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Journal articles on the topic 'Mid-1840s'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

HOLTON, KARINA. "Theatre in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century: the troubled 1840s." Studia Hibernica: Volume 48, Issue 1 48, no. 1 (2022): 63–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sh.2022.4.

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The mid-nineteenth century was a challenging and turbulent time for Irish theatres, with the 1840s being particularly difficult. The period saw a growing demand for recreation which resulted in a surge of improvements in Irish theatre infrastructure and concerted efforts of theatre managers to attract the public by providing a wide range of entertainment in cities and country towns. Irish audiences had access to a broad repertoire that embraced everything from Shakespeare and high opera to rude farce and low comedy, while developments in transport ensured that internationally renowned performe

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Romanova, Aleksandra Vladimirovna. "EFREM BARYSHEV AND WALTER SCOTT EXCERPTS FROM THE COMMENTARY TO I. A. GONCHAROV’S OBITUARY «E. E. BARYSHEV»." Russkaya literatura 2 (2021): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-2-19-54.

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The article is written in course of the work on the commentary to the obituary by I. A. Goncharov, «E. E. Baryshev» (1881). The circumstances of the work of the two brothers, Ivan and Efrem Baryshev, on the translations of Walter Scott’s novels for the multivolume publication by A. A. Kraevsky in the mid-1840s are outlined.

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ANGHEL, Mădălin. "„A strigat cu glas mare ca din partea obştii”. Actorul Ioan Poni şi un incident al frământărilor de la Iaşi din 1846." Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iaşi s n Istorie 70 (March 3, 2025): 277. https://doi.org/10.47743/asui-2024-0016.

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In the 1840s, the new cultural discourse promoted by the young intellectual elite had a significant impact on society, with important political repercussions. Historians have noted that the final years of Mihail Sturdza’s reign were marked by tense acts of opposition. In this context, a newly uncovered incident from archival documents provides fresh insight into the opposition movements of the time. Ioan Poni, an actor at the National Theatre and a product of the mid-1840s cultural environment, publicly accused the authorities of abuses that had led to a person’s death. This moment is relevant

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PICKARD, JOHN. "The Transition from Shepherding to Fencing in Colonial Australia." Rural History 18, no. 2 (2007): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002129.

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AbstractThe transition from shepherding to fencing in colonial Australia was a technological revolution replacing labour with capital. Fencing could not be widespread in Australia until an historical conjunction of technological, social and economic changes: open camping of sheep (from about 1810), effective poisoning of dingoes with strychnine (from the mid-1840s), introduction of iron wire (1840s), better land tenure (from 1847), progressive reduction of Aboriginal populations, huge demand for meat (from 1851) and high wages (from 1851). Labour shortages in the gold-rushes of the early 1850s

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Martens, Jeremy. "Forced Labour, Indenture and Convict Transportation: A Case Study of the Western Australian Pastoral Industry, 1830–50." Labour History 125, no. 1 (2023): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/labourhistory.2023.19.

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This article analyses Western Australian pastoralists’ agitation for, and their expanding reliance upon, forced labour in the Avon valley in the 1830s and 1840s. I argue that coercive labour practices were already well established by the time the York Agricultural Society began lobbying for convict transportation in the late 1840s, and that this effort reflected a desire to intensify already existing patterns of unfree labour rather than a brand-new intervention. The shift to forced labour occurred soon after the settler conquest of Ballardong Noongar country facilitated the establishment of a

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BARRY, JONATHAN. "The organization of burial places in post-medieval English cities: Bristol and Exeter c. 1540–1850." Urban History 46, no. 04 (2018): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000718.

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ABSTRACT:This article analyses the changing options for the provision of burial places between the Reformation and the mid-nineteenth century in two major provincial cities, Bristol and Exeter. The two cities experienced very different patterns of change, especially in their Anglican provision, reflecting medieval differences of organization as well as the differential impact of dissent. Common factors include the effect of epidemics (plague, cholera) and population pressure, but also great conservatism regarding use of inner-city burial places. The major changes are associated with the three

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Goldberg, Jan. "On the Origins of Majālis Al-tujjār in Mid-nineteenth Century Egypt." Islamic Law and Society 6, no. 2 (1999): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519991208709.

