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Journal articles on the topic 'Middle French'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Smith, John Charles. "Middle French: When? What? Why?" Language Sciences 24, no. 3-4 (2002): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0388-0001(01)00042-0.

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Lapkin, Sharon, Doug Hart, and Merrill Swain. "Early and Middle French Immersion Programs: French Language Outcomes." Canadian Modern Language Review 48, no. 1 (1991): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.48.1.11.

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3

Hargreaves, Alec G. "French Muslims and the Middle East." Contemporary French Civilization 40, no. 2 (2015): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2015.14.

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4

Ferzoco, George. "Middle French in Latin Preaching Aids." Le Moyen Français 30 (January 1992): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.lmfr.3.145.

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5

Mason, Patricia E. "The pronouns of address in middle French." Studia Neophilologica 62, no. 1 (1990): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393279008588043.

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6

Pooser, Charles L. "‘Middle French Narrative Tenses: Revisited Once Again’." Neophilologus 90, no. 2 (2006): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11061-005-4233-2.

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Abbott, Robert D., Michel Fayol, Michel Zorman, Séverine Casalis, William Nagy, and Virginia W. Berninger. "Relationships of French and English Morphophonemic Orthographies to Word Reading, Spelling, and Reading Comprehension During Early and Middle Childhood." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 31, no. 4 (2016): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573516640336.

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Two longitudinal studies of word reading, spelling, and reading comprehension identified commonalities and differences in morphophonemic orthographies—French (Study 1, n = 1,313) or English (Study 2, n = 114) in early childhood (Grade 2)and middle childhood (Grade 5). For French and English, statistically significant concurrent relationships among these literacy skills occurred in Grades 2 and 5, and longitudinal relationships for each skill with itself from Grades 2 to 5; but concurrent relationships were more sizable and longitudinal relationships more variable for English than French especi

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8

Price, Glanville. "Pas (point) without ne in interrogative clauses." Journal of French Language Studies 3, no. 2 (1993): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001745.

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AbstractOld and Middle French interrogative sentences of the type sez tu pas? have often been interpreted, erroneously, as providing evidence for the early dropping of ne as in modern je sais pas. The construction occurs most widely in Old and early Middle French with point (occasionally pas, mie) and the particle had a positive or ‘potential’ value (e.g. Quenois le tu point? ‘Do you know him [at all]?’). It was only in late Middle French that, influenced by the increasing use of pas and point in negative clauses, the interrogative clauses in question came to have a negative value.

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9

Borchers, Melanie. "Exploring the Old French Influence on Middle English Prepositional Constructions: A Phraseological Investigation of at need and in need." Journal of Language Contact 4, no. 1 (2011): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740911x558789.

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AbstractAs far as the lexical influence of French is concerned Middle English has already been investigated. The present paper claims that the influence that French exerted due to the language contact situation after the Norman Conquest exceeds the impact on the English lexicon and provides evidence for the fact that phraseologisms, i.e. multi-word units, have found their way into the Middle English language, too. According to former research (cf. Nagucka, 2003: 264) prepositional constructions do “not tolerate influence or borrowing”. The present article presents two case studies of prepositi

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Ikalyuk, L., and U. Tatsakovych. "Middle English: English or Frenglish?" Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 2, no. 2-3 (2015): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.2.2-3.22-28.

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The article focuses on a general description of Middle English considering the impact ofthe French language on its development during this period. Despite an extensive number of Frenchborrowings in different layers of the English language, the language remained English and itspredominant features were still those of Germanic origin

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Beardsmore, Barry. "A Study of Two Middle French Horror Stories." Nottingham Medieval Studies 46 (January 2002): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.nms.3.337.

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Woolf, Jeffrey R. "French Halakhic Tradition in the Late Middle Ages." Jewish History 27, no. 1 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10835-012-9170-6.

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13

Burrows, Mathew. "‘Mission Civilisatrice’: French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914." Historical Journal 29, no. 1 (1986): 109–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00018641.

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Mission civilisatnce was one of the bywords of French colonial expansion under the Third Republic. Unfortunately until now there have been few works devoted to its study. Indeed, the notion itself has not been taken very seriously by scholars. As long ago as 1960 when Henri Brunschwig published his seminal work on French colonialism, he stated quite categorically: ‘en Angleterre la justification humanitaire l'emporta’ while ‘en France le nationalisme de 1870 domina’ even if that nationalism ‘ne s'exprima presque jamais sans une mention de cette “politique indigène” qui devait remplir les devoi

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14

Tchoudinov, Alexander V. "The Egyptian Campaign and the Middle East." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (July 19, 2024): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130386424030067.

