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Gillett, Alex G., and Kevin D. Tennent. "Shadow hybridity and the institutional logic of professional sport." Journal of Management History 24, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 228–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-11-2017-0060.
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Purpose Existing studies of the finance of English Association Football (soccer) have tended to focus on the sport’s early years, or on the post-1992 Premiership era. The authors examine a case from the turbulent 1980s charting the struggle for economic survival of one club in a rapidly changing financial, economic, political and demographic landscape. The purpose of this paper is to examine not only the financial management of a football club during this time, but also the interventionist role of the local authority during this turbulent period. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the financial difficulties of a sport business, Middlesbrough Football and Athletic Company Limited, examining the broader economic context, drawing on unseen archival sources dating from the 1980s to analyze the relationship between club, local and national government and the regional economy. Findings They not only examine the financial management of the football club but also analyse the interventionist role of the local authority in supporting the club which had symbolic value for the local community. Practical implications This paper is relevant to policymakers interested in the provision of local sports facilities and the links between elite sport and participation. Originality/value The authors show that professional sports clubs are driven by a different institutional logic to state organizations and the findings enable them to define these differences, thereby refining Thornton et al.’s (2012) typology of institutional orders. Furthermore, the case study highlights practices involving informal partnership between state and sport that the authors label as shadow hybridity.
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Garrett, Joel M., Ian McKeown, Darren J. Burgess, Carl T. Woods, and Roger G. Eston. "A preliminary investigation into the discriminant and ecological validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117736168.
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Objectives: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment in elite Australian rules football. Secondarily, to examine the association between athletic ability assessment and maximum running velocity extracted from elite Australian rules football game-play. Methods: To establish the discriminant validity of the athletic ability assessment, 43 Australian Football League players from one club were split into two groups based upon playing status; ‘starters’ ( n = 17; selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season), ‘non-starters’ ( n = 26; not selected in 50% of the first 10 games of the Australian Football League season). Each group performed a modified version of the athletic ability assessment consisting of five foundational athletic movements. An independent-sampled t-test modelled the effect of player group (starters; non-starters) on the total score and for each individual exercise. Pearson product moment correlation was also conducted to establish the association between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment. Results: The starters attained a significantly greater total mean score on the athletic ability assessment ( d = 1.04, p < 0.05), overhead squat ( d = 0.96, p < 0.05), double lunge left ( d = 0.64, p < 0.05), single leg Romanian deadlift left ( d = 1.19, p < 0.05) and right single leg Romanian dead lift ( d = 0.79, p < 0.05) relative to the non-starters. Also noted were moderate, positive correlations between maximum running velocity and athletic ability assessment ( r = 0.31–0.46; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the use of the athletic ability assessment to measure movement competency in elite Australian rules football. Accordingly, physical development coaches may consider its integration in high-performance training programs.
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Aalberg, Ruben Ringereide, and Stig Arve Sæther. "The Talent Development Environment in a Norwegian top-level football club." Sport Science Review 25, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2016): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssr-2016-0009.
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Abstract Because international elite football is concerned with talent identification, this has generated a great deal of knowledge about what it takes to become a professional footballer. This research has however primarily focused on individual development and how external factors affect athletic performance. In this article we sought to describe the characteristics of the developmental environment in the youth department of the Norwegian elite club Rosenborg BK. Our case study, using a holistic and ecological development perspective as a framework, we followed the club’s under-19 team for a total of 21 days, during 3 separate weeks in the 2014 season. The results showed that Rosenborg seems to offer an environment focusing on aspects highlighted by the ecological model athletic talent development environment (ATDE). The club seems to focus on giving players tools and resources both on and off the field, using a holistic and systematic methodology. Yet it appears that the club has a weak relationship between the youth department and its own senior team, even indicating a competitive relationship, also found in other elite academies. Furthermore, it may seem that the importance of developing players with local ties is downgraded because of the club’s need for short-term success.
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Charitas, Pascal. "La combination au Havre Athletic Club (1872-1914) : les «origines» du football-rugby ?" Études Normandes 60, no. 1 (2011): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/etnor.2011.1833.