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AbstractSeeking to establish the origins of Majālis al-Tujjār, the special mixed commercial courts of Alexandria and Cairo which existed from the mid-1840s until the mid-1870s, I examine whether the Majālis had their origin in Turkey or in Egypt; and whether or not they served foreign interests and were part of the capitulations system. The evidence of a legal case registered in the court records (sijillāt) of the Cairo court suggests that the Majālis, though established as a result of a concerted action of a number of European consuls general in Egypt, were not part of the capitulations syste

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Hirano, Junpei, Takehiko Mikami, and Masumi Zaiki. "Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s." Climate of the Past 18, no. 2 (2022): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022.

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Abstract. The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. Daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries can provide useful information on the historical occurrences of snowfall days. Here, this information was combined with recently recovered early daily instrumental temperature data collected during the 19th century to reconstruct the occurrence of winter monsoon outbreak days (WMDs) from the 1840s to the earl

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Melon Simões, Joaquim. "O Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros em meados do século XIX: uma unidade de apoio e pressão das estruturas de saúde pública (1848-1857)." Relações Internacionais, no. 83 (September 2024): 125–39. https://doi.org/10.23906/ri2024.83a08.

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This article aimed to study the interactions between the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the national public health structures by analysing the institutional communications produced by the diplomatic entity on health issues at a specific historical moment in the mid-19th century. This research showed that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs played a paradoxical role in implementing public health policy in the 1840s and 1850s, when medical police dossiers were making relations with the international powers of the time more complex.

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Twomey, Christina, and Katherine Ellinghaus. "Protection." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.2.

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This article is the guest editors’ introduction to a special volume of Pacific Historical Review entitled “Protection: Global Genealogies, Local Practices.” Guest editors Christina Twomey and Katherine Ellinghaus argue that the global discourse of protection had a strong presence beyond British humanitarian circles and a longer chronological and larger geographical reach than historians have previously noted. Articles in the special volume include Christina Twomey’s examination of protection as a concept with its origins in European, rather than British, colonialism, Trevor Burnard’s study of

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Cohn, Raymond L., and Simone A. Wegge. "Overseas Passenger Fares and Emigration from Germany in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.16.

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Mid-nineteenth-century German immigrants who settled in the United States and other faraway destinations faced the formidable hurdle of crossing an ocean and coming up with the resources to pay for it. Using new data from German emigrant newspapers we provide more concrete information on the fares to various international ports, and how they varied seasonally and by method of transport (sail or steam). We do not observe fares declining in the late 1840s and 1850s. Unskilled German workers could not easily afford such a voyage, providing perspective on why German immigration to the United State

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Jones, Andrew Michael. "Moderating Evangelicalism: Revd William Muir of St. Stephen's, Edinburgh." Scottish Church History 48, no. 1 (2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/sch.2019.0004.

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Of those ministers within the pale of pre-Disruption evangelicalism who remained in the Established Church of Scotland following the cataclysmic events of 18 May 1843, none is more paradigmatic than Revd William Muir. Deeply committed to evangelical preaching, rich parish ministry, philanthropic and evangelistic activism, and the idea of a National Kirk, Muir – along with Norman Macleod and others – played a critical role in piloting the ecclesiastical ship through the rough waters of the mid-to-late 1840s and into the era of recovery in which other establishment evangelicals began to exert in

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Kabadayı, M. Erdem, Akın Sefer, Grigor Boykov, and Piet Gerrits. "Making of a mid-nineteenth century Ottoman gazetteer and mapping and examining late Ottoman population geography." Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 9, no. 2 (2022): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/tur.2022.a902201.

