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Journal articles on the topic 'Microswimmers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 May 2024

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1

Chennaram, S. Sharanya, and T. Sonamani Singh. "Bidirectional Propulsion of Bioinspired Microswimmer in Microchannel at Low Reynolds Number." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2663, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2663/1/012035.

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Abstract Swimming of micro-scale bodies is different from macro-scale counterparts due to low Reynolds number (Re) fluid-swimmer interaction. The Re is defined as the ratio of inertial force to viscous force and it can be expressed as, Re =ρ𝑣𝑙/µ, where ρ and µ are the density and viscosity of the fluid medium, v and l are the velocity and length of the swimmer. For microswimmers, due to the small length scale Re < 1, the inertial forces are negligible compared to viscous forces. Unlike the macroscale swimmers which exploit the inertial force for locomotion, microswimmers must use a different strategy to propel in low Re condition. These strategies are already available and used by microorganisms, which are perfect low Re swimmers, for example, Spermatozoon exploits their tail flexibility and anisotropic drag to swim, and E. coli bacteria use their helical tail to generate a non-reciprocal motion. By mimicking these microswimmers, researchers have developed many bioinspired microswimmers/microrobots having the potential to perform biomedical tasks like drug delivery, cell manipulation, in-situ sensing, and detoxification. Theoretical modeling and simulation of microswimmers are generally done by assuming that the microswimmer is in an infinite fluid medium, but the type of biomedical applications aimed are in confined environments with boundaries. Also, the environments are very complex, and it requires precise control and efficacy. In this paper, we present the modeling of flagellated magnetic microswimmer (inspired by Spermatozoon) in a microchannel using the finite element method. The dynamics were simulated by incorporating the complete hydrodynamic interactions (HI), that is intra-HI between the parts of the swimmer and inter-HI between the swimmer and the boundary walls of the channel. The parametric dependence analysis reveals that swimmer kinematics are dependent on the length and width of the tail, the head radius, width of the channel, and the actuation frequency of the driving magnetic field. These dependencies are explored to find a navigation control mechanism for the propulsion of microswimmer in a channel.

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2

Bunea, Ada-Ioana, and Rafael Taboryski. "Recent Advances in Microswimmers for Biomedical Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121048.

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Microswimmers are a rapidly developing research area attracting enormous attention because of their many potential applications with high societal value. A particularly promising target for cleverly engineered microswimmers is the field of biomedical applications, where many interesting examples have already been reported for e.g., cargo transport and drug delivery, artificial insemination, sensing, indirect manipulation of cells and other microscopic objects, imaging, and microsurgery. Pioneered only two decades ago, research studies on the use of microswimmers in biomedical applications are currently progressing at an incredibly fast pace. Given the recent nature of the research, there are currently no clinically approved microswimmer uses, and it is likely that several years will yet pass before any clinical uses can become a reality. Nevertheless, current research is laying the foundation for clinical translation, as more and more studies explore various strategies for developing biocompatible and biodegradable microswimmers fueled by in vivo-friendly means. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the reported biomedical applications of microswimmers, with focus on the most recent advances. Finally, the main considerations and challenges for clinical translation and commercialization are discussed.

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3

Xiong, Junfeng, Xiaoxia Song, Yuhang Cai, Jiahe Liu, Yangyuan Li, Yaqiang Ji, Liang Guo, and U. Kei Cheang. "Stop-Flow Lithography for the Continuous Production of Degradable Hydrogel Achiral Crescent Microswimmers." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050798.

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The small size of robotic microswimmers makes them suitable for performing biomedical tasks in tiny, enclosed spaces. Considering the effects of potentially long-term retention of microswimmers in biological tissues and the environment, the degradability of microswimmers has become one of the pressing issues in this field. While degradable hydrogel was successfully used to prepare microswimmers in previous reports, most hydrogel microswimmers could only be fabricated using two-photon polymerization (TPP) due to their 3D structures, resulting in costly robotic microswimmers solution. This limits the potential of hydrogel microswimmers to be used in applications where a large number of microswimmers are needed. Here, we proposed a new type of preparation method for degradable hydrogel achiral crescent microswimmers using a custom-built stop-flow lithography (SFL) setup. The degradability of the hydrogel crescent microswimmers was quantitatively analyzed, and the degradation rate in sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) of different concentrations was investigated. Cytotoxicity assays showed the hydrogel crescent microswimmers had good biocompatibility. The hydrogel crescent microswimmers were magnetically actuated using a 3D Helmholtz coil system and were able to obtain a swimming efficiency on par with previously reported microswimmers. The results herein demonstrated the potential for the degradable hydrogel achiral microswimmers to become a candidate for microscale applications.