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The author of the essay* tells about the main milestones of more than two hundred years old historiography of the Egyptian campaign of 1798–1801, undertaken by the French land forces and navy under the general command of Napoleon Bonaparte, identifies the prerequisites that made such an audacious military enterprise possible, highlights the vicissitudes of the Egyptian and Syrian campaigns of Bonaparte’s Oriental Army, analyzes the motives of the decisive rejection by the local population of the values of the French Revolution, planted by the occupation administration, and establishes the reas

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Chambon, Jean-Pierre, and René Groscolas. "Une ancienne dénomination du puits absorbant figée dans la microtoponymie de la Haute-Saône : les Anduits (Lavigney, Malvillers et Melin)." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 140, no. 1 (2024): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2024-0009.

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Abstract Les Anduits, the name of a territory comprising parts of three Haute-Saône villages (Lavigney, Malvillers, and Melin), is the sole example of its type in French toponymy. Examination of the area leads us to postulate an Old Franc-Comtois (or Regional Middle French) *enduit ‘dry well’, nominalisation of the past participle of Old and Middle French enduire ‘seep in the ground (of water)’. This formation is parallel to the suffixal derivative ˹enduisoir˺ ‘dry well’, which is formed from the present participle stem of the same verb and is abundantly attested in the northern part of Franch

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서영지. "A study on intercultural approach in French education : 『Living french』 in the middle school." SECONDARY EDUCATION RESEARCH 64, no. 2 (2016): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25152/ser.2016.64.2.367.

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Badawi, Wisam Shaher. "The French Phonetic Impact on English." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, no. 3, 2 (2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.3.2.2.

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The Normandy conquest to England represented a shift in power from the Anglo-Saxon into French or Norman possession. It sheds great effects on people’s life. This shift undoubtedly made a great influence or impact on English in considering that languages are channels for the interaction of cultures and habits. Hence, English was influenced by Latin descendants which reflected by Old French, Old Norse and later the Anglo-Norman variety. This paper tackles French phonetic impact on English which made crucial changes in each spelling and pronunciation by which English shifted from old to middle e

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Holobow, Naomi E., Fred Genesee, and Wallace E. Lambert. "The effectiveness of a foreign language immersion program for children from different ethnic and social class backgrounds: Report 2." Applied Psycholinguistics 12, no. 2 (1991): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009139.

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ABSTRACTThis report presents the results of the second year of a 4-year longitudinal evaluation of a partial French immersion program in Cincinnati, Ohio. This program is of particular interest because it includes children from lower socioeconomic group and ethnic minority group (black) backgrounds in addition to majority group (white), middle-class students who have been the subject of virtually all evaluations of immersion to date. The native language development (English), academic achievement (math), and second language attainment (French) of pilot groups of middle- and working-class stude

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19

Arebi, Saddeka. "Gender Anthropology in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 1 (1991): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i1.2646.

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The Western view of the role of women in Muslim societies presentsa strikingly ambivalent attitude. On the one hand, the patrilineal, patriarchalstructure of the Muslim family has been so emphasized that it is believedto be at the heart of the assumed subordination of women in Muslim societies(Rassam 1983; Joseph 1985). On the other hand, a matrilineal structure isbelieved to exist in at least some Muslim societies. Frantz Fanon speaks ofhow the French colonizers of Algeria developed a policy built on the“discoveries” of the sociologists that a structure of matriarchal essence didindeed exist.

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20

Stein, Achim. "Le rôle de l’ancien français dans le développement du passif indirect en anglais." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 2 (2019): 356–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0022.

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Abstract This contribution analyses the role French may have played as a model language in the development of the indirect passive (or recipient passive) in Middle English. It is based on diachronic corpus data showing that the construction appeared in Middle English predominantly with verbs borrowed from French and spread to native verbs only later. The fact that French did not have a recipient passive construction speaks against contact influence, whereas the data as well as the situation of close language contact between Old French and Middle English speak in favour of contact-induced chang

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MYERS, SARA. "Innovation in a conservative region: the Kentish Sermons genitive system." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 3 (2011): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674311000116.

