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Journal articles on the topic 'Microtubules'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ray, S., E. Meyhöfer, R. A. Milligan, and J. Howard. "Kinesin follows the microtubule's protofilament axis." Journal of Cell Biology 121, no. 5 (1993): 1083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.121.5.1083.

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We tested the hypothesis that kinesin moves parallel to the microtubule's protofilament axis. We polymerized microtubules with protofilaments that ran either parallel to the microtubule's long axis or that ran along shallow helical paths around the cylindrical surface of the microtubule. When gliding across a kinesin-coated surface, the former microtubules did not rotate. The latter microtubules, those with supertwisted protofilaments, did rotate; the pitch and handedness of the rotation accorded with the supertwist measured by electron cryo-microscopy. The results show that kinesin follows a

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2

Ookata, K., S. Hisanaga, E. Okumura, and T. Kishimoto. "Association of p34cdc2/cyclin B complex with microtubules in starfish oocytes." Journal of Cell Science 105, no. 4 (1993): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.105.4.873.

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The microtubular cytoskeleton exhibits a dramatic reorganization, progressing from interphase radial arrays to a mitotic spindle at the G2/M transition. Although this reorganization has been suspected to be caused by maturation promoting factor (MPF: p34cdc2/cyclin B complex), little is known about how p34cdc2 kinase controls microtubule networks. We provide evidence of the direct association of the p34cdc2/cyclin B complex with microtubules in starfish oocytes. Anti-cyclin B staining of detergent-treated oocytes, isolated asters and meiotic spindles revealed fluorescence associated with micro

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3

Lloyd, C. W., and B. Wells. "Microtubules are at the tips of root hairs and form helical patterns corresponding to inner wall fibrils." Journal of Cell Science 75, no. 1 (1985): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.75.1.225.

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Root hairs have sometimes provided contradictory evidence for microtubule/microfibril parallelism. This tissue was re-examined using optimized conditions for the fixation, before immunofluorescence, of root hairs. In phosphate buffer, microtubules did not enter the apical tip of radish root hairs and were clearly fragmented. However, in an osmotically adjusted microtubule-stabilizing buffer, microtubules were observed within the apical dome and appeared unfragmented. Microtubules are not, therefore, absent from the region where new cell wall is presumed to be generated during tip growth. A spi

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4

Logan, Caitlin M., and A. Sue Menko. "Microtubules: Evolving roles and critical cellular interactions." Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 15 (2019): 1240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219867296.

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Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements known as drivers of directed cell migration, vesicle and organelle trafficking, and mitosis. In this review, we discuss new research in the lens that has shed light into further roles for stable microtubules in the process of development and morphogenesis. In the lens, as well as other systems, distinct roles for characteristically dynamic microtubules and stabilized populations are coming to light. Understanding the mechanisms of microtubule stabilization and the associated microtubule post-translational modifications is an evolving field of study. Appro

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5

Gittes, F., B. Mickey, J. Nettleton, and J. Howard. "Flexural rigidity of microtubules and actin filaments measured from thermal fluctuations in shape." Journal of Cell Biology 120, no. 4 (1993): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.4.923.

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Microtubules are long, proteinaceous filaments that perform structural functions in eukaryotic cells by defining cellular shape and serving as tracks for intracellular motor proteins. We report the first accurate measurements of the flexural rigidity of microtubules. By analyzing the thermally driven fluctuations in their shape, we estimated the mean flexural rigidity of taxol-stabilized microtubules to be 2.2 x 10(-23) Nm2 (with 6.4% uncertainty) for seven unlabeled microtubules and 2.1 x 10(-23) Nm2 (with 4.7% uncertainty) for eight rhodamine-labeled microtubules. These values are similar to

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6

Sider, J. R., C. A. Mandato, K. L. Weber, et al. "Direct observation of microtubule-f-actin interaction in cell free lysates." Journal of Cell Science 112, no. 12 (1999): 1947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.112.12.1947.

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Coordinated interplay of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons has long been known to be crucial for many cellular processes including cell migration and cytokinesis. However, interactions between these two systems have been difficult to document by conventional approaches, for a variety of technical reasons. Here the distribution of f-actin and microtubules were analyzed in the absence of fixation using Xenopus egg extracts as an in vitro source of microtubules and f-actin, demembranated Xenopus sperm to nucleate microtubule asters, fluorescent phalloidin as a probe for f-actin, and fluores

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7

Cassimeris, L., C. L. Rieder, G. Rupp, and E. D. Salmon. "Stability of microtubule attachment to metaphase kinetochores in PtK1 cells." Journal of Cell Science 96, no. 1 (1990): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.96.1.9.