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4

Sun, Zhiyong, Philipp F. Popp, Christoph Loderer, and Ainhoa Revilla-Guarinos. "Genetically Engineered Bacterial Biohybrid Microswimmers for Sensing Applications." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010180.

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Bacterial biohybrid microswimmers aim at exploiting the inherent motion capabilities of bacteria (carriers) to transport objects (cargoes) at the microscale. One of the most desired properties of microswimmers is their ability to communicate with their immediate environment by processing the information and producing a useful response. Indeed, bacteria are naturally equipped with such communication skills. Hereby, two-component systems (TCSs) represent the key signal transducing machinery and enable bacteria to sense and respond to a variety of stimuli. We engineered a natural microswimmer based on the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis for the development of biohybrids with sensing abilities. B. subtilis naturally adhered to silica particles, giving rise to different motile biohybrids systems with variable ratios of carrier(s)-to-cargo(es). Genetically engineered TCS pathways allowed us to couple the binding to the inert particles with signaling the presence of antibiotics in their surroundings. Activation of the antibiotic-induced TCSs resulted in fluorescent bacterial carriers as a response readout. We demonstrate that the genetically engineered TCS-mediated signaling capabilities of B. subtilis allow for the custom design of bacterial hybrid microswimmers able to sense and signal the presence of target molecules in the environment. The generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of B. subtilis makes it a promising candidate for human-related applications of these novel biohybrids.

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5

Tan, Liyuan, Zihan Wang, Zhi Chen, Xiangcheng Shi, and U. Kei Cheang. "Improving Swimming Performance of Photolithography-Based Microswimmers Using Curvature Structures." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111965.

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The emergence of robotic microswimmers and their huge potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, non-invasive surgery, and bio-sensing facilitates studies to improve their effectiveness. Recently, achiral microswimmers that have neither flexible nor helical structures have garnered attention because of their simple structures and fabrication process while preserving adequate swimming velocity and controllability. In this paper, the crescent shape was utilized to create photolithography-fabricated crescent-shaped achiral microswimmers. The microswimmers were actuated using rotating magnetic fields at low Reynolds numbers. Compared with the previously reported achiral microswimmers, the crescent-shaped microswimmers showed significant improvement in forward swimming speed. The effects of different curvatures, arm angles, and procession angles on the velocities of microswimmers were investigated. Moreover, the optimal swimming motion was defined by adjusting the field strength of the magnetic field. Finally, the effect of the thickness of the microswimmers on their swimming velocity was investigated.

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6

Hartl, Benedikt, Maximilian Hübl, Gerhard Kahl, and Andreas Zöttl. "Microswimmers learning chemotaxis with genetic algorithms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 19 (May 4, 2021): e2019683118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019683118.

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Various microorganisms and some mammalian cells are able to swim in viscous fluids by performing nonreciprocal body deformations, such as rotating attached flagella or by distorting their entire body. In order to perform chemotaxis (i.e., to move toward and to stay at high concentrations of nutrients), they adapt their swimming gaits in a nontrivial manner. Here, we propose a computational model, which features autonomous shape adaptation of microswimmers moving in one dimension toward high field concentrations. As an internal decision-making machinery, we use artificial neural networks, which control the motion of the microswimmer. We present two methods to measure chemical gradients, spatial and temporal sensing, as known for swimming mammalian cells and bacteria, respectively. Using the genetic algorithm NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies, surprisingly simple neural networks evolve. These networks control the shape deformations of the microswimmers and allow them to navigate in static and complex time-dependent chemical environments. By introducing noisy signal transmission in the neural network, the well-known biased run-and-tumble motion emerges. Our work demonstrates that the evolution of a simple and interpretable internal decision-making machinery coupled to the environment allows navigation in diverse chemical landscapes. These findings are of relevance for intracellular biochemical sensing mechanisms of single cells or for the simple nervous system of small multicellular organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans.

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7

Kroy, Klaus, Dipanjan Chakraborty, and Frank Cichos. "Hot microswimmers." European Physical Journal Special Topics 225, no. 11-12 (November 2016): 2207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60098-6.

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8

Singh, Dhruv P., William E. Uspal, Mihail N. Popescu, Laurence G. Wilson, and Peer Fischer. "Photogravitactic Microswimmers." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 25 (February 28, 2018): 1706660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706660.