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The early Middle English Kentish Sermons shows a genitive system which is far advanced towards that of Modern English, an unexpected feature for a text from the conservative region of Kent. In this article I describe this genitive system, and examine how it developed. As the text is a translation from French, the question of French influence is central. Following brief descriptions of the sociolinguistic situation in England at the time (section 2) and of the Old English and Old French genitive systems (section 3), in section 4 I describe in detail the genitive system of the Kentish Sermons: g

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22

Galyamichev, A. N. "E. E. Viollet le Duc and His Place in History of Study of French Towns in the Middle Ages." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 4 (2012): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-4-35-38.

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The author of this article examine scientific legacy of famous French architect and historian E. E. Viollet le Duc (1814–1879), define his contribution in study of history of French towns in the Middle Ages.

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23

Mezin, S. A. "French Rossika in the Middle of the XVIII Century." Izvestiya of Saratov University New Series Series History International Relations 18, no. 3 (2018): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2018-18-3-276-282.

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24

ROTHWELL. "ANGLO-FRENCH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH VOCABULARY IN "FEMINA NOVA"." Medium Ævum 69, no. 1 (2000): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/43631489.

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25

HONG, Yong-Jin. "Albigensian Crusade: A French 'Civil war' in Middle Ages ?" Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 72 (November 30, 2019): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2019.72.95.

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26

Vyshenskaya, Yuliya P. "Stylistic Syntax of the Middle French Poetical Literary Composition." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 14, no. 4 (2023): 1337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2023-14-4-1337-1356.

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The study suggests some evidence of studying the “poetic style” of the initial stage. The stage corresponds to the mediaeval European period. The actual character of the work is determined by the stable interest to the category under study in the scientific society as well as by the unstable character of the contents of its meaningful volume. The analytical procedure being realized on the literary heritage of troubadours and trouvères, contributes to the research challenge of the paper. The analysis made is aimed at the study of the specific features of the style generating processes on the po

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27

Kunnas, Marika. "Who Is Immersion for?: A Critical Analysis of French Immersion Policies." Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 26, no. 1 (2023): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2023.32817.

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Elitism has been an issue in Canadian French immersion since its inception. This study examines how two racially diverse Ontarian school boards and Ontario French immersion policy, curricula, and other related documents construct and support an elite student within the immersion program. The elite student who emerged from immersion documents is a White, middle-class, English, established resident, mirroring the current demographics of the program. A middle-class bias emerged within the documents due to an assumed wealth, and lack of financial assistance, transportation and promotional material

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28

Friedlander, Jonathan. "Middle Eastern Americana: Beyond Orientalism." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 3 (2009): 362–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809091077.

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From a float decorated as their ibis-headed Egyptian namesake, tarboosh-topped members of the Krewe of Thoth toss trinkets to happy throngs along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans. The occasion is Mardi Gras—not a day but a season in this legendary American city. Along with Thoth parade the krewes (social clubs) of Babylon, Isis, and Cleopatra, among others, the last group winding through Algiers, the second-oldest neighborhood in New Orleans, on the west bank of the Mississippi across from the French Quarter.

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Olivier, Marc, Christina Sevdali, and Raffaella Folli. "Infinitive fronting as a transparency effect in Old and Middle French." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 10, no. 4 (2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.314.

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In this article, we present a novel analysis of infinitive fronting in Old and Middle French (9th-16th century). We find that in sentences with modal verbs and clitic climbing, the infinitive may either follow the main verb or precede it. When the subject of the main verb is overt and the infinitive is fronted, the order is Subj-Vinf-Vfin. Moreover, we find that the object of the fronted infinitive either cliticises onto the main verb (i.e. clitic climbing) or moves as a full DP with the infinitive, in which case the order is Subj-Obj-Vinf-Vfin. We compare our data to Stylistic Fronting, and w

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30

Minervini, Laura. "Lexical contact in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: French." Lexicographica 33, no. 2017 (2018): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2017-0013.

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AbstractIn the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, French was variously involved in the dynamics of lexical contact in the Mediterranean. The study of lexical loans may display the stratification of influences and linguistic exchanges that is peculiar to the “French case”.

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Minervini, Laura. "Lexical contact in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: French." Lexicographica 33, no. 1 (2018): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2017-0013.

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AbstractIn the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, French was variously involved in the dynamics of lexical contact in the Mediterranean. The study of lexical loans may display the stratification of influences and linguistic exchanges that is peculiar to the “French case”.

