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1

Huybers, P. "Pleistocene glacial variability as a chaotic response to obliquity forcing." Climate of the Past Discussions 5, no. 1 (2009): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-5-237-2009.

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Abstract. The mid-Pleistocene transition from 40 ky to ~100 ky glacial cycles is generally characterized as a singular transition attributable to scouring of continental regolith or a long-term decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here an alternative hypothesis is suggested, that Pleistocene glacial variability is chaotic and that transitions from 40 ky to ~100 ky modes of variability occur spontaneously. This alternate view is consistent with the presence of ~80 ky glacial cycles during the early Pleistocene and the lack of evidence for a change in climate forcing during the mid-Pleist
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2

Huybers, P. "Pleistocene glacial variability as a chaotic response to obliquity forcing." Climate of the Past 5, no. 3 (2009): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-481-2009.

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Abstract. The mid-Pleistocene Transition from 40 ky to ~100 ky glacial cycles is generally characterized as a singular transition attributable to scouring of continental regolith or a long-term decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here an alternative hypothesis is suggested, that Pleistocene glacial variability is chaotic and that transitions from 40 ky to ~100 ky modes of variability occur spontaneously. This alternate view is consistent with the presence of ~80 ky glacial cycles during the early Pleistocene and the lack of evidence for a change in climate forcing during the mid-Pleist
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3

Maasch, KA. "Statistical detection of the mid-Pleistocene transition." Climate Dynamics 2, no. 3 (1988): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01053471.

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4

An, Zhisheng, Weijian Zhou, Zeke Zhang, et al. "Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth." Science 385, no. 6708 (2024): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4861.

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Despite extensive investigation, the nature and causes of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition remain enigmatic. In this work, we assess its linkage to asynchronous development of bipolar ice sheets by synthesizing Pleistocene mid- to high-latitude proxy records linked to hemispheric ice sheet evolution. Our results indicate substantial growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheets (AISs) at 2.0 to 1.25 million years ago, preceding the rapid expansion of Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets after ~1.25 million years ago. Proxy-model comparisons suggest that AIS and associated Southern Ocean sea ice expansion can ind
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5

Ao, Hong, Eelco J. Rohling, Chris Stringer, et al. "Two-stage mid-Brunhes climate transition and mid-Pleistocene human diversification." Earth-Science Reviews 210 (November 2020): 103354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103354.

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6

Bowler, Jim M., and Mike Sandiford. "Dynamic Antarctic Ice: Agent for Mid-Pleistocene Transition." PAGES news 15, no. 2 (2007): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.15.2.16.

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7

WANG, Ting, YouBin SUN, and XingXing LIU. "Mid-Pleistocene climate transition: Characteristic, mechanism and perspective." Chinese Science Bulletin 62, no. 33 (2017): 3861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972017-00427.

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8

Hines, Sophia K. V., Christopher D. Charles, Aidan Starr, et al. "Revisiting the mid-Pleistocene transition ocean circulation crisis." Science 386, no. 6722 (2024): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn4154.

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The mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) [~1.25 to 0.85 million years ago (Ma)] marks a shift in the character of glacial-interglacial climate ( 1 , 2 ). One prevailing hypothesis for the origin of the MPT is that glacial deep ocean circulation fundamentally changed, marked by a circulation “crisis” at ~0.90 Ma (marine isotope stages 24 to 22) ( 3 ). Using high-resolution paired neodymium, carbon, and oxygen isotope data from the South Atlantic Ocean (Cape Basin) across the MPT, we find no evidence of a substantial change in deep ocean circulation. Before and during the early MPT (~1.30 to 1.12 Ma
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9

Medina-Elizalde, M. "The Mid-Pleistocene Transition in the Tropical Pacific." Science 310, no. 5750 (2005): 1009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1115933.

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10

Diester-Haass, Liselotte, Katharina Billups, and Caroline Lear. "Productivity changes across the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Earth-Science Reviews 179 (April 2018): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.016.

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11

Tabor, Clay R., and Christopher J. Poulsen. "Simulating the mid-Pleistocene transition through regolith removal." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 434 (January 2016): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.034.

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12

Deblonde, G., and W. R. Peltier. "A Paleoclimatic Model of the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008247.

