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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave reflectometers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

IVANCHENKO, Dmitry D., Boris A. KALUGIN, Nicolay N. KOLCHYGIN, and German G. POLOVNIKOV. "Portable Microwave Reflectometers." Turkish Journal of Physics 20, no. 8 (1996): 981–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0101.2523.

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2

Giacalone, Jean-Claude, Roland Sabot, Frédéric Clairet, Christine Bottereau, and Diego Molina. "Measurement of the density of magnetized fusion plasma using microwave reflectometry." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 6 (2009): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907870999078x.

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About 25 years have elapsed since the first measurement by a FW-CW (called fast sweeping) reflectometer of the electronic density in magnetized fusion plasma. Substituting tube sources with solid-state components has resulted in a decrease of the sweeping time from the millisecond to the microsecond range. Based on voltage control oscillators and on active frequency multipliers, four profile reflectometers covering the range 33–155 GHz are in operation on Tore-Supra tokamak. Their originality is the use of one source for the launched and reference signal, although the detection is heterodyne.

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3

Hwang, Paul A., Thomas L. Ainsworth, and Jeffrey D. Ouellette. "Microwave Specular Measurements and Ocean Surface Wave Properties." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041486.

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Microwave reflectometers provide spectrally integrated information of ocean surface waves several times longer than the incident electromagnetic (EM) wavelengths. For high wind condition, it is necessary to consider the modification of relative permittivity by air in foam and whitecaps produced by wave breaking. This paper describes the application of these considerations to microwave specular returns from the ocean surface. Measurements from Ku and Ka band altimeters and L band reflectometers are used for illustration. The modeling yields a straightforward integration of a closed-form express

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4

Hsia, R. P., W. M. Zhang, F. Jiang, C. W. Domier, and N. C. Luhmann. "Microwave beam steerers for electronically scanned reflectometers (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 70, no. 1 (1999): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149456.

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5

Kabanov, D. A., S. M. Nikulin, V. V. Petrov, and A. N. Salov. "Development of automatic microwave circuit analyzers with 12-pole reflectometers." Measurement Techniques 28, no. 10 (1985): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00861766.

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6

Nikulin, S. M., and A. N. Salov. "Calibration of automatic microwave circuit analyzers with twelve-pole reflectometers." Measurement Techniques 31, no. 8 (1988): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863497.

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7

Yatskevich, V. A. "Measurement of microwave device parameters with the aid of multiterminal reflectometers." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 3 (1987): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867076.

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8

Ladvánszky, J., A. Hilt, and I. Csonka. "Reduction of measurement error in microwave reflectometers by minimum sensitivity calibration." Electronics Letters 29, no. 14 (1993): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19930871.

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9

Piña, R. Piña, A. Dueñas Jiménez, and C. A. Bonilla Barragán. "The Circuit and Network Analysis of Some Signal Separation Structures Constituting Microwave Six-Port Reflectometers." Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 4 (2014): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujeee.2014.020407.

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10

Korotkov, K. S., and D. N. Milchenko. "FEATURES OF THE MEASURING DEVICES USING REFLECTOMETERS FOR DETERMINING S PARAMETERS OF MICROWAVE FOUR-TERMINAL CIRCUITS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 72, no. 11 (2013): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v72.i11.60.

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11

Osaki, Shota, Atsushi Mase, Yoshikazu Hirata, and Munehiro Iwakura. "Imaging Diagnostics of Inside of a Building Wall Using Millimeter-Wave Reflectometer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062879.

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Progress in microwave and millimeter-wave technologies has enabled advanced diagnostics for industrial applications. The transmission, reflection, scattering and radiation processes of electromagnetic waves are utilized as diagnostic principles. Specifically, the reflectometric method has gained importance in various applications due to the possibility of the high localization and accessibility of measurements, as well as the non-destructive nature of the systems. In this paper, radar reflectometers were applied to the measurement of the inside of a building wall, that is, the inspection of ti

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12

Kommey, Benjamin, Ernest Ofosu Addo, and Elvis Tamakloe. "Automatic Impedance Double-Stub Tuner for High-Power S-Band Microwave Networks." CHIPSET 6, no. 01 (2025): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.25077/chipset.6.01.1-12.2025.