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32

Shimizu, Eisei, Kazuya Kushida, Shunsuke Miyahara, et al. "Quantitative evaluation of middle ear radiopacity in French bulldogs using X-ray imaging." Open Veterinary Journal 14, no. 3 (2024): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i3.17.

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Background: Radiographic examination of the middle ear in French bulldogs can be challenging due to their small ear cavity and thick walls. Quantifying opacity on radiographic images is required to determine normal or abnormal results. Aim: To quantify the radiographic opacity of the middle ear in French bulldogs and create a threshold for objective diagnosis. Methods: A study was conducted on 32 French Bulldogs using radiographic images. Significant difference tests were performed on the ears of patients with unilateral and bilateral middle ear filling on computed tomography. A threshold was

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Holobow, Naomi E., Fred Genesee, Wallace E. Lambert, Joseph Gastright, and Myriam Met. "Effectiveness of partial French immersion for children from different social class and ethnic backgrounds." Applied Psycholinguistics 8, no. 2 (1987): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000175.

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ABSTRACTA program of partial (half-day) French immersion in the Cincinnati Public Schools was evaluated in the kindergarten year. The English and French language development of participating native English-speaking children from both working and middle class backgrounds was assessed. The results indicated, firstly, that the pupils who spent half of their academic time in a foreign language (French) progressed just as well in English as carefully matched control pupils who followed a conventional all-English program. Secondly, it was found that socioeconomically underprivileged children (both b

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34

Gréa, Philippe. "Inside in French." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 1 (2017): 77–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0127.

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AbstractThis article concerns five French prepositions that mark an inclusion relation and are ordinarily considered to be synonyms of dans ‘in’. The first is a simple preposition: parmi ‘among’. The other four are complex prepositions built from nouns of internal location (au centre de ‘at the centre of’, au milieu de ‘in the middle of’) and from names of body parts (au cœur de ‘at the heart of’ and au sein de whose word-for-word translation is ‘at the breast/bosom of’ but stands for ‘within’ ‘in’ or ‘among’ depending on the context). We will examine them from two different, yet complementary

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Tovsultanov, Rustam Alkhazurovich, Malika Sharipovna Tovsultanova, and Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. "The policy of confessional particularism of the French authorities in Mandatory Syria in 1920–1946." Samara Journal of Science 11, no. 3 (2022): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022113209.

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The paper discusses the confessional principles of the territorial structure of Syria during its stay in the status of a French mandated territory. The authors prefaced their analysis with a description of the process of establishing a French colonial administration in Syria, in particular, the conclusion of the Anglo-French Sykes-Picot agreement on the division of the Middle East and, in particular, Greater Syria, into spheres of influence that determined the modern borders of the Middle Eastern states. The instrumental role of confessional differences in the struggle of the French authoritie

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36

Hansen, Anita Berit. "Palatalized/affricated plosives in Paris French. A sociophonetic production-perception study of a dynamic working-class and/or language contact phenomenon among middle-class speakers." Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 15 (October 18, 2023): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.globe.v15i.8042.

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A long tradition of attracting work forces to Paris from outside countries has produced a high proportion of inhabitants using other languages than French (Gadet 2008). Geographically, most of the immigrants and their descendants are housed in cheap residential areas in the northern and eastern parts of the capital and its surrounding suburbs - zones that were historically the home of working-class Parisians. Recently, sociolinguists have observed that a specific way of speaking French in these areas has emerged (Fagyal 2010; Gadet 2017), and might be spreading. There is agreement that part of

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37

Posturzyńska-Bosko, Małgorzata. "Le morphème d’insistance meismes en moyen français dans les oeuvres de Christine de Pizan – valeurs et emplois." Romanica Cracoviensia 22, no. 3 (2022): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843917rc.22.021.16186.

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Meismes, the morpheme of insistence in Middle French on the basis of Christine de Pizan’s works ‒ values and modes of use The aim of the present article is to analyze the functioning of the meismes morpheme in Middle French, on the basis of Christine de Pizan’s works, above all the attempt to define and arrange the contexts of occurence of its particular paradigms in the language that demonstrates the features of a hybrid system. The analysis of occurences containing the meismes morpheme shows a co-existence of defensive constructions known in Ancient French altogether with the new, more numer

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ƏLİYEVA, A. İ. "MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ FRANSIZ DİLİNİN QLOBAL VƏZİYYƏTİ." Actual Problems of study of humanities 2, no. 2024 (2024): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.2.014.