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Haryadi, Wanda Maulana, Ginung Pratidina, and M. YGG Seran. "STUDI MANAJEMEN PEMBINAAN OLAHRAGA SEPAK BOLA DI KLUB PERSATUAN SEPAK BOLA KOTA BOGOR OLEH KANTOR PEMUDA DAN OLAHRAGA KOTA BOGOR." JURNAL GOVERNANSI 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jgs.v2i1.208.
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Factors affecting the achievement at the club include a lack of sports facilities, trainers, motivation, how to train, budget, moral support. It is no less important to note is the election strategy for football coaching at the club so that the Football Association of Bogor able to perform again.Barriers - barriers to the implementation of the Management Development of Football in the Club Football Association Bogor Based on information from the Head Chairman, Coach, and The Visitor Sport of the tabulation of data questionnaire found a number of factors which may be cited as barriers to the implementation of coaching in order to Management Coaching Football in Clubs Football Association of Bogor others as follows: (1) a lack or weakness of Infrastructures, funding and coaches in clubs PSB (2) for the factors inhibiting the Management coaching is that implementing Management coaching is still recognized the respondent adds to costs Athletes football this an interpretation of the scoring interpretation lowest figure with a score of 2:21 yangberarti Not Good. (1) Factors inhibiting Management coaching is a lack of facilities and infrastructure and completeness Sports fulfilled. (2) Inhibiting athletic performance is that the implementation of the guidance by Club Football Association Bogor weak in attention and meningatkan that athletes always achievement in football matches (3 ) efforts to solve the bottleneck problem and factor in coaching athletes football is by tersediannya facilities, infrastructure and completeness Sports fulfilled (4) efforts to address the problem of weak settlement of coaching athletes within the time set by Klub football Association of Bogor in reaching the champions necessary adannya additional fees for athletes who are able to earn achievements (champions) Keywords: Management, Development, Youth and Sports Office.
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Solhaug, Marius, Rune Høigaard, and Stig Arve Sæther. "The balancing act of combining school and football in the transition from a non-professional club into junior-elite academy football." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 3 (August 23, 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v3i.128322.
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Football players in the transition from junior-to-senior are usually involved in dual careers, combining school and football – a process that makes them dependent on a holistic talent-development journey. The aim of the current study was to describe how male junior elite football players (N=10; 5=living at home, 5=living away from home) perceived stressors in the transition from a non-professional club into a junior elite academy. Furthermore, the school transition (between lower- and upper-secondary school) and social transition (based on the school and football transitions) as a consequence of the football transition into academy football. Based on Wylleman and Lavallee’s (2004) and Stambulova’s (2003) models, the data were analysed based on the following three levels in the transitions: athletic, academic - and psycho-social. The main perceived stressors in the football transition (athletic level) were new performance demands, which impacted them both physically (e.g., quality of training) and psychologically (e.g., self-esteem and well-being). Perceived stressors in the school transition (academic level) were related to increased academic workload and expectations, and academic achievement. Perceived stressors related to the social transition (psycho-social level) among the players that have chosen to live away from home were new roommates and doing more housework, even though they adapted quickly to the new requirements. Both groups highlighted the importance of having a social network (friends, leisure activity) outside of football, so they got to relax and not always think about football or school. The study findings suggest that maintaining dual careers introduces stressors for most players – independent of living at home or away from home.
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Laverty, David, and Neal Garnham. "Football in Inter-war Northern Ireland: Ballymena Football and Athletic Club Limited – Religious and Political Exclusivity or Civic Inclusivity?" International Journal of the History of Sport 27, no. 13 (September 2010): 2212–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.502419.
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Butler, Brian S. "‘Gain ground and glory’: metropolitan athletic clubs and the promotion of American football – the case of the Louisville athletic club." International Journal of the History of Sport 9, no. 3 (December 1992): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369208713801.
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Blackett, Alexander David, Adam B. Evans, and David Piggott. "“Active” and “Passive” Coach Pathways: Elite Athletes’ Entry Routes Into High-Performance Coaching Roles." International Sport Coaching Journal 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0053.