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9

Tan, Liyuan, Jamel Ali, U. Kei Cheang, Xiangcheng Shi, Dalhyung Kim, and Min Jun Kim. "µ-PIV Measurements of Flows Generated by Photolithography-Fabricated Achiral Microswimmers." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120865.

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Robotic micro/nanoswimmers can potentially be used as tools for medical applications, such as drug delivery and noninvasive surgery. Recently, achiral microswimmers have gained significant attention because of their simple structures, which enables high-throughput fabrication and size scalability. Here, microparticle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) was used to study the hydrodynamics of achiral microswimmers near a boundary. The structures of these microswimmers resemble the letter L and were fabricated using photolithography and thin-film deposition. Through µ-PIV measurements, the velocity flow fields of the microswimmers rotating at different frequencies were observed. The results herein yield an understanding of the hydrodynamics of the L-shaped microswimmers, which will be useful in applications such as fluidic manipulation.

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10

Giri, Pritam, and Ratnesh K. Shukla. "Optimal transport of surface-actuated microswimmers." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 043604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083277.

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We analyze the transport behavior of surface-actuated spheroidal microswimmers that locomote steadily with or without a spatiotemporally uniform external forcing. The surface actuation is in the form of either a tangential surface motion or a zero-net-mass-flux wall-normal transpiration. Starting from a general modal expansion in terms of an appropriate basis set, we link the surface actuation, the force exerted on the spheroid, and its forward speed through a Stokesian representation of the microhydrodynamics. Our analysis is generic and enables a systematic investigation over the complete range of aspect ratios from zero (streamlined needlelike spheroid) to infinity (disc-shaped spheroid). We identify a critical aspect ratio of 1.82 below and above which tangential and wall-normal surface actuations enable transport at minimal energetic cost, irrespective of whether the spheroidal microswimmer is free or forced. Crucially, we find the propulsive performance of a forced spheroidal swimmer to be appreciably higher than the one of an analogous self-propelled swimmer. Most importantly, the optimal energy expenditure minimizing tangential or wall-normal surface actuation for forced transport is passive overall so that the power requirement arises solely from the rate at which work is done by the external forcing. We highlight the complementing roles of external forcing and surface actuation over moderate and extreme aspect ratios and also exemplify the crucial disparities between optimal transport in free and forced environments. Our results indicate that a combination of external forcing and an optimal surface actuation could substantially enhance the transport of generic streamlined and bluff microswimmers.

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11

Liu, Jia, Tiantian Xu, Chenyang Huang, and Xinyu Wu. "Automatic Manipulation of Magnetically Actuated Helical Microswimmers in Static Environments." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100524.

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Electromagnetically actuated microswimmers have been widely used in various biomedical applications due to their minor invasive traits and their easy access to confined environments. In order to guide the microswimmers autonomously towards a target, an obstacle-free path must be computed using path planning algorithms, meanwhile a motion controller must be formulated. However, automatic manipulations of magnetically actuated microswimmers are underdeveloped and still are challenging topics. In this paper, we develop an automatic manipulation system for magnetically actuated helical microswimmers in static environments, which mainly consists of a mapper, a path planner, and a motion controller. First, the mapper processes the captured image by morphological transformations and then labels the free space and the obstacle space. Second, the path planner explores the obstacle-free space to find a feasible path from the start to the goal by a global planning algorithm. Last, the motion controller guides the helical microswimmers along the desired path by a closed-loop algorithm. Experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed automatic manipulation. Furthermore, our proposed approach presents the first step towards applications of microswimmers for targeted medical treatments, such as micromanipulation, targeted therapy, and targeted drug delivery.

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12

Krüger, Timothy, and Markus Engstler. "Trypanosomes – versatile microswimmers." European Physical Journal Special Topics 225, no. 11-12 (November 2016): 2157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60063-5.

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13

Elgeti, Jens, and Gerhard Gompper. "Microswimmers near surfaces." European Physical Journal Special Topics 225, no. 11-12 (November 2016): 2333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60070-6.

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14

Ai, Bao-quan, Ya-feng He, and Wei-rong Zhong. "Chirality separation of mixed chiral microswimmers in a periodic channel." Soft Matter 11, no. 19 (2015): 3852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00651a.

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We numerically studied the dynamics and separation of mixed chiral microswimmers in a channel with regular arrays of rigid half-circle obstacles. Mixed chiral microswimmers can be separated by applying the shear flow or the constant load.