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The Global Situation of the French Language in Modern Times Summary The French language, which was widely used in diplomacy until the middle of the 20th century, is now under serious pressure. The French language, which resisted the English language until recently, has now entered into competition with regional languages. Former French colonies are gradually giving preference to local languages. As a result, the use of French is declining. The article analyzes the current state of the French language and the challenges it faces, and provides statistics on the use of this language at the global

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Bobina, Mariya, Stephanie Vergnaud, Mikhail Grachev, Martin Shane, and Richard Soparnot. "Positioning French Management in a Multinational Landscape." Journal of International Business and Economy 12, no. 1 (2011): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2011.1.2.

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The paper examines and summarizes cultural attributes of French management and presents the analysis of the survey of French middle managers regarding perceptions of culturally endorsed behaviors and values. It further develops the findings of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research and positions French management profile in cross-cultural space with respect to "cultural distance" between France and other societies. Comparing the 2009-2010 survey results with a base year, the paper results substantiate the validity of the cultural attributes of French m

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INGHAM, RICHARD. "Syntactic change in Anglo-Norman and continental French chronicles: was there a ‘Middle’ Anglo-Norman?" Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 1 (2006): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002274.

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Anglo-Norman (AN) showed a tendency to lose Old French conjugation and gender inflectional distinctions, but is thought to have largely maintained the syntax of Old French. This study considers whether in the early 14th century AN syntax continued to follow continental French (CF) by moving towards new word-order patterns, namely XSV order and subject-verb inversion after et, which were to typify Middle French. Using corpora of CF and AN historical writing, especially chronicles, it is found that AN to some extent shadowed developments found in later 13th and in 14th century CF. In both AN and

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de Andrade, Aroldo. "Aboutness Topics in Old and Middle French: A corpus-based study on the fate of V2." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 2 (2017): 194–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.45.

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AbstractThis article investigates the loss of aboutness topics in preverbal position in the history of French, using a corpus-based research on preverbal accusative objects. A comparison of Old and Middle French with Modern French reveals that new-information focalization had disappeared by the 14thcentury, whereas aboutness topicalization had in turn vanished by the end of the 16thcentury, along with other marked constructions. Combined with the generative premise that independent pragmatic factors should not trigger syntactic change, the results of this study suggest the reanalysis of the gr

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42

Rothwell, W. "Synonymity and Semantic Variability in Medieval French and Middle English." Modern Language Review 102, no. 2 (2007): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20467283.

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Rothwell, W. "Synonymity and Semantic Variability in Medieval French and Middle English." Modern Language Review 102, no. 2 (2007): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2007.0037.

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44

Sutherland, D. M. G., and Michael L. Kennedy. "The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Middle Years." American Historical Review 94, no. 5 (1989): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906443.

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45

Tzeng, Rueyling. "Middle Class International Migration: French Nationals Working in the UK." Advances in Applied Sociology 02, no. 02 (2012): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2012.22016.

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46

McCracken, Peggy. "Fantastic lactations: fiction and kinship in the French Middle Ages." Anthropozoologica 52, no. 1 (2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/az2017n1a5.

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47

Owen, Roger. "British and French Intelligence in their Modern Middle Eastern Empires." European Legacy 14, no. 4 (2009): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770902999575.

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48

Fauque, Danielle M. E. "Introducing the History of Science at the French Middle School." Science & Education 18, no. 9 (2008): 1277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-008-9180-4.

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Alméras, Yves. "The Liassic brachiopod zones of the Middle-Atlas, Morocco (Comparison with the French North Tethyan zonation)." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 29, no. 3 (1993): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nos/29/1993/125.

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Hourani, Albert. "How Should We Write The History Of The Middle East?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 2 (1991): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056002.

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Abstract:

First of all, may I say how warmly I welcome this opportunity to express something of what I owe to French masters, colleagues, and friends. Half a century ago, when I first became concerned with the history of the Middle East as a young instructor at the American University of Beirut, I might have found it more difficult to say this. France itself was unknown to me at that time. I looked at it mainly as the rather unsuccessful ruler of the country where I was living and working, and to which I was bound by ancestral ties. My attitude may have expressed something of the Arab nationalist sentim

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