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Tsunomura, Satoru. "On the Contribution of Global Scale Polar-originating Ionospheric Current Systems to Geomagnetic Disturbances in Middle and Low Latitudes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/182006.
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Adhikari, Binod. "HILDCAA-related effects recorded in middle-low latitude magnetometers." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2015. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2015/02.27.16.58.
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Disturbances of the geomagnetic field are caused by enhanced solar windmagnetosphere electrodynamical coupling process. The principal cause of geomagnetic disturbance is the magnetic reconnection between the southward directed interplanetary magnetic field component and the northward directed magnetopause field, that establishes an electrodynamic coupling between the solar wind plasma and magnetosphere. In general, this coupling is controled by dominant structures emanating from the sun like sporadic coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their interplanetary counterparts (ICMEs), around the solar maximum, and by corotating high-speed streams, including corotating interaction region (CIR), in the descending and minimum phases of solar cycle. These high speed streams are embedded with highly fluctuating Alfven waves, which produce phenomena called HILDCAA events (high-intensity, long duration, continuous AE activity). This study investigates magnetic records from middle-low latitude geomagnetic observatories during HILDCAA periods. To this purpose, three primary conditions of the interplanetary space are considered: HILDCAA (i) not preceded by magnetic storm, (ii) preceded by storm generated by CIR, and (iii) preceded by storm generated by ICME. A fourth case is considered as a background condition: a geomagnetically quiet interval. As methodology of analysis, wavelet techniques to study multi-scale features of the HILDCAA events were explored in this work. The signal analyses techniques are composed by continuous wavelet transform, discrete wavelet transform, cross correlation using wavelet, and the usual modulus cross correlation. Complementarly, an evaluation on the field aligned currents (FAC) are considered in the investigation. Besides this, we estimate the polar cap potential (PCP) and merging electric field (Ey), and examine the role of PCP and geomagnetic AL index to monitor geomagnetic activity generated by geoeffective solar wind parameters during HILDCAAs. Thus, this work contributes to extend the understanding of HILDCAA events at higher latitudes to disturbances occurring at middle-low latitudes. There are magnetic effects related to the occurrence of HILDCAA even at middle-low latitudes.Perturbações do campo magnético da Terra são causadas por intensificação de um processo de acoplamento eletrodinâmico entre o vento solar e a magnetosfera. A causa principal das perturbações geomagnéticas é a reconexão magnética entre o campo magnético interplanetário com orientação para o sul e o campo magnético da Terra orientado para o norte, que estabelecem um acoplamento eletrodinâmico entre o plasma do vento solar e a magnetosfera. Em geral, esse acoplamento é controlado por estruturas dominantes emanadas do Sol como ejeções de matéria coronal (CMEs) e suas contrapartes interplanetárias (ICMES), em torno do máximo solar, e por feixes de alta velocidade corrotantes, incluindo regiões corrotantes de interação (CIR), nas fases descendente e de mínimo do ciclo solar. Esses feixes de alta velocidade portam ondas alfvênicas com intensa flutuação dos parâmetros físicos do plasma, que produzem os fenômenos de atividade AE continuada de alta intensidade e de longa duração, denominados eventos HILDCAA (high-intensity, long duration, continuous AE activity). Este estudo investiga os registros magnéticos obtidos de observatórios geomagnéticos durante períodos de HILDCAA. Para esse propósito, três condições fundamentais do espaço interplanetário são consideradas: HILDCAA (i) não precedida de tempestade geomagnética; (ii) precedida por tempestade gerada por CIR; e (iii) precedida por tempestade gerada por ICME. Um quarto caso é considerado como uma condição de ambiente de fundo: um intervalo geomagneticamente calmo. Como metodologia de análises, técnicas wavelets para estudar características multiescalas dos eventos HILDCAAs são exploradas neste trabalho. As técnicas de análises de sinais são compostas pela transformada wavelet contínua, transformada wavelet discreta, correlação cruzada usando wavelet, e a usual correlação cruzada das intensidades dos sinais. De maneira complementar, uma avaliação das correntes elétricas alinhadas com o campo geomagnético são consideradas na investigação. Além disso, estimamos o potencial na região polar (polar cap potential, PCP) e o campo elétrico resultante da reconexão magnética (Ey), e examinamos o papel do PCP e do índice geomagnético AL para monitorar a atividade geomagnética produzida pelos parâmetros solares geoefetivos durante os eventos HILDCAAs. Assim, este trabalho contribuiu para estender a compreensão dos eventos HILDCAAs de altas latitudes para distúrbios ocorrendo em médias e baixas latitudes. Há efeitos magnéticos relacionados a ocorrências de HILDCAAs mesmo em baixas e médias latitudes.
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Aoyama, Tadashi. "A study on the origin of small-scale field-aligned currents as observed in topside ionosphere at middle and low latitudes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225408.
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Jensen, John W. "Climatology of Middle and Low-Latitude F-Region Plasma Drifts from Satellite Measurements." DigitalCommons@USU, 2007. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7444.
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We used ion drift observations from the DE-2 satellite to study for the first time the longitudinal variations of middle and low latitude F-region zonal plasma drifts during quiet and disturbed conditions. The daytime quiet-time drifts do not change much with longitude. In the dusk-premidnight period, the equinoctial middle latitude westward drifts are smallest in the European sector, and the low latitude eastward drifts are largest in the American-Pacific sector. The longitudinal variations of the late night-early morning drifts during June and December solstice are anti-correlated. During geomagnetically active time s, there are large westward perturbation drifts in the late afternoon-early night sector at upper middle latitudes and in the midnight sector at low latitudes. The largest westward disturbed drifts during equinox occur in the European sector and the smallest in the Pacific region. These results suggest that during equinox, Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) events occur most often at European longitudes. The low latitude perturbation drifts do not show significant longitudinal dependence.
We have used five years of measurements on board the ROCSA T-1 satellite to develop a detailed local-time, season, and longitude-dependent quiet-time global empirical model for equatorial F-region vertical plasma drifts. We show that the longitudinal dependence of the daytime and nighttime vertical drifts is much stronger than reported earlier, especially during December and June solstice. The late night downward drift velocities are larger in the eastern than in the western hemisphere at all seasons, the morning and afternoon December solstice drifts have significantly different longitudinal dependence, and the daytime upward drifts have strong wavenumber-four signatures during equinox and June solstice. The largest evening upward drifts occur during equinox and December solstice near the American sector. The longitudinal variations of the evening prereversal velocity peaks during December and June solstice are anti-correlated, which further indicates the importance of conductivity effects on the electrodynamics of the equatorial ionosphere. We have shown that disturbance dynamo largely does not affect daytime drifts. The upward perturbations during the nighttime are largely season independent, but near the prereversal enhancement, the downward perturbation drifts are largest during equinox and smallest during December.
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Shim, JA Soon. "Analysis of Total Electron Content (TEC) Variations in the Low- and Middle-Latitude Ionosphere." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/403.
