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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave spectroscopy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Ikeda, Y., J. K. Soriano, and N. Kawahara. "Plasma Formation And Its Sustainment In Time And Space In Microwave Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (July 11, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.72.

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The transient and unstable plasma generation in the laser-induced breakdown is potentially resolved by the addition of microwaves. The laser and microwave technology combination extends the plasma lifetime and enhanced its emission intensity and volume. The expansion of the plasma started a few seconds after the initial formation of the plasma seed and the absorption of the microwave by the plasma also started to take effect. Large dome-shaped plasma is then briefly sustained until the end of the microwave duration. As the plasma expands, the plasma drifts away from the sample surface which is a good indication of the non-ablation effect of the microwave energy. The expansion of the plasma by microwaves enhances the breakdown of the plasma but potentially regulates the formation of toxic ablation fumes.

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2

McNaught, Ian J., and Rory Moore. "Microwave Spectroscopy Tutor." Journal of Chemical Education 72, no. 11 (1995): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed072p993.2.

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3

ENDO, Yasuki. "Fourier-Transform Microwave Spectroscopy. A microwave spectroscopic method with new possibility." Journal of the Spectroscopical Society of Japan 44, no. 3 (1995): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5111/bunkou.44.117.

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4

Godfrey, Peter D. "Microwave Spectroscopy of Benzyne." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (2010): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10152.

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Although it had been proposed for several decades as the key transient intermediate in a well studied class of organic reaction, measurement and analysis of the gas-phase microwave absorption spectrum of the extremely reactive species o-benzyne represented a tremendous technical challenge. Initial success came after two decades of sustained technical development in the field of transient species microwave spectroscopy. Two decades later, comparably prodigious advances in microwave spectrometer instrumental sensitivity arising from Fourier transform microwave methods and in new chemical generation methods involving pulsed discharge nozzles have enabled a full isotopic substitution study leading to the determination of a precise molecular structure for gas-phase o-benzyne.

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5

Chavan, Jotiram K., and Raju M. Patil. "Microwave assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Acylhydrazoneoximes." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 12 (2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2712rjce031034.

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The present study deals with microwave assisted synthesis of novel acylhydrazoneoximes using para-substituted isonitrosoacetophenones and terephthalohydrazide. The compounds have been characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. TheUV-Visible spectroscopy has been used for electronic excitation to characterize each of these new acylhydrazoneoximes. FTIR spectroscopy is used to conduct the functional group study. 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry has also been used.

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6

Kayamori, Fumihiro, Hiroyuki Togashi, Natsumi Endo, et al. "Development of a CaCO3 Precipitation Method Using a Peptide and Microwaves Generated by a Magnetron." Processes 12, no. 7 (2024): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071327.

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Microwave applications, such as microwave ovens and mobile phones, are ubiquitous and indispensable in modern society. As the utilization of microwave technology is becoming more widespread, the effects of microwaves on living organisms and physiological processes have received increased attention. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microwaves on calcium carbonate biomineralization as a model biochemical process. A magnetron oscillator was used to generate 2450 MHz microwaves because magnetrons are relatively inexpensive and widespread. We conducted transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), TEM-electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements to analyze the calcium carbonate precipitates. Our findings showed the formation of string-like precipitates of calcium carbonate upon microwave irradiation from one direction, similar to those obtained using a semiconductor oscillator, as reported previously. This implied that the distribution of the frequency had little effect on the morphology. Furthermore, spherical precipitates were obtained upon microwave irradiation from two directions, indicating that the morphology could be controlled by varying the direction of microwave irradiation. Magnetrons are versatile and also used in large-scale production; thus, this method has potential in medical and industrial applications.

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7

Okabayashi, Toshiaki, Keiichi Tanaka, and Takehiko Tanaka. "Microwave spectroscopy of HCCCCF." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 137, no. 1 (1989): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(89)90263-4.