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Kinetochore microtubules are known to be differentially stable to a variety of microtubule depolymerization agents compared to the non-kinetochore polar microtubules, but the dynamics of microtubule attachment to the kinetochore is currently controversial. We have examined the stability of kinetochore microtubules in metaphase PtK1 spindles at 23 degrees C when microtubule assembly is abruptly blocked with the drug nocodazole. Metaphase cells were incubated in medium containing 34 microM nocodazole for various times before fixation and processing either for immunofluorescence light microscopy

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8

Infante, A. S., M. S. Stein, Y. Zhai, G. G. Borisy, and G. G. Gundersen. "Detyrosinated (Glu) microtubules are stabilized by an ATP-sensitive plus-end cap." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 22 (2000): 3907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.22.3907.

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Many cell types contain a subset of long-lived, ‘stable’ microtubules that differ from dynamic microtubules in that they are enriched in post-translationally detyrosinated tubulin (Glu-tubulin). Elevated Glu tubulin does not stabilize the microtubules and the mechanism for the stability of Glu microtubules is not known. We used detergent-extracted cell models to investigate the nature of Glu microtubule stability. In these cell models, Glu microtubules did not incorporate exogenously added tubulin subunits on their distal ends, while &gt;70% of the bulk microtubules did. Ca(2+)-generated f

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9

XuHan, X., and A. A. M. Van Lammeren. "Microtubular configurations during endosperm development in Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 10 (1994): 1489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-183.

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Microtubular cytoskeletons in nuclear, alveolar, and cellular endosperm of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were analyzed immunocytochemically and by electron microscopy to reveal their function during cellularization. Nuclear endosperm showed a fine network of microtubules between the wide-spaced nuclei observed towards the chalazal pole. Near the embryo, where nuclei were densely packed, bundles of microtubules radiated from nuclei. They were formed just before alveolus formation and functioned in spacing nuclei and in forming internuclear, phragmoplast-like structures that gave rise to nonmitosis-

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10

Vorobjev, I. A., T. M. Svitkina, and G. G. Borisy. "Cytoplasmic assembly of microtubules in cultured cells." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 21 (1997): 2635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.21.2635.

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The origin of non-centrosomal microtubules was investigated in a variety of animal cells in culture by means of time-lapse digital fluorescence microscopy. A previous study (Keating et al. (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5078–5083) demonstrated a pathway for formation of non-centrosomal microtubules by release from the centrosome. Here we show a parallel pathway not dependent upon the centrosome. Correlative immunostaining with anti-tubulin antibodies and electron microscopy established that apparent free microtubules observed in vivo were not growing ends of long stable microtubules. Fre

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11

Ochoa, Cristhiaan D., Troy Stevens, and Ron Balczon. "Cold exposure reveals two populations of microtubules in pulmonary endothelia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 300, no. 1 (2011): L132—L138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00185.2010.

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Microtubules are composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin dimers. Microtubules yield tubulin dimers when exposed to cold, which reassemble spontaneously to form microtubule fibers at 37°C. However, mammalian neurons, glial cells, and fibroblasts have cold-stable microtubules. While studying the microtubule toxicity mechanisms of the exotoxin Y from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, we observed that some endothelial microtubules were very difficult to disassemble in the cold. As a consequence, we designed studies to test the hypothesis that microvascular endotheliu

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12

O. WASTENEYS, GEOFFREY, and RICHARD E. WILLIAMSON. "Reassembly of microtubules in Nitella tasmanica: assembly of cortical microtubules in branching clusters and its relevance to steady-state microtubule assembly." Journal of Cell Science 93, no. 4 (1989): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.93.4.705.

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Giant internodal cells of Nitella tasmanica have cortical microtubules beneath the plasma membrane and endoplasmic microtubules associated with sub-cortical actin bundles and nuclei. We depolymerized the microtubules with oryzalin and followed their reassembly by immunofluorescence. At 18°C (the standard temperature of culture), microtubules were lost from young cells within 10 min and the first microtubules were detected in the cortex within 20 min of washing out the herbicide. Microtubules of older cells disassembled and re-formed more slowly. Continued cortical microtubule assembly was at a

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13

Uyeda, T. Q., and M. Furuya. "Evidence for active interactions between microfilaments and microtubules in myxomycete flagellates." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 5 (1989): 1727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.5.1727.