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Detailed study of the spatial correlations of day-to-day ionospheric TEC variations on a global scale was performed for four 30-day-long periods in 2004 (January, March/April, June/July, September/October) using observations from more than 1000 ground-based GPS receivers. In order to obtain the spatial correlations, initially, the day-to-day variability was calculated by first mapping the observed slant TEC values for each 5-minute GPS ground receiver-satellite pair to the vertical and then differencing it with its corresponding value from the previous day. This resulted
in more than 150 million values of day-to-day change in TEC (delta TEC). Next, statistics were performed on the delta TEC values. The study indicates strong correlationsbetween geomagnetic conjugate points, and these correlations are larger at low latitudes than at middle latitudes. Typical correlation lengths, defined as the angular
separation at which the correlation coefficient drops to 0.7, were found to be larger at middle latitudes than at low latitudes. The correlation lengths are larger during daytime than during nighttime. The results indicate that the spatial correlation is largely independent of season. These spatial correlations are important for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause ionospheric weather variability and are also relevant to data assimilation. In an effort to better understand the effects of neutral wind and electric field on the TEC variability, a physics-based numerical
Ionosphere/Plasmasphere Model (IPM) was used. The model solves the transport equations for the six ions, O+, NO+, O2+, N2+, H+, and He+, on convecting flux tubes that realistically follow the geomagnetic field. Two of the inputs required by the IPM are the thermospheric neutral wind and the low-latitude electric field, which can be given by existing empirical model or externally specified by the user. To study the relative importance of the neutral wind and the electric field for the TEC variations, these two model inputs were externally modified and the resulting variations in TEC were compared. Neutral wind and electric field modifications were introduced at three different local times in order to investigate the effect of different start times of the imposed perturbations on TEC. This study focused on modeled low- and middlelatitude TEC variations in the afternoon and post-sunset at three different longitude sectors for medium solar activity and low geomagnetic activity. The largest changes in TEC were found predominantly in the equatorial anomaly, and a significant longitudinal dependence was observed. The results indicate that the perturbation effect on the TEC at 2100 LT varied nonlinearly with the elapsed time after the imposed neutral wind and electric field perturbations. An important outcome of this study is that daytime neutral wind and/or electric field modifications will lead to essentially identical TEC changes in the 2100 local time sector.
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Mohd, Ali Aiffah. "GNSS in aviation : ionospheric threats at low latitudes." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.761026.
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Radio signals propagating through the ionised upper atmosphere (the ionosphere) in low latitude regions of the world can experience amplitude scintillation. This could threaten safety-critical applications of satellite navigation such as aviation. The research presented here studied the effects of amplitude scintillation on a Septentrio PolaRxS geodetic receiver and a Garmin 480 aviation receiver by means of a Spirent GNSS constellation simulator. Different types of fade profiles showed that an abrupt drop in signal strength caused a loss of lock on the signal more often than a profile with a slow, gradual fade. A performance comparison of the two receivers demonstrated that the aviation receiver was more vulnerable than the geodetic receiver. An unexpected loss of lock at a specific fade duration and depth was seen with the Garmin receiver and was not explained. A single fade with a long fade duration was more likely to cause a loss of signal lock compared to rapid multiple fades. Scintillation on signals from low elevation satellites can significantly degrade the precision and integrity of the navigation solution in an aviation receiver; especially if the satellites are within the best geometrical set. RAIM was observed to be no longer available during the critical landing approach phase of the scenario, in the case when all satellites in view were affected by the scintillation-induced signal perturbations. A technique was also developed to simulate L5 scintillation based on real scintillation events of L1, in the absence of real captured data for L5. This was done to enable future investigations on aviation receiver performance when both L1 and L5 frequencies experience scintillation. Analysis indicated that L5 signal can be more vulnerable to the scintillation compared to the L1 signal, which may have important implications for aviation safety.
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Hoch, David M. "Passive and low energy building design for high latitudes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279588.
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Hood, L. L., B. E. Soukharev, M. Fromm, and J. P. McCormack. "Origin of extreme ozone minima at middle to high northern latitudes." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624004.
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Extreme ozone minima represent localized and temporally brief (several days) reductions in column ozone amounts below some chosen absolute level. Although such minima at middle to high northern latitudes are known to be primarily dynamical in origin, a remaining issue is whether heterogeneous chemical loss processes may also contribute significantly to their formation. A case in point is the record low 165 Dobson units (DU) minimum occurring on November 30, 1999, when temperatures near 30 hPa at the location of the minimum were lower than the threshold for the formation of type I polar stratospheric clouds (PSC). An examination of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III data for times surrounding the event shows that PSCs were indeed present in the vicinity where the ozone minimum was observed. However, archived data show that a similar extreme minimum of 167 DU with characteristics comparable to those of the November 30, 1999, minimum occurred on October 30, 1985, when no PSCs were present. An ensemble of 71 extreme ozone minima with amplitudes under 215 DU exhibit a nearly linear relationship between ozone minimum deviations from the zonal mean and corresponding 30-hPa temperature deviations. Such a relationship is predicted by analytic transport models which assume that vertical motions (i.e., upwelling) are responsible for the ozone minima. Temperature deviations near 30-hPa were unusually large for both the November 30, 1999, and the October 30, 1985, events, implying unusually rapid upward transport for these events. All 71 minima occur in regions where deviations from the zonal mean of 330 K potential vorticity are negative, implying an additional contribution to their formation by quasi-horizontal transport. The timescale for column ozone reductions during extreme ozone minima events is also determined and found to be at least 20 times more rapid than expected from known chemical loss processes. The data are therefore most consistent with a purely dynamical origin for extreme ozone minima in general and the November 30, 1999, event in particular. As was shown by earlier work, the basic dynamical process involves a combination of isentropic transport of ozone-poor air from the tropical upper troposphere and rapid upwelling over upper tropospheric anticyclonic disturbances resulting from poleward Rossby wave breaking events.
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Drexler, Josef. "Determining the properties of low-frequency Farley-Buneman waves at high latitudes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ58028.pdf.
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Akuetevi, Cataria Quam Cyrille. "Dynamics of turbulent western boundary currents at low latitudes, a numerical study." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU002/document.
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Les courants turbulents de bord ouest sont l'un des phénomènes les plus dominants des océans, il en existe aux faibles latitudes aussi. Ils sont caractérisés par une dynamique très turbulente avec une forte production d'énergie cinétique, et une forte variabilité interne. Plusieurs régions existent où les courants de bord ouest se rétrofléchissent (décollage de la côte) pour former des structures cohérentes: des anticyclones, des bursts (arrachements) et des dipoles. Circulant le long de la côte, les courants de bord ouest interagissent très fortement avec le bord ouest et la bathymétrie et sont donc un problème de couche limite. Cependant aucune étude du point de vue de la théorie de couche limite n'a été jamais été faite. Cette thèse aborde le problème d'un point de vue de couche limite par l'utilisation d'un modèle idéalisé "shallow water" à très haute résolution (2.5km) afin d'isoler et de comprendre les processus. Les résultats sont ensuite appliqués à des sorties de modèle réaliste Drakkar (~10km) basé sur le code NEMO. Le courant de Somali est ensuite pris pour cette applicationStrong western boundary currents are one of dominant features of the world oceans, also at low latitudes. They exhibit a turbulent dynamics and their region is a source of strong kinetic energy production and internal variability of the worlds oceans. Several places exists where the western boundary currents retrofect (i.e separation from the coast) and generate coherent structures as anticyclonic eddies, bursts and dipoles. The dynamics of turbulent western boundary currents has so far not been extensively studied in the viewpoint of turbulent boundary-layer theory. The approach followed in this thesis is to use a fine resolution (2.5km) reduced-gravity shallow water model to understand the turbulent boundary-layer processes and then apply these findings to the Ocean General Circulation Model NEMO in the Drakkar configuration (~10km). The case of the Somali Currentis considered for this application
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Garreaud, René D. "Cold air incursions into low-latitudes : global perspective and regional analysis over South America /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10086.
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Maruyama, Takashi. "Experimental and Theoretical study of Ionospheric Irregularities in the F Region at Low-Latitudes." Kyoto University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/168763.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(工学)
乙第7875号
論工博第2585号
新制||工||878(附属図書館)
UT51-92-K375
(主査)教授 木村 磐根, 教授 加藤 進, 教授 深尾 昌一郎
学位規則第4条第2項該当
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Matamba, Tshimangadzo Merline. "Long-term analysis of ionospheric response during geomagnetic storms in mid, low and equatorial latitudes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63991.