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This paper presents the development of an impedance tuner realized in the WR-340 waveguide for use in S-band networks (2.45 GHz ISM band). The tuner is a double-stub structure designed to be adjoined to a reflectometer and performs automatic impedance matching using the reflectometer’s measurements through a closed-loop feedback mechanism. The device is designed to work under the full operating conditions of high-power microwave generators. Simulations and preliminary measurements show that the impedance tuner performance is stable and temperature independent. The system is suited for on-line

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13

Oosterbeek, Johan W., Neha Chaudhary, Matthias Hirsch, Udo Höfel, and Robert C. Wolf. "Assessment of ECH stray radiation levels at the W7-X Michelson Interferometer and Profile Reflectometer." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920303010.

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Electron Cyclotron Heating and Electron Cyclotron Current Drive are key components for heating and control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The high power microwaves are not always completely absorbed leading to stray radiation [1], [2]. At W7-X, the total injected microwave power can be up to 7.5 MW @140 GHz while the entire Electron Cyclotron Emission picked-up by an observer at the edge of the plasma is a fraction of a mW. In the situation of a Michelson Interferometer, the principle measurement is the entire ECE spectrum. Thus, any stray radiation is bound to enter the spectrum. In

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14

Onrubia, Raul, Daniel Pascual, Jorge Querol, Hyuk Park, and Adriano Camps. "The Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer: Hardware, Calibration, and Validation Experiments." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051019.

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This manuscript describes the Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer (MIR) instrument, a multi-beam dual-band GNSS-Reflectometer with beam-steering capabilities built to assess the performance of a PAssive Reflectrometry and Interferometry System—In Orbit Demonstrator (PARIS-IoD) like instrument and to compare the performance of different GNSS-R techniques and signals. The instrument is capable of tracking up to 4 different GNSS satellites, two at L1/E1 band, and two at L5/E5 band. The calibration procedure of the up- and down-looking arrays is presented, the calibration performance is evalua

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15

YOIYOD, P., and M. KRAIRIKSH. "MICROWAVE VECTOR REFLECTOMETER USING SELF-MIXING OSCILLATOR ANTENNAS." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 45, no. 3 (2015): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2015.398.

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This paper presents a microwave reflectometer using self-mixing oscillator antennas. A unique characteristic of the proposed reflectometer is its simple structure without a circulator and a directional coupler. Each self-mixing oscillator antenna utilizes a Gunn diode as an active device and a rectangular waveguide as a resonator and a radiator. The determination of dielectric properties of materials was carried out at 9.79 GHz and the measured results using the proposed reflectometer were in good agreement with those by a dielectric probe. In addition, the reflectometer has several industrial

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16

Mazzucato, E., R. Nazikian, N. Bretz, M. McCarthy, and A. Nagy. "TFTR microwave reflectometer (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 10 (1992): 4657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143653.

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17

Sánchez, N., A. Alonso-Arroyo, J. Martínez-Fernández, et al. "MULTISENSOR EXPERIMENTS OVER VINEYARD: NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE GNSS-R TECHNIQUE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1299-2015.

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An airborne campaign was performed during August, 2014 in an agricultural area in the Duero basin (Spain) in order to appraise the synergy between very different sources of Earth Observation imagery, and very different instruments for soil moisture retrieval. During the flight, an intensive field campaign comprising soil, plant and spectral measurements was carried out. An innovative sensor based on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) was on board the manned vehicle, the Light Airborne Reflectometer for GNSS-R Observations (LARGO) engineered by the Universitat Politè

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18

Spear, A. G., C. W. Domier, X. Hu, et al. "2D microwave imaging reflectometer electronics." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 11 (2014): 11D834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891047.

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19

Izydorczyk, J. "Microwave time domain reflectometry." Electronics Letters 41, no. 15 (2005): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20051696.

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20

Onrubia, Raul, Daniel Pascual, Hyuk Park, et al. "Satellite Cross-Talk Impact Analysis in Airborne Interferometric Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry with the Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091120.

