughese, R., and P. R. Howell. "Austenite transformation products in quenched low-carbon HSLA steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177647.

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The alloy design for the HSLA-100 plate steel aims at optimizing the strength and toughness through developing a refined ferritic microstructure while enhancing the weldability by lowering the carbon levels to 0.04 wt% or less. The austenite grain refining potential of microalloying additions of niobium is coupled with the hardenability effects of Mn, Ni, Cr and Mo to achieve a fine acicular microstructure through water quenching prior to age-hardening through copper precipitation. Wilson et. al, in developing CCT diagrams for these HSLA steels noted that the as-quenched microstructure in the

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Vurobi, Selauco, Thiago Ferreira de Andrade, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Utilization of Color Metallography in Characterization of a Modified SAE 4118H Steel Submitted to Isothermal Treatments." Materials Science Forum 805 (September 2014): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.242.

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A modified SAE 4118H steel was subjected to isothermal treatments between 700 °C and 400 oC every 50 °C range, with the intention of evaluating the decomposition of austenite at constant temperature. It was varied time of stay in the isothermal treatment between 15 and 28800 seconds depending on the treatment temperature. After each isothermal treatment and standard metallographic preparation, the samples were etched with color metallography reagents for revealing the microstructure obtained. At temperatures of 700oC to 550°C the steel showed microstructure composed of ferrite and pearlite. Be

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Song, Ming-ming, Yu-min Xie, Bo Song, et al. "The Microstructure and Property of the Heat Affected zone in C-Mn Steel Treated by Rare Earth." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (2019): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0175.

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AbstractThe microstructures and impact properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ) in steel treated by rare earth (RE) under different welding processes were discussed. The effect of Al on the impact properties of the HAZ in RE treated steel was analyzed. It finds that when the welding t8/5 is smaller than 111 s, the main microstructure in steels is bainite/widmanstatten. The impact toughness of the HAZ is lower than that of the steel matrix. When t8/5 is more than 250 s, the microstructure is mainly acicular ferrite (AF) in the steel treated by RE, and the impact toughness of HAZ is obviously

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Meng, Yi, Hui Min Zhou, Jia Lin Gan, and Sumio Sugiyama. "Microstructural Evolution of SKD11 Tool Steel during Multi-Stage Thixoforming and Subsequent Heat Treatments." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.45.

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The application of semisolid forming (SSF) is inhibited significantly by the inhomogeneous distributions of microstructure and mechanical properties in the products manufactured by SSF. Beside of forming parameters including forming temperature, isothermal holding time, and forming speed, post heat treatments of SSF is one of the most important facts affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SSF-manufactured products. In this study, heat treatments including annealing, quenching, and tempering different experimental conditions were conducted on the SKD11 tool steel samples

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Li, Zhuang, Zhen Zheng, Da Tong Qiu, et al. "Effect of Overaging Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Strength Multiphase Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.249.

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Overaging after intercritical annealing of ultra-high strength multiphase steel was conducted in a continuous annealing simulator of the laboratory. The effect of overaging temperature on the mechanical properties of multiphase steel has been studied by observing the microstructural evolution during overaging. The results have shown that multiphase microstructures containing ferrite, martensite, bainite and retained austenite were obtained by overaging treatments after intercritical annealing in ultra-high strength steel, and overaging temperatures affected all constituents of the microstructu

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Morri, A., L. Ceschini, M. Pellizzari, C. Menapace, F. Vettore, and E. Veneri. "Effect of the Austempering Process on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 27MnCrB5-2 Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (2017): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0094.

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AbstractThe effect of austempering parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 27MnCrB5-2 steel has been investigated by means of: dilatometric, microstructural and fractographic analyses; tensile and Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact tests at room temperature and a low temperature.Microstructural analyses showed that upper bainite developed at a higher austempering temperature, while a mixed bainitic-martensitic microstructure formed at lower temperatures, with a different amount of bainite and martensite and a different size of bainite sheaf depending on the temperature. Tensile

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Wu, Teng, Run Wu, Bin Liu, Wen Liang, and Deqing Ke. "Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of a Hot Rolled High-Strength Steel Produced by Ultra-Fast Cooling and Q&P Process." Metals 9, no. 9 (2019): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090958.