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ABSTRACT: This article highlights the absence of historical gazetteers for territories once part of the Ottoman Empire, which hinders modern scholarship. The mid-nineteenth-century population registers ( nüfus defterleri ) offer a useful foundation for developing a gazetteer of the entire Ottoman Empire, but their use is limited due to the challenging task of geolocating the included populated places. To overcome this issue, two research projects collaborated to map mid-nineteenth-century population data using around 850 Ottoman population registers from the 1840s. The authors utilized histori

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Köksal, Yonca, and Mehmet Polatel. "A tribe as an economic actor: The Cihanbeyli tribe and the meat provisioning of İstanbul in the early Tanzimat era." New Perspectives on Turkey 61 (October 31, 2019): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.19.

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AbstractThis article studies how the Cihanbeyli tribe became a crucial economic actor for the meat supply of İstanbul, by focusing on a conflict between the tribe’s leader, Alişan Bey, and the Russian trader David Savalan, which lasted from the 1840s to the 1850s in and around the province of Ankara. Two important processes of the early Tanzimat era had an impact on the Cihanbeyli’s role in animal trade. First, as part of the centralization project of the Tanzimat, the Cihanbeyli tribe was sedentarized in the 1840s and 1850s. Second, although the Ottoman state adopted liberal economic policies

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Ellis, Katharine. "Female Pianists and Their Male Critics in Nineteenth-Century Paris." Journal of the American Musicological Society 50, no. 2-3 (1997): 353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/831838.

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The sudden appearance of several female concert pianists in Paris in the mid 1840s forced male journalists to develop new critical rhetorics. Criticism of the period became saturated with problematic notions of gender, the use of the body, and levels of acting in performance. Because they were interpreters rather than composers, women pianists challenged traditional ideas about the meaning of pianistic virtuosity and were central to the enlargement of the concert repertory. In comparison with male colleagues, however, they were disadvantaged, caught in a web of conflicting ideas concerning the

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Campbell, Gareth. "Deriving the railway mania." Financial History Review 20, no. 1 (2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565012000285.

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This article argues that the promotion boom which occurred in the railway industry during the mid 1840s was amplified by the issue of derivative-like assets, which let investors take highly leveraged positions in the shares of new railway companies. The partially paid shares which the new railway companies issued allowed investors to obtain exposure to an asset by paying only a small initial deposit. The consequence of this arrangement was that investor returns were substantially amplified, and many schemes could be financed simultaneously. However, when investors were required to make further

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Voronin, Vsevolod. "Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich in the Orthodox East and the Arab West in the mid-1840s." Российская история, no. 2 (2019): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870004494-4.

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Berning, J. M. "The construction and use of Grahamstown cathedral's towers." New Contree 22 (July 4, 2024): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v22i0.713.

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By the mid-1840s attempts were being made to adapt the square tower of St George's Church to contain a public clock. After the church had become a cathedral in 1853, there were serious attempts to transform the building into a typical Gothic style. When the plan to build a tower containing a public clock failed in 1860, the existing tower was adapted to house a clock purchased by public subscription. These alterations, however, contributed to the collapse of the tower and the removal of the clock. Eventually a new tower was built to designs by Sir Gilbert Scott as a combined cathedral and publ

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Longmuir, Anne. ""Reader, perhaps you were never in Belgium?": Negotiating British Identity in Charlotte Brontëë's The Professor and Villette." Nineteenth-Century Literature 64, no. 2 (2009): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2009.64.2.163.

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Critical investigations of the foreign settings of Charlotte Brontëë's The Professor (1857) and Villette (1853) have tended to conceive Belgium (fictionalized as Labassecour in Villette) as simply "not England." In contrast, this essay considers the historic and geographic specificity of The Professor and Villette, arguing that Belgium represents a crucial middle-ground between British and French values in the mid nineteenth century. Not only was Belgium the location of the decisive British victory over the French at Waterloo, but British commentators also increasingly depicted Belgium as a "l

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Knowlton, Steven R. "The Quarrel Between Gavan Duffy and John Mitchel: Implications for Ireland." Albion 21, no. 4 (1989): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049538.