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We have previously observed the apparent displacement of microfilaments over microtubules in the backbone structure of permeabilized flagellates of Physarum polycephalum upon addition of ATP (Uyeda, T. Q. P., and M. Furuya. 1987. Protoplasma. 140:190-192). We now report that disrupting the microtubular cytoskeleton by treatment with 0.2 mM Ca2+ for 3-30 s inhibits the movement of the microfilaments induced by subsequent treatment with 1 mM Mg-ATP and 10 mM EGTA. Stabilization of microtubules by pretreatment with 50 microM taxol retarded both the disintegrative effect of Ca2+ on the microtubule

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14

Schulze, E., D. J. Asai, J. C. Bulinski, and M. Kirschner. "Posttranslational modification and microtubule stability." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 5 (1987): 2167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.5.2167.

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We have probed the relationship between tubulin posttranslational modification and microtubule stability, using a variation of the antibody-blocking technique. In human retinoblastoma cells we find that acetylated and detyrosinated microtubules represent congruent subsets of the cells' total microtubules. We also find that stable microtubules defined as those that had not undergone polymerization within 1 h after injection of biotin-tubulin were all posttranslationally modified; furthermore dynamic microtubules were all unmodified. We therefore conclude that in these cells the stable, acetylat

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15

Mogensen, M. M., and J. B. Tucker. "Taxol influences control of protofilament number at microtubule-nucleating sites in Drosophila." Journal of Cell Science 97, no. 1 (1990): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.97.1.101.

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Control of protofilament number has been investigated using Drosophila wings at a stage when 15-protofilament microtubules assemble under normal conditions. Microtubule nucleation still progressed at the usual microtubule-nucleating sites in the presence of taxol. However, provided taxol was introduced before microtubule nucleation began, few microtubules with 15 protofilaments assembled. Most microtubules were composed of 12 protofilaments (a previously undetected value for Drosophila) or 13 protofilaments (which is the value for microtubules in most eukaryotic cells). Unexpectedly, a compara

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16

Tucker, J. B., S. A. Mathews, K. A. Hendry, J. B. Mackie, and D. L. Roche. "Spindle microtubule differentiation and deployment during micronuclear mitosis in Paramecium." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 5 (1985): 1966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.5.1966.

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Spindles underwent a 12-fold elongation before anaphase B was completed during the closed mitoses of micronuclei in Paramecium tetraurelia. Two main classes of spindle microtubules have been identified. A peripheral sheath of microtubules with diameters of 27-32 nm was found to be associated with the nuclear envelope and confined to the midportion of each spindle. Most of the other microtubules had diameters of approximately 24 nm and were present along the entire lengths of spindles. Nearly all of the 24-nm microtubules were eliminated from spindle midportions (largely because of microtubule

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17

Farrell, KW, MA Jordan, HP Miller, and L. Wilson. "Phase dynamics at microtubule ends: the coexistence of microtubule length changes and treadmilling." Journal of Cell Biology 104, no. 4 (1987): 1035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.104.4.1035.

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The length dynamics both of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-rich and MAP-depleted bovine brain microtubules were examined at polymer mass steady state. In both preparations, the microtubules exhibited length redistributions shortly after polymer mass steady state was attained. With time, however, both populations relaxed to a state in which no further changes in length distributions could be detected. Shearing the microtubules or diluting the microtubule suspensions transiently increased the extent to which microtubule length redistributions occurred, but again the microtubules relaxed to

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18

Nazarova, Elena, Eileen O'Toole, Susi Kaitna, Paul Francois, Mark Winey, and Jackie Vogel. "Distinct roles for antiparallel microtubule pairing and overlap during early spindle assembly." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 20 (2013): 3238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0232.

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During spindle assembly, microtubules may attach to kinetochores or pair to form antiparallel pairs or interpolar microtubules, which span the two spindle poles and contribute to mitotic pole separation and chromosome segregation. Events in the specification of the interpolar microtubules are poorly understood. Using three-dimensional electron tomography and analysis of spindle dynamical behavior in living cells, we investigated the process of spindle assembly. Unexpectedly, we found that the phosphorylation state of an evolutionarily conserved Cdk1 site (S360) in γ-tubulin is correlated with

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19

Mickey, B., and J. Howard. "Rigidity of microtubules is increased by stabilizing agents." Journal of Cell Biology 130, no. 4 (1995): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.4.909.