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Understanding changes in the ionosphere is important for High Frequency (HF) communications and navigation systems. Ionospheric storms are the disturbances in the Earth’s upper atmosphere due to solar activities such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), Corotating interaction Regions (CIRs) and solar flares. This thesis reports for the first time on an investigation of ionospheric response to great geomagnetic storms (Disturbance storm time, Dst ≤ −350 nT) that occurred during solar cycle 23. The storm periods analysed were 29 March - 02 April 2001, 27 - 31 October 2003, 18 - 23 November 2003 and 06 - 11 November 2004. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Total Electron Content (TEC) and ionosonde critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2) data over northern hemisphere (European sector) and southern hemisphere (African sector) mid-latitudes were used to study the ionospheric responses within 15E° - 40°E longitude and ±31°- ±46° geomagnetic latitude. Mid-latitude regions within the same longitude sector in both hemispheres were selected in order to assess the contribution of the low latitude changes especially the expansion of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) also known as the dayside ionospheric super-fountain effect during these storms. In all storm periods, both negative and positive ionospheric responses were observed in both hemispheres. Negative ionospheric responses were mainly due to changes in neutral composition, while the expansion of the EIA led to pronounced positive ionospheric storm effect at mid-latitudes for some storm periods. In other cases (e.g 29 October 2003), Prompt Penetration Electric Fields (PPEF), EIA expansion and large scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) were found to be present during the positive storm effect at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. An increase in TEC on the 28 October 2003 was because of the large solar flare with previously determined intensity of X45± 5. A further report on statistical analysis of ionospheric storm effects due to Corotating Interaction Region (CIR)- and Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-driven storms was performed. The storm periods analyzed occurred during the period 2001 - 2015 which covers part of solar cycles 23 and 24. Dst≤ -30 nT and Kp≥ 3 indices were used to identify the storm periods considered. Ionospheric TEC derived from IGS stations that lie within 30°E - 40°E geographic longitude in mid, low and equatorial latitude over the African sector were used. The statistical analysis of ionospheric storm effects were compared over mid, low and equatorial latitudes in the African sector for the first time. Positive ionospheric storm effects were more prevalent during CME-driven and CIR-driven over all stations considered in this study. Negative ionospheric storm effects occurred only during CME-driven storms over mid-latitude stations and were more prevalent in summer. The other interesting finding is that for the stations considered over mid-, low, and equatorial latitudes, negative-positive ionospheric responses were only observed over low and equatorial latitudes. A significant number of cases where the electron density changes remained within the background variability during storm conditions were observed over the low latitude stations compared to other latitude regions.
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PAIVA, JOSE ANTONIO GODINHO. "EFFECT OF THE IONOSPHERE OF LOW LATITUDES IN GPS - SBAS (GLOBAL SYSTEM POSITIONING - SPACE BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEM)." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5863@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA ionosfera de baixas latitudes tem características que poderiam causar problemas à operação do GPS/SBAS. Entre elas se encontra a anomalia equatorial, cuja densidade eletrônica pode apresentar intensos gradientes horizontais (e, portanto, no índice de refração do meio). Estes gradientes podem ser intensos o suficiente para introduzir erros nas previsões resultantes do GPS/SBAS. Para avaliar este problema, foi desenvolvido um programa de simulação em computador que integra modelos para: (i) a previsão das posições dos satélites da constelação GPS; (ii) a evolução temporal e espacial da densidade eletrônica da ionosfera equatorial; e (iii) uma rede de estações de referência de posições fornecidas para analisar os efeitos da anomalia equatorial sobre os erros causados pela ionosfera nos sinais dos satélites GPS recebidos pelas estações. Em cada passo da simulação, diversos procedimentos são realizados. Estes procedimentos são repetidos um grande número de vezes e, ao final da simulação, estatísticas dos erros são apresentadas. Este programa de simulação em computador foi utilizado para analisar a influência do número de estações de referência, assim como de suas localizações, nos erros de posicionamento de aeronaves.
The low-latitude ionosphere has some features that could cause problems even to the joint GPS/SBAS operation. Among them, one finds the equatorial anomaly, whose electronic density - and thus its refractive index - can present intense horizontal gradients. These gradients can be intense enough to induce errors in the predictions by the GPS/SBAS. To analyze this problem, a computer simulation program has been developed. This program integrates models for: (i) forecasting the satellite orbital positions of the GPS constellation; (ii) the temporal and spatial evolution of the electronic density of the low-latitude ionosphere; and (iii) a given network of reference stations to analyze the effects of the equatorial anomaly on the GPS satellite signals received by the stations and users. In each step of the simulation, several procedures are performed. These procedures are repeated several times and, at the end of the simulation, error statistics are presented. This computer simulation program has been used to analyze the influence of the equatorial anomaly and of the number and layout of reference stations upon the errors in aircraft positions provided by the GPS/SBAS.
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Nishioka, Michi. "Study on meso-scale ionospheric structures at low-and mid-latitudes using data of GPS receiver networks and satellites." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124427.
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Bergh, David. "Celebrating the “Invisible Middle”:." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2008. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/21.
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There is increasing acknowledgement of and concern over the growing social stratification in our society. This bifurcation is demonstrated in the widening gap between the wealthy and impoverished. A college degree is an especially critical asset in helping to break multi-generational cycles of poverty. Unfortunately, low-income and first-generation college students face daunting obstacles on their paths to college graduation. First-generation status and low-income status are each negative predictors of college success. This is a study focused on the success, as defined by persistence to graduation, of first-generation students from low-income backgrounds. It introduces faculty, college administrators, and policy makers to students from this background at a rural New England public college who were close to completing their college degrees. The research questions were (a) to what factors the students attributed their success, (b) what oncampus programs or services were helpful in leading to that success, and (c) how could factors identified as leading to success among these students be leveraged to assist the success of other students in this population? Criterion sampling was used to determine an eligible cohort. The three criteria identified were (a) first-generation status, (b) low-income background, and (c) likelihood of graduation, based on accumulated credits. Through qualitative interviewing I learned from these students to what they attributed their success. This research approach enabled me to gain in-depth information on the personal backgrounds of the individual students interviewed. The participants’ narratives – their life stories – drove the study. Extended quotes from respondents were compiled. Narrative analysis was used to code the data. Major themes that emerged included (a) the critical significance of faculty, (b) the value of support services, (c) the importance of flexibility in course requirements and delivery methods as well as program requirements, (d) the high value placed on positive reinforcement and feedback as a positive motivator, and (e) the ways in which the challenging aspects of their backgrounds, misunderstood as deficits (e.g., unvalued social and cultural capital), helped them to develop strengths instrumental to their success. The resulting recommendations focus on areas where the data indicated that institutional interventions could increase the likelihood of college retention and success. These include (a) better utilizing pre-arrival materials and programs as anticipatory socialization opportunities, (b) maximizing first-year celebratory socialization initiatives, (c) providing targeted support based on student background traits, (d) instituting faculty training and development focused on how their role and teaching styles affect student success, (e) reviewing strategies for informing students of services, and (f) leveraging the desire of students to assist their peers who have not yet realized their level of success. The hope is that the resulting knowledge gained will inform future practice as well as assist higher education faculty and staff to work toward the success of this student population.
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Nguyen, Thai Hoa. "Development of Middle-term Low Carbon Society Scenario of Vietnam." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/161003.