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A one-dimensional time-dependent ice-sheet model is employed to simulate ice-volume variations throughout the Pleistocene epoch of Earth history. The model is based upon the explicitly-described physics of ice-sheet accumulation and flow and the physics of the viscoeleastic relaxation of the Earth under the weight of the ice load. The model of the viscoelastic relaxation of the Earth incorporates the vertical variation of density and viscosity of its interior in great detail. An abrupt variation of some of the parameters that govern the height of the ice-sheet equilibrium line, and a gradual i
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13

Deblonde, G., and W. R. Peltier. "A Paleoclimatic Model of the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008247.

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A one-dimensional time-dependent ice-sheet model is employed to simulate ice-volume variations throughout the Pleistocene epoch of Earth history. The model is based upon the explicitly-described physics of ice-sheet accumulation and flow and the physics of the viscoeleastic relaxation of the Earth under the weight of the ice load. The model of the viscoelastic relaxation of the Earth incorporates the vertical variation of density and viscosity of its interior in great detail. An abrupt variation of some of the parameters that govern the height of the ice-sheet equilibrium line, and a gradual i
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14

Ford, Heather L., Sindia M. Sosdian, Yair Rosenthal, and Maureen E. Raymo. "Gradual and abrupt changes during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition." Quaternary Science Reviews 148 (September 2016): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.005.

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15

Honisch, B., N. G. Hemming, D. Archer, M. Siddall, and J. F. McManus. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition." Science 324, no. 5934 (2009): 1551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171477.

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16

Widiasih, Esther R., Andrew Keane, and Malte F. Stuecker. "The Mid-Pleistocene Transition from Budyko’s Energy Balance Model." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 458 (February 2024): 133991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2023.133991.

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17

Liu, Weiguo, Zhonghui Liu, Jimin Sun, et al. "Onset of permanent Taklimakan Desert linked to the mid-Pleistocene transition." Geology 48, no. 8 (2020): 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47406.1.

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Abstract The initial occurrence of desert landscape or eolian sand dunes is thought to have occurred long before the Pleistocene, and desertification was subsequently enhanced under cold, dusty glacial conditions. However, when and how the desert landscape persisted during both glacial and interglacial periods, defined as “permanent” desert here, remain elusive. Here, we present carbonate carbon isotope and grain-size records from the Tarim Basin, western China, revealing a detailed desertification history for the Taklimakan Desert. Our records demonstrate that after desiccation of episodic la
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18

Yamamoto, Masanobu, Steven C. Clemens, Osamu Seki, et al. "Increased interglacial atmospheric CO2 levels followed the mid-Pleistocene Transition." Nature Geoscience 15, no. 4 (2022): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00918-1.

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19

Lipenkov, V. Ya, and D. Raynaud. "The Mid-Pleistocene Transition and the Vostok Oldest Ice Challenge." Ice and Snow 55, no. 4 (2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2015-4-95-106.

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20

Pena, L. D., and S. L. Goldstein. "Thermohaline circulation crisis and impacts during the mid-Pleistocene transition." Science 345, no. 6194 (2014): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1249770.

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21

Chalk, Thomas B., Mathis P. Hain, Gavin L. Foster, et al. "Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (2017): 13114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702143114.

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During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1,200–800 kya), Earth’s orbitally paced ice age cycles intensified, lengthened from ∼40,000 (∼40 ky) to ∼100 ky, and became distinctly asymmetrical. Testing hypotheses that implicate changing atmospheric CO2 levels as a driver of the MPT has proven difficult with available observations. Here, we use orbitally resolved, boron isotope CO2 data to show that the glacial to interglacial CO2 difference increased from ∼43 to ∼75 μatm across the MPT, mainly because of lower glacial CO2 levels. Through carbon cycle modeling, we attribute this decline primaril
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22

Verbitsky, Mikhail Y., Michel Crucifix, and Dmitry M. Volobuev. "A theory of Pleistocene glacial rhythmicity." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (2018): 1025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1025-2018.