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In the annals of nineteenth-century Ireland, few disputes between public figures have been more rancorous or more significant than the fight that began in 1848 between two seemingly like-minded journalists, Charles Gavan Duffy and John Mitchel. In the mid-1840s, Duffy and Mitchel were colleagues on the most influential nationalist newspaper in Irish history, the Nation. But in 1847, relations between the two men became strained, and Mitchel resigned to start his own, more radical, paper. The former friends and colleagues soon became the bitterest of enemies. Their public quarrels over the next

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KENNEDY, ALAN H. "Voters in a Foreign Land: Alien Suffrage in the United States, 1704–1926." Journal of Policy History 34, no. 2 (2022): 245–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030622000021.

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AbstractAs early as 1704, noncitizen immigrants were legally allowed to vote in what would become the United States. By the end of the eighteenth century, noncitizens could legally vote in most states. State lawmakers offered the franchise as an incentive for white, male, Europeans of working age to migrate. However, rising immigration and nativism led states to reconsider alien suffrage, as noncitizen voting was known, and alien suffrage nearly disappeared by the 1840s. Revived by territorial expansion, demands for cheap labor, urbanization, racism, and sexism, alien suffrage expanded in the

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Daly, Anthony. "‘The Most Consistent of Them All’: William Sharman Crawford and the Politics of Suffrage." Labour History Review 89, no. 2 (2024): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/lhr.2024.5.

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This article examines William Sharman Crawford’s participation in mid-nineteenth-century popular radicalism in England. Despite his unusual background as a wealthy Irish landlord and his limitations as a politician, Sharman Crawford emerged as an important figure in Chartism, especially during the early 1840s when he served as MP for Rochdale. His support from across Chartism resulted from his principled positions, particularly on suffrage, that demonstrated a commitment to democracy pursued through constitutional means. He emphasized the unjust nature of the exclusive legislation that resulte

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Delahanty, Ian. "‘A Noble Empire in the West’: Young Ireland, the United States and Slavery." Britain and the World 6, no. 2 (2013): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2013.0095.

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Young Ireland nationalists conciliated slaveholding and proslavery Americans in the mid-1840s by situating Irish debates over American slavery within a broader discussion of Ireland's status in the British Empire. As Irish nationalists sought to redefine Ireland's political relationship to Great Britain, many came to see material and rhetorical support from the United States as indispensable to their efforts. Unlike Daniel O'Connell, Young Irelanders proved willing to overlook slavery in the United States because they believed that an Irish-American alliance could be mobilised to critique Brit

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Almeida de Oliveira, Carlos Francisco, Carlos Evandro Martins Eulálio, Viriato Campelo, Paulo Dalgalarrondo, and Tom Dening. "A historiographic study of psychiatric treatments in Brazil: mentalism and organicism from 1830 to 1859." History of Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (2016): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x16657009.

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Our aim is to investigate two major tendencies in nineteenth-century Brazilian alienism: mentalism and organicism, by conducting a descriptive study of original Brazilian documents on medical health treatments in the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s. Primary sources of Brazilian alienism were theses, memoirs, official reports, and documents written by clinicians and asylum directors. We analysed early mental treatment in Brazilian lunatic asylums, exploring the relative contributions of two main theoretical orientations: moral treatment (based on Pinel and Esquirol) and ‘medical-organicist therapeutic o

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GRITT, ANDREW. "Making Good Land from Bad: The Drainage of West Lancashire, c. 1650–1850." Rural History 19, no. 1 (2008): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002282.

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AbstractThis article investigates the changing administrative context of drainage in south-west Lancashire from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. Successive schemes managed by Commissions of Sewers, piecemeal reclamation and private agreement were characterised by primitive technology, under-investment and poor management. Consequently, their achievements were limited. Large scale drainage schemes under the control of single individuals or powerful syndicates enjoyed greater success, but to coordinate drainage across an ecosystem that went beyond estate boundaries required s

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Richards, Evelleen. "A Question of Properly Rights: Richard Owen's Evolutionism Reassessed." British Journal for the History of Science 20, no. 2 (1987): 129–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400023724.