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Liu, Zhaorui. "Economic costs of dementia in low and middle income countries." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/economic-costs-of-dementia-in-low-and-middle-income-countries(9d90e06c-022d-4db0-a877-e84f859531e4).html.
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The aim of the study is to assess the impact of dementia in low and middle income countries (LAMICs) on service and family costs and to assess the impact of dependency and other factors on costs. A prevalence-based bottom up cost-of-illness study was carried out using the database of the 10/66 dementia project in seven LAMICs (11sites, n=15,022). The total cost was divided into cost of medical care, informal care and paid home care. The perspective of costs included both the public and private level. Cost of medical care at the private level was the out-of-pocket expenses. Health service use was valued according to country specific unit cost based on UK unit costs and WHO-CHOICE ratios. Cost of informal care at the private level was valued based on real salary loss and on average wages at the public level. Regression models were used to identify predictors of cost and attributable costs of dementia. The results showed that the average total costs for people with dementia were I$1887 at the private level and I$6750 at the public level. At the public level, 94% of total costs were due to social care, and 90.4% of social care costs were due to informal care. Physical impairment and Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) led to higher costs of informal care, but not for medical care. Average attributable costs of dementia were I$5164, and were higher than for depression and other chronic diseases. Costs increased with dementia severity. Estimates of total dementia costs are substantial and most of the care is due to support from unpaid family members. Interventions should be introduced both for dementia patients and their carers in the early stages of the condition dementia, so as to decrease the cost as well as improving quality of life.
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Isoda, Fusako. "A study of wind oscillations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at low latitudes observed with MF and meteor radars." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148784.
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Sinclair, David Jonathan. "Towards evidence-based malaria guidelines in low- and middle-income countries." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98542/.
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This PhD submission presents a case study of an academic group working as infomediaries at the interface between research and global policy, and at the interface between global policy and national decisions: advising on methodological issues, conducting systematic evidence reviews in response to information needs, and developing approaches for reinterpreting global guidance for national decision-making. The included systematic reviews were among the first to adopt innovative elements such as: summary of findings tables, standardized language reflecting the level of certainty in effect estimates, logic frameworks, and brief economic summaries; and have contributed to the further development of these methods. This work has helped to establish formal and transparent methods within global malaria guidance, and contributed to improved standards in global guidance more broadly.
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Means, Vivian Fowler. "Improving Literacy for Diverse Low Socio-Economic Status Middle School Students." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4312.
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In an urban district, Surfside School personnel were concerned that student literacy proficiency levels were low during 2011-2014 and teachers had not been able to close the achievement gap despite a focus on literacy practices and literacy professional development (PD) provided by the district. The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and administrators in relation to the best instructional practices for increasing self-efficacy when teaching literacy skills and related literacy PD for teachers. Knowles' andragogy theory and Vygotsky's social learning theory formed the theoretical foundation of this study, which hold that PD should provide teachers with explicit instruction and opportunities for collaboration. The research questions focused on how PD helps teachers improve instructional practices. The purposeful sample consisted of 4 middle school teachers and 3 administrators and was collected through surveys, observations, semi-structured interviews, and archival documents. Data analysis consisted of an inductive approach of axial coding and categorizing the interview and observational data to derive themes. Themes supporting the findings indicated targeted PD and instructional coaching (IC) focused on evidence based literacy practices for low-income students using culturally relevant pedagogy were needed to improve teacher self-efficacy and student learning. Findings also indicated that the PD trainings could work more effectively if the teachers had more time to collaborate with the IC. Thus, the resulting project provides collaborative PD and IC targeting literacy practices using culturally relevant pedagogy. Teacher use of these practices will promote social change by improving the students' literacy support in the target district.
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Fowler, Tennille Heath. "Eighth-Grade Students with Low Academic Performance in Middle School Science." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5555.
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The problem of low achievement and failure of 8th-grade students to attain state proficiency level in science in a local school district was addressed in this case study. Data from 2012-2016 revealed that 93% of 8th-grade students in 2 suburban middle schools in the targeted state failed to meet science proficiency standards on the science Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests and the state's Milestone Assessments. The purpose of conducting this qualitative case study was to develop an understanding of teachers' perceptions regarding high failure rate of 8th-grade students to meet state mandated standards in science. Piaget's constructs of developmental and operational learning were used as the conceptual framework. Guiding questions were used to explore teacher perceptions of the challenges middle school students experience in learning science, as well as developmental and operational learning characteristics affecting science achievement. Data were collected from interviews with 12 middle school science teachers at the two schools. Data were analyzed using open coding and thematic analysis and were checked for accuracy through member checking. Common themes were behavioral issues, lack of concept application, lack of intellectual development, the need for relatable instructional strategies, and the need for teachers' professional development. A professional development program for teachers was constructed as a project to address each of these themes. The study may affect positive social change by providing teachers and stakeholders with a deeper understanding of student needs in science learning and improved instructional strategies for teachers to enhance students' science achievement.
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Owusu, Daniel, Megan Quinn, K. Wang, J. Aibangbee, S. Veeranki, and H. Mamudu. "Intention to Quit Smoking in 14 Low and Middle Income Countries." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6790.
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Blecher, Evan. "The economics of tobacco control in low- and middle-income countries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10115.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-189).Global best practice in tobacco control policy is anchored by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control which recommends that countries use, amongst other things, tax increases and advertising bans to reduce tobacco consumption. Furthermore, this is supplemented by various policy documents and technical manuals produced by the World Health Organisation and the World Bank which provide a more thorough justification of these policy measures. This thesis seeks to examine the application of these tobacco control policy measures on tobacco consumption in low and middle-income countries. The thesis focuses on tax policy in low- and middle-income countries by moving the metric from price to affordability (which considers price and income simultaneously). This is important since many low- and middle-income countries are growing rapidly and price increases may not be reducing consumption.
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Dickman, Samuel L. "Health Spending for Low, Middle, and High-Income Americans, 1963-2012." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27007724.
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U.S. medical spending growth has slowed since 2004, coincident with rising co-payments and deductibles, which might particularly impact lower-income persons. We analyzed 22 national surveys between 1963 and 2012 to assess trends in health expenditures by and on behalf of persons in each income quintile. Before the 1965 passage of Medicare and Medicaid, the poorest quintile had the lowest expenditures, despite their worse health. By 1977 their expenditures exceeded those for other Americans (although after adjusting for age and health status the income-based gap never fully reversed). This pattern persisted until 2004. Thereafter, expenditures fell 3.7% for the poorest quintile, while rising 12.5% for the middle-three quintiles and 19.7% for the wealthiest, who had the highest expenditures in 2012. The post-2004 divergence of expenditure trends for the rich, middle-class and poor occurred only among the non-elderly. We conclude that the slowdown in health expenditure growth in the non-elderly has been driven primarily by lower spending among the poorest segment of the US population.
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Al-Mansoori, Mohammed Abdulla Jakkah. "Government low-cost housing provision in the United Arab Emirates : the example of the Federal Government low-cost housing programme." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/438.