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15

Ren, Liqiang, Nitesh Nama, Jeffrey M. McNeill, Fernando Soto, Zhifei Yan, Wu Liu, Wei Wang, Joseph Wang, and Thomas E. Mallouk. "3D steerable, acoustically powered microswimmers for single-particle manipulation." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaax3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax3084.

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The ability to precisely maneuver micro/nano objects in fluids in a contactless, biocompatible manner can enable innovative technologies and may have far-reaching impact in fields such as biology, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology. Here, we report a design for acoustically powered bubble-based microswimmers that are capable of autonomous motion in three dimensions and selectively transporting individual synthetic colloids and mammalian cells in a crowded group without labeling, surface modification, or effect on nearby objects. In contrast to previously reported microswimmers, their motion does not require operation at acoustic pressure nodes, enabling propulsion at low power and far from an ultrasonic transducer. In a megahertz acoustic field, the microswimmers are subject to two predominant forces: the secondary Bjerknes force and a locally generated acoustic streaming propulsive force. The combination of these two forces enables the microswimmers to independently swim on three dimensional boundaries or in free space under magnetical steering.

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16

Yuan, Jinzhou, David M. Raizen, and Haim H. Bau. "A hydrodynamic mechanism for attraction of undulatory microswimmers to surfaces (bordertaxis)." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 109 (August 2015): 20150227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0227.

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Although small nematodes significantly impact human and animal health, agriculture, and ecology, little is known about the role of hydrodynamics in their life cycles. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model undulatory microswimmer, we have observed that animals are attracted to and swim along surfaces. The attraction to surfaces does not require mechanosensory neuron function. In dilute swarms, swimmers aggregate near surfaces. Using resistive force-based theory, symmetry arguments, and direct hydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate that forces resulting from the interaction between the swimmer-induced flow field and a nearby surface cause a short-range hydrodynamic torque that stirs the swimmers towards the surface. When combined with steric forces, this causes locomotion along the surface. This surface attraction may affect nematode mate and food finding behaviour and, in the case of parasitic nematodes, may facilitate host penetration. Surface attraction must be accounted for when studying animals' responses to various stimuli, and suggests means of controlling undulatory microswimmers.

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17

Stark, Holger. "Artificial microswimmers get smart." Science Robotics 6, no. 52 (March 24, 2021): eabh1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abh1977.

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18

Sun, Ho Cheung Michael, Pan Liao, Tanyong Wei, Li Zhang, and Dong Sun. "Magnetically Powered Biodegradable Microswimmers." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040404.

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The propulsive efficiency and biodegradability of wireless microrobots play a significant role in facilitating promising biomedical applications. Mimicking biological matters is a promising way to improve the performance of microrobots. Among diverse locomotion strategies, undulatory propulsion shows remarkable efficiency and agility. This work proposes a novel magnetically powered and hydrogel-based biodegradable microswimmer. The microswimmer is fabricated integrally by 3D laser lithography based on two-photon polymerization from a biodegradable material and has a total length of 200 μm and a diameter of 8 μm. The designed microswimmer incorporates a novel design utilizing four rigid segments, each of which is connected to the succeeding segment by spring to achieve undulation, improving structural integrity as well as simplifying the fabrication process. Under an external oscillating magnetic field, the microswimmer with multiple rigid segments connected by flexible spring can achieve undulatory locomotion and move forward along with the directions guided by the external magnetic field in the low Reynolds number (Re) regime. In addition, experiments demonstrated that the microswimmer can be degraded successfully, which allows it to be safely applied in real-time in vivo environments. This design has great potential in future in vivo applications such as precision medicine, drug delivery, and diagnosis.

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19

Lauga, Eric, and Raymond E. Goldstein. "Dance of the microswimmers." Physics Today 65, no. 9 (September 2012): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1715.

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20

Tierno, Pietro, Ramin Golestanian, Ignacio Pagonabarraga, and Francesc Sagués. "Magnetically Actuated Colloidal Microswimmers." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, no. 51 (December 25, 2008): 16525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp808354n.

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21

Gilbert, A. D., F. Y. Ogrin, P. G. Petrov, and C. P. Winlove. "Theory of Ferromagnetic Microswimmers." Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 64, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/hbr012.

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22

Debnath, Debajyoti, Pulak K. Ghosh, Yunyun Li, Fabio Marchesoni, and Baowen Li. "Diffusion of eccentric microswimmers." Soft Matter 12, no. 7 (2016): 2017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02811f.