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Microtubules are rigid polymers that contribute to the static mechanical properties of cells. Because microtubules are dynamic structures whose polymerization is regulated during changes in cell shape, we have asked whether the mechanical properties of microtubules might also be modulated. We measured the flexural rigidity, or bending stiffness, of individual microtubules under a number of different conditions that affect the stability of microtubules against depolymerization. The flexural rigidity of microtubules polymerized with the slowly hydrolyzable nucleotide analogue guanylyl-(alpha, be

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20

Salles-Passador, I., A. Moisand, V. Planques, and M. Wright. "Physarum plasmodia do contain cytoplasmic microtubules!" Journal of Cell Science 100, no. 3 (1991): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.100.3.509.

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It has been claimed that the plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum constitutes a very unusual syncytium, devoid of cytoplasmic microtubules. In contrast, we have observed a cytoplasmic microtubule network, by both electron microscopy and immunofluorescence in standard synchronous plasmodia, either in semi-thin sections or in smears, and in thin plasmodia, used as a convenient model. Cytoplasmic microtubules could be seen after immunofluorescent staining with three different monospecific monoclonal anti-tubulin antibodies. The immunolabelling was strictly restricted to typical micr

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21

Ahmad, F. J., and P. W. Baas. "Microtubules released from the neuronal centrosome are transported into the axon." Journal of Cell Science 108, no. 8 (1995): 2761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.108.8.2761.

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There is controversy concerning the source of new microtubules required for the development of neuronal axons. We have proposed that microtubules are released from the centrosome within the cell body of the neuron and are then translocated into the axon to support its growth. To investigate this possibility, we have developed an experimental regime that permits us to determine the fate of a small population of microtubules nucleated at the neuronal centrosome. Microtubules within cultured sympathetic neurons were depolymerized with the anti-microtubule drug nocodazole, after which the drug was

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22

Meyer, Diane Hutchins, John E. Rose, Joan E. Lippmann, and Paula M. Fives-Taylor. "Microtubules Are Associated with Intracellular Movement and Spread of the Periodontopathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 12 (1999): 6518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.12.6518-6525.1999.

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ABSTRACT Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465, the invasion prototype strain, enters epithelial cells by an actin-dependent mechanism, escapes from the host cell vacuole, and spreads intracellularly and to adjacent epithelial cells via intercellular protrusions. Internalized organisms also egress from host cells into the assay medium via protrusions that are associated with just a single epithelial cell. Here we demonstrate that agents which inhibit microtubule polymerization (e.g., colchicine) and those which stabilize polymerized microtubules (e.g., taxol) both increase markedly the

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Svoboda, Augustin, and Iva Slaninová. "Colocalization of microtubules and mitochondria in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. versatilis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 10 (1997): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-136.

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Both living and fixed cells of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. versatilis showed thread-like mitochondria when studied by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. In the interphase cells, mitochondria extended from pole to pole and converged towards the growing tips. The mitochondrial threads did not disrupt but persisted during mitosis and, subsequently, their bundle was split between the two daughter cells by a concentrically growing septum. Mitochondria in the interphase cells were accompanied by cytoplasmic microtubules. These disappeared during mitosis and, instead, spindle microtub

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Schroeder, M. M., and D. L. Gard. "Organization and regulation of cortical microtubules during the first cell cycle of Xenopus eggs." Development 114, no. 3 (1992): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.3.699.

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Anti-tubulin antibodies and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy were used to examine the organization and regulation of cytoplasmic and cortical microtubules during the first cell cycle of fertilized Xenopus eggs. Appearance of microtubules in the egg cortex temporally coincided with the outgrowth of the sperm aster. Microtubules of the sperm aster first reached the animal cortex at 0.25, (times normalized to first cleavage), forming a radially organized array of cortical microtubules. A disordered network of microtubules was apparent in the vegetal cortex as early as 0.35. Cortical microtu

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Liu, Jun, Laura Wetzel, Ying Zhang, et al. "Novel Thioredoxin-Like Proteins Are Components of a Protein Complex Coating the Cortical Microtubules of Toxoplasma gondii." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 12 (2013): 1588–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00082-13.

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ABSTRACT Microtubules are versatile biopolymers that support numerous vital cellular functions in eukaryotes. The specific properties of microtubules are dependent on distinct microtubule-associated proteins, as the tubulin subunits and microtubule structure are exceptionally conserved. Highly specialized microtubule-containing assemblies are often found in protists, which are rich sources for novel microtubule-associated proteins. A protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii , possesses several distinct tubulin-containing structures, including 22 microtubules closely associated with the cortical m

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Cao, Tracy T., Wakam Chang, Sarah E. Masters, and Mark S. Mooseker. "Myosin-Va Binds to and Mechanochemically Couples Microtubules to Actin Filaments." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 1 (2004): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-07-0504.

