Journal articles: 'Middle distance runners'

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Cunningham, Ruthann, Iain Hunter, Matthew K. Seeley, and Brent Feland. "Variations in running technique between female sprinters, middle, and distance runners." International Journal of Exercise Science 6, no. 1 (2013): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.70252/xvrs8993.

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In the sport of track and field, runners excel not only due to physiological characteristics but also aspects in running technique. Optimal technique allows runners the perfect the balance between running speed and economy. The ideal movement pattern may vary between events as the goal goes from economy of movement in the long-distance events to speed and power in the sprints. Understanding how each type of runner moves differently will help coaches more effectively train their athletes for each specific running event. This study was conducted to determine if sprinters, middle-distance, and long-distance runners would exhibit differences in form while running at the same speeds. Thirty female Division I collegiate runners participated in this study. Runners were separated into categories based on the events for which they were currently training in: 10 sprinters, 10 middle-distance, and 10 long-distance runners. Participants were asked to run twenty-two steps at five selected speeds. Knee angles, ground contact time, center of mass separation, and stride length were measured using a Vicon Nexus motion analysis system. Data was processed using analysis of variance and a Tukey post hoc analysis. Significant differences (p < .05) occurred between long-distance runners and the other two groups (middle-distance and sprinters) for knee range, ground contact time, center of mass separation, and stride length at all five speeds. While running at the same speeds, there are specific characteristics of technique that distinguish long-distance runners from middle-distance and sprinters.

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Vesković, Ana, Marija Čolić, Nenad Janković, and Marija Regodić. "A comparative analysis of state anxiety and coping in sprint and middle-and long-distance runners." Fizicka kultura 74, no. 2 (2020): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul74-32871.

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Competitive anxiety and coping with competitive stress determine successful athletic performance in important ways. The first goal of this study was to investigate the intensity and potential differences in state anxiety (somatic and cognitive) and self-confidence between sprinters and middleand long-distance runners, as well as to compare their use of coping strategies and/ or coping dimensions. The second goal was to define which coping strategies runners use most frequently in general. The third aim was to examine if there is a relationship between competitive anxiety and coping dimensions in runners. A sample of 52 runners, 44.2% sprinters and 55.8% long-distance runners, (Mage = 24.25; Msp.exp .= 9.78) completed the SCAI-2 and CICS. Compared to middleand long-distance runners, sprinters scored higher on somatic and cognitive anxiety and lower on self-confidence. In total, runners most frequently use task-oriented coping strategies. There are no differences between sprinters and middleand long-distance runners in coping dimensions and strategies except in mental distraction, which is more frequently used by middleand long-distance runners. Task-oriented coping was positively related to self-confidence and negatively to cognitive anxiety. Disengagement-oriented coping is positively related to both somatic and cognitive anxiety and negatively to self-confidence. The study results highlight the possible directions for further research and provide a basis for several practical recommendations.

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Billat, Véronique, Bernard Auvinet, Claude Courreau, et al. "Comparaison de l’athlète humain (demi-fondeur) et équin (trotteur) des modifications de la foulée entre la vitesse au seuil lactique et la vitesse maximale atteinte lors d’une épreuve triangulaire." STAPS 20, no. 50 (1999): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/staps.1999.1145.

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Comparison of the stride pattern modification between the velocity at the lactate threshold and maximal velocity in an incremental test in middle distance runners and trotters This study compared the influence of the lactate threshold on the stride pattern modification with speed, in trotters (n = 19) and middle distance runners (n = 10). Moreover, this study focuses on relationship between this stride modifications at lactate threshold velocity and performance in competition. Incremental tests performed on track and using stages of 4 min for horses and 3 min for middle-distance runners allowed to determine velocity at the lactate threshold corresponding to an increase of lactatemia of more than 1 mM around 4 mM. Relative velocity at the lactate threshold (expressed in % of the maximal velocity) was not different between middle distance runners and trotters (85.3 ± 4.3 and 83.5 ± 4.3 % respectively, t = -0.792, p = 0.43). Increase of velocity between the velocity at the lactate threshold and the maximal velocity is accomplished by the increase of stride frequency in the majority of horses (78 %) and for almost half of the middle distance runners (45 %). However, the increase of speed is correlated with the increase of the stride frequency for horses and the increase of stride length in middle distance runners. Moreover, for the horses, the stride frequency increased and maximal value of stride frequency and stride length were correlated with the maximal velocity. In human, the stride length only correlated the maximal velocity.

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Haugen, Thomas, Øyvind Sandbakk, Eystein Enoksen, Stephen Seiler, and Espen Tønnessen. "Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners." Sports Medicine 51, no. 9 (2021): 1835–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01481-2.

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AbstractDespite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.

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Ghosh, Soumyadip, Sayan Jyoti Bera, Kingshuk Ghosh, Pritee Singha, Atanu Jana, and Indranil Manna. "Impact of short term training on morphological, physical fitness and physiological variables of middle distance runners." Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance 2, no. 4 (2023): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55860/babf3856.

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Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of short term training on morphological, physical fitness and physiological determinants of middle distance runners. Method: Total of 97 male volunteers (age: 18-20 yrs.) (40- sedentary control, and 57- middle distance runners) were included randomly, and 17 middle distance runners were excluded. The rest were divided into (a) Sedentary Control Group (SCG, n = 40) and (b) Middle Distance Runners Group (MDR, n = 40). The volunteers of MDR followed a training schedule of 2 hrs/d, 5days/wk., for 6 wks.; no training was given in SCG. Results: A significant (p < .05) increase in strength (of grip, back, leg, upper body strength, abdominal), anaerobic power, flexibility, VO2max, FEV1, FVC, PEFR; and decrease (p < .05) in body mass, body fat and sprint time, heart rate (during rest, sub-maximal exercise and recovery) among the volunteers of MDR after 6 weeks of training. This study showed positive correlation between standing broad jump and height (r = +0.51, p < .05); and between speed and leg strength (r = +0.52, p < .05). Conclusion: Training have a positive impact on morphological, physical fitness and physiological variables of middle distance runners. Further research would provide conclusive results that can be extrapolated to general population.