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23

Buss, Nicole, Oncay Yasa, Yunus Alapan, Mukrime Birgul Akolpoglu, and Metin Sitti. "Nanoerythrosome-functionalized biohybrid microswimmers." APL Bioengineering 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 026103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5130670.

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24

Volpe, Giovanni, Ivo Buttinoni, Dominik Vogt, Hans-Jürgen Kümmerer, and Clemens Bechinger. "Microswimmers in patterned environments." Soft Matter 7, no. 19 (2011): 8810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sm05960b.

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25

Mijalkov, Mite, and Giovanni Volpe. "Sorting of chiral microswimmers." Soft Matter 9, no. 28 (2013): 6376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm27923e.

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26

Kósa, Gábor, Péter Jakab, Gábor Székely, and Nobuhiko Hata. "MRI driven magnetic microswimmers." Biomedical Microdevices 14, no. 1 (October 29, 2011): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-011-9594-7.

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27

Kaynak, Murat, Adem Ozcelik, Amir Nourhani, Paul E. Lammert, Vincent H. Crespi, and Tony Jun Huang. "Acoustic actuation of bioinspired microswimmers." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 3 (2017): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc01272h.

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28

Sridhar, Varun, Filip Podjaski, Julia Kröger, Alberto Jiménez-Solano, Byung-Wook Park, Bettina V. Lotsch, and Metin Sitti. "Carbon nitride-based light-driven microswimmers with intrinsic photocharging ability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 40 (September 21, 2020): 24748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007362117.

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Controlling autonomous propulsion of microswimmers is essential for targeted drug delivery and applications of micro/nanomachines in environmental remediation and beyond. Herein, we report two-dimensional (2D) carbon nitride-based Janus particles as highly efficient, light-driven microswimmers in aqueous media. Due to the superior photocatalytic properties of poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), the microswimmers are activated by both visible and ultraviolet (UV) light in conjunction with different capping materials (Au, Pt, and SiO2) and fuels (H2O2 and alcohols). Assisted by photoelectrochemical analysis of the PHI surface photoreactions, we elucidate the dominantly diffusiophoretic propulsion mechanism and establish the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as the major surface reaction in ambient conditions on metal-capped PHI and even with TiO2-based systems, rather than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is generally invoked as the source of propulsion under ambient conditions with alcohols as fuels. Making use of the intrinsic solar energy storage ability of PHI, we establish the concept of photocapacitive Janus microswimmers that can be charged by solar energy, thus enabling persistent light-induced propulsion even in the absence of illumination—a process we call “solar battery swimming”—lasting half an hour and possibly beyond. We anticipate that this propulsion scheme significantly extends the capabilities in targeted cargo/drug delivery, environmental remediation, and other potential applications of micro/nanomachines, where the use of versatile earth-abundant materials is a key prerequisite.

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29

Yasa, Immihan Ceren, Hakan Ceylan, Ugur Bozuyuk, Anna-Maria Wild, and Metin Sitti. "Elucidating the interaction dynamics between microswimmer body and immune system for medical microrobots." Science Robotics 5, no. 43 (June 17, 2020): eaaz3867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaz3867.

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The structural design parameters of a medical microrobot, such as the morphology and surface chemistry, should aim to minimize any physical interactions with the cells of the immune system. However, the same surface-borne design parameters are also critical for the locomotion performance of the microrobots. Understanding the interplay of such parameters targeting high locomotion performance and low immunogenicity at the same time is of paramount importance yet has so far been overlooked. Here, we investigated the interactions of magnetically steerable double-helical microswimmers with mouse macrophage cell lines and splenocytes, freshly harvested from mouse spleens, by systematically changing their helical morphology. We found that the macrophages and splenocytes can recognize and differentially elicit an immune response to helix turn numbers of the microswimmers that otherwise have the same size, bulk physical properties, and surface chemistries. Our findings suggest that the structural optimization of medical microrobots for the locomotion performance and interactions with the immune cells should be considered simultaneously because they are highly entangled and can demand a substantial design compromise from one another. Furthermore, we show that morphology-dependent interactions between macrophages and microswimmers can further present engineering opportunities for biohybrid microrobot designs. We demonstrate immunobots that can combine the steerable mobility of synthetic microswimmers and the immunoregulatory capability of macrophages for potential targeted immunotherapeutic applications.

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30

Fränzl, Martin, Santiago Muiños-Landin, Viktor Holubec, and Frank Cichos. "Fully Steerable Symmetric Thermoplasmonic Microswimmers." ACS Nano 15, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 3434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10598.