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WhenVestiges of the Natural History of Creation, the anonymous evolutionary work which caused such a furore in mid-Victorian England, was published towards the close of 1844, Richard Owen, by then well-entrenched as the ‘British Cuvier’, received a complementary copy and addressed a letter to the author. This letter and how it should be interpreted have recently become the subject of historical debate, and this paper is directed at resolving the controversy. The question of Owen's attitude to theVestigesargument is central to the larger historical problem of the views of this leading British m

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Volvenkin, M. N. "TWO VIEWS ON GYMNASTICS: LEV TOLSTOY AND NIKOLAI CHERNYSHEVSKY." Culture and Text, no. 60 (2025): 124–36. https://doi.org/10.37386/2305-4077-2025-1-124-136.

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The article examines the perception of gymnastics discourse by Russian writers in the 1840s–1850s. In the 19th century gymnastics acquired new content as a special theory and practice: the attention of doctors and teachers was drawn to the mechanics of movement, which was usually considered in the context of achievements in anatomy and physiology. In Russia, gymnastics discourse was formed in the late 1820s – early 1830s. However, the fashion for visiting gyms appeared only in the mid-19th century. One of the first writers to fully respond to the “new project” of gymnastics was V. A. Sollogub,

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Sayer, Derek. "The Critique of Politics and Political Economy: Capitalism, Communism and the State in Marx's Writings of the Mid-1840s." Sociological Review 33, no. 2 (1985): 221–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1985.tb00804.x.

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Kliger, Ilya. "Genre and Actuality in Belinskii, Herzen, and Goncharov: Toward a Genealogy of the Tragic Pattern in Russian Realism." Slavic Review 70, no. 1 (2011): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.70.1.0045.

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In this article, Ilya Kliger describes the workings of “tragic realism” during the early to mid-1840s in Russia by engaging with the critical essays and letters of Vissarion Belinskii as well as with the first novels of Ivan Goncharov and Aleksandr Herzen. Kliger seeks to show that the concepts and forms produced by the authors standing at the inception of the realist tradition in Russia can be usefully seen as transpositions of the Hegelian theorization of modernity and of its privileged formal companion, theBildungsroman.Seen against the background of Hegel's post-tragic conception of contem

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Rae, Ian D., and William H. Brock. "Liebig’s Australian Connection: James King’s Scientific Viticulture." Historical Records of Australian Science 24, no. 2 (2013): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr13009.

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The pioneering New South Wales vigneron James King (1797–1857) took a technical approach to his winemaking as he did to the pottery he established near his Hunter Valley property, ‘Irrawang'. In the 1840s he began a correspondence with the famous German chemist and prominent advocate of a scientific approach to agriculture, Justus Liebig, whose ideas he promoted locally. Liebig analysed King's wines and compared them with European varieties. The two men later became personally acquainted when King journeyed to Europe in the mid–1850s. The Liebig connection was augmented by the presence at ‘Irr

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Nally, Larry Mc. "Engineers and waterpower on the Lachine Canal, 1843–1871." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 3 (1993): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-048.

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As a result of the reconstruction of the Lachine Canal in the 1840s, waterpower became available within the city of Montreal. This power source was a strong stimulus to Montreal's rapid industrialization starting in the 1850s. However, the efforts of the Commissioners of Public Works of the Province of Canada to balance the competing demands of shipping and manufacturing resulted in many problems. The civil engineers, who designed and built the canal, were drawn into an unresolved conflict with other engineers who were interested in utilizing waterpower. Engineers were also in conflict with a

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Koshalee, K. V. J. "Understanding the Intellectual Approaches of the Archaeology of ‘Rōhaṇa’ from the 1840s to 1960s: A Literature Review". Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review 9, № 1 (2024): 20–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jsshr.v9i1.127.

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The archaeology of Rōhaṇa entails a focus on comprehending ‘Rōhaṇa’ from material perspectives. Originating in the mid-19th century CE, this approach evolved with diverse theoretical, methodological, and technological dimensions in alignment with the scholarly context of its time. This paper constitutes an investigation into the available sources explaining the progression of archaeological studies on Rōhaṇa from the 1840s to the 1960s, highlighting the contributions of individuals often identified as British Colonial Officers, Antiquarians, and Archaeologists. While extant research has predom

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Joseph, John E. "Language Pedagogy and Political-Cognitive Autonomy in Mid-19th Century Geneva." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 2-3 (2012): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.2-3.04jos.