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Bobrovnyk, V. I., M. L. Tkachenko, and D. O. Puhachov. "Modern technology for training qualified runners for middle distances (800, 1500 m) based on the development of model training microcycles of the stages of spring-summer preparatory and summer competition periods of the third year of training of the stage." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(179) (June 21, 2024): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.6(179).08.

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The modern sports calendar enables qualified middle-distance runners, starting from the spring-summer preparatory and summer competition period, to actively participate in competitions starting from April and ending in October. A feature of the spring-summer competitive period is currently the participation of athletes in competitions 1-2 times a week, therefore the development of model weekly microcycles associated with the maximum manifestation of the necessary physical abilities (speed, strength and special endurance) should be based on the performance of special exercises in intensity zones (95-98% of the personal result) in the training process. In this regard, the development of training microcycles in the spring- summer competitive period is relevant. Based on the generalization of advanced theoretical and practical experience, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the analysis of individual training plans for middle-distance runners, and a questionnaire survey of leading Ukrainian endurance running coaches (medium and long distances) and radio telemetry, running exercises were selected for development (general endurance, special endurance, speed qualities) and adjusted the methodology of their application for middle-distance runners at the stage of specialized basic training, 7 model weekly training microcycles of middle-distance runners in the spring-summer preparatory and summer competitive period of the third year of training at the stage of specialized training were also developed basic training.

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Manning, J., and L. Pickup. "Symmetry and Performance in Middle Distance Runners." International Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 03 (1998): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971905.

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KEYNO, Aleksandr Yu, Svetlana A. ZAGUZOVA, and Vera B. BOLDYREVA. "Main factors determining the growth of results among middle-distance runners." Medicine and Physical Education: Science and Practice, no. 4 (2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2658-7688-2019-1-4-48-55.

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The relevance of this topic is due to the constantly increasing level of sports achievements in the middle distance race, which puts new qualitative requirements to physical training of athletes. Running at 800 m refers to submaximal power exercises, where work is performed mainly in anaerobic power supply conditions. A sufficiently high running speed, which must be for about two minutes, leads to significant changes in the activity of the runner's body systems, putting him in extremely unfavourable conditions of functioning. Maintaining a high running speed in such conditions depends on the ability to perform work in conditions of high oxygen debt and significant accumulation of lactic acid in working muscles and blood, i.e. on special endurance. On this basis, the training of runners on 800 m is primarily related to the development of speed and special endurance, which are in contradictory relations. Supposedly that organization of training of runners on 800 m on the basis of fulfillment of factors limiting growth of their achievements at different levels of skill, will contribute to improvement of quality of training of athletes. We carried out the pedagogical experiment in the experimental group, analyzed the results in comparison with the results of the control group (the experiment was in the athletics section of Tambov SSOR no. 2).

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Hussain, Gaffor, and Dr Lokendra Bahadur Kathayat. "Comparative analysis of body composition profiles between middle distance runners and long distance runners athletes." International Journal of Physiology, Sports and Physical Education 6, no. 2 (2024): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26647710.2024.v6.i2a.77.

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Bobrovnyk, V. I., and D. O. Puhachov. "The tasks of the stages of the annual cycle, the solution of which is the basis for improving physical qualities, which ensures the effectiveness of middle-distance running of athletes at the stage of specialized basic training." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(181) (August 23, 2024): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.8(181).04.

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The current training method focuses on the athlete at the stage of specialized basic training to further achieve a consistent level of development of special strength, as well as basic strength and strength abilities, It is fundamentally necessary to thoroughly understand the technical and tactical abilities of a mid-distance runner in the minds of a high level for The highest level of basic tasks is to achieve a high level of diversity and the interconnection of all types of preparation - physical, technical, tactical, psychological, moral-volitional, etc. Based on periodization systems, we improved the annual training macrocycle for middle-distance runners in the third year of specialized basic training, which includes: 2 autumn-winter and spring-summer macrocycles, 6 main periods and 16 training stages, which include 18 mesocycles and 52 microcycles. Considering the stages of preparation of the annual training cycle as the basis of the training process of middle-distance runners at the stage of specialized basic training, we developed groups of exercises with different predominant orientation, and on this basis, model microcycles of each stage were built depending on the tasks. On the basis of the annual training macrocycle of qualified middle-distance runners in the third year of training at the stage of specialized basic training, the main tasks of the stages of the annual training cycle of different predominant orientations were developed, which are the basis for improving the components of physical qualities. The developed tasks of the stages of the annual training cycle are aimed at increasing the capabilities of the aerobic system, the aerobic-anaerobic system, as well as the anaerobic energy supply system, which will make it possible to lay an aerobic-anaerobic base on which middle-distance runners will successfully perform large volumes of special work, carry loads more easily, and recover faster after them at the stage of specialized basic training.

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Habib, Zeeshan, Muhammad Aslam Khan, and Shahid Ali Khan. "EFFECTS OF AEROBIC TRAINING VERSUS CROSS-TRAINING UPON CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE OF MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS." SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS) 6 (December 15, 2022): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v6i0.2202.

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The current study was conducted to examine the effects of aerobic training versus cross-training upon cardio-respiratory endurance of middle distance runners. A total of 60 male college’s badminton players between the age of 18-21 years participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups, Experimental Group (EG) n=40 and Control Group (CG) n=20. The EG was further divided into Aerobic Training A and Cross Training B. EG was given prescribed training, while CG remained as usual. Data were collected two times; T1 pre-test and T2 post-test after eight weeks. T-test was applied to measure the statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test results. There is significant effect of cross training on cardiovascular fitness of middle distance runners aged 17 to 24 years. The effect of cross training was measured as a dominant training method for the cardiovascular fitness of middle distance runners as compare to aerobic training and control group. Before the treatments the groups were same in cardiovascular endurance but due to aerobic training and cross training the middle distance runners reduce their weight and BMI as well as improve their cardiovascular endurance after the treatment.