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Myosin-Va was identified as a microtubule binding protein by cosedimentation analysis in the presence of microtubules. Native myosin-Va purified from chick brain, as well as the expressed globular tail domain of this myosin, but not head domain bound to microtubule-associated protein-free microtubules. Binding of myosin-Va to microtubules was saturable and of moderately high affinity (∼1:24 Myosin-Va:tubulin; Kd = 70 nM). Myosin-Va may bind to microtubules via its tail domain because microtubule-bound myosin-Va retained the ability to bind actin filaments resulting in the formation of cross-li

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Shelden, E., and P. Wadsworth. "Observation and quantification of individual microtubule behavior in vivo: microtubule dynamics are cell-type specific." Journal of Cell Biology 120, no. 4 (1993): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.120.4.935.

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Recent experiments have demonstrated that the behavior of the interphase microtubule array is cell-type specific: microtubules in epithelial cells are less dynamic than microtubules in fibroblasts (Pepper-kok et al., 1990; Wadsworth and McGrail, 1990). To determine which parameters of microtubule dynamic instability behavior are responsible for this difference, we have examined the behavior of individual microtubules in both cell types after injection with rhodamine-labeled tubulin subunits. Individual microtubules in both cell types were observed to grow, shorten, and pause, as expected. The

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Gundersen, G. G., S. Khawaja, and J. C. Bulinski. "Postpolymerization detyrosination of alpha-tubulin: a mechanism for subcellular differentiation of microtubules." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 1 (1987): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.1.251.

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Tyrosinated (Tyr) and detyrosinated (Glu) alpha-tubulin, species interconverted by posttranslational modification, are largely segregated in separate populations of microtubules in interphase cultured cells. We sought to understand how distinct Tyr and Glu microtubules are generated in vivo, by examining time-dependent alterations in Tyr and Glu tubulin levels (by immunoblots probed with antibodies specific for each species) and distributions (by immunofluorescence) after microtubule regrowth and stabilization. When microtubules were allowed to regrow after complete depolymerization by microtu

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Ferralli, Jacqueline, Jamie Ashby, Monika Fasler, Vitaly Boyko, and Manfred Heinlein. "Disruption of Microtubule Organization and Centrosome Function by Expression of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Protein." Journal of Virology 80, no. 12 (2006): 5807–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00254-06.

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ABSTRACT The movement protein (MP) of Tobacco mosaic virus mediates the cell-to-cell transport of viral RNA through plasmodesmata, cytoplasmic cell wall channels for direct cell-to-cell communication between adjacent cells. Previous in vivo studies demonstrated that the RNA transport function of the protein correlates with its association with microtubules, although the exact role of microtubules in the movement process remains unknown. Since the binding of MP to microtubules is conserved in transfected mammalian cells, we took advantage of available mammalian cell biology reagents and tools t

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Mandelkow, E. M., E. Mandelkow, and R. A. Milligan. "Microtubule dynamics and microtubule caps: a time-resolved cryo-electron microscopy study." Journal of Cell Biology 114, no. 5 (1991): 977–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.114.5.977.

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Microtubules display the unique property of dynamic instability characterized by phase changes between growth and shrinkage, even in constant environmental conditions. The phases can be synchronized, leading to bulk oscillations of microtubules. To study the structural basis of dynamic instability we have examined growing, shrinking, and oscillating microtubules by time-resolved cryo-EM. In particular we have addressed three questions which are currently a matter of debate: (a) What is the relationship between microtubules, tubulin subunits, and tubulin oligomers in microtubule dynamics?; (b)

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Rizk, Rania S., Kevin P. Bohannon, Laura A. Wetzel, James Powers, Sidney L. Shaw, and Claire E. Walczak. "MCAK and Paclitaxel Have Differential Effects on Spindle Microtubule Organization and Dynamics." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 6 (2009): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-09-0985.

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Within the mitotic spindle, there are multiple populations of microtubules with different turnover dynamics, but how these different dynamics are maintained is not fully understood. MCAK is a member of the kinesin-13 family of microtubule-destabilizing enzymes that is required for proper establishment and maintenance of the spindle. Using quantitative immunofluorescence and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we compared the differences in spindle organization caused by global suppression of microtubule dynamics, by treating cells with low levels of paclitaxel, versus specific perturba

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MacRae, Thomas H. "Towards an understanding of microtubule function and cell organization: an overview." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, no. 10-11 (1992): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-131.