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Summary Charles-Louis Longchamp (1802–1874) was the dominant figure in Latin studies in Geneva in the 1850s and 1860s and had a formative influence on the Latin teachers of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Longchamp’s work was in the grammaire générale tradition, which, on account of historical anomalies falling out from the Genevese Revolution of 1846 to 1848, was still being taught in Geneva up to the mid-1870s, despite having been put aside in France in the 1830s and 1840s. Longchamp succeeded briefly in getting his Latin grammars onto the school curriculum, replacing those imported from

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Kabadayi, M. Erdem. "Working for the State in the Urban Economies of Ankara, Bursa, and Salonica: From Empire to Nation State, 1840s–1940s." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (2016): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901600047x.

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AbstractIn most cases, and particularly in the cases of Greece and Turkey, political transformation from multinational empire to nation state has been experienced to a great extent in urban centres. In Ankara, Bursa, and Salonica, the cities selected for this article, the consequences of state-making were drastic for all their inhabitants; Ankara and Bursa had strong Greek communities, while in the 1840s Salonica was the Jewish metropolis of the eastern Mediterranean, with a lively Muslim community. However, by the 1940s, Ankara and Bursa had lost almost all their non-Muslim inhabitants and Sa

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Rowley-Conwy, Peter. "The concept of prehistory and the invention of the terms ‘prehistoric’ and ‘prehistorian’: the Scandinavian origin, 1833–1850." European Journal of Archaeology 9, no. 1 (2006): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957107077709.

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It is usually assumed by historians of archaeology that the ‘concept of prehistory’ and the terms ‘prehistoric’ and ‘prehistorian’ first appeared in Britain and/or France in the mid-nineteenth century. This contribution demonstrates that the Scandinavian equivalent terms forhistorisk and förhistorisk were in use substantially earlier, appearing in print first in 1834. Initial usage by Molbech differed slightly from that of the present day, but within three years the modern usage had been developed. The concept of prehistory was first developed at the same time by C.J. Thomsen, though he did no

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Squicciarini, Mara P., and Nico Voigtländer. "Human Capital and Industrialization: Evidence from the Age of Enlightenment *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 4 (2015): 1825–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv025.

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AbstractWhile human capital is a strong predictor of economic development today, its importance for the Industrial Revolution has typically been assessed as minor. To resolve this puzzling contrast, we differentiate average human capital (literacy) from upper-tail knowledge. As a proxy for the historical presence of knowledge elites, we use city-level subscriptions to the famous Encyclopédie in mid-18th century France. We show that subscriber density is a strong predictor of city growth after the onset of French industrialization. Alternative measures of development such as soldier height, dis

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Walker, J. C. F., and E. D. Waddington. "Early Discoverers XXXV: Descent of Glaciers: Some Early Speculations on Glacier Flow and Ice Physics." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000007115.

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Abstract Scheuchzer’s dilatation theory and Altmann’s rigid sliding theory were the first glacier-flow theories to receive serious scientific attention. When Agassiz began a research program at Unteraargletscher in 1839, he held several incorrect notions about glacier flow. Forbes understood the difficulties with the existing theories, and in the early 1840s he and Agassiz acquired motion, temperature, and structural data that were incompatible with the dilation and sliding theories but were suggestive of flow analogous to that of a viscous fluid. How an apparently brittle rigid solid like ice

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Walker, J. C. F., and E. D. Waddington. "Early Discoverers XXXV: Descent of Glaciers: Some Early Speculations on Glacier Flow and Ice Physics." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000007115.