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Casado, Arturo, José Luis Tuimil, Xavier Iglesias, et al. "Maximum aerobic speed, maximum oxygen consumption, and running spatiotemporal parameters during an incremental test among middle- and long-distance runners and endurance non-running athletes." PeerJ 10 (October 5, 2022): e14035. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14035.

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Background Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar V̇O2max has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare V̇O2max, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners (n = 6) and endurance non-runners (n = 6). In addition, we aimed to compare the maximal blood lactate concentration [BLa] experienced by participants after conducting these tests. Methods Telemetric portable respiratory gas analysis, contact and flight time, and stride length and rate were measured using a 5-m contact platform during an incremental test at a synthetic athletics track. V̇O2, heart rate, respiratory quotient values in any 15 s average period during the test were measured. [BLa] was analyzed after the test . Running spatiotemporal parameters were recorded at the last two steps of each 400 m lap. A coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated for each spatiotemporal variable in each participant from 8 km h−1 onwards. Results Whereas runners reported faster MAS (21.0 vs. 18.2 km h−1) than non-runners (p = 0.0001, ES = 3.0), no differences were found for V̇O2max and maximum blood lactate concentration during the running tests (p > 0.05). While significant increases in flight time and stride length and frequency (p < 0.001, 0.52 ≤ ${\eta }_{p}^{2}$ ≤ 0.8) were observed throughout the tests, decreases in contact time (p < 0.001, ${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.9$) were reported. Runners displayed a greater %CV (p = 0.015) in stride length than non-runners. We conclude that middle- and long-distance runners can achieve a faster MAS compared to non-running endurance athletes despite exhibiting a similar V̇O2max. This superior performance may be associated to a greater mechanical efficiency. Overall, runners displayed a greater ability to modify stride length to achieve fast speeds, which may be related to a more mechanically efficient pattern of spatiotemporal parameters than non-runners.

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Susiono, Ricky, FX Sugiyanto, Ria Lumintuarso, and Tomoliyus Tomoliyus. "Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and unification training on Aerobic Capacity and Muscle Strength in Intermediate Distance Runners- a systematic review." Retos 63 (January 6, 2025): 698–712. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.111191.

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Introduction and Objectives: Aerobic capacity and muscular strength are two important physical components that influence the performance of middle-distance runners. High-intensity interval Training (HIIT) and unification training have been recognized as effective methods for improving these parameters. However, scientific evidence comprehensively examining the effects of these two methods on middle-distance runners is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of HIIT and unification training on the aerobic capacity and muscle strength of middle-distance runners. Methodology: This study was a systematic review that followed the PRISMA guidelines. Data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases with inclusion criteria including experimental studies published in the last 10 years. A total of 20 articles were selected and analyzed qualitatively. The main parameters evaluated were changes in aerobic capacity (VO₂max) and muscle strength (dynamic and isometric) in middle-distance runners. Results: This review found that HIIT significantly improved aerobic capacity through cardiovascular adaptation and oxygen efficiency. Unification training, which combines aerobic and strength components, showed significant improvements in muscle strength, especially in the lower limb muscles. Several studies have shown that combining HIIT and unification training synergistically affects both parameters. Conclusion: HIIT and unification training improves aerobic capacity and muscular strength in middle-distance runners. The combination of both methods provided more optimal results. The practical implication is that coaches and athletes can adopt an integrated training approach to optimize performance. Further research is needed to explore the most effective exercise duration and intensity.

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Paplauskas, Šarūnas, and Asta Šarkauskienė. "Selection and Preparation of Young Middle Distance Runners." Sporto mokslas / Sport Science 1, no. 87 (2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2017.2.

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Del Arco, Asier, Aitor Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza, Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko, Anna Gogojewicz, and Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro. "Are Supplements Consumed by Middle-Distance Runners Evidence-Based? A Comparative Study between Level of Competition and Sex." Nutrients 15, no. 22 (2023): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15224839.

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Background: Middle-distance running events have special physiological requirements from a training and competition point of view. Therefore, many athletes choose to take sport supplements (SS) for different reasons. To date, few studies have been carried out that review supplementation patterns in middle-distance running. The aim of the present study is to analyze the consumption of SS in these runners with respect to their level of competition, sex and level of scientific evidence. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data was collected from 106 middle-distance runners using a validated questionnaire. Results: Of the total sample, 85.85% responded that they consumed SS; no statistical difference was found regarding the level of competition or sex of the athletes. With respect to the level of competition, differences were observed in the total consumption of SS (p = 0.012), as well as in that of medical supplements (p = 0.005). Differences were observed between sexes in the consumption of medical supplements (p = 0.002) and group C supplements (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Higher-level athletes consume SS that have greater scientific evidence. On the other hand, although the most commonly consumed SS have evidence for the performance or health of middle-distance runners, runners should improve both their sources of information and their places of purchase.

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Zhang, Yinfu, Changjiang Xu, and Xingna He. "CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE IN MID AND LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS UNDER TRAINING." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 5 (2022): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_0064.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Research on the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system has a long history that has recently been expanded with echocardiography. Research using Doppler echocardiography has been increasing because of the safe and non-invasive method of examination to study cardiac morphology and function. However, few studies on functional cardiac changes in mid and long-distance runners under training are still few. Objective: Study the monitoring of cardiovascular response in middle and long-distance runners during training. Methods: The CFOCS-I cardiovascular function detector was used to observe 24 indices of cardiac pump function, vascular function, and microcirculation in 12 female middle-distance runners. Results: According to the test results, diastolic force, systolic force, systolic function, left ventricular ejection fraction increased during the proposed loading exercise. The mean systolic and mean pulse pressures increased significantly with exercise load (P<0.01). Conclusion: Mid and long-distance runners demonstrated significant cardiac changes in ventricular shape, size, and systolic function, accompanied by significant changes in diastolic function when subjected to intense exercise. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

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Basset, Fabien A., Richard Chouinard, and Marcel R. Boulay. "Training Profile Counts for Time-to-Exhaustion Performance." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 4 (2003): 654–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-050.