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Microtubules exhibit dynamic instability, converting abruptly between assembly and disassembly with continued growth dependent on the presence of a tubulin–GTP cap at the plus end of the organelle. Tubulin, the main structural protein of microtubules, is a heterodimer composed of related polypeptides termed α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Most eukaryotic cells possess several isoforms of the α- and β-tubulins, as well as γ-tubulin, an isoform restricted to the centrosome. The isoforms of tubulin arise either as the products of different genes or by posttranslational processes and their synthesis is s

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W. SEAGULL, ROBERT. "A Quantitative Electron Microscopic Study of Changes in Microtubule Arrays and Wall Microfibril Orientation During in vitro Cotton Fiber Development." Journal of Cell Science 101, no. 3 (1992): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.101.3.561.

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A quantitative electron microscopic (E/M) study of the changes in microtubule arrays and wall microfibril orientation has been done on in vitro grown cotton fibers. Microtubules change orientation during cotton fiber development. During fiber initiation and early elongation, microtubules have a generally random orientation. Microtubules re-orient into shallow pitched helices as elongation and primary wall deposition continue, and into steeply pitched helices during secondary wall deposition. Accompanying the changes in orientation are increases in microtubule length, number, proximity to the p

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Yamamoto, Ayumu, Chihiro Tsutsumi, Hiroaki Kojima, Kazuhiro Oiwa, and Yasushi Hiraoka. "Dynamic Behavior of Microtubules during Dynein-dependent Nuclear Migrations of Meiotic Prophase in Fission Yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 12, no. 12 (2001): 3933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.12.3933.

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During meiotic prophase in fission yeast, the nucleus migrates back and forth between the two ends of the cell, led by the spindle pole body (SPB). This nuclear oscillation is dependent on astral microtubules radiating from the SPB and a microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein. Here we have examined the dynamic behavior of astral microtubules labeled with the green fluorescent protein during meiotic prophase with the use of optical sectioning microscopy. During nuclear migrations, the SPB mostly follows the microtubules that extend toward the cell cortex. SPB migrations start when these microtub

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Roychoudhury, Sonali, and Martha J. Powell. "Ultrastructure of mitosis in the algal parasitic fungus Polyphagus euglenae." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (1991): 2201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-277.

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Ultrastructure of mitosis in the parasitic fungus, Polyphagus euglenae, was investigated with emphasis on centrosome structure and prophase events. The interphase centrosome included a diplosome, scattered electron-dense satellites, and multiple ring-shaped microtubule foci. As centrosomes separated during prophase, microtubular arrays extended between the replicated centrosomes and radiated out along the outer surface of the nuclear envelope. The asymmetric configuration of these microtubular arrays suggests that intersecting microtubules provide tension forces on elongating centrosome to cen

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Takemura, R., S. Okabe, T. Umeyama, Y. Kanai, N. J. Cowan, and N. Hirokawa. "Increased microtubule stability and alpha tubulin acetylation in cells transfected with microtubule-associated proteins MAP1B, MAP2 or tau." Journal of Cell Science 103, no. 4 (1992): 953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.103.4.953.

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We previously transfected MAP2, tau and MAP1B cDNA into fibroblasts and have studied the effect of expression of these microtubule-associated proteins on microtubule organization. In this study, we examined some additional characteristics of microtubule bundles and arrays formed in fibroblasts transfected with these microtubule-associated proteins. It was found that microtubule bundles formed in MAP2c- or tau-transfected cells were stabilized against microtubule depolymerizing reagents and were enriched in acetylated alpha tubulin. When mouse MAP1B cDNA was expressed following transfection int

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Cassimeris, L. U., P. Wadsworth, and E. D. Salmon. "Dynamics of microtubule depolymerization in monocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 102, no. 6 (1986): 2023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.102.6.2023.

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Human monocytes, which contain few interphase microtubules (35.+/- 7.7), were used to study the dynamics of microtubule depolymerization. Steady-state microtubule assembly was abruptly blocked with either high concentrations of nocodazole (10 micrograms/ml) or exposure to cold temperature (3 degrees C). At various times after inhibition of assembly, cells were processed for anti-tubulin immunofluorescence microscopy. Stained cells were observed with an intensified video camera attached to the fluorescence microscope. A tracing of the entire length of each individual microtubule was made from t

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Sharma, Neeraj, Jessica Bryant, Dorota Wloga, et al. "Katanin regulates dynamics of microtubules and biogenesis of motile cilia." Journal of Cell Biology 178, no. 6 (2007): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200704021.