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31

Kurzthaler, Christina, and Howard A. Stone. "Microswimmers near corrugated, periodic surfaces." Soft Matter 17, no. 12 (2021): 3322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01782e.

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32

Bailey, Maximilian R., Fabio Grillo, Nicholas D. Spencer, and Lucio Isa. "Microswimmers from Toposelective Nanoparticle Attachment." Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 7 (November 6, 2021): 2109175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202109175.

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33

Bailey, Maximilian R., Nico Reichholf, Anne Flechsig, Fabio Grillo, and Lucio Isa. "Microswimmers from Scalable Galvanic Displacement." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 39, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 2100200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202100200.

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34

Shchelik, Inga S., João V. D. Molino, and Karl Gademann. "Biohybrid microswimmers against bacterial infections." Acta Biomaterialia 136 (December 2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.048.

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35

Vilfan, Mojca, Natan Osterman, and Andrej Vilfan. "Magnetically driven omnidirectional artificial microswimmers." Soft Matter 14, no. 17 (2018): 3415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00230d.

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36

Moran, Jeffrey, and Jonathan Posner. "Microswimmers with no moving parts." Physics Today 72, no. 5 (May 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4203.

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37

Alouges, F., A. DeSimone, and A. Lefebvre. "Optimal strokes for axisymmetric microswimmers." European Physical Journal E 28, no. 3 (January 26, 2009): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2008-10406-4.

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38

Zaitsev, M. A., and S. A. Karabasov. "Mathematical Modelling of Flagellated Microswimmers." Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 58, no. 11 (November 2018): 1804–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965542518110167.

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39

Putz, V. B., and J. M. Yeomans. "Hydrodynamic Synchronisation of Model Microswimmers." Journal of Statistical Physics 137, no. 5-6 (September 24, 2009): 1001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-009-9826-x.

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40

Huang, H. W., F. E. Uslu, P. Katsamba, E. Lauga, M. S. Sakar, and B. J. Nelson. "Adaptive locomotion of artificial microswimmers." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (January 2019): eaau1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1532.

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Bacteria can exploit mechanics to display remarkable plasticity in response to locally changing physical and chemical conditions. Compliant structures play a notable role in their taxis behavior, specifically for navigation inside complex and structured environments. Bioinspired mechanisms with rationally designed architectures capable of large, nonlinear deformation present opportunities for introducing autonomy into engineered small-scale devices. This work analyzes the effect of hydrodynamic forces and rheology of local surroundings on swimming at low Reynolds number, identifies the challenges and benefits of using elastohydrodynamic coupling in locomotion, and further develops a suite of machinery for building untethered microrobots with self-regulated mobility. We demonstrate that coupling the structural and magnetic properties of artificial microswimmers with the dynamic properties of the fluid leads to adaptive locomotion in the absence of on-board sensors.

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41

Chi, Hai, Mykhailo Potomkin, Lei Zhang, Leonid Berlyand, and Igor S. Aranson. "Surface anchoring controls orientation of a microswimmer in nematic liquid crystal." Communications Physics 3, no. 1 (September 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-020-00432-z.

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Abstract Microscopic swimmers, both living and synthetic, often dwell in anisotropic viscoelastic environments. The most representative realization of such an environment is water-soluble liquid crystals. Here, we study how the local orientation order of liquid crystal affects the motion of a prototypical elliptical microswimmer. In the framework of well-validated Beris-Edwards model, we show that the microswimmer’s shape and its surface anchoring strength affect the swimming direction and can lead to reorientation transition. Furthermore, there exists a critical surface anchoring strength for non-spherical bacteria-like microswimmers, such that swimming occurs perpendicular in a sub-critical case and parallel in super-critical case. Finally, we demonstrate that for large propulsion speeds active microswimmers generate topological defects in the bulk of the liquid crystal. We show that the location of these defects elucidates how a microswimmer chooses its swimming direction. Our results can guide experimental works on control of bacteria transport in complex anisotropic environments.

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Tan, Liyuan, Yang Yang, Li Fang, and David J. Cappelleri. "Shape‐Programmable Adaptive Multi‐Material Microswimmers for Biomedical Applications." Advanced Functional Materials, April 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202401876.