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The objective of this study was to compare the time to exhaustion (Tlim) at maximal aerobic speed ([Formula: see text]) in middle- and long-distance runners. Five middle-distance (MDR) and 5 long-distance (LDR) male runners, ages 28 ± 7 years, were tested running on a treadmill, with the Université de Montréal Track Test (UMTT), on maximal velocity and on time-to-exhaustion track tests. During the laboratory test, cardiorespiratory variables (e.g., HR, [Formula: see text]) were assessed. Second, running velocity at [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) during the UMTT was determined and HR values were recorded; also, maximal velocity on a 30-m sprint (V30) and maximal heart rate (HR max) and time to exhaustion were determined on the track. No significant difference was observed between groups during the multistage treadmill test. Significant differences were found between groups for V30 and Tlim, with MDR showing a 23% longer running time than LDR. The results of the present study demonstrated that the training profile of middle-distance and long-distance runners plays a significant role in Tlim performance when [Formula: see text] is obtained during a test with short-duration stages. Key words: maximal oxygen uptake, runners, time limit (Tlim)

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Thorland, William G., Glen O. Johnson, Craig J. Cisar, Terry J. Housh, and Gerald D. Tharp. "Muscular Strength and Power in Elite Young Male Runners." Pediatric Exercise Science 2, no. 1 (1990): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2.1.73.

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This study assessed strength and muscular power of elite young male runners in order to determine the relationship of these characteristics to age and specialization in either sprint or middle distance events. Forty-eight national junior-level sprint and middle distance runners were evaluated for isokinetic peak torque for leg extension as well as muscular power and fatiguability. Peak torque values were greater for the older runners and for the sprinters when measured at higher velocities. However, when adjusted for body weight, the peak torque values of the sprinters became significantly greater at all testing velocities. Muscular power values were also greater for the older runners, but event-related differences only appeared for peak power and mean power measures (being greater in the sprinters).

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Weyand, Peter G., and Matthew W. Bundle. "Energetics of high-speed running: integrating classical theory and contemporary observations." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 4 (2005): R956—R965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00628.2004.

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We hypothesized that the anaerobic power and aerobic power outputs during all-out runs of any common duration between 10 and 150 s would be proportional to the maximum anaerobic (Ėan-max) and aerobic powers (Ėaer-max) available to the individual runner. Seventeen runners who differed in Ėan-max and Ėaer-max (5 sprinters, 5 middle-distance runners, and 7 long distance runners) were tested during treadmill running on a 4.6° incline. Ėan-max was estimated from the fastest treadmill speed subjects could attain for eight steps. Ėaer-max was determined from a progressive, discontinuous, treadmill test to failure. Oxygen deficits and rates of uptake were measured to assess the respective anaerobic and aerobic power outputs during 11–16 all-out treadmill runs that elicited failure between 10 and 220 s. We found that, during all-out runs of any common duration, the relative anaerobic and aerobic powers utilized were largely the same for sprint, middle-distance, and long-distance subjects. The similar fractional utilization of the Ėan-max and Ėaer-max available during high-speed running 1) provides empirical values that modify and advance classic theory, 2) allows rates of anaerobic and aerobic energy release to be quantified from individual maxima and run durations, and 3) explains why the high-speed running performances of different event specialists can be accurately predicted ( R2 = 0.97; n = 254) from two direct measurements and the same exponential time constant.

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Saunders, Philo U., Richard D. Telford, David B. Pyne, Christopher J. Gore, and Allan G. Hahn. "Improved Race Performance in Elite Middle-Distance Runners After Cumulative Altitude Exposure." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 1 (2009): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.1.134.

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We quantified the effect of an extended live high-train low (LHTL) simulated altitude exposure followed by a series of training camps at natural moderate altitude on competitive performance in seven elite middle-distance runners (Vo2max 71.4 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1, mean ± SD). Runners spent 44 ± 7 nights (mean ± SD) at a simulated altitude of 2846 ± 32 m, and a further 4 X 7- to 10-d training at natural moderate altitude (1700–2200 m) before racing. The combination of simulated LHTL and natural altitude training improved competitive performance by 1.9% (90% confidence limits, 1.3-2.5%). Middle-distance runners can confidently use a combination of simulated and natural altitude to stimulate adaptations responsible for improving performance.

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Ojha, Devanshu. "Effect of Yoga to Enhance the Performance of Middle Distance Runners in Athletics." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 12 (2021): 490–92. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr211205160111.

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Sandford, Gareth N., Simon A. Rogers, Avish P. Sharma, Andrew E. Kilding, Angus Ross, and Paul B. Laursen. "Implementing Anaerobic Speed Reserve Testing in the Field: Validation of vVO2max Prediction From 1500-m Race Performance in Elite Middle-Distance Runners." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 8 (2019): 1147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0553.

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Purpose: Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), defined as the speed range from velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max) to maximal sprint speed, has recently been shown to be an important tool for middle-distance coaches to meet event surge demands and inform on the complexity of athlete profiles. To enable field application of ASR, the relationship between gun-to-tape 1500-m average speed (1500v) and the vVO2max for the determination of lower landmark of the ASR was assessed in elite middle-distance runners. Methods: A total of 8 national and 4 international middle-distance runners completed a laboratory-measured vVO2max assessment within 6 wk of a nonchampionship 1500-m gun-to-tape race. ASR was calculated using both laboratory-derived vVO2max (ASR-LAB) and 1500v (ASR-1500v), with maximal sprint speed measured using radar technology. Results: 1500v was on average +2.06 ± 1.03 km/h faster than vVO2max (moderate effect, very likely). ASR-LAB and ASR-1500v mean differences were −2.1 ± 1.5 km/h (large effect, very likely). 1500v showed an extremely large relationship with vVO2max, r = .90 ± .12 (most likely). Using this relationship, a linear-regression vVO2max-estimation equation was derived as vVO2max (km/h) = (1500v [km/h] − 14.921)/0.4266. Conclusions: A moderate difference was evident between 1500v and vVO2max in elite middle-distance runners. The present regression equation should be applied for an accurate field prediction of vVO2max from 1500-m gun-to-tape races. These findings have strong practical implications for coaches lacking access to a sports physiology laboratory who seek to monitor and profile middle-distance runners.