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Abstract. Variations in Northern Hemisphere ice volume over the past 3 million years have been described in numerous studies and well documented. These studies depict the mid-Pleistocene transition from 40 kyr oscillations of global ice to predominantly 100 kyr oscillations around 1 million years ago. It is generally accepted to attribute the 40 kyr period to astronomical forcing and to attribute the transition to the 100 kyr mode to a phenomenon caused by a slow trend, which around the mid-Pleistocene enabled the manifestation of nonlinear processes. However, both the physical nature of this
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23

Hu, Jiaxin, Mingdian Liu, and Dekui He. "Phylogeography of (Nemacheilidae): Responded to the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Zoological Studies 59, no. 67 (2020): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2020.59-67.

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Hu, Jiaxin, Liu, Mingdian, He, Dekui (2020): Phylogeography of (Nemacheilidae): Responded to the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Zoological Studies 59 (67): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-67, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2020.59-67
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24

Chalk, Thomas B., E. Capron, M. Drew, and K. Panagiotopoulos. "Interglacials of the 41 ka-world and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition." Past Global Changes Magazine 25, no. 3 (2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.25.3.155.

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25

Raymo, M. E., D. W. Oppo, and W. Curry. "The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition: A deep sea carbon isotopic perspective." Paleoceanography 12, no. 4 (1997): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97pa01019.

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26

Bates, Stephanie L., Mark Siddall, and Claire Waelbroeck. "Hydrographic variations in deep ocean temperature over the mid-Pleistocene transition." Quaternary Science Reviews 88 (March 2014): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.01.020.

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27

van Kolfschoten, Thijs, and Anastasia K. Markova. "Response of the European mammalian fauna to the mid-Pleistocene transition." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 247, no. 1 (2005): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.247.01.12.

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28

Conrad, Cyler, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Ben Marwick, et al. "Re-evaluating Pleistocene–Holocene occupation of cave sites in north-west Thailand: new radiocarbon and luminescence dating." Antiquity 96, no. 386 (2021): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.44.

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Established chronologies indicate a long-term ‘Hoabinhian’ hunter-gatherer occupation of Mainland Southeast Asia during the Terminal Pleistocene to Mid-Holocene (45 000–3000 years ago). Here, the authors re-examine the ‘Hoabinhian’ sequence from north-west Thailand using new radiocarbon and luminescence data from Spirit Cave, Steep Cliff Cave and Banyan Valley Cave. The results indicate that hunter-gatherers exploited this ecologically diverse region throughout the Terminal Pleistocene and the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, and into the period during which agricultural lifeways emerged in th
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29

Han, Wenxia, Xiaomin Fang, and André Berger. "Tibet forcing of mid-Pleistocene synchronous enhancement of East Asian winter and summer monsoons revealed by Chinese loess record." Quaternary Research 78, no. 2 (2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.001.

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AbstractThe mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) of the global climate system, marked by a shift of previously dominant 41-ka cycles to lately dominant 100-ka cycles roughly in the mid-Pleistocene, is one of the fundamental enigma in the Quaternary climate evolution. The process and origin of the MPT remain of persistent interest and conjecture. Here we present high-resolution astronomically tuned magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain‐size records from a complete loess–paleosol sequence at Chaona on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. These two proxies are well-known sensitive indicators to the Ea
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30

Martin-Garcia, Gloria M., Francisco J. Sierro, José A. Flores, and Fátima Abrantes. "Change in the North Atlantic circulation associated with the mid-Pleistocene transition." Climate of the Past 14, no. 11 (2018): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1639-2018.

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Abstract. The southwestern Iberian margin is highly sensitive to changes in the distribution of North Atlantic currents and to the position of oceanic fronts. In this work, the evolution of oceanographic parameters from 812 to 530 ka (MIS20–MIS14) is studied based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifer assemblages from site IODP-U1385 (37∘34.285′ N, 10∘7.562′ W; 2585 m b.s.l.). By comparing the obtained results with published records from other North Atlantic sites between 41 and 55∘ N, basin-wide paleoceanographic conditions are reconstructed. Variations of assemblages dwelling in differen
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31

Robinson, Rebecca S., Colin A. Jones, Roger P. Kelly, Patrick Rafter, Johan Etourneau, and Philippe Martinez. "A Cool, Nutrient‐Enriched Eastern Equatorial Pacific During the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 4 (2019): 2187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081315.

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32

Willeit, M., A. Ganopolski, R. Calov, and V. Brovkin. "Mid-Pleistocene transition in glacial cycles explained by declining CO2and regolith removal." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (2019): eaav7337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7337.