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AbstractScheuchzer’s dilatation theory and Altmann’s rigid sliding theory were the first glacier-flow theories to receive serious scientific attention. When Agassiz began a research program at Unteraargletscher in 1839, he held several incorrect notions about glacier flow. Forbes understood the difficulties with the existing theories, and in the early 1840s he and Agassiz acquired motion, temperature, and structural data that were incompatible with the dilation and sliding theories but were suggestive of flow analogous to that of a viscous fluid. How an apparently brittle rigid solid like ice

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Tarasova, K. P. "GENESIS OF PRINTED ADVERTISEMENTS AS A SPECIFIC GENRE (CASE STUDY OF XVIII–XX CENTURY RUSSIAN NEWSPAPERS)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-2-225-230.

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The paper features the genesis of printed advertisements as a specific genre with Russian newspapers as its main source. The research is focused on the historical period from early 18 to early 20 century. The article traces the gradual separation of the genres of advertisements and announcements in the course of the centuries. It points out and describes the key periods in the development of the genre: mid 18th century, 1840s, late 19 – early 20, 1930s. The article contains special linguistic and graphic features of advertisements and explains various language and psychological manipulation me

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Lopez, Ariel. "Christian Conversions and Dutch Colonialism in Minahasa in the Nineteenth Century." Archipel 109 (2025): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.4000/144x7.

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The Christianization of Minahasa in the mid-nineteenth century is one of the most dramatic and important turning points in the region’s social and cultural history. The standard argument for these conversions focuses on the vaunted narratives of the pioneering Christian missionaries J.G. Schwarz and J.F. Riedel, who arrived in Minahasa in the 1830s. This essay, however, argues that the unforeseen effects of the liberalisation reforms of the Dutch colonial state and the long-standing readiness of ordinary Minahasans to convert have been under-recognized crucial factors in the mass conversions.

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Masiokas, M. H., B. H. Luckman, R. Villalba, A. Ripalta, and J. Rabassa. "Little Ice Age fluctuations of Glaciar Río Manso in the North Patagonian Andes of Argentina." Quaternary Research 73, no. 1 (2010): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.08.004.

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Little Ice Age (LIA) fluctuations of Glaciar R"o Manso, north Patagonian Andes, Argentina are studied using information from previous work and dendrogeomorphological analyses of living and subfossil wood. The most extensive LIA expansion occurred between the late 1700s and the 1830"1840s. Except for a massive older frontal moraine system apparently predating ca. 2240 14C yr BP and a small section of a south lateral moraine ridge that is at least 300 yr old, the early nineteenth century advance overrode surficial evidence of any earlier LIA glacier events. Over the past 150 yr the gently slopin

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HARLING, PHILIP. "ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE." Historical Journal 59, no. 4 (2016): 1027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000473.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Ara

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Orlando, Emily J. "Edith Wharton and the Architect." Edith Wharton Review 37, no. 1 (2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/editwharrevi.37.1.0044.

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Abstract To date, the only scholarly attention paid to the two abandoned Wharton novels called “The Keys of Heaven” has focused on the “Praslin version,” a retelling of a murder-suicide from 1840s Paris. The “Olney-Beecher version” concerns a woman named Catherine Beecher, her would-be lover Jacob Olney, and her husband, a New England architect who sounds a lot like Ogden Codman Jr., with whom Wharton wrote The Decoration of Houses. This overlooked material evidently from the mid-1920s should be of interest to scholars for the potential light it sheds on her writing from the period and on the

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Kanner, Antti, Tuuli Tahko, and Jani Marjanen. "Becoming a State Language." Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications 3, no. 2 (2021): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.11252.

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This paper explores the development of Finnish into a standardized language of politics, science and culture in the nineteenth century. For contemporaries, this meant that Finnish could be regarded as a language that supported Finland as a state. We assumed that this expansion of the domains of use of written Finnish would have necessitated the development of more nuanced ways of expressing opinions and attitudes. We studied this by charting the overall frequency of modal expressions as well as the share of epistemic/evidential adverb types among modal adverbs. We found that the share of modal

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Goodchild, Lester F. "G. Stanley Hall and an American Social Darwinist Pedagogy: His Progressive Educational Ideas on Gender and Race." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2012): 62–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00373.x.