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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was for a long time one of the poorest countries in the world. By the 1960s, the discovery of oil had totally transformed the economic and social patterns of the country. Oil revenue has given the country one of the highest incomes per capita in the world. With such huge oil wealth, the government has adopted different welfare programmes aimed to improve the living conditions of UAE citizens. The low-cost housing programme is one of these welfare programmes whereby the government finances building finished housing units and allocated them free for those in need. Between 1973 and 1992, the standard of the low-cost house has changed dramatically. The built-up area has increased four times while the construction cost has multiplied by 10. The cost of a typical low-cost house in 1994 was Dh 450,900 ($121,800). This research aims to study the implications of the free low-cost housing programme on the housing conditions of the low-cost housing occupants and those would-be occupants. It aims also to examine whether the free low-cost housing programme meets with what the target group want the government to provide. The free low-cost housing programme has many drawbacks. The free low-cost housing provision, particularly the improved low-cost housing, has resulted in high demand relative to supply, enabling only the few to access housing services. Moreover, it has provided large improvements for those who are actually in no need of government support and those who only require partial support. It has also resulted in a waste of resources of both the allocatees and government, causing deterioration of the low-cost housing stock and part of the existing housing stock, and providing no sustainable source of funds. The free low-cost housing programme does not match the housing preference of the target group. Housing provision based on the target group's housing preferences would result in providing more support for a greater number of citizens, changing their role from being passive recipients to active participants and the government's role from being one of control over all housing processes to that of being one actor among many, providing a sustainable source of funds and encouraging people to improve their own housing resources. However, housing provision following the target group's housing preferences may not gain official support.
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Forsberg, Birger C. "Diarrhoeal diseases in low- and middle-income countries : trends, management and control /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-263-7/.
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Houweling, Antonia Jannetje. "Socio-economic inequaltities in childhood mortality in low and middle income countries." [S.l.] : Rotterdam : [The Author] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/11023.
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Alexander, Candace Y. "Factors which influence low-income Afican American middle school students in mathematics." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2008. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/45.
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Factors which influence low-income African-American middle school students in Mathematics were examined in this study. Likewise, this study examined the extent to which student achievement in mathematics at the middle school level in a metropolitan Atlanta school district may be explained by certain school and teacher related variables such as instructional strategies, classroom management, teacher expectations, site-based professional learning, and teacher satisfaction with resources and how these factors might impact or cause a difference in student achievement in math as measured by the 2007 Criteria Referenced Competency Test (CRCT) scores. The research presented in this dissertation provides a starting point for developing school plans to improve mathematics instruction. The practices identified reflect a mixture of emerging strategies and practices in long-term use. This study was based on the assumption that instructional strategies, classroom management, teacher expectations, site-based professional learning, and teacher satisfaction with resources would have a significant impact in middle school students’ math achievement. It is presumed that this study would assist leaders in providing quality instruction that would benefit teachers and low income, minority children. This study is expected to further assist principals and/or leaders in providing quality leadership that will benefit middle school teachers in low-income School Wide Title I middle schools and meet the needs of their students. The significance of this study is in assistance that it can give administrators in structuring site-based professional learning and development programs along with arranging for monitoring and communication methods that will meet the needs of teachers and students. Additionally, this research will add to a body of scholarship and may cause individuals to examine and put into place, or remove certain policies and practices in middle school math classes. As a final point, this research will determine the need for additional research. The methodology employed a quantitative, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto design to review possible variables that may affect student achievement in mathematics grades six through eight. The researcher found that there was no relationship between student achievement in mathematics and the independent variables. The only significant relationship found in this study was that there was a relationship between student achievement in mathematics as measured by the CRCT and teacher preparation. Teachers with college or university based preparation had students with higher student achievement performance levels.
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SROUR, ILINA MOUSTAFA. "TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND EMPLOYMENT IN MIDDLE AND LOW INCOME COUNTRIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/4373.
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Negli anni ’80, paesi in via di sviluppo (DCs) e paesi meno sviluppati (PMS) hanno subito cambiamenti strutturali, muovendosi da politiche di sostituzione di importazione a strategie di liberalizzazione. Questi paesi hanno assistito ad una crescita dinamica risultata dall’aumento della produttività dovuto alla maggiore esposizione delle industrie locali alla concorrenza, dall'aumento delle importazioni tecnologiche incarnate in capitale e in beni intermedi, e ad una maggiore diffusione di conoscenze e informazioni. Questo lavoro esamina come liberalizzazione commerciale ed aggiornamento tecnologico abbiano influito sull’occupazione in paesi DCs e PMS, e studia il fenomeno del cambiamento tecnologico skill biased. Si esaminano il settore manifatturiero turco tra il 1980-2001 e quello etiope tra il 1996-2004. Questo studio, basato sul System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS), implementa un quadro dinamico di due equazioni che raffigurano tendenze occupazionali a livello enterprise per lavoratori qualificati e non qualificati. I risultati confermano l'aspettativa teorica che DCs e LDC affrontano fenomeni di skill-biased technological change e incrementano il potere d’importazione di tecnologia, aumentando il divario d’occupazione tra lavoratori qualificati e non qualificati. Tuttavia, le cause specifiche di skill-bias e la portata del loro effetto possono variare in base a diverse infrastrutture istituzionali e capacità nazionali.In the 1980's developing countries (DCs) and least developed countries (LDCs) underwent structural changes, moving from import substitution policies to liberalization strategies. These countries witnessed a dynamic growth effect that emerges from productivity growth due to increased exposure of local industries to competition, increased technological imports embodied in capital and intermediate goods, and to the transfer of knowledge. This work looks into the employment impact of trade liberalization and technological upgrading in DCs and LDCs, and studies the phenomenon of skill biased technological change in those countries. It takes the case of the Turkish manufacturing sector for the period 1980 - 2001, and the case of the Ethiopian manufacturing sector for the period 1996 - 2004. It deploys System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) procedure to this effect, implementing a two-equation dynamic framework that depicts enterprise-level employment trends separately for skilled and unskilled workers. The results confirm the theoretical expectation that DCs and LDCs face the phenomena of skill-biased technological change and skill-enhancing technology import, both leading to increasing the employment gap between skilled and unskilled workers. However, the specific determinants of skill bias and the size of their effect can differ due to diverse institutional infrastructures and national capabilities.
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Burns, Darren. "Foreign direct investment and population health in low and middle income countries." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67678/.
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Opinions are divided on the health impacts of multi-national corporations (MNCs), and their foreign direct investment (FDI) projects in low and middle income countries (LMICs). MNCs in LMICs have been associated with unsafe or unsanitary working conditions, pollution, and aggressively marketing of unhealthy foods. This suggests a harmful impact on population health. Yet, FDI also generates employment, income, and growth, implying some benefits to population health. FDI flows may not be the only factor determining their ultimate impact on health. It is currently unclear whether FDI into different industries or whole sectors is related to health impacts, and also whether geographic clustering of FDI is associated with an impact on population health. The relationship between FDI and population health is investigated here, beginning with a systematic review of quantitative literature surrounding international trade and non-nutritional health outcomes. This highlights four important messages: FDI is likely a determinant of health in LMICs; the importance of sample selection and considering heterogeneity; bi-directional causality between FDI and health; and the underuse of individual level datasets to investigate the association. Later chapters seek to respond in different ways to these messages, firstly using instrumental variable methods to investigate FDI and overall population health in LMICs. This indicates FDI to be associated with overall population health benefits, yet provides some evidence that manufacturing FDI is associated with harm. The second study utilises individual level data and spatial techniques to investigate FDI and nutritional health in Chinese adults, indicating that FDI is positively associated with increased BMI amongst Chinese adults. The final study investigates FDI and smoking in Russian adults, suggesting that FDI is associated with increased smoking. Overall, this thesis suggests that FDI has a positive effect in general on overall health, yet is harmful when looking in more specific contexts.
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Mich, Luke (Luke Anthony). "The missing middle : understanding low-rise, moderate-density housing in Greater Boston." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111424.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-152).