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This study sought to analyse the lived experiences of so-called “fast-tracked” coaches from men’s association football and rugby union by seeking to understand how these individuals prepared for and then transitioned into a post-athletic coaching career. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 male coaches. All participants were former elite athletes and had followed a fast-tracked pathway into their current post-athletic coaching roles. Participants were based in England and had retired from an athletic career within 12 months of being interviewed. Two general categories of “active” and “passive” coach pathways were identified for the career trajectory. Active coaches purposefully prepared for a coaching career during their athletic careers, whereas passive coaches did not. Passive coaches’ decisions to become a coach were often reactive and made after retiring from a competitive athletic career. Results indicate that only the career trajectory of passive coaches reflects a fast-track pathway. None of the active or passive coaches negotiated any formalised recruitment processes into their first post-athletic coaching roles. The suggestion is that prejudicial recruitment practices are enacted by senior club management which creates a homogenous coaching workforce. This furthers the need for greater governance of high-performance coach recruitment within England for these sports.
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Fridy, Kevin S., and Victor Brobbey. "Win the match and vote for me: the politicisation of Ghana's Accra Hearts of Oak and Kumasi Asante Kotoko football clubs." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 1 (February 18, 2009): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003649.
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ABSTRACTThere is a common perception in Ghana that Accra Hearts of Oak is the soccer club of the National Democratic Congress, and Kumasi Asante Kotoko that of the New Patriotic Party. In this paper we explore the roots of these perceptions by examining the social history of these two clubs specifically, and the Ghanaian soccer league system in general, with an eye for the actors, practices and events that injected political airs into purportedly ‘apolitical’ athletic competitions. With this social history clearly defining the popularly perceived ‘us’ versus ‘them’ of the Hearts/Kotoko rivalry, we analyse on the basis of a modest survey some of the assumptions these widely held stereotypes rely upon. We find that ethnicity and location matter both in terms of predicting one's affinity for a given soccer club and partisan inclinations. These factors do not, however, completely dispel the relationship between sports and politics as spurious. Though not conclusive, there is enough evidence collected in the survey to suggest that one's preferred club, even when controlling for ethnicity and location, does have an effect on one's partisan leanings, or perhaps vice versa. This finding highlights the independent role that often-understudied cultural politics can play.
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McGinnis, Ian William, K. Ellis F. Mair, Jamie Mansell, and Christy Collins. "Epidemiology of Boys' Club Lacrosse Injuries During the 2018 Summer Lacrosse Season." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0272.19.
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Context In the past 10 years, participation in boys' youth and high school lacrosse has increased by 33%. Among many club teams and tournaments, athletes may not have access to medical coverage. Additionally, these athletes face a higher volume of play than in traditional scholastic sport settings. Objective To describe the injury characteristics of boys' nonscholastic youth and high school club lacrosse athletes over the course of a summer season. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Patients or Other Participants Boys' nonscholastic youth and high school lacrosse athletes, aged 8 to 18 years, who competed in tournaments. Main Outcome Measure(s) Athletic trainers at tournaments were given standardized injury report forms to document patient encounters. These reports were then entered into the Datalys Injury Surveillance Tool. Results Over the summer tournament season, 233 injuries were reported in 109 342 athlete-exposures (AEs) for an injury rate of 2.13 per 1000 AEs (95% confidence interval = 1.87, 2.42). The most frequently injured body parts were the head and/or face (n = 51, 22%), arm and/or elbow (n = 34, 15%), and hand and/or wrist (n = 29, 12%). The most common diagnoses were contusions (n = 63, 27%), concussions (n = 44, 19%), fractures (n = 39, 17%), and sprains (n = 35, 15%). The most often injured position was midfielder (n = 65, 41%), followed by defense (n = 48, 30%), attack (n = 36, 23%), and goalkeeper (n = 9, 6%). The concussion rate was 0.4 per 1000 AEs (95% confidence interval = 0.28, 0.52). Conclusions The injury rate experienced by boys' nonscholastic club lacrosse athletes was similar to the rates of their high school counterparts as well as school-sponsored football and wrestling athletes. Because of the risk of injury, athletic training services should be available for youth and high school club lacrosse tournaments.
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Khattak, Noman Ali, Yumna Ali, Rabiya Akbar, Fatima Khattak, and Sufana Ali. "Hamstring Injury Recurrence and Prevention: A Review." Life and Science 2, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.188.