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This work analyzes the satellite cross-talk observed by the microwave interferometric reflectometer (MIR), a new global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reflectometer, during an airborne field campaign in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. MIR is a GNSS reflectometer with two 19-element, dual-band arrays, each of them having four steerable beams. The data collected during the experiment, the characterization of the arrays, and the global positioning system (GPS) and Galileo ephemeris were used to compute the expected delays and power levels of all incoming signals, and the probability

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21

Kondo, Y., S. Ohshima, D. Kuwahara, et al. "Development of dual X-mode Doppler reflectometry system in Heliotron J." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (2022): C05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/c05023.

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Abstract A dual X-mode Doppler reflectometry system is developed to measure the radial electric field in a stellarator/heliotron device, Heliotron J. The system is designed to have dual channels where the observation points are placed symmetrically to the equatorial plane, enabling the poloidal flow velocity measurement at two different positions in the same toroidal section, which is useful for the search for a zonal flow. In the system, an RF source generates the microwave frequency of 8.25–12.5 GHz, upconverted by an intermediate frequency of 27.5 MHz and transmitted with a coaxial cable to

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22

Gonçalves, Bruno, Paulo Varela, António Silva, et al. "Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Microwave Reflectometry for Plasma Position and Shape Control on Future Nuclear Fusion Devices." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 3926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083926.

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Providing energy from fusion and finding ways to scale up the fusion process to commercial proportions in an efficient, economical, and environmentally benign way is one of the grand challenges for engineering. Controlling the burning plasma in real-time is one of the critical issues that need to be addressed. Plasma Position Reflectometry (PPR) is expected to have an important role in next-generation fusion machines, such as DEMO, as a diagnostic to monitor the position and shape of the plasma continuously, complementing magnetic diagnostics. The reflectometry diagnostic uses radar science me

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23

EJIRI, Akira. "How to Make a Microwave Reflectometer." Journal of Plasma and Fusion Research 79, no. 9 (2003): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf.79.921.

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24

Tokuzawa, T., A. Ejiri, K. Kawahata, et al. "Microwave Doppler reflectometer system in LHD." Review of Scientific Instruments 83, no. 10 (2012): 10E322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4733736.

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25

Munsat, T., E. Mazzucato, H. Park, et al. "Microwave imaging reflectometer for TEXTOR (invited)." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 3 (2003): 1426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1530381.

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26

Munoz-Martin, Joan Francesc, Raul Onrubia, Daniel Pascual, et al. "Single-Pass Soil Moisture Retrieval Using GNSS-R at L1 and L5 Bands: Results from Airborne Experiment." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040797.

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Global Navigation Satellite System—Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has already proven its potential for retrieving a number of geophysical parameters, including soil moisture. However, single-pass GNSS-R soil moisture retrieval is still a challenge. This study presents a comparison of two different data sets acquired with the Microwave Interferometer Reflectometer (MIR), an airborne-based dual-band (L1/E1 and L5/E5a), multiconstellation (GPS and Galileo) GNSS-R instrument with two 19-element antenna arrays with four electronically steered beams each. The instrument was flown twice over the OzNet soil m

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27

Nogués, Oriol Cervelló i., Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin, Hyuk Park, et al. "Improved GNSS-R Altimetry Methods: Theory and Experimental Demonstration Using Airborne Dual Frequency Data from the Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer (MIR)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (2021): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204186.

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Altimetric performance of Global Navigation Satellite System - Reflectometry (GNSS-R) instruments depends on receiver’s bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The altimetric delay is usually computed from the time difference between the peak of the direct signal waveform and the maximum of the derivative of the reflected signal waveform. Dual-frequency data gathered by the airborne Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer (MIR) in the Bass Strait, between Australia and Tasmania, suggest that this approach is only valid for flat surfaces and large bandwidth receivers. This work analyses diff

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28

EJIRI, Akira. "Microwave Reflectometry for Plasma Diagnostics." Journal of Plasma and Fusion Research 79, no. 8 (2003): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf.79.742.