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The in vivo significance of microtubule severing and the mechanisms governing its spatial regulation are not well understood. In Tetrahymena, a cell type with elaborate microtubule arrays, we engineered null mutations in subunits of the microtubule-severing complex, katanin. We show that katanin activity is essential. The net effect of katanin on the polymer mass depends on the microtubule type and location. Although katanin reduces the polymer mass and destabilizes the internal network of microtubules, its activity increases the mass of ciliary microtubules. We also show that katanin reduces

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Dumontet, Charles, and Branimir I. Sikic. "Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance to Antitubulin Agents: Microtubule Dynamics, Drug Transport, and Cell Death." Journal of Clinical Oncology 17, no. 3 (1999): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1999.17.3.1061.

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PURPOSE: To analyze the available data concerning mechanisms of action of and mechanisms of resistance to the antitubulin agents, vinca alkaloids and taxanes, and more recently described compounds. DESIGN: We conducted a review of the literature on classic and recent antitubulin agents, focusing particularly on the relationships between antitubulin agents and their intracellular target, the soluble tubulin/microtubule complex. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although it is widely accepted that antitubulin agents block cell division by inhibition of the mitotic spindle, the mechanism of action of antit

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Stebbings, H., and K. K. Sharma. "‘Corkscrewing’, as evidence for force generation within a detergent-extracted microtubule translocation system from insect ovaries." Journal of Cell Science 92, no. 1 (1989): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.92.1.21.

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Microtubule-based translocation channels within the ovaries of the hemipteran insect Notonecta have been isolated by microdissection, and then detergent-extracted to leave a bundle of some 30,000 aligned microtubules. On addition of ATP and other hydrolysable nucleotides the microtubule bundle contorts into a helical configuration, a property we have called ‘corkscrewing’, before straightening again. This we believe to be indicative of force generation within the bundle. Electrophoretic analysis of the bundle of native microtubules reveals many polypeptides apart from the tubulins, and a numbe

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Suprenant, K. A., and J. C. Marsh. "Temperature and pH govern the self-assembly of microtubules from unfertilized sea-urchin egg extracts." Journal of Cell Science 87, no. 1 (1987): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.87.1.71.

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A new method for microtubule purification from unfertilized sea-urchin eggs was developed in order to obtain large quantities of calcium- and cold-labile microtubules that contained microtubule-associated components important for mitosis. By taking into consideration the pH, ionic composition of egg cytoplasm, and the physiological temperature for growth of the Pacific coast sea-urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, methods were developed for the assembly of intact microtubules directly from unfertilized egg extracts. The microtubules obtained by cycles of temperature-dependent assembly and di

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Burkart, Graham M., and Ram Dixit. "Microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 protects against severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin." Molecular Biology of the Cell 30, no. 13 (2019): 1587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0776.

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The microtubule-severing enzyme katanin (KTN1) regulates the organization and turnover of microtubule arrays by the localized breakdown of microtubule polymers. In land plants, KTN1 activity is essential for the formation of linearly organized cortical microtubule arrays that determine the axis of cell expansion. Cell biological studies have shown that even though KTN1 binds to the sidewalls of single and bundled microtubules, severing activity is restricted to microtubule cross-over and nucleation sites, indicating that cells contain protective mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate microtubule

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Seta, Yoshika, Kumpei Kawakatsu, Shiori Degawa, Toshiyuki Goto, and Takahito Nishikata. "Morphological Evidence for Novel Roles of Microtubules in Macrophage Phagocytosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (2023): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021373.

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Although the phagocytic activity of macrophages has long been studied, the involvement of microtubules in the process is not well understood. In this study, we improved the fixation protocol and revealed a dynamically rearranging microtubule network in macrophages, consisting of a basal meshwork, thick bundles at the cell edge, and astral microtubules. Some astral microtubules extended beneath the cell cortex and continued to form bundles at the cell edge. These microtubule assemblies were mutually exclusive of actin accumulation during membrane ruffling. Although the stabilization of microtub

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Patel-Hett, Sunita, Jennifer L. Richardson, Harald Schulze, et al. "Visualization of microtubule growth in living platelets reveals a dynamic marginal band with multiple microtubules." Blood 111, no. 9 (2008): 4605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-118844.