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8

Yamada, Chikashi, and Eizi Hirota. "Microwave spectroscopy of NaK." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 153, no. 1-2 (1992): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(92)90460-6.

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9

Kasuya, Tomoko, Toshiaki Okabayashi, Sakura Watanabe, Miho Nomoto, and Mitsutoshi Tanimoto. "Microwave Spectroscopy of BrBO." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 191, no. 2 (1998): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1998.7644.

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10

Gopalakrishnan, Keerthy, Aakriti Adhikari, Namratha Pallipamu, et al. "Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives." Electronics 12, no. 5 (2023): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051101.

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Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. An overview of recent developments in several areas of microwave applications in medicine, namely microwave imaging, dielectric spectroscopy for tissue classification, molecular diagnostics, telemetry, biohazard waste management, diagnostic pathology, biomedical sensor design, drug delivery, ablation treatment, and radiometry, are summarized. In this contribution, we outline the current literature regarding microwave applications and trends across the medical industry and how it sets a platform for creating AI-based microwave solutions for future advancements from both clinical and technical aspects to enhance patient care.

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11

LI, Li, Ming SUN, Xiao-Hua LI, et al. "Recent Advances on Rotational Spectroscopy and Microwave Spectroscopic Techniques." Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 42, no. 9 (2014): 1369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60767-2.

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12

Lavra, T. C. C., L. A. Silva, K. S. B. Cavalcante, K. L. L. Marinho, B. A. M. Figueira, and J. M. Rivas Mercury. "Microwave radiation influence on the thermal and spectroscopic properties of Na-birnessite-type material." Cerâmica 65, no. 376 (2019): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653762653.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to study the effect of the microwave radiation on the thermal and spectroscopic features, as well as about arrangement (order-disorder) and morphological properties, of the layered manganese oxide with birnessite-type structure. The route employed to obtain Na-birnessite matrix was redox precipitation. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DSC), infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique. The results showed that microwave radiation influenced in a short time (5 min) the octahedral ordering of birnessite, as well as in increasing the crystallite size. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal behavior of the lamellar matrix was different from that of birnessite under microwave radiation. After microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy investigations were used to differentiate ordered and disordered birnessites. Otherwise, there were no changes in SEM morphology of the lamellar-type phases, but the particle size changed.

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13

Zhang, Wei Guang, Ji Hong Liang, and You Jie Cai. "Study on Technology for Obtaining Quercetin from Linifolius Conyza by Microwave-Assisted Extraction." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1817.

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Determination of quercetin from Linifolius Conyza by microwave-assisted extraction and absorption spectroscopy was reported. The effects of solvent concentration, microwave time, ratio of solution to solid and microwave-assisted extraction pressure were evaluated by single factor experiments. The extraction conditions of quercetin from Linifolius Conyza by microwave -assisted method were optimized: ethanol concentration is 70 %( V/ V); microwave time is 5 minutes ; ratio of solution to solid is 45:1 and microwave-assisted extraction pressure is 500kPa . microwave - assisted extraction and absorption spectroscopy was simple and accurate with good reproducibility.

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14

Zhi, Qingong, Wenhan Guan, and Yongjing Guo. "Pyrolysis Process of Microwave-Enhanced Recovery of Sucker Rod Carbon Fiber Composite." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 1 (2022): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400118.

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This paper recycles and reuses sucker rod carbon fiber composite by microwave technique. The high temperature dielectric parameters of sucker rod carbon fiber composite were tested with the perturbation technique of cylindrical resonator. The structure and performance of the recovered carbon fiber samples were characterized by testing methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results show that: the carbon fiber of sucker rod is good at absorbing microwaves. During microwave pyrolysis, the heating rate can reach 359.46 (℃/min), which greatly shortens the processing time. In addition, the microwave technique does not affect chemical bonds and functional group types, and the resulting recycled carbon fibers can be recycled well.

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15

Kreiner, W. A., H. Prinz, and G. Magerl. "Das Laser-Seitenbandverfahren: IR-Spektroskopie mit Mikrowellengenauigkeit." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, no. 4 (1989): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-0416.