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29

YAMAGUCHI, S., Y. NAGAYAMA, Z. SHI, et al. "Microwave Imaging Reflectometry in LHD." Plasma and Fusion Research 2 (2007): S1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.2.s1038.

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30

Mazzucato, E. "Relativistic effects on microwave reflectometry." Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 4, no. 10 (1992): 3460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860354.

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31

Lee, W., I. Hong, J. Leem, et al. "Microwave imaging reflectometry for KSTAR." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 01 (2012): C01070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/c01070.

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32

Bruskin, Leonid G., Atsushi Mase, and Teruo Tamano. "Resolution of microwave correlation reflectometry." Fusion Engineering and Design 34-35 (March 1997): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(96)00643-6.

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33

Yamaguchi, S., Y. Nagayama, R. Pavlichenko, S. Inagaki, Y. Kogi, and A. Mase. "Microwave imaging reflectometry in LHD." Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 10 (2006): 10E930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349749.

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34

Malyuskin, Oleksandr. "Ultra-Resonance Microwave Defectoscopy of Metal Surfaces." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06551.

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A novel microwave high-resolution near-field non-destructive testing technique is proposed and experimentally evaluated in reflectometry imaging scenarios involving planar metal surfaces. Traditionally, microwave reflectometry does not provide high dynamic contrast between the defect and background material in the case of metal structures due to intrinsically high reflection magnitude from the metal surfaces masking defect a microwave signature. A high-Q resonant sensor based on the loaded aperture is designed to interact very strongly even with small defects on the metal surface providing ver

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35

Macchioni, Nicola, Massimo Mannucci, Roberto Olmi, Sabrina Palanti, and Cristiano Riminesi. "Microwave Reflectometric Tool for Non-Destructive Assessment of Decay on Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.281.

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Timber structures can be degraded during their life both by structural problems and, mainly, by biological degradation factors like fungi, and insects (Coleoptera and termites). The occurrence of these biodegradation agents leads, in the absence of appropriate maintenance interventions, to the loss of their structural integrity. Furthermore, if these biological agents decay old buildings, the loss of mechanical resistance of timber structures can be added to loss of cultural heritages. Just in these contexts an early evaluation of decay is crucial to design remedial treatments and a less invas

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36

Qiu, Guohua, Shanshan Tian, and Qinwen Yuan. "Research of Crack Defect Detection in Metal Pipes Based on Microwave Antenna Array." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 13, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9663091.

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This study evaluates the feasibility of using antenna array to detect crack defects in metal pipes. Antenna arrays are set at the port of a metal pipe in radial direction, and the microwave signal can be effectively coupled into the metal pipe. It can produce orbital angular momentum (OAM) waves. The cracks in the pipe will change the microwave transmission characteristics, and they can be inspected by time domain reflectometry (TDR) of vector network analyzer (VNA). By studying the transmission characteristics of current on the inner surface of the metal pipe, the feasibility of linearly pola

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37

Hsin-Chia Lu and Tah-Hsiung Chu. "Microwave diversity imaging using six-port reflectometer." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47, no. 1 (1999): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.740082.

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38

Conway, G. D. "Beam diameter effects on microwave reflectometer measurements." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 39, no. 9 (1997): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/39/9/001.

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39

Glay, David, Adelhatif El Fellahi, and Tuami Lasri. "A proof of concept of a non-resonant near-field microwave microscope based on a high impedance reflectometer." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 3 (2013): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000536.

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In this paper, we present a non-resonant high impedance reflectometer with a reference impedance close to one of the tip probe of a near-field microwave microscope. We show that for an apex of the tip probe of 100 µm there is an optimum reference impedance close to 1 kΩ. To validate this approach a microwave circuit that makes use of lumped elements has been fabricated. A proof of concept is also explored for capacitance measurements between the tip probe and a metal plate.

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40

Буланин, В. В., И. М. Балаченков, В. И. Варфоломеев та ін. "Исследования альфвеновских мод на токамаке Глобус-М2 с использованием многочастотного допплеровского рефлектометра V-диапазона". Письма в журнал технической физики 47, № 4 (2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.04.50645.18584.