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Zhao, Yaowei, and Young-Je Sim. "Effects of muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity after interval training on the 800-m records of adolescent middle-distance runners." Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 19, no. 3 (2023): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12965/jer.2346212.106.

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To examine the effect of 10-week interval training (IT) at varying intensities on serum muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity and determine its effect on the 800-m records of adolescent middle-distance runners. Twenty male high-school middle-distance runners were randomized between the high-intensity IT (HIIT; n= 10) and the medium-intensity IT (MIIT; n= 10) groups. Three sessions/week for 10 weeks (total of 30 sessions) were performed; one session of IT was for 60 min. The high and medium exercise intensities were set at 90%–95% and 60%–70% heart rate reserve (HRR), respectively. Intensity at rest was 40% HRR for both groups. Weight training was performed at 60%–70% of one repetition maximum for two sessions/week. The changes in serum muscle damage indicators and antioxidant capacity in the two groups were measured, and their effects on the 800-m records were analyzed. The 10-week training reduced serum muscle damage indicators in middle-distance runners, but only the HIIT group displayed a decrease in creatine kinase. For the change in antioxidant capacity, the two groups demonstrated no significant change in malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas the HIIT group exhibited a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD). IT also reduced the 800-m records in middle-distance running, and the effect was stronger in the HIIT group. In conclusion, 10-week HIIT can have a positive effect on muscle damage indicators, showed a significant increase in SOD as a key indicator of antioxidant capacity, and improved the 800-m records in middle-distance runners.

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Benhammou, Saddek, Laurent Mourot, Jérémy Coquart, Adel Belkadi, Moulay Idriss Mokkedes, and Ali Bengoua. "The 180/20 intermittent athletic test: A new intermittent track test to assess the maximal aerobic speed in middle-distance runners." Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 15, no. 1 (2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33155/j.ramd.2021.08.001.

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Objective: The training of middle-distance runners is based on intermittent exercises. However, no study has proposed intermittent test to assess endurance performance for middle-distance athletes. The aims of the present study are 1) to develop a new specific testing for middle-distance runners entitled the 180/20 intermittent athletic test and to examine the validity of this test as compared to a standard continuous test 2) to check whether the maximal aerobic speed obtained from the 180/20 intermittent athletic test is related to the 800-m performance. Methods: Nineteen male middle-distance runners (age: 21.3 ± 2.2 years, height: 1.75 ± 0.04 m, and body mass: 68.8 ± 3.8 kg) performed in a random order three ﬁeld-tests: a standard test, the 180/20 intermittent athletic test and 800-m time-trial. The new test consisted of repeated 180m distance runs interspersed with 20m of active recovery performed until exhaustion. The speed is increased by 0.5 km.h-1 every 200 m. Results: The results of this study showed the maximal aerobic speed achieved during the new test was signiﬁcantly correlated to the maximal aerobic speed determined from a standard test (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) with low agreement limits (-1.69–1.48 km.h-1) without systematic bias (-0.10 km.h-1). The maximal aerobic speed in new test was better correlated to the 800-m running performance than the maximal aerobic speed achieved during a standard test (r = -0.78 and r = -0.66, respectively). Conclusions: The 180/20 intermittent athletic test is a valid test for scheduling intermittent training sessions in middle-distance runners.

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Ben-Zaken, Sigal, Yoav Meckel, Dan Nemet, Eias Kassem, and Alon Eliakim. "Increased Prevalence of the IL-6 -174C Genetic Polymorphism in Long Distance Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0070.

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AbstractThe IL-6 -174G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) functionally affects IL-6 activity, with the G-allele associated with increased IL-6 levels. The C-allele was found to be associated with exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the IL-6 -174G/C polymorphism and athletic performance among elite swimmers and runners. The study sample included 180 track and field athletes and 80 swimmers. Track and field athletes were assigned to three sub-groups: long-distance runners, middle-distance runners and short-distance runners. Swimmers were assigned to two subgroups: long-distance swimmers and short-distance swimmers. The control group consisted of 123 non-athletic healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood following a standard protocol. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The CC genotype and C-allele frequency were significantly higher in the long-distance swimmers (18 and 43%, respectively) compared to the long-distance runners (3 and 14%, respectively, p < 0.001); middle-distance runners (4 and 22%, respectively, p < 0.001); and controls (5 and 19%, respectively, p < 0.001). In addition, the CC genotype and C-allele frequency were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in long-distance swimmers compared to short-distance swimmers (18 versus 5% and 43 versus 29% for the CC genotype and C-allele frequency, respectively). The higher frequency of the C-allele and CC genotype among long-distance swimmers suggests that the rarity of exercise-associated rhabdomyolysis among swimmers is probably related to other sports-specific or water-related protective mechanisms. It is possible that swimming selection in talented endurance athletes who are C-allele carriers represents an example of genetically-dependent sports selection.

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Войтюк, Василь, Андрій Царик та Вікторія Юнаш. "ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ПІДГОТОВКИ БІГУНІВ НА СЕРЕДНІ ДИСТАНЦІЇ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВА". Physical culture sports and health of the nation, № 17(36) (13 липня 2024): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2071-5285-2024-17(36)-190-199.