Over the past 75 years, the United States' housing stock has become increasingly bifurcated, with the overwhelming majority of units taking the form of single-family homes or mid- and high-rise apartments and condos. This trend has made scarce the kinds of low-rise, moderate-density typologies that had historically provided the dense, compact urbanism necessary to support transit, walkability, and neighborhood retail. Dubbed the "Missing Middle" by their advocates, these housing types - townhouses, duplexes, courtyard apartments, and the like - are championed for their potential to deliver the benefits of residential density in forms that are more compatible with the character of existing suburban neighborhoods than their larger multifamily counterparts. They are also promoted for their ability to improve affordability in hot housing markets through the incremental addition of smaller units and improved land use efficiency. This thesis seeks to explore the concept of the Missing Middle including the characteristics of its forms, the trends in its permitting and construction, and the barriers to its development. Focusing on Greater Boston, and three of its suburban towns in particular, the research draws on census data analysis and semi-structured interviews to understand the distribution of this housing in the region, the extent to which its development lives up to the claims of advocates, and the potential reasons for its decline. Results indicate that while Missing Middle units have historically been concentrated in cities in Greater Boston's urban core, some suburbs are experiencing an increased interest in their development. However, in many cases, recently constructed examples of the Missing Middle in suburban contexts do not achieve the walkability and affordability goals of its supporters. The research finds that barriers to the permitting of suburban Missing Middle units are largely regulatory in nature, stemming from density restrictions driven by fiscal zoning considerations and homeowners' opposition to growth, especially in wealthier communities. These findings point to the need for strong regional planning to work across town boundaries, loosening restrictive local zoning while developing adequate protections for neighborhood character in order to promote Missing Middle housing in the development of smart growth and affordability plans and policies.
by Luke Mich.
M.C.P.
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Oliveira, Paulo Henrique de. "A versatile current source for low, middle frequencies and interferential pulse therapies." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/816.
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Electrical stimulation is an important tool in medicine with applications like muscle rehabilitation, pain management and pacemakers. Portable stimulation devices for home use are divided mainly in two domains: low and middle frequency therapies. Due to the lack, in Germany, of a system to provide both therapies at the same equipment, the main objective of this project is the development of a current source not only capable of that, but also able to generate arbitrary stimulation patterns controlled by an external microcontroller. Moreover, the system should make possible the use of interferential current therapy. The result of the project is an electronic device that triggers current stimulation patterns based on three control signals, which could be easily generated by a microcontroller. The system provides LF stimulation with balanced current pulses up to 80mA through 1k? load impedance, pulse widths between 50 and 1000µs, and frequencies up to 150Hz. It also provides MF stimulation outputs up to 100mApp, with a modulation frequency up to 4kHz and a simple interface to control the envelope waveform. It presents also two galvanic isolated channels to allow interferential current therapy and, when no output current is intended, it is able to provide a short circuit on the load to remove possible net charges introduced by the system to the patient’s body. Additionally, a MATLAB application and a SPICE simulation were developed to assist the creation of control signals. As the system is able to deliver stimulation currents with an arbitrary pattern, it can be used to find the best pulse waveforms for a series of different applications involving electrical therapy, like TENS and MES.Elektrostimulation ist ein wichiges Hilfsmittel in der Medizin mit Anwendungen im Bereich der Muskelrehabilitation, der Schmerztherapie und in Herzschrittmachrn. Tragbare Stimulatoren zum hauslichen Gebrauch warden hauptsachlich in zwei Gruppen unterteit: Niederfrequenz- und Mittelfrequenztherapiegerate. Bisher gibt es in Deutschland kein Great das beide Therapieformen durchfuhren kann, sodas das Hauptziel dieses Projekts die Entwicklung einer Stromquelle ist, die in der Lage ist, beide Therapieformen anzuwender. Das Great ist zusatzlich in der Lage beiebige, einstellbare Stimulationsmuster zu erzeugen, welche durch einen externen Mikrocontroller gesteuent warden. Auberdem soll disses System Interferenzstromtherapie ermoglichen. Das Ergebnis dieses Projekts ist ein elektronisches Great, das auf drei Steuersignalen basierende Reizstrommuster erzeugt. Diese Steuersignale konnen von einem Mikrocontroller einfach generiert warden. Das System ermoglicht NF-Stimulation mit ausbalancierten Stromimpulsen bis zu 80mA bei 1K? Lastimpedanz, Pulsbreiten zwischen 50 und 1000us und Frequezen bis 150Hz. Es beinhaltet MF-Stimulationsausgange fur bis zu 100mApp Ausgangsstrom, mit Modulationsfrequenzen bis zu 4k Hz und einem einfachen Interface zur Steuerung der Wellenform der Hullkurve. Es bietet zwei galvanische getrennte Kanale zur Interferenzstromtherapie. Falls Kein Ausgangsstrom benotgt wind, konnen die Ausgange Kurzeschlossen warden, um den korper des Patienten vo einer moglichen elektrischen Aufladung das Gerate zu schutzen. Daruber hinaus wurden eine MATLAB application und eine SPICE Simulation entwickelt, um die Erstellung von Steuersignalen zu unterstutzen. Das System Kann beliebige Reiztrommuster erzengen, dadurch eignet es zur Erforschung der optimalen Impulswellenformen vieler verschiedener Elektrotherapien.
5000
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Local, Patrick. "How to Produce a Movie in the Middle of Nowhere with No Money." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1544178023546224.
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Azzouzi, Ilyasse. "Impact des évènements solaires sur l'ionisation de l'ionosphère des moyennes et basses latitudes dans le secteur Europe-Afrique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066247/document.
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Ce travail a pour objet d’étudier les variations régulières de l’ionosphère aux moyennes et basses latitudes ainsi que l’impact de différents événements solaires sur l’ionisation. Pour quantifier ces variations, nous utiliserons les réseaux GPS qui permettent de mesurer le Contenu Total Electronique (TEC).Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ISWI. L’étude comprendra une analyse morphologique sur les variations régulières de l’ionisation en période de soleil calme (variation diurne, saisonnière et en fonction du cycle solaire) par le traitement de stations GPS en Europe et en Afrique sur la période analysée (2000 à 2014);les variations perturbées de l’ionosphère associées à des événements solaires retenus selon une grille de critères; L’analyse de l’indice ROTI afin d’étudier les scintillations ionosphériques génératrices d’une dégradation du positionnement aux basses latitudes et en particulier en Afrique.L’étude se poursuivra par la comparaison avec les modèles existants afin d’identifier leurs performances:le modèle NeQuick2, logiciel de modélisation du profil vertical médian l’ionosphère,Le modèle IONEX/CODG qui est une cartographie journalière du TEC en des positions spatiales et temporelles particulières et issu du post-traitement des mesures GPS sur une couverture mondiale.Le troisième volet de cette étude sera de donner des perspectives pour une éventuelle prévision de l’impact d'événements solaires particuliers sur l’ionosphère, par exemple la modélisation des gradients en période magnétiquement perturbée et la prévision de la présence du phénomène de scintillation ionosphérique sur certains trajets satellite-solThis work aims to study the regular variations of the ionosphere at middle and low latitudes and the impact of various events on solar ionization. To quantify these changes, we will use GPS networks to measure the Total Electronic Content (TEC) .This work is part of the project ISWI. The study will include a morphological analysis on regular variations in the ionization time of the Quiet Sun (diurnal variation, seasonal and based on the solar cycle) for the treatment of GPS stations in Europe and Africa over the period analyzed (2000 to 2014); variations disturbed ionosphere associated with solar events selected according to a set of criteria; Analysis of the ROTI index to study the ionospheric scintillation generating degradation positioning at low latitudes and especially Africa.The study will continue with the comparison with existing models in order to identify their performance: the NeQuick2 model modeling software profile of the median vertical ,the ionospheric model IONEX / CODG which is a daily mapping TEC in specific spatial and temporal positions and from the post-processing of GPS measurements on a third coverage mondiale.The component of this study will give prospects for a possible anticipation of the impact of specific solar events on the ionosphere, such modeling gradients in magnetically disturbed period and prediction of the presence of ionospheric scintillation event on some ground-satellite paths
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Simpson, Faith Mims. "An analysis of factors that Influence success in a low socioeconomic Georgia Middle School." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2009. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Nindl, Elisabeth. "An empirical assessment of Fairtrade: A perspective for low-and middle-income countries?" WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4069/1/wp160.pdf.