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AbstractFlagellated microorganisms can swim at low Reynolds numbers and adapt to changes in their environment. Specifically, the flagella can switch their shapes or modes through gene expression. In recent years, efforts have changed to achieve adaptive microswimmers mimicking real microorganisms from traditional rigid microswimmers. However, even though some adaptive microswimmers achieved by hydrogels have emerged, the swimming behaviors of the microswimmers before and after the environment‐induced deformations are not predicted in a systematic standardized way. In this work, experiments, finite element analysis, and dynamic modeling are presented together to realize a complete understanding of these adaptive microswimmers. The multi‐material adaptive microswimmers used in this study are fabricated by photolithography and two‐photon polymerization. The above three parts are cross‐verified proving the success of using such methods, facilitating the bio‐applications with shape‐programmable and even swimming performance‐programmable microswimmers. The newly fabricated microswimmer also shows an improved velocity of 11.8 body lengths per second. Moreover, an application of targeted object delivery using the proposed microswimmer is successfully demonstrated. Finally, cytotoxicity tests are performed to prove the potential for using the proposed microswimmer for biomedical applications.

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Katsamba, Panayiota, Matthew Butler, Lyndon Koens, and Thomas Douglas Montenegro-Johnson. "Chemically active filaments: Analysis and extensions of Slender Phoretic Theory." Soft Matter, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2sm00942k.

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Autophoretic microswimmers self-propel via surface interactions with a surrounding solute fuel. Chemically-active filaments are an exciting new microswimmer design that augments traditional autophoretic microswimmers, such as spherical Janus particles, with...

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Guo, Hanliang, Hai Zhu, Ruowen Liu, Marc Bonnet, and Shravan Veerapaneni. "Optimal ciliary locomotion of axisymmetric microswimmers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 927 (September 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.744.

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Many biological microswimmers locomote by periodically beating the densely packed cilia on their cell surface in a wave-like fashion. While the swimming mechanisms of ciliated microswimmers have been extensively studied both from the analytical and the numerical point of view, optimisation of the ciliary motion of microswimmers has received limited attention, especially for non-spherical shapes. In this paper, using an envelope model for the microswimmer, we numerically optimise the ciliary motion of a ciliate with an arbitrary axisymmetric shape. Forward solutions are found using a fast boundary-integral method, and the efficiency sensitivities are derived using an adjoint-based method. Our results show that a prolate microswimmer with a $2\,{:}\,1$ aspect ratio shares similar optimal ciliary motion as the spherical microswimmer, yet the swimming efficiency can increase two-fold. More interestingly, the optimal ciliary motion of a concave microswimmer can be qualitatively different from that of the spherical microswimmer, and adding a constraint to the cilia length is found to improve, on average, the efficiency for such swimmers.

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Duygu, Yasin Cagatay, U. Kei Cheang, Alexander M. Leshansky, and Min Jun Kim. "Propulsion of Planar V‐Shaped Microswimmers in a Conically Rotating Magnetic Field." Advanced Intelligent Systems, November 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300496.

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Planar magnetic microswimmers bear great potential for in vivo biomedical applications as they can be mass‐produced at minimal costs using standard photolithography techniques. Therefore, it is central to understand how to control their motion. This study examines the propulsion of planar V‐shaped microswimmers in an aqueous solution powered by a conically rotating magnetic field and compares the experimental results with theory. Propulsion is investigated upon altering the cone angle of the driving field. It is shown that a V‐shaped microswimmer magnetized along its symmetry axis exhibits unidirectional in‐sync propulsion with a constant (frequency‐independent) velocity in a limited band of actuation frequencies. It is also demonstrated that the motion of individual and multiple in‐plane magnetized planar microswimmers in a conically rotating field can be efficiently controlled.

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Bárdfalvy, Dóra, Viktor Škultéty, Cesare Nardini, Alexander Morozov, and Joakim Stenhammar. "Collective motion in a sheet of microswimmers." Communications Physics 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-024-01587-9.

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AbstractSelf-propelled particles such as bacteria or algae swimming through a fluid are non-equilibrium systems where particle motility breaks microscopic detailed balance, often resulting in large-scale collective motion. Previous theoretical work has identified long-ranged hydrodynamic interactions as the driver of collective motion in unbounded suspensions of rear-actuated (“pusher”) microswimmers. In contrast, most experimental studies of collective motion in microswimmer suspensions have been carried out in restricted geometries where both the swimmers’ motion and their long-range flow fields become altered due to the proximity of a boundary. Here, we study numerically a minimal model of microswimmers in such a restricted geometry, where the particles move in the midplane between two no-slip walls. For pushers, we demonstrate collective motion with short-ranged order, in contrast with the long-ranged flows observed in unbounded systems. For front-actuated (“puller”) microswimmers, we discover a long-wavelength density instability resulting in the formation of dense microswimmer clusters. Both types of collective motion are fundamentally different from their previously studied counterparts in unbounded domains. Our results show that this difference is dictated by the geometrical restriction of the swimmers’ motion, while hydrodynamic screening due to the presence of a wall is subdominant in determining the suspension’s collective state.