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Relevance. The question of improvement of the training process of sportsmen is important at different stages of preparation. The construction of the training process of sportsmen specialising in middle-distance running, taking into account the importance of high-speed and power loads, is not properly reflected in the theory and methods of sports training. In modern conditions experts discuss the correlation and efficiency of general and special physical training. A small number of works, which mainly analyse physical training, relate only to the training of highly qualified athletes. Therefore, the optimal construction of the training process of athletes, taking into account their functional state, is becoming increasingly important. The study of this problem is of practical and scientific interest. The purpose of the research is to develop and theoretically substantiate the content of training work of 800 m runners with qualification of I adult category in different types of microcycles of the preparatory period. Research methods: the analysis of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical supervision. Results. The theoretical and methodological aspects of physical training of athletes specialising in middle distance running are considered. The physical training of middle distance runners is a determining factor in the training process aimed at developing the necessary physical qualities. The article analyses the system of training middle distance runners in modern conditions. The content of microcycles of middle distance runners at different stages of training is described. It is emphasised that strength and speed-power qualities (increase in muscle mass and strength, increase in explosive power and speed), development of aerobic and anaerobic endurance, flexibility and coordination abilities are the leading qualities for middle distance runners. This discipline synthesises speed characteristics and endurance, because it requires both maximum speed and a significant resource of special endurance. Conclusions. The scientific sources on the training of athletes specialising in 800m run were analysed in order to determine the differences in the training systems of specialists from different countries. It is determined that with the effective implementation of the means of improving high- speed endurance in the training process, it is possible to improve sportsmanship.

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Currie, A., S. G. Potts, W. Donovan, and D. Blackwood. "Illness behaviour in elite middle and long distance runners." British Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 1 (1999): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.33.1.19.

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Fernhall, B., K. Stillwell, and T. Manfredi. "283 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (1993): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00285.

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Kenney, W. L., and J. L. Hodgson. "Variables predictive of performance in elite middle-distance runners." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 4 (1985): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.4.207.

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Tammen, Vance V. "Elite middle and long distance runners associative/dissociative coping." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 8, no. 1 (1996): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413209608406304.

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Hardin, Donald H., John R. Bristol, and Frederick Taylor. "Ventilation Patterns and Stride Rates in Middle Distance Runners." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1, no. 1 (1987): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-198702000-00004.

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Hardin, Donald H., John R. Bristol, and Frederick Taylor. "Ventilation Patterns and Stride Rates in Middle Distance Runners." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1, no. 1 (1987): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1987)001<0017:vpasri>2.3.co;2.

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AAGAARD, PHILIP, ANDERS SAHLÉN, LENNART BERGFELDT, and FRIEDER BRAUNSCHWEIG. "Preparticipation Evaluation of Novice, Middle-Age, Long-Distance Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 1 (2013): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31826c5552.

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Bickham, D., P. Le Rossignol, C. Gibbons, and AP Russell. "Re-assessing accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5, no. 4 (2002): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80026-3.

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Greene, DA, GA Naughton, JN Briody, A. Kemp, H. Woodhead, and N. Farpour-Lambert. "Musculoskeletal health in elite male adolescent middle-distance runners." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 7, no. 3 (2004): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(04)80032-x.

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Green, Simon. "Maximal oxygen deficit of sprint and middle distance runners." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 70, no. 2 (1995): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00361549.

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Olesen, Hanne Lis, and Niels H. Secher. "Maximal oxygen deficit of sprint and middle distance runners." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 70, no. 2 (1995): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00361550.

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Olesen, Hanne Lis, Egil Raabo, Jens Bangsbo, and Niels H. Secher. "Maximal oxygen deficit of sprint and middle distance runners." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 69, no. 2 (1994): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00609406.

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Stellingwerff, Trent, Ingvill Måkestad Bovim, and Jamie Whitfield. "Contemporary Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Performance in Middle-Distance Runners." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2019): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0241.

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Middle-distance runners utilize the full continuum of energy systems throughout training, and given the infinite competition tactical scenarios, this event group is highly complex from a performance intervention point of view. However, this complexity results in numerous potential periodized nutrition interventions to optimize middle-distance training adaptation and competition performance. Middle-distance race intensity is extreme, with 800- to 5,000-m races being at ∼95% to 130% of VO2max. Accordingly, elite middle-distance runners have primarily Type IIa/IIx fiber morphology and rely almost exclusively on carbohydrate (primarily muscle glycogen) metabolic pathways for producing adenosine triphosphate. Consequently, the principle nutritional interventions that should be emphasized are those that optimize muscle glycogen contents to support high glycolytic flux (resulting in very high lactate values, of >20 mmol/L in some athletes) with appropriate buffering capabilities, while optimizing power to weight ratios, all in a macro- and microperiodized manner. From youth to elite level, middle-distance athletes have arduous racing schedules (10–25 races/year), coupled with excessive global travel, which can take a physical and emotional toll. Accordingly, proactive and integrated nutrition planning can have a profound recovery effect over a long race season, as well as optimizing recovery during rounds of championship racing. Finally, with evidence-based implementation and an appropriate risk/reward assessment, several ergogenic aids may have an adaptive and/or performance-enhancing effect in the middle-distance athlete. Given that elite middle-distance athletes undertake ∼400 to 800 training sessions with 10–25 races/year, there are countless opportunities to implement various periodized acute and chronic nutrition-based interventions to optimize performance.

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Tartaruga, Marcus P., Carlos B. Mota, Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Scale Model on Performance Prediction in Recreational and Elite Endurance Runners." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 4 (2014): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0165.