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This paper presents the first cross-country empirical evidence on the determinants of participation
in Fairtrade and the impact of the export of Fairtrade certified products on
agricultural growth in low- and middle-income countries. Using the number of certified
producer organizations per country in 2006-2010 as a proxy for Fairtrade exports, estimation
results indicate a small but significantly positive effect on the growth rate of per
capita value added in agriculture that is largest in upper middle income countries. Given
the particularly poverty-reducing effect of agricultural growth, we find empirical evidence
that Fairtrade certification is indeed able to deliver its core values, but misses to target
the very poor. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Johnson, Yvonne P. "Preferred General Music Classroom Activities Among Low-income, Urban-minority Middle School Students." Connect to resource, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1220458366.
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Diaconu, Karin-Daniela. "Methods for medical device and equipment procurement in low and middle-income countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7063/.
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40-70% of medical devices and equipment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are broken, unused or unfit for purpose: ad-hoc, undiscerning and inefficient procurement methods and processes contribute towards this problem. This thesis presents the findings of four original studies on medical device and equipment procurement within LMICs. Chapter I reports findings of a systematic literature review on procurement and prioritization methods; recommendations from reviewed literature are synthesised. Chapter II describes fieldwork conducted in The Gambia and Romania to explore the processes and dynamics behind medical device procurement in contrasting settings. Findings suggest procurement processes are strongly influenced by political/cultural power dynamics; health technology assessment evidence is rarely considered. Chapter III discusses the feasibility of conducting medical device specific economic evaluations for informing procurement planning. A case study on the costeffectiveness of alternative treatment interventions for femur-shaft fracture fixation in Sub-Saharan Africa is presented. Chapter IV consists of a critical appraisal of the medical device specific elements of the One Health Tool for health system planning. The thesis concludes with a discussion contextualizing the findings and suggestions for further research.
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Allaby, Martin Arnold Kenworthy. "Economic inequality, corruption and the Christian churches in low- and middle-income countries." Thesis, Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.732940.
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Sosa-Ortiz, Ana Luisa. "Constructs underlying mild cognitive impairment of relevance to low and middle income countries." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/constructs-underlying-mild-cognitive-impairment-of-relevance-to-low-and-middle-income-countries(894f3523-9196-47cb-91ab-6b7e4aa6b037).html.
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Background: Numbers of older people are increasing rapidly in most low and middle income countries and there is a pressing need for adequate information on dementia and cognitive disorders in these regions. Mild cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as an important ‘transition’ prior to dementia onset, but is poorly understood outside Western settings, as are key constructs underlying this concept: namely, subjective memory complaints, informant-reported memory deficits and the relationship between cognition and disability. Methods: Data were analysed in relation to these questions from a series of catchment area surveys of older people carried out following identical methodologies in Cuba, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Peru, Venezuela, India and China, involving over 15,000 participating residents aged 65 years and over. Measurements had been rigorously assessed for cross-cultural applicability and were identically administered. Results: Normative data for cognitive function are described and compared, followed by the prevalence of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Substantial variations were found between sites in the prevalence of subjective memory complaints and informant-reported memory deficits, and in their associations with dementia, and with cognitive function in participants without dementia. Variation was also found in the association between cognitive function and informant-reported disability in participants. For example, subjective memory complaints in China were relatively rare but much more strongly associated with dementia and/or cognitive function than in other sites. Conclusions: The high level of between-site variability in the associations in question suggests that mild cognitive impairment as a construct is strongly influenced by cultural factors which need to be taken into account when interpreting it or applying it in healthcare.
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Rodrigue, Shannon Rae. "Communication and social-cognition in 12-month-olds from low- and middle-income homes." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3212025.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 26, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-190).
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Fowler, Logan J. "Books and the bank : Low and middle SES classrooms versus the home literacy environment /." Staten Island, N.Y. : [s.n.], 2007. http://library.wagner.edu/theses/education/2007/thesis_edu_2007_fowler_books.pdf.
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LEVY, BARBARA PAGLIARI. "SHARING AS A CONSUMPTION PRACTICE IN LOW-MIDDLE CLASS URBAN FAMILIES: AN INTERPRETATIVE STUDY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26767@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O presente estudo investiga o fenômeno do compartilhamento como prática de consumo em famílias brasileiras urbanas de classe média baixa. Para tal, utiliza-se da perspectiva da Consumer Consumption Theory (CCT), de caráter interpretativo e adotando-se a família estendida residente em um mesmo domicílio como unidade de análise.O compartilhamento é uma prática cotidiana, presente na vida dos indivíduos tanto na esfera pública, quanto privada. Nos lares, compartilha-se desde a geladeira e seu conteúdo até os móveis, os utensílios e os espaços da casa. Compartilham-se a refeição, o entretenimento e as atividades domésticas. Fora dos lares, compartilham-se os espaços públicos, espaços comerciais como restaurantes e cinemas, os transportes, as paisagens, o mundo. O compartilhamento realizado pelas famílias é um fenômeno social que, apesar de sempre ter existido como prática de consumo cotidiana, esteve praticamente ausente dos estudos em Comportamento do Consumidor e de áreas correlatas. O arcabouço teórico está baseado na Consumer Culture Theory, especificamente sobre o processo de significação do consumo e no compartilhamento como prática de consumo. Foi utilizada abordagem interpretativa, com base em entrevistas em profundidade com diferentes membros das famílias estendidas. Seguiu-se o método abdutivo de combinação sistemática, em um processo de idas e vindas entre teoria e campo. Este estudo contribui para a ampliação do conhecimento sobre práticas de consumo de três formas principais: i) expandindo o entendimento da temática do compartilhamento, delineando melhor fronteiras conceituais e temáticas; ii) estudando o fenômeno no contexto da família estendida brasileira, em contraposição à família nuclear norte-americana; e iii) identificando as especificidades do fenômeno entre famílias urbanas de classe média baixa. Do estudo emergiram novas categorias para descrever o compartilhamento, assim como foram obtidas evidências de o emprestar ser um modo de consumo distinto de compartilhamento.
This research investigates sharing as a consumption practice in Brazilian low-middle class urban families. Given this purpose, the study adopts the Consumption Culture Theory (CCT) interpretative perspective, using the extended family residing in the same household as the unit of analysis. Sharing is an everyday practice in the individuals lives in both public and private spheres. Within the households, artifacts such as the refrigerator and its contents are shared, as well as furniture, utensils, and physical spaces. Individuals share meals, entertainment, and domestic chores. Outside the home, public spaces, commercial spaces such as restaurants and cinemas, transportation, landscapes, and other aspects of the physical world are all shared. Sharing within families is a social phenomenon that, although it has always been a daily consumption practice, it has practically been absent from studies on Consumer Behavior and related areas. The theoretical framework is based on the Consumer Culture Theory, specifically on the process of extracting meaning from consumption. The study used an interpretative approach, based on in-depth interviews with different members of the extended families. It followed the abductive method of systematic combining, which is characterized by continuous comings and goings between the theory and the field. This study contributes to increase the knowledge on consumption practices in three main ways: i) by expanding the understanding of the phenomenon of sharing, better outlining its conceptual and thematic borders; ii) by studying the phenomenon in the context of the Brazilian extended family, as opposed to the American nuclear family; and iii) by identifying specificities of how the phenomenon manifests among low middle class urban families. New categories emerged from the study to describe sharing, as well as comparative elements between sharing and lending as consumption practices. The study proposes a conceptual framework for the different types of sharing.