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Abstract The marginal band of microtubules maintains the discoid shape of resting blood platelets. Although studies of platelet microtubule coil structure conclude that it is composed of a single microtubule, no investigations of its dynamics exist. In contrast to previous studies, permeabilized platelets incubated with GTP-rhodamine-tubulin revealed tubulin incorporation at 7.9 (± 1.9) points throughout the coil, and anti-EB1 antibodies stained 8.7 (± 2.0) sites, indicative of multiple free microtubules. To pursue this result, we expressed the microtubule plus-end marker EB3-GFP in megakaryoc

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Walczak, Claire E., Hailing Zong, Sachin Jain, and Jane R. Stout. "Spatial regulation of astral microtubule dynamics by Kif18B in PtK cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 20 (2016): 3021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0254.

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The spatial and temporal control of microtubule dynamics is fundamentally important for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. This is achieved, in part, by the multitude of proteins that bind to and regulate spindle microtubules, including kinesin superfamily members, which act as microtubule-destabilizing enzymes. These fall into two general classes: the kinesin-13 proteins, which directly depolymerize microtubules, and the kinesin-8 proteins, which are plus end–directed motors that either destabilize microtubules or cap the microtubule plus ends. Here we analyze the contributio

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Jordan, M. A., D. Thrower, and L. Wilson. "Effects of vinblastine, podophyllotoxin and nocodazole on mitotic spindles. Implications for the role of microtubule dynamics in mitosis." Journal of Cell Science 102, no. 3 (1992): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.102.3.401.

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Inhibition of mitosis by many drugs that bind to tubulin has been attributed to depolymerization of microtubules. However, we found previously that low concentrations of vinblastine and vincristine blocked mitosis in HeLa cells with little or no depolymerization of spindle microtubules, and spindles appeared morphologically normal or nearly normal. In the present study, we characterized the effects of vinblastine, podophyllotoxin and nocodazole over broad concentration ranges on mitotic spindle organization in HeLa cells. These three drugs are known to affect the dynamics of microtubule polyme

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Kwon, Ahreum, Gwi Bin Lee, Taein Park, et al. "Potent Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Acetylated Microtubules as Anticancer Agents Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer." Biomedicines 8, no. 9 (2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090338.

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Microtubules are one of the major targets for anticancer drugs because of their role in cell proliferation and migration. However, as anticancer drugs targeting microtubules have side effects, including the death of normal cells, it is necessary to develop anticancer agents that can target microtubules by specifically acting on cancer cells only. In this study, we identified chemicals that can act as anticancer agents by specifically binding to acetylated microtubules, which are predominant in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The chemical compounds disrupted acetylated microtubule lattice

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Italiano, Joseph E., Jennifer L. Richardson, Harald Schulze, et al. "The Marginal Microtubule Coil in the Resting Blood Platelet Is a Dynamic Bipolar Array." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.1653.1653.

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Abstract The discoid shape of the resting blood platelet is maintained by its marginal microtubule band. Structural studies have concluded that this band is composed of a single microtubule coiled 8-12 times around the cell periphery. To understand the dynamics of the microtubule coil, we took advantage of EB1 and EB3, proteins that highlight the ends of growing microtubules. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-EB1 revealed clear staining of numerous (8.7 +/− 2.0, range 4–12) comet-like dashes in the microtubule coil, suggesting the presence of several microtubule plus ends. Consistent wit

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Lachney, C. L., and T. A. Lonergan. "Regulation of cell shape in Euglena gracilis. III. Involvement of stable microtubules." Journal of Cell Science 74, no. 1 (1985): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.74.1.219.

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The role of cytoplasmic microtubules in a recently reported biological clock-controlled rhythm in cell shape of the alga Euglena gracilis (strain Z) was examined using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The resulting fluorescent patterns indicated that, unlike many other cell systems, Euglena cells apparently change from round to long to round cell shape without associated cytoplasmic microtubule assembly and disassembly. Instead, the different cell shapes were correlated with microtubule patterns, which suggested that movement of stable microtubules to accomplish cell shape changes. In l

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Chrétien, D., F. Metoz, F. Verde, E. Karsenti, and RH Wade. "Lattice defects in microtubules: protofilament numbers vary within individual microtubules." Journal of Cell Biology 117, no. 5 (1992): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.117.5.1031.

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We have used cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens to study microtubules assembled both from three cycle purified tubulin (3x-tubulin) and in cell free extracts of Xenopus eggs. In vitro assembled 3x-tubulin samples have a majority of microtubules with 14 protofilaments whereas in cell extracts most microtubules have 13 protofilaments. Microtubule polymorphism was observed in both cases. The number of protofilaments can change abruptly along individual microtubules usually by single increments but double increments also occur. For 3x-tubulin, increasing the magnesium concentration de

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