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Abstract Infrared spectroscopy with laser sidebands at microwave modulation frequencies Infrared spectroscopy with laser sidebands at microwave modulation frequencies (12-18 GHz) is described. After the basics of this technique several examples of saturation spectroscopy on gaseous molecules are given. As a result it is shown that, in the infrared between 900 and 1100 cm-1 this broadband tunable laser source achieves resolution (3 parts in 109) as well as absolute accuracy in frequency measurement (± 3 x 10-6 cm-1) which are comparable to microwave spectroscopy.

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16

Grigas, Jonas. "Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics." Ferroelectrics 380, no. 1 (2009): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190902876249.

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17

Okada, K., Y. Imashuku, and M. Yao. "Microwave spectroscopy of supercritical water." Journal of Chemical Physics 107, no. 22 (1997): 9302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475226.

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18

Gough, C. E., R. J. Ormeno, A. Sibley, M. Hein, S. NishiZaki, and Y. Maeno. "Microwave spectroscopy of novel superconductors." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 63, no. 12 (2002): 2187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(02)00232-9.

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19

Irvine, William M. "Microwave Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Molecules." Highlights of Astronomy 8 (1989): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600007966.

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ABSTRACTRecent detections of new molecules in dense interstellar clouds, first detections of certain chemical elements in interstellar molecules, and new information on isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in the interstellar medium are discussed in the context of the need for new laboratory data on transition rest frequencies, reaction rates, and branching ratios.

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20

McNaught, Ian J., and Rory Moore. "Winspec: A Microwave Spectroscopy Tour." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 6 (1996): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p523.2.

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21

Bauder, Alfred. "Microwave spectroscopy of molecular complexes." Journal of Molecular Structure 408-409 (June 1997): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09492-6.

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22

Bigio, Irving J., Timothy R. Gosnell, Pritish Mukherjee, and Jeffrey D. Saffer. "Microwave absorption spectroscopy of DNA." Biopolymers 33, no. 1 (1993): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360330114.

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23

Rinard, G. A., R. W. Quine, S. S. Eaton, and G. R. Eaton. "Microwave Coupling Structures for Spectroscopy." Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series A 105, no. 2 (1993): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmra.1993.1265.

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24

Viju, Kumar V. G., P. Sreeshma, and V. G. Vidya. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt- Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles via Microwave assisted Polyol Method." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 10 (2023): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2710rjce021026.

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This work involves the synthesis of cobalt zinc oxide nanoparticles using a simple green method and their characterization using various techniques. Green synthesis is carried out using polyol medium and microwave heating. Polyol medium minimizes the use of chemicals while microwaves provided an energy efficient method for heating. Ethylene glycol is used as solvent along with polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydrazinium hydroxide. Domestic microwave oven is used as source for microwaves. Nanoparticles collected after washing are calcined at three different temperatures: 773 K, 973K, 1173 K. They are characterized by using IR spectroscopy, X ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. EDS study confirmed composition and empirical formula of the samples calcined at different temperatures. XRD data included peaks for zinc oxide and cobalt oxide at characteristic 2θ values and calculated crystallite size as 32.07 nm at 773 K, 40.33nm at 973K and 56.42 at 1173 K. IR studies confirmed the formation of Zn-O, Co-O bonds and TEM images confirmed homogeneous size distribution. These nanoparticles are suitable for catalytic and antibacterial applications.

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25

Aparicio-Lopez, Cesar B. "Abstract 5747: Microwave responsive thermosensitive lipid nanoparticles for spatiotemporal delivery of chemotherapeutics." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (2024): 5747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-5747.