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Calistus, Wilunda. "Caesarean delivery and anaemia risk in children in 45 low- and middle- income countries." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232310.
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Barroy, Hélène. "Toward Universal Health Coverage : Assessing Health Financing Reforms in Low and Middle Income Countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10459.
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La Couverture Santé Universelle (CSU) vise permettre à chaque individu d’utiliser les services de santé dont il a besoin sans risque de ruine financière ou d’appauvrissement. Bien que le concept de CSU offre un cadre directeur important pour une nation, tous les pays, quel que soit leur niveau de revenu, sont aux prises avec la réalisation ou le maintien de la couverture universelle. Dans ce contexte, générer des preuves sur les expériences des pays et partager les leçons sur les principales contraintes et les choix stratégiques utilisés pour surmonter les barrières techniques serait susceptible de permettre aux pays à revenus faibles ou intermédiaires d’aller de l'avant et de progresser plus rapidement vers la CSU. La thèse propose une analyse comparative de plusieurs instruments politiques, utilisés par cinq cas pays (Niger, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Gabon, France), pour étendre la couverture sanitaire et la protection financière. L’analyse montre que les interventions simples, comme la suppression des frais des utilisateurs (Niger) ou de l'assurance santé à base communautaire (Bangladesh), peuvent accroître l'utilisation des services pour les groupes les plus défavorisés, mais font face à de fortes limitations dans l’atteinte de plus grandes ambitions. Des réformes plus articulées ont démontré des gains importants dans le développement de la couverture santé, mais font également face à des défis pour trouver l'espace budgétaire suffisant (Gabon) et améliorer l’efficience et l'équité du système (Vietnam). Enfin, la thèse analyse les effets de différentes réformes utilisées pour maintenir les gains de la CSU dans des systèmes de santé mûrs, tel que la France. Dans l'ensemble, la thèse a démontré que le menu des réformes vers la couverture universelle est vaste, complexe et perpétuel mais que certains chemins peuvent conduire au succèsUniversal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure that everyone can use the health services they need without risk of financial ruin or impoverishment. While the UHC concept offers a powerful framework for a nation, all countries, irrespective of their income level, are struggling with achieving or sustaining universal coverage. In this context, generating evidence about countries’ experiences and sharing lessons on key constraints and strategic choices used to overcome technical barriers would likely enable low-and-middle countries to move forward and make faster progress toward UHC. The thesis provides a comparative analysis of policy instruments used by five selected country cases (Niger, Vietnam,Bangladesh, Gabon and France), to expand health coverage and financial coverage. Analysis shows that single interventions, like user fee removal (Niger) or community-based insurance (Bangladesh), can increase service utilization for the most disadvantaged groups but face strong limitations toward greater ambitions. More articulated reforms have demonstrated significant gains in expanding health coverage but also face challenges in finding the adequate fiscal space (Gabon) and in strengthening system’s efficiency and equity (Vietnam). Finally, the thesis analyzed the effects of different reforms used to sustain gains of UHC in mature health systems, like France. Overall, the thesis demonstrated that the reform agenda for universal coverage is large, complex and perpetual but that certain pathways can ensure success
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Mitchell, Ingrid Nadia. "Effect of Vocabulary Test Preparation on Low-Income Black Middle School Students' Reading Scores." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2936.
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Black middle school students in the United States perform poorly on standardized reading achievement tests in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a vocabulary-focused test preparation program for underachieving Black middle school students. Thorndike's concept of test-wiseness, a test-taking capacity, provided the theoretical foundation for the study. Research questions investigated the difference in reading test scores on the Discovery Education Assessment of underachieving Black middle school students who participated in a key vocabulary test preparation program and those who did not. An intact-group comparison was used in which the research site, a large urban middle school in Tennessee, was matched with a similar middle school. Teachers at the research site were trained on a test preparation strategy meant to familiarize students with key vocabulary terms related to test items. Participants were Black students in Grades 6, 7, and 8, who were enrolled in Title 1 supplementary reading instruction and scored below proficiency, with 405 students in the treatment group and 249 students in the control group. The post-intervention reading test scores on the Discovery Education Assessment were compared between the groups, with a baseline test score used as the covariate. The adjusted mean scores for both 6th and 7th grade students were significantly greater for the intervention group (p = .018 and p = .062 respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in test scores for 8th grade students (p = .246). Implications for positive social change include providing research-based findings to the study site that support the vocabulary-focused test preparation program to improve the reading achievement of Black middle school students.
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Taylor, Jennifer. "Exploring Pediatric Healthcare Initiatives of Non-Governmental Organizations in Low-and Middle-Income Countries." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40670.
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Objective: To explore and describe how healthcare non-governmental organizations provide and evaluate programs and services that result in positive and sustainable health outcomes in children and adolescents living in low-and middle-income countries and to better understand the role of nursing within these organizations.
Scoping Review: A scoping review informed by the Arksey & O’Malley framework was completed to explore the research on the delivery of pediatric health services by non-governmental organizations in low-and middle-income countries.
Qualitative Study: Semi-structured interviews were conducted to share the voices and experiences of stakeholders working in the field of NGO practice to provide clarity, further insight and depth to the results from the scoping review and broaden the understanding of the role of nursing on this topic.
Conclusions: Despite variability in practice and a multitude of competing priorities, outcome evaluation is growing within the field of pediatric NGO practice, and progress is being made towards evaluation of broader health outcomes besides unidimensional health indicators or outputs. Nurses can play a significant role in improving pediatric NGO program development and evaluation practices and are well positioned to be global health leaders who can influence policy and practice for the achievement of positive and sustainable health outcomes in children and adolescents in low-and middle-income countries.
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Nojyo, Takeshi. "Lung cancer incidence in middle-aged men estimated by low-dose computed tomography screening." Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120551.
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Ikenberry, Susan J. "Math, Class, and Katrina Aftermath: The Impact of Experiences Teaching Mathematics to Low-income Middle School Students on Middle-income Teachers’ Pedagogical Strategies." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1925.
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Despite a century of educational reforms, no matter how achievement is measured, learning and opportunity gaps can still be predicted by race and socioeconomic status. Teachers and schools are blamed for functioning to reproduce social inequality. This study investigated teacher agency and transformative potentials. It considered how teachers modified their pedagogical practices when teaching low-income and high-poverty students. In order to capture teacher beliefs and logic, a qualitative approach was used involving in-depth interviews of a small number of participants.
The research used the context of the dislocation of students from high-poverty Orleans Parish schools in the year following Hurricane Katrina and their absorption into often higher income schools to understand middle-class teachers’ perspectives on their new students’ learning needs and how they adjusted their practice. Participants were middle-school mathematics teachers ranging in experience and orientation. Evacuees had weaker mathematics backgrounds (often two years below grade level). In all cases, evacuees were in classes with non-evacuees.
Teachers made different pedagogical choices: continuing to use diverse methods aimed at higher-order understanding, or moving to direct instructional strategies; remediating or accelerating students with below-grade-level mathematics skills; and whether or not to help students acculturate (code-switch) from one set of classroom norms and etiquettes to another. Key factors influencing choices included: socioeconomic makeup of their classes; teachers’ level of mathematics expertise; emphasis on test scores; teachers’ views of students’ culture; and teachers’ peer environments. The study provides insights into teacher and classroom mechanisms that contributed to Katrina evacuee multi-year achievement gains.