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The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process of advanced high strength steels results in a significant enhancement in their strength and ductility. The development of controlled rolling and cooling technology provides an efficient tool for microstructural design in steels. This approach allows to control phase transformations in order to generate the desired microstructure in steel and, thus, to achieve the required properties. To refine grain structure in a Fe-Si-Mn-Nb steel and to generate the microstructure consisting of martensitic matrix with embedded retained austenite grains, hot ro

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Xia, Dian Xiu, De Liang Meng, Shou Yong An, and Yong Lin Kang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80/X100 High Deformability Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.139.

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In the present study, X80 and X100 grade high deformability pipeline steels have been processed by using TMCP and followed two-stage cooling process. The microstructures of the X80HD (HD, high deformability) and X100HD steels were both characterized by ferrite-bainite dual phase. The grains sizes of ferrite were mostly less than 5μm and the volume fractions were about 20~25% in X80HD and 10~15% in X100HD steel. The bainite structure in X80HD steel was granular bainite (GB); while in X100HD steel large amounts of lath bainite (LB) were also formed besides GB, and bainite grains were much finer.

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Abdideh, Reza, Mohammad Hizombor, Reza Mohammadian Rad, and Iman Mohammad Zadeh. "Production of Ultrafine Grained API X70 Steel with Controlled Rolling." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.884.

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Development of industries in recent years reveals the essential need to the microalloyed steels with high strength and good ductility. Refinement of Ferrite grains by thermomechanical Treatment is the only lower cost effective method to improve strength and toughness spontaneously in this type of steels. API X70 steel belongs to high strength microalloyed steel group. The manufacturing process of this steel is controlled rolling which is a kind of thermomechanical treatment and it is considered as a grain refining method. In this research, three specimens of API X70 steel were experimentally r

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Hernandez-Duran, Eliseo, Luca Corallo, Tanya Ros-Yanez, Felipe Castro-Cerda, and Roumen H. Petrov. "The Effect of Different Annealing Strategies on the Microstructure Development and Mechanical Response of Austempered Steels." Metals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071041.

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This study focuses on the effect of non-conventional annealing strategies on the microstructure and related mechanical properties of austempered steels. Multistep thermo-cycling (TC) and ultrafast heating (UFH) annealing were carried out and compared with the outcome obtained from a conventionally annealed (CA) 0.3C-2Mn-1.5Si steel. After the annealing path, steel samples were fast cooled and isothermally treated at 400 °C employing the same parameters. It was found that TC and UFH strategies produce an equivalent level of microstructural refinement. Nevertheless, the obtained microstructure v

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Koh, S. U., J. S. Kim, B. Y. Yang, and K. Y. Kim. "Effect of Line Pipe Steel Microstructure on Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking." Corrosion 60, no. 3 (2004): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3287728.

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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) properties of line pipe steel. Different kinds of microstructures, with chemical compositions identical to one steel heat, were produced by various thermomechanically controlled processes (TMCP). Coarse ferrite-pearlite, fine ferrite-pearlite, ferrite-acicular ferrite, and ferrite-bainite microstructures were investigated with respect to corrosion properties, hydrogen diffusion, and SSC behavior. SSC was evaluated using a constant elongation rate test (CERT) in a NACE TM0177 so

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Ramakrishna R, VSM, and JP Gautam. "Optimization of post weld heat treatment cycle of fiber laser welded bainitic steel." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401039.

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Automobile industry has always been in look out for advanced materials that would account for greater crash resistance, high fatigue strength, optimum ductility and longer service life despite heavy mechanical loads applied on these engine components. These critical requirements are met through maintaining the complex microstructures and optimum phase constituents. The retention of microstructural constituents has always been a key parameter while fabricating these advanced automobile materials by fusion welding process. Carbide free bainitic steels are emerging out to be the candidate materia

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Saeidi, N., and A. Ekrami. "Microstructure-Toughness Relationship in AISI4340 Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.110.

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To improve the strength and toughness of AISI 4340 steel, different microstructures, containing full bainite, bainite-ferrite, martensite-ferrite and full martensite were produced by different heat treatment cycles. Tensile, impact and hardness tests were carried out at room temperature. The ductile-brittle transition temperature was determined from impact data at different temperatures. The results showed that steel with bainite - 0.34 ferrite microstructure has the highest elongation and charpy impact energy, while its tensile strength and yield stress decreased in comparison to other micros

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