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Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy with an urge for the exploration of novel treatments. One promising approach is microwaved-induced hyperthermia, which has shown great antitumor and synergistic effects when combined with other therapies. The application of microwaves produces heat by dielectric hysteresis which depends on the dielectric properties of molecules. Ionic liquids (ILs) are compounds composed of ions with &lt;100 °C melting point and have strong dielectric properties. In short, we propose the creation of microwave-sensitive nanoparticles using IL, enabling precise hyperthermia induction with low-powered microwaves in localized areas. To achieve this, we stabilize a core composed of 1-butyl-methylimidazolium bromide or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate using Span 80, Tween 20, and Triton-X as surfactants, along with phosphatidylcholine lipids as “cosurfactants”. Employing a double emulsion procedure for fabrication, nanoparticles are characterized using dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we assess microwave sensitivity by comparing thermal changes between liposomes loaded with 120 mM and 250 mM NaCl solutions. Subsequently, we evaluate biocompatibility and heat effects by incubating IL nanoparticles with BXPC3 and KPC cells, monitoring cell viability through MTT assays. We aim to confine the ILs within the nanoparticle core rather than incorporating them into the membrane. We anticipate increased microwave sensitivity, translating to reduced off-target effects and enhanced precision in hyperthermia treatment. This research holds promise for improving the therapeutic outcomes of pancreatic cancer treatment. Citation Format: Cesar B. Aparicio-Lopez. Microwave responsive thermosensitive lipid nanoparticles for spatiotemporal delivery of chemotherapeutics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5747.

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26

Heineking, N., W. Stahl, and H. Dreizler. "Radiofrequency Microwave Double Resonance Experiments in Fourier Transform Technique." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 3 (1988): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-0316.

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Abstract Radiofrequency microwave double resonance has proved as a valuable method in microwave spectroscopy in the frequency domain. We present comparable experiments in the time domain Fourier transform spectroscopy.

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27

Kahar, Suhaimi Mat, Chun Hong Voon, Chang Chuan Lee, et al. "Characterization of Silicon Carbide Nanowhiskers Synthesized by Microwave Heating Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.116.

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Silicon carbide is an attractive material for engineering and industrial applications in harsh conditions. In manufacturing process, conventional heating process is commonly used to synthesis the silicon carbide. In this study, SiC nanowhiskers were synthesized from microwave heating of mixture of graphite and silica in the ratio of 3: 1. The mixture was heated by using laboratory microwaves oven to 1400°C at heating rate of 20 °C/min and temperature was hold for 30 minutes. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the SiC nanowhiskers. Photoluminescence spectrum of SiC nanowhiskers showed a sharp peak at 420 nm corresponding to band gap of SiC (2.39 ev). FTIR absorption spectra of SiCNWs recorded a band at 805.22 cm-1 corresponding to Si-C bond.

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28

Wu, Xiaochun, Yingguang Li, Nanya Li, Jing Zhou, and Xiaozhong Hao. "Analysis of the effect and mechanism of microwave curing on the chemical shrinkage of epoxy resins." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 10 (2016): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316671794.

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The microwave cure–induced chemical shrinkage of epoxy resins in composite materials was researched in this article. Four kinds of epoxy resins were cured using the microwave and thermal heating process. An improved device containing fiber Bragg grating sensors was applied to accurately measure the chemical shrinkage–induced linear strains in those samples. Experimental results indicated that the chemical shrinkage of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/polyetheramine (PEA) and tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenylmethane/4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone epoxy resins was significantly reduced by microwave curing, and the reductions about 37.1 and 38.4% were achieved compared with the thermal-cured counterparts. However, the chemical shrinkage of the thermal- and microwave-cured samples was almost the same for DGEBA/methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and DGEBA/dicyandiamide epoxies. In order to analyze the influencing mechanism of microwaves on the chemical shrinkage, the chemical structure of various samples was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the free volume was measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer. It was found that microwaves can greatly decrease the contents of hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins, leading to the reduction of the chemical shrinkage. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of both microwave- and thermal-cured DGEBA/PEA epoxies were studied, and the results showed that the microwave-cured specimens have a higher impact strength but a lower tensile strength.

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29

Xue, Zhao. "Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Physical Properties and Structures of Cotton Fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 2 (2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300201.