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Variations in Earth’s orbit pace the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, but the mechanisms that transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into glacial-interglacial cycles are still elusive. Here, we present transient simulations of coevolution of climate, ice sheets, and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years. We show that a gradual lowering of atmospheric CO2and regolith removal are essential to reproduce the evolution of climate variability over the Quaternary. The long-term CO2decrease leads to the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and an incr
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33

Siddall, Mark, Bärbel Hönisch, Claire Waelbroeck, and Peter Huybers. "Changes in deep Pacific temperature during the mid-Pleistocene transition and Quaternary." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 1-2 (2010): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.011.

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34

Winckler, Gisela, Robert F. Anderson, and Peter Schlosser. "Equatorial Pacific productivity and dust flux during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Paleoceanography 20, no. 4 (2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005pa001177.

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35

Stroynowski, Zuzia, Fatima Abrantes, and Emanuela Bruno. "The response of the Bering Sea Gateway during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 485 (November 2017): 974–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.023.

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36

Schefuß, Enno, J. H. F. Jansen, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté. "Tropical environmental changes at the mid-Pleistocene transition: insights from lipid biomarkers." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 247, no. 1 (2005): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.247.01.03.

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37

Schefuß, Enno, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and J. H. Fred Jansen. "Forcing of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures during the mid-Pleistocene transition." Paleoceanography 19, no. 4 (2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003pa000892.

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38

JIANG, HANCHAO, GAOXUAN GUO, XIANGMIN CAI, et al. "A pollen record of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition from Beijing, North China." Journal of Quaternary Science 28, no. 7 (2013): 720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2661.

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39

Guillermic, Maxence, Sambuddha Misra, Robert Eagle та Aradhna Tripati. "Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> estimates for the Miocene to Pleistocene based on foraminiferal <i>δ</i><sup>11</sup>B at Ocean Drilling Program Sites 806 and 807 in the Western Equatorial Pacific". Climate of the Past 18, № 2 (2022): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-183-2022.

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Abstract. Constraints on the evolution of atmospheric CO2 levels throughout Earth's history are foundational to our understanding of past variations in climate. Despite considerable effort, records vary in their temporal and spatial coverage and estimates of past CO2 levels do not always converge, and therefore new records and proxies are valuable. Here we reconstruct atmospheric CO2 values across major climate transitions over the past 16 million years using the boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of planktic foraminifera from 89 samples obtained from two sites in the West Pacific Warm Pool, Oc
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40

Solgaard, Anne M., Niels Reeh, Peter Japsen, and Tove Nielsen. "Snapshots of the Greenland ice sheet configuration in the Pliocene to early Pleistocene." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 205 (2011): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043816.

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AbstractThe geometry of the ice sheets during the Pliocene to early Pleistocene is not well constrained. Here we apply an ice-flow model in the study of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) during three extreme intervals of this period constrained by geological observations and climate reconstructions. We study the extent of the GIS during the Mid-Pliocene Warmth (3.3–3.0 Ma), its advance across the continental shelf during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene glaciations (3.0–2.4 Ma) as implied by offshore geological studies, and the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions around 2.4 Ma
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41

McClymont, Erin L., Sindia M. Sosdian, Antoni Rosell-Melé, and Yair Rosenthal. "Pleistocene sea-surface temperature evolution: Early cooling, delayed glacial intensification, and implications for the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Earth-Science Reviews 123 (August 2013): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.006.

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42

Peters, William L. "ORIGINS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHEMEROPTERA FAUNA, ESPECIALLY THE LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144013-1.

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AbstractThe complex origins of the North American Ephemeroptera fauna extended from the Lower Permian to the Recent. This paper discusses origins of North American genera of the cosmopolitan family Leptophlebiidae with a few examples from other mayfly families. The two extant subfamilies, Leptophlebiinae and Atalophlebiinae, probably evolved at least by the mid-Cretaceous, or about 100 million years before present. The primitive Leptophlebiinae are distributed throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and the ancestors of the Leptophlebia–Paraleptophlebia complex within this subfamily dispers
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43

Sutter, Johannes, Hubertus Fischer, Klaus Grosfeld, et al. "Modelling the Antarctic Ice Sheet across the mid-Pleistocene transition – implications for Oldest Ice." Cryosphere 13, no. 7 (2019): 2023–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2023-2019.