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New information on the development of Alfvén modes in the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak is presented. The data were obtained using a V-band Doppler reflectometer with probing radiation frequencies from 50 to 75 GHz. A microwave harmonic synthesizer was used as a multifrequency probing source. As a result of using a new reflectometer, the localization of the toroidal Alfvén eigenmode has been determined at a magnetic field of 0.5 T. The spectral components of the Alfvén mode with Doppler frequency shifts due to toroidal plasma rotation have been recorded. The so-called Alfvén cascades have been i

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41

LEE, Woochang, Gunsu S. YUN, Inho HONG, et al. "Microwave Imaging Reflectometry System for KSTAR." Plasma and Fusion Research 6 (2011): 2402037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.6.2402037.

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42

Bretz, N. L. "Microwave reflectometry for fusion plasma diagnostics." Nuclear Fusion 34, no. 9 (1994): 1283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/34/9/410.

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43

Conway, G. D. "Microwave reflectometry for fusion plasma diagnosis." Nuclear Fusion 46, no. 9 (2006): S665—S669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/46/9/s01.

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44

Mazzucato, E. "Microwave reflectometry for magnetically confined plasmas." Review of Scientific Instruments 69, no. 6 (1998): 2201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149121.

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45

Nanobashvili, S., F. Zacek, and J. Zajac. "Microwave Correlation Reflectometry for Tokamak CASTOR." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 55, no. 6 (2005): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-005-0074-2.

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46

Wang, M. Y., C. Zhou, A. D. Liu, et al. "A novel, tunable, multimodal microwave system for microwave reflectometry system." Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 9 (2018): 093501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5033968.

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47

Wang, Ruonan, Yang Fang, Qianxiang Gao, Yong Li, Xihan Yang, and Zhenmao Chen. "Quantitative Visualization of Buried Defects in GFRP via Microwave Reflectometry." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146629.

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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) is widely used in engineering fields involving aerospace, energy, transportation, etc. If internal buried defects occur due to hostile environments during fabrication and practical service, the structural integrity and safety of GFRP structures would be severely undermined. Therefore, it is indispensable to carry out effective quantitative nondestructive testing (NDT) of internal defects buried within GFRP structures. Along with the development of composite materials, microwave NDT is promising in non-intrusive inspection of defects in GFRPs. In this paper

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48

Zhang, Lifu, Jinuo Yu, Jinchen Yang, Ge Zhuang, and Jinlin Xie. "The commissioning progress of microwave imaging reflectometer on EAST tokamak." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 03 (2025): T03008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/03/t03008.

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Abstract A 96-channel W-band (75–110 GHz) microwave imaging reflectometer (MIR) has been designed and developed for 2D electron density fluctuation measurements on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The system features 12 poloidal channels with 8 distinct radial depths. An advanced front-end transmitter and receiving optics system has been implemented on-site, offering extensive flexibility for various plasma scenarios through dynamic adjustments of the transmitter beam wavefront shape, poloidal zoom, and full-frequency radial focus depth. The experiment's signal-to-nois

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49

Cataldo, Andrea, Iman Farhat, Lourdes Farrugia, Raffaele Persico, and Raissa Schiavoni. "A Method for Extracting Debye Parameters as a Tool for Monitoring Watered and Contaminated Soils." Sensors 22, no. 20 (2022): 7805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207805.

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Soil monitoring is a key topic from several perspectives, such as moisture level control for irrigation management and anti-contamination purposes. Monitoring the latter is becoming even more important due to increasing environmental pollution. As a direct consequence, there is a strong demand for innovative monitoring systems that are low cost, provide for quasi-real time and in situ monitoring, high sensitivity, and adequate accuracy. Starting from these considerations, this paper addresses the implementation of a microwave reflectometry based-system utilizing a customized bifilar probe and

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50

HATTORI, Kunihiko, Akira ANDO, and Masaaki INUTAKE. "Multi-Channel Microwave Reflectometer with Fermi Antenna Receivers." Plasma and Fusion Research 2 (2007): S1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.2.s1039.

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