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Purpose:To identify the effect of allometric scaling on the relationship between running efficiency (REff) and middle-distancerunning performance according to performance level.Methods:Thirteen male recreational middle-distance runners (mean ± SD age 33.3 ± 8.4 y, body mass 76.4 ± 8.6 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 52.8 ± 4.6 mL · kg−1 · min−1; G1) and 13 male high-level middle-distance runners (age 25.5 ± 4.2 y, body mass 62.8 ± 2.7 kg, VO2max 70.4 ± 1.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1; G2) performed a continuous incremental test to volitional exhaustion to determine VO2max and a 6-min submaximal running test at 70% of VO2max to assess REff.Results:Significant correlation between REff and performance were found for both groups; however, the strongest correlations were observed in recreational runners, especially when using the allometric exponent (respectively for G1, nonallometric vs allometric scaling: r = .80 vs r = .86; and for G2, nonallometric vs allometric scaling: r = .55 vs r = .50).Conclusion:These results indicate that an allometric normalization may improve endurance-performance prediction from REff values in recreational, but not in elite, runners.

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Wilmore, J. H., K. C. Wambsgans, C. E. Broeder, et al. "METABOLIC EFFICIENCY IN ELITE AMENORRHEIC AND EUMENORRHEIC MIDDLE-DISTANCE AND DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (1989): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00193.

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Balsalobre-Fernández, Carlos, Carlos Ma Tejero-González, and Juan del Campo-Vecino. "Hormonal and Neuromuscular Responses to High-Level Middle- and Long-Distance Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 5 (2014): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0539.

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of high-level competition on salivary free cortisol, countermovement jump (CMJ), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the relationships between these fatigue indicators in a group of elite middle- and long-distance runners.Method:The salivary free cortisol levels and CMJ height of 10 high-level middle- and long-distance runners (7 men, 3 women; age 27.6 ± 5.1y) competing in 800-m, 1500-m, 3000-m, or 5000-m events in the 2013 Spanish National Championships were measured throughout a 4-wk baseline period, then again before and after their respective races on the day of the competition. Athletes’ RPE was also measured after their races.Results:Cortisol increased significantly after the race compared with the value measured 90 min before the race (+98.3%, g = 0.82, P < .05), while CMJ height decreased significantly after the race (–3.9%, g = 0.34, P < .05). The decrease in CMJ height after the race correlates significantly with the postcompetition cortisol increase (r = .782, P < .05) and the RPE assessment (r = .762, P < .01).Conclusions:Observed differences in CMJ height correlate significantly with salivary free cortisol levels and RPE of middle- and long-distance runners. These results show the suitability of the CMJ for monitoring multifactorial competition responses in high-level middle- and long-distance runners.

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Shalaby, Mohammed N., Mona M. A. Sakoury, Haitham F. M. Akl, Rasha H. A. Hassan, Hana A. S. Ababtain, and Ahmad Alghamdi. "Effect of Physical Exertion on the effect of physical exertion on the concentration of copper and blood pressure in athletesn the Concentration of Copper and Blood Pressure in Athletes." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 26, no. 4 (2022): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.0405.

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Background and Study Aim. Several mineral elements are necessary for the athlete's body, which significantly impact the development of sports achievements because of their active role in bringing internal balance to the athlete's body. The study aims to determine the concentration of copper in the blood before and after the implementation of physical exertion at a level of 180 pulse/min on middle-distance runners. Material and Methods. Twelve athletes who are team members at Egyptian clubs were chosen deliberately as a research sample. The study participants were at the end of their special preparation. The experiment was conducted between July 12, 2021, and July 14, 2021, on the research sample, resting after exerting physical effort by running on a treadmill at a speed of 10 km / h. The runner continued at this speed for 3 minutes, after which the device's speed increased by 2 km / h every minute until reaching a heart rate of 180 pulse/ min. Results. The mineral differences in the copper element are attributed to the immediate induced by physical exertion by increasing the copper element in the blood within the normal level. This causes many changes and responses within the body cells. The copper element plays a significant role in oxidation and reduction processes via enzymes that require the copper element to produce energy in the cells and tissues due to the body's exposure to physical exertion. Athletes' exposure to physical exertion causes copper-dependent enzymes to produce energy in cells and tissues due to the element's requirement. Conclusions. Copper affected the physical effort of middle-distance runners at a heart rate of 180 pulse/min. In addition, Middle-distance runners' blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was affected by the physical exertion at a heart rate of 180 rpm.

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Bobrovnick, V. I., M. L. Tkachenko, D. O. Puhachov, and A. V. Kolot. "Analysis of the performance of athletes at the Olympic games and world championships from 2008 to 2023 in middle distance running (800, 1500 m)." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 12(172) (December 21, 2023): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2023.12(172).05.

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Starting from 2008 until today, the total number of athletes who represented Ukraine at the Olympic Games and World Championships is 14 people. It was not difficult to calculate that if the runners (men and women) in the selection competitions at the championships of Ukraine showed the selection standard and as a result got into the team for performances in this type of discipline, their number in two types (800, 1500 m) would be 48 participants at the Olympic Games games, and the world championships - 180 people. A simple analysis shows that from 2008 to 2023, Ukrainian middle-distance runners could represent Ukraine in the number of 228 people. It was determined that athletes in many cases at qualifying competitions (Championship of Ukraine and others) do not fulfill their qualifying standards, and lose the opportunity to participate in these forums. Based, in our opinion, on the correct understanding of the training system for middle-distance runners and its orientation, the main problems that are an obstacle in the implementation of the direction, an integral set in the accumulation of training potential, both in physical, technical and psychological impact on the athlete's body, have been identified. To solve these problems in the management system of middle-distance runner training, we have developed the main components of physical qualities (speed, dexterity, endurance, strength, flexibility), which include pedagogical and anatomical-physiological indicators that affect the development, maintenance, manifestation and promotion of forecasting entry of athletes into sports form, as well as the athlete's performance at the main annual and quadrennial competitions. The peculiarity of the developed components is that they are related to the education of the main physiological systems of the athlete and are aimed at the development of physical qualities and improvement of technical skills.

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Yaroshevich, Irina. "DYNAMICS TRAINING MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS IN GROUPS OF SPORTS IMPROVEMENT." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2018, no. 1 (2020): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2020-329-331.