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President G. Stanley Hall hung only a portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson in his office at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The philosopher embodied Hall's most cherished mid-nineteenth century ideas that comprised part of his intellectual worldview. In the 1840s, Emerson reflected on his transcendental concepts of the common mind and instinct, which held all innate human knowledge and behavioral patterns, in hisEssays:There is one mind common to all individual men. Every man is an inlet to the same and to all of the same…. In every man's mind, some images, words, and facts remain, wi

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MEARDON, STEPHEN. "RECIPROCITY AND HENRY C. CAREY’S TRAVERSES ON “THE ROAD TO PERFECT FREEDOM OF TRADE”." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 33, no. 3 (2011): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837211000228.

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Free trade and protectionist doctrines have long had ambiguous relationships to bilateral trade deals, known throughout the nineteenth century as “reciprocity” arrangements. Henry C. Carey, “the Ajax of Protection” in the nineteenth-century United States, embodies the ambiguity from one side of the controversy. Carey’s early adulthood in the mid- to late 1820s was a time when the forerunners of the Whig Party pursued reciprocity at least partly as a means of fostering protection. In the 1830s, Carey, too, endorsed reciprocity—because he stood for free trade and believed reciprocity would promo

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Яншин, Вадим П. "Характерные черты отношений России с киргизскими племенами в конце XVIII–первой половине XIX века". Studia Orientalne 6, № 2 (2014): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014210.

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The author of the article describes Russian relations with the Kyrgyz tribes from the late eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. The main objective of Kyrgyz legations sent at that time to Russia was to acquire certain material goods. In relations with neighbouring powers the elders of the Kyrgyz tribes were guided by several principles. Firstly, they wanted to maintain the position of the only ruler in their tribes and clans. Secondly, to this end, the elders shifted between neighbouring powers (Russia, China and the Khanate of Kokand). Thirdly, the Kyrgyz ensured that no one interfered in th

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Ledger, Sally. "Chartist Aesthetics in the Mid Nineteenth Century: Ernest Jones, a Novelist of the People." Nineteenth-Century Literature 57, no. 1 (2002): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2002.57.1.31.

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This essay posits that the turn of Chartist writers to popular fiction and the writing of melodrama in the 1840s was part of an attempt to reharness radicalism to populism, at a time when the new commercial press was increasingly luring lower-class readers away from the radical press. Distinguishing carefully between radical, popular radical, and commercial popular fiction and journalism at the mid-century, the essay argues that while the radical press of the 1810s and 1820s had had a broad popular readership, Chartism was the first radical movement that had to compete with the new Sunday news

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Klimentyeva, Margarita F. "Interiorization Phenomenon within the Plots of the Fantastic Tales by F. V. Bulgarin (1820–1840s)." Studies in Theory of Literary Plot and Narratology 14, no. 2 (2019): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2410-7883-2019-2-5-13.

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The paper focuses on the analyses of the interiorization phenomena in the fantastic (utopian and dystopian) tales by Faddey Bulgarin that he wrote and published between 1825 and 1846. The tales came out in such periodicals as Severnyy archiv, Literturnye zapiski, Syn otechestva. The study of the texts allows to assume that Rus-sian mass literature born within magazine prose was characterized by the interiorization of plots. The latter led to the formation of an adaptive hab-itus entirely assimilated by the Russian cultural and social discourses around the 1830–1840s. The study of the texts by

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Cadi Sulumuna, Temina. "The Reception and Performance of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Instrumental Music in “Ville Lumière” from the late 1820s through the mid–1840s." Muzyka w Kontekście Pedagogicznym, Społecznym i Kulturowym, no. 4 (October 10, 2024): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/muzpsk.2024.4.1.

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Ludwig van Beethoven emerged as a towering figure in the French press during the first half of the nineteenth century. His “bizarre” music served as an excellent tool for contemporary progressive critics, helping them to form an elite audience and elevate “the musical intelligence of the masses”, to show professional musicians the direction which “modern music” should take and to encourage skillful amateurs to dare to perform compositions that may not have been captivating upon first being heard. Readers of the time were thus gradually compelled to accept the “new German school of composition”

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