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Microwaves are high frequency radio waves which are capable of penetrating many materials and causing heat to be generated in the process. To investigate the effect of microwave irradiation on the physical properties, chemical structure, surface morphological structure and fine structure of cotton fabric, cotton fabric was treated with microwave irradiation under variety of conditions in terms of the power and the time of microwave treatment. The breaking strength, breaking elongation, and whiteness of the treated cotton fabric in wet state were investigated. The structures of the untreated and treated cotton were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the physical properties of the treated cotton fabrics were changed with microwave irradiation time and power. The chemical structure and the surface morphological structure did not significantly change. Crystallinity of the treated cotton was changed.

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30

Douglass, Kevin O., John C. Keske, Frances S. Rees, et al. "Rotational spectroscopy of vibrationally excited states by infrared-Fourier transform microwave–microwave triple-resonance spectroscopy." Chemical Physics Letters 376, no. 5-6 (2003): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)01018-2.

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31

Satterthwaite, Lincoln, Greta Koumarianou, Daniel Sorensen, and David Patterson. "Sub-Hz Differential Rotational Spectroscopy of Enantiomers." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010028.

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We demonstrate for the first time high-precision differential microwave spectroscopy, achieving sub-Hz precision by coupling a cryogenic buffer gas cell with a tunable microwave Fabry–Perot cavity. We report statistically limited sub-Hz precision of (0.08 ± 0.72) Hz, observed between enantiopure samples of (R)-1,2-propanediol and (S)-1,2-propanediol at frequencies near 15 GHz. We confirm highly repeatable spectroscopic measurements compared to traditional pulsed-jet methods, opening up new capabilities in probing subtle molecular structural effects at the 10−10 level and providing a platform for exploring sources of systematic error in parity-violation searches. We discuss dominant systematic effects at this level and propose possible extensions of the technique for higher precision.

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32

Mogildea, Marian, George Mogildea, Sorin I. Zgura, et al. "Synthesis of the Titanium Oxides Using a New Microwave Discharge Method." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 5 (2025): 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052173.

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This research highlights the different behaviors of titanium (Ti) wires under the action of 500 W and 800 W microwave power levels. Following the interaction between microwaves and a titanium wire placed in the node of the (TM011—transverse magnetic mode) waveguide in air at atmospheric pressure, plasma was generated. Using optical emission spectroscopy technique it was observed that during plasma generation at 500 W and 800 W microwaves powers, metallic ions, and gas ions were created, and the plasmas fulfilled the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions. The XRD analysis showed that on the surface of the Ti wire exposed to 500 W microwave power a mixture of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium oxide (TiO) grew, while the Ti wire exposed to 800 W microwave power was completely vaporized and a mixture of TiO2 and TiO nanoparticles was synthesized. The SEM analysis showed that the dimensions of the titanium oxide (TiOx) nanoparticles generated by both microwave discharges ranged from 5 nm to 200 nm. The results of EDS analysis showed that the power of microwaves plays an important role in quantitative conversion from Ti wire into a TiOx mixture. The TEM analysis indicates that most of the nanoparticles are either amorphous or nanocrystalline. Using this simple and inexpensive technique one can grow a TiOx layer on the surface of titanium electrodes or can synthetize nanocrystalline TiOx particles.

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33

Miotk, Robert, Bartosz Hrycak, Mariusz Jasiński, and Jerzy Mizeraczyk. "Characterization of an Atmospheric-Pressure Argon Plasma Generated by 915 MHz Microwaves Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy." Journal of Spectroscopy 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6359107.