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The question of training process runners at medium distances in terms of technical high school – an important problem of modern development of student sports. Qualitative preparation is necessary for students engaged in group of sports perfection in track and field athletics.

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Born, Dennis-Peter, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Jenny Lorentzen, and Glenn Björklund. "Specializing When It Counts: Comparing the Dose–Time Effect of Distance Variety between Swimming and Track Running." Sports 12, no. 10 (2024): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12100272.

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Objective: To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis, explore the relationship between success at peak performance age and the number of different race distances athletes competed in each year (within-sport distance variety), and compare the dose–time effect of this distance variety throughout the development process between male swimmers and track runners. Methodology: Male swimmers (n = 6033) and track runners (n = 19,278) still competing at peak performance age were ranked, and the number of different race distances was extracted retrospectively for each year until early junior age (13–14-year-old category) from the databases of the European Aquatics and World Athletics federations. Firstly, correlation analysis determined the relationship between ranking at peak performance age and distance variety. Secondly, Poisson distribution provided the probability and dose–time effect of distance variety for becoming an international-class athlete at peak performance age. Results: Generally, correlation analysis revealed low coefficients (r ≤ 0.22) but significant effects (p < 0.001) for larger distance variety and success at peak performance age. Poisson distribution revealed the highest probability of becoming an international-class swimmer when competing in 2–4 race distances at junior age, depending on the primary race distance. The dose–time effect indicated a gradual reduction in the number of race distances as athletes approached peak performance age, narrowing down to 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 distances for sprint, middle-, and long-distance races, respectively. Track runners exhibited a lower distance variety than swimmers, with a consistent optimum of 1–2 race distances across the age groups. Conclusions: The present findings including data of the most combined race distances for each primary race distance and a comparison between swimming and track running provide new background information to challenge traditional training regimes and help establish new strategies for long-term athlete development.

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Beyene, Eshetie Teshager, and Dr Marko’s Yohannis. "Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Male Middle Distance Runners." Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education 7, no. 09 (2024): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2024.v07i09.001.

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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed on male middle distance runners. The study employed experimental research design. All 26 Awuscod male middle distance runners were taken with EG and CG and divided randomly into two equal groups. Both the (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) had taken PT and POT of 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30 meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed respectively.EG participated in additional 10 weeks concurrent interventions. While, the CG continued with their usual training The data collected from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software by using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) with level of significant 0.05. The results showed concurrent training has significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and speed on EG (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in CG (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that concurrent training has a positive impact on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed. Therefore, concurrent training is suggested for middle distance runners to improve physical fitness for athletic performance.

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Ben-Zaken, Sigal, Yoav Meckel, Ronnie Lidor, Dan Nemet, and Alon Eliakim. "Genetic Profiles and Prediction of the Success of Young Athletes’ Transition from Middle- to Long-Distance Runs: An Exploratory Study." Pediatric Exercise Science 25, no. 3 (2013): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.25.3.435.

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The aim of the study was to assess whether an aerobic-favoring genetic profile can predict the success of a shift from middle- to long-distance running. Thirteen elite middle-distance runners were divided into successful and nonsuccessful groups in their shift toward long-distance runs. All the runners began their training program at the age of 14–15, and after 6–7 years, changed focus and adjusted their training program to fit longer running distances. The participants’ personal records in the longer events were set at the age of 25–27, about 3–5 years after the training readjustment took place. The endurance genetic score based on 9 polymorphisms was computed as the endurance genetic distance score (EGDS9). The power genetic distance score (PGDS5) was computed based on 5 power-related genetic polymorphisms. The mean EGDS9 was significantly higher among the successful group than the nonsuccessful group (37.1 and 23.3, respectively, p < .005, effect size 0.75), while the mean PGDS5 was not statistically different between the 2 groups (p = .13). Our findings suggest the possible use of genetic profiles as an added tool for determining appropriate competitive transition and specialization in young athletes involved in early phases of talent development.

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Beyene, Eshetie, and Atsede Demeke. "Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Middle Distance Runners." International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 9, no. 3 (2024): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20240903.12.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed in middle distance runners. The study used an experimental research design. All twenty-six (26) Awuscod middle-distance-Runners were given EG and CG and randomly separated in two equal groups. Both (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) completed PT and POT of the 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30-meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and speed, respectively EG participated in an additional ten weeks of concurrent treatments While the CG conducted their routine training. The data gathered from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS Version 25 Software, using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent) and Ten weeks of concurrent training significantly enhanced cardiorespiratory endurance and speed (p&lt;0.05). But no significant variation was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no significant differences have been observed in any of the CG-Factors (p&gt;0.05). Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that 10 weeks of simultaneous exercise improve cardiorespiratory endurance and speed of physical fitness components. As a result, the study recommended that runners incorporate concurrent training in their middle distance athletic-training- program to improve their cardiorespiratory endurance und speed.

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Sánchez Muñoz, Cristóbal, José J. Muros, Óscar López Belmonte, and Mikel Zabala. "Anthropometric Characteristics, Body Composition and Somatotype of Elite Male Young Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020674.

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The purpose of the present study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite male young runners (EYR), and to compare these variables according to the specialty in which they engaged (middle-distance vs. long-distance). This will enable an anthropometric profile chart to be established for them. Ninety EYR aged 17 to 23 years (18.4 ± 2.0) participated in the study. Athletes were divided into two groups according to the event in which they participated: middle-distance runners (MDR, n = 56) and long-distance runners (LDR, n = 34). Sixteen anthropometric variables were recorded for each participant: Weight, height, eight skinfolds, four girths, and two breadths. Body mass index (BMI), body composition and somatotype were calculated. Comparing MDR with the group of LDR, significant differences were found to exist for height, weight, relaxed upper arm girth, flexed and tensed upper arm girth, total upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, and thigh muscle area. No significant differences were observed in the other variables. MDR are taller, heavier and have larger girths than LDR. Coaches and sports scientists can use the data obtained to better control training, as well as for talent identification and athlete selection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Middle distance runners'

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