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Abstract. The international endeavour to retrieve a continuous ice core, which spans the middle Pleistocene climate transition ca. 1.2–0.9 Myr ago, encompasses a multitude of field and model-based pre-site surveys. We expand on the current efforts to locate a suitable drilling site for the oldest Antarctic ice core by means of 3-D continental ice-sheet modelling. To this end, we present an ensemble of ice-sheet simulations spanning the last 2 Myr, employing transient boundary conditions derived from climate modelling and climate proxy records. We discuss the imprint of changing climate conditi
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44

Pinault, Jean-Louis. "The Milankovitch Theory Revisited to Explain the Mid-Pleistocene and Early Quaternary Transitions." Atmosphere 16, no. 6 (2025): 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16060702.

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The theory of orbital forcing as formulated by Milankovitch involves the mediation by the advance (retreat) of ice sheets and the resulting variations in terrestrial albedo. This approach poses a major problem: that of the period of glacial cycles, which varies over time, as happened during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Here, we show that various hypotheses are called into question because of the finding of a second transition, the Early Quaternary Transition (EQT), resulting from the million-year period eccentricity parameter. We propose to complement the orbital forcing theory to exp
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45

Köhler, P., and R. Bintanja. "The carbon cycle during the Mid Pleistocene Transition: the Southern Ocean Decoupling Hypothesis." Climate of the Past 4, no. 4 (2008): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-311-2008.

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Abstract. Various hypotheses were proposed within recent years for the interpretation of the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT), which occurred during past 2 000 000 years (2 Myr). We here add to already existing theories on the MPT some data and model-based aspects focusing on the dynamics of the carbon cycle. We find that the average glacial/interglacial (G/IG) amplitudes in benthic δ13C derived from sediment cores in the deep Pacific ocean increased across the MPT by ~40%, while similar amplitudes in the global benthic δ18C stack LR04 increased by a factor of two over the same time interval.
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46

Köhler, P., and R. Bintanja. "The carbon cycle during the Mid Pleistocene Transition: the Southern Ocean Decoupling Hypothesis." Climate of the Past Discussions 4, no. 4 (2008): 809–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-4-809-2008.

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Abstract. Various hypotheses were proposed within recent years for the interpretation of the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT), which occurred during past 2 000 000 years (2 Myr). We here add to already existing theories on the MPT some data and model-based aspects focusing on the dynamics of the carbon cycle. We find that the average glacial/interglacial (G/IG) amplitudes in benthic δ13C derived from sediment cores in the deep Pacific ocean increased across the MPT by ~40%, while similar amplitudes in the global benthic δ18O stack LR04 increased by a factor of two over the same time interval.
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47

Elderfield, H., P. Ferretti, M. Greaves, et al. "Evolution of Ocean Temperature and Ice Volume Through the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition." Science 337, no. 6095 (2012): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1221294.

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48

Hayward, Bruce W., Shungo Kawagata, Hugh R. Grenfell, Ashwaq T. Sabaa, and Tanya O'Neill. "Last global extinction in the deep sea during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Paleoceanography 22, no. 3 (2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007pa001424.

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49

Lear, Caroline H., Katharina Billups, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Liselotte Diester-Haass, Elaine M. Mawbey, and Sindia M. Sosdian. "Breathing more deeply: Deep ocean carbon storage during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition." Geology 44, no. 12 (2016): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g38636.1.

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Ford, Heather L., та Maureen E. Raymo. "Regional and global signals in seawater δ18O records across the mid-Pleistocene transition". Geology 48, № 2 (2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46546.1.

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Abstract:
Abstract High-resolution seawater δ18O records, derived from coupled Mg/Ca and benthic δ18O analyses, can be used to evaluate how global ice volume changed during the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, ca. 1250–600 ka). However, such seawater δ18O records are also influenced by regional hydrographic signals (i.e., salinity) and changes in deep-ocean circulation across the MPT, making it difficult to isolate the timing and magnitude of the global ice volume change. To explore regional and global patterns in seawater δ18O records, we reconstruct seawater δ18O from coupled Mg/Ca and δ18O analyses o
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