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The paper presents the investigations of an atmospheric-pressure argon plasma generated at 915 MHz microwaves using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The 915 MHz microwave plasma was inducted and sustained in a waveguide-supplied coaxial-line-based nozzleless microwave plasma source. The aim of presented investigations was to estimate parameters of the generated plasma, that is, excitation temperature of electrons Texc, temperature of plasma gas Tg, and concentration of electrons ne. Assuming that excited levels of argon atoms are in local thermodynamic equilibrium, Boltzmann method allowed in determining the Texc temperature in the range of 8100–11000 K. The temperature of plasma gas Tg was estimated by comparing the simulated spectra of the OH radical to the measured one in LIFBASE program. The obtained Tg temperature ranged in 1200–2800 K. Using a method based on Stark broadening of the Hβ line, the concentration of electrons ne was determined in the range from 1.4 × 1015 to 1.7 × 1015 cm−3, depending on the power absorbed by the microwave plasma.

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34

Sun, Jie, Wei Ming Shi, Wei Guang Yang, Ping Sheng Zhou, and Lin Jun Wang. "Ni-Induced Lateral Fast Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Film by Microwave Annealing." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.133.

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Polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) thin films for application to display devices and solar cell are generally fabricated by crystallizing amorphous Si (a-Si) thin film precursors. In this paper, studies on Ni-induced lateral crystallization of a-Si thin films by microwave annealing at low temperature were reported. The crystallization of a-Si thin films was enhanced by applying microwaves to the films. The poly-Si films were invested by Optical Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) , Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). After processing of Ni-induced lateral crystallization by microwave annealing above 500°C, the a-Si has begun to be crystallized with large grains having the main (111) orientation. The rate of crystallization at 550°C is about 0.033μm/min. Compared to Ni-induced lateral crystallization by conventional furnace annealing, Ni-induced lateral crystallization by microwave annealing both lowers the crystallization temperature and reduces the time of crystallization. The crystallization mechanism during microwave annealing was also studied. The technique that combines Ni-induced lateral crystallization with microwave annealing has potential applications in thin-film transistors (TFT’s) and solar cell.

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35

Zhao, Xue. "Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Physical Properties and Structure of Silk Fibre." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 4(130) (2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1321.

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Microwaves are high frequency radio waves which are capable of penetrating many materials and causing heat to be generated in the process. To investigate the effect of microwave irradiation on the physical properties as well as the chemical , surface morphological and fine structure of silk fabric, silk fabric was treated with microwave irradiation under a variety of conditions in terms of the power and time of microwave treatment. The breaking strength, elongation at break, and whiteness of the treated silk fabric in a wet state were investigated. The structures of the untreated and treated silk were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the physical properties of the treated silk fabrics were changed with the microwave irradiation time. The chemical and surface morphological structure as well as the decomposition temperature and crystallinity of the treated silk were changed.

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36

Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Effect of Gas Flow on Plasma Parameters Induced by Microwave." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 2 (2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.2.205-210.

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In this paper, construction microwaves induced plasma jet(MIPJ) system. This system was used to produce a non-thermal plasma jet at atmospheric pressure, at standard frequency of 2.45 GHz and microwave power of 800 W. The working gas Argon (Ar) was supplied to flow through the torch with adjustable flow rate by using flow meter, to diagnose microwave plasma optical emission spectroscopy(OES) was used to measure the important plasma parameters such as electron temperature (Te), residence time (Rt), plasma frequency (?pe), collisional skin depth (?), plasma conductivity (?dc), Debye length(?D). Also, the density of the plasma electron is calculated with the use of Stark broadened profiles

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37

Lee, Jin-Young, and Byung-Joo Kim. "Surface-Modified Activated Carbon Fibers by a Facile Microwave Technique for Enhancing Hydrocarbon Adsorption." Environments 10, no. 3 (2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10030052.

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Evaporative emissions from automobiles, which mainly consist of hydrocarbons, are a major source of air pollutants. As such, prevention means are required to minimize such emissions. Evaporative emissions are collected using adsorbents, where the adsorption capacity is directly influenced by the ratio of oxygen-containing functional groups, which have high polarity. This study investigated the effect of controlling the oxygen functional group (OFG) on the hydrocarbon adsorption/desorption performance of activated carbon fiber (ACF) in adsorbents. We used microwave heating to remove OFG on the ACF surfaces. The removal of surface OFG by microwave heating was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric–infrared gas analysis (TGA-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). According to microwave heating, textural properties were analyzed using N2/77K adsorption/desorption isotherms. The hydrocarbon adsorption/desorption performance of the ACF was evaluated according to a modified ASTM D5228. Compared to the untreated ACF, the butane working capacity of the modified (non-polarized) ACF was increased by up to 20% (adsorption capacity 27%).