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Nordanger, Henrik, Alexander Morozov, and Joakim Stenhammar. "Interplay between Brownian and hydrodynamic tracer diffusion in suspensions of swimming microorganisms." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 974 (October 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2023.850.

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The general problem of tracer diffusion in non-equilibrium baths is important in a wide range of systems, from the cellular level to geographical length scales. In this paper, we revisit the archetypical example of such a system: a collection of small passive particles immersed in a dilute suspension of non-interacting dipolar microswimmers, representing bacteria or algae. In particular, we consider the interplay between thermal (Brownian) diffusion and hydrodynamic (active) diffusion due to the persistent advection of tracers by microswimmer flow fields. Previously, it has been argued that even a moderate amount of Brownian diffusion is sufficient to significantly reduce the persistence time of tracer advection, leading to a significantly reduced value of the effective active diffusion coefficient $D_A$ compared to the non-Brownian case. Here, we show by large-scale simulations and kinetic theory that this effect is in fact practically relevant only for microswimmers that effectively remain stationary while still stirring up the surrounding fluid – so-called shakers. In contrast, for moderate and high values of the swimming speed, relevant for biological microswimmer suspensions, the effect of Brownian motion on $D_A$ is negligible, leading to the effects of advection by microswimmers and Brownian motion being additive. This conclusion contrasts with previous results from the literature, and encourages a reinterpretation of recent experimental measurements of $D_A$ for tracer particles of varying size in bacterial suspensions.

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von Rüling, Florian, Liubov Bakhchova, Ulrike Steinmann, and Alexey Eremin. "Permeation Dynamics of Active Swimmers Through Anisotropic Porous Walls." Advanced Physics Research, October 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apxr.202300047.

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AbstractNatural habitats of most living microorganisms are distinguished by a complex structure often formed by a porous medium such as soil. The dynamics and transport properties of motile microorganisms are strongly affected by crowded and locally anisotropic environments. Using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system, we explore the permeation of active colloids through a structured wall of obstacles by tracking microswimmers' trajectories and analyzing their statistical properties. Employing micro‐labyrinths formed by cylindrical or elongated pillars, we demonstrate that the anisotropy of the pillar's form and orientation strongly affects the microswimmers' dynamics on different time scales. Furthermore, we discuss the kinetics of the microswimmer exchange between two compartments separated by an array of pillars.

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49

Sprenger, Alexander R., and Andreas M. Menzel. "Microswimming under a wedge-shaped confinement." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 12 (December 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0176269.

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Artificial and living microswimmers encounter a large variety of geometric confinements and surfaces in the biological world. Here, we study the low-Reynolds-number dynamics of a microswimmer enclosed by a wedge-shaped free-slip interface. For various opening angles of the wedge, we derive an exact solution for the resulting flow fields using the method of images. In this way, the hydrodynamic interactions between the swimmer and the confining interfaces are examined. In particular, we find attraction or repulsion by the wedge depending on the propulsion mechanism (pusher- or puller-type) and the opening angle of the wedge. Our description should be related to the dynamics of microswimmers in free-standing liquid films of spatially varying thickness.

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50

Sridhar, Varun, Filip Podjaski, Yunus Alapan, Julia Kröger, Lars Grunenberg, Vimal Kishore, Bettina V. Lotsch, and Metin Sitti. "Light-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in biological and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug delivery." Science Robotics 7, no. 62 (January 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abm1421.

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We propose two-dimensional poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitride microparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biological media. Their high-speed (15 to 23 micrometer per second; 9.5 ± 5.4 body lengths per second) swimming in multicomponent ionic solutions with concentrations up to 5 M and without dedicated fuels is demonstrated, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previous light-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to a favorable interplay between the particle’s textural and structural nanoporosity and optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions with high salinity. Biocompatibility of these microswimmers is validated by cell viability tests with three different cell lines and primary cells. The nanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in a high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlled drug release is reported under different pH conditions and can be triggered on-demand by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and its active degradation products are demonstrated under oxygen-poor conditions using the intrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storage properties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications in oxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneously address the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance, fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility, and controlled on-demand cargo release toward their biomedical, environmental, and other potential applications.

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