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38

Hruszowiec, Mariusz, Kacper Nowak, Bogusław Szlachetko, et al. "The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.107616.

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Rapid development of many scientific and technical disciplines, especially in material science and material engineering increases a demand for quick, accurate and cheap techniques of materials investigations. The EPR spectroscopy meets these requirements and it is used in many fields of science including biology, chemistry and physics. For proper work, the EPR spectrometer needs a microwave source, which are reviewed in this paper. Vacuum tubes as well as semiconductor generators are presented such as magnetron, klystron, traveling wave tube, backward wave oscillator, orotron, gyrotron, Gunn and IMPATT diodes. In this paper main advantages of gyrotron usage, such as stability and an increased spectral resolution in application to EPR spectroscopy is discussed. The most promising and reliable microwave source is suggested.

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39

Yuvasravana, R., and P. P. George. "A Green Protocol for Synthesis of MAl2O4, [M=Cu and Co] Spinels Under Microwave Irradiation Method." International Journal of Nanoscience 16, no. 03 (2016): 1650033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16500332.

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Nanosized metal aluminates MAl2O4, [[Formula: see text] and Co] are synthesized from their nitrates solution by using pomegranate peel extract as fuel in microwave combustion. MAl2O4 [[Formula: see text] and Co] nanoparticles are grown in microwave assisted synthesis followed by annealing at 700[Formula: see text]C. The nanoparticles have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-VIS spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PXRD analysis has confirmed their spinel composition. The green protocol and microwave combustion route for spinel synthesis are rapid, simple, without any hazardous chemicals as reducing or stabilizing agents and economical.

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40

Kabir, Syed Rashel, K. Yokoyama, K. Mihashi, and M. Suzuki. "2B1600 Hydration Measurement of G and F actin by Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy." Seibutsu Butsuri 42, supplement2 (2002): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.42.s102_2.

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Wöckinger, J., W. Jantsch, and G. Ferenczi. "Transient Microwave Absorption Spectroscopy - Experimental Verification." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.1277.

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Cazzoli, Gabriele, and Cristina Puzzarini. "Observation of OD− by microwave spectroscopy." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 4 (2005): 041101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1978870.

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Pershin, D. A., V. V. Tsyganok, V. V. Yaroshenko, et al. "Microwave Spectroscopy of Ultracold Thulium Atoms." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 45, no. 12 (2018): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335618120023.

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44

Werth, G. "Precision Microwave Spectroscopy on Trapped Ions." Physica Scripta T22 (January 1, 1988): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1988/t22/029.

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Vogelsanger, B., and A. Bauder. "Two‐dimensional microwave Fourier transform spectroscopy." Journal of Chemical Physics 92, no. 7 (1990): 4101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457770.

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Schmink, Jason R., and Nicholas E. Leadbeater. "Probing “microwave effects” using Raman spectroscopy." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 7, no. 18 (2009): 3842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b910591c.

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Chishko, K. A., and A. S. Rybalko. "Microwave spectroscopy of superfluid He II." Low Temperature Physics 45, no. 3 (2019): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5090092.

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48

Muhleman, D. O., and R. T. Clancy. "Microwave spectroscopy of the Mars atmosphere." Applied Optics 34, no. 27 (1995): 6067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.006067.

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Wolf, F. "Fast sweep experiments in microwave spectroscopy." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27, no. 8 (1994): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/27/8/029.

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Walker, Kaley A., and Michael C. L. Gerry. "Laboratory microwave spectroscopy of aluminium cyanide." Chemical Physics Letters 301, no. 1-2 (1999): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00013-5.

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