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Football stands to be the most favorite sport with approximately four billion fans worldwide. Injuries in thegame can often be frustrating to the fans, athletes and the club, affecting performance and financialoperations. An avoidance curriculum to help cut down risks of such injuries seems obligatory, concerning thesocioeconomic and financial repercussions. An issue that is frequently discussed in sports medicine isHamstring Strain Injuries (HSI) that is widely seen amongst players which could prevent them from engaging inimportant games. HSI are one of the most frequently occurring injuries in sport representing approximately 12-24% of all athletic injuries. There is a high prevalence of hamstring strain injuries in many sports, includingsoccer.This review consists of summary of hamstring injury causes, prevention and current practices of treatment . Italso evaluates a contemporary method that uses whole-body vibration and its benefits to neuromuscularinvigoration and defiance exercises.
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Putukian, Margot, Bernadette A. D’Alonzo, Carolyn S. Campbell-McGovern, and Douglas J. Wiebe. "The Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study: A Report on Methods and First Findings." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 5 (April 2019): 1236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519830100.
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Background: Little is known about the nature of concussion injury among university student-athletes, including concussion incidence and rates across sports, the mechanisms of injury, the type of activity during competition or practice, and the time to return to academics, return to sport, and symptom resolution. Purpose: To describe methods of the Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study and first epidemiologic findings. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with data accrued through a surveillance system that was launched in the 2013-2014 athletic season. Surveillance continues to operate by detecting and collecting sport-related concussion (SRC) cases and non-SRC cases in addition to outcomes among university student-athletes. Results: A total of 1922 cases of SRC (649 women, 1004 men) among athletes from 27 sports, including varsity sports and club rugby, were enrolled during the 5 athletic seasons from 2013-2014 through 2017-2018. American football had the most cases (n = 495, 25.8%), followed by women’s rugby (n = 199, 6.2%), men’s ice hockey (n = 106, 5.5%), men's lacrosse (n = 105, 5.5%), women's soccer (n = 103, 5.4%), wrestling (n = 93, 4.8%), and men's soccer (n = 89, 4.6%), and women's ice hockey (n = 78, 4.1%). The highest overall concussion rates occurred in women’s lacrosse (1.35 concussions per 1000 athletic exposures [AEs]) and football (1.26 per 1000 AEs). Rates of concussion were generally higher during competition than practice and were highest during wrestling competition (4.06 per 1000 AEs) and second highest during football competition (3.68 per 1000 AEs). The median number of concussion symptoms was 7. Time to symptom resolution was longer for athletes with ≥7 symptoms versus <7 ( P < .001) but did not differ across the 4 sports with rules comparable by sex and did not differ significantly between women and men (median, 8 vs 9 days, respectively). Women and men did not differ in days to return to academics, exertion activities, or competition. Conclusion: This multisite collaborative endeavor has produced a robust database yielding novel opportunities to better understand the epidemiology of concussion among university student-athletes participating in a variety of sports. Given the setting and number of cases, these findings add to our understanding of SRC and are the first of many that will be generated over the coming years from this large study that continues in its sixth year.
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Magee, Pamela Jane, Alison M. Gallagher, and Jacqueline M. McCormack. "High Prevalence of Dehydration and Inadequate Nutritional Knowledge Among University and Club Level Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0053.
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Although dehydration of ≥ 2% body weight (BW) loss significantly impairs endurance performance, dehydration remains prevalent among athletes and may be owing to a lack of knowledge in relation to fluid requirements. The aim of this study was to assess the hydration status of university/club level athletes (n = 430) from a range of sports/activities (army officer cadet training; bootcamp training; cycling; Gaelic Athletic Association camogie, football and hurling; golf; hockey; netball; rugby; running (sprinting and endurance); Shotokan karate and soccer) immediately before and after training/competition and to assess their nutritional knowledge. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured immediately before and after exercise and BW loss during exercise was assessed. Nutritional knowledge was assessed using a validated questionnaire. 31.9% of athletes commenced exercise in a dehydrated state (USG >1.020) with 43.6% of participants dehydrated posttraining/competition. Dehydration was particularly prevalent (>40% of cohort) among karateka, female netball players, army officer cadets, and golfers. Golfers that commenced a competitive 18 hole round dehydrated took a significantly higher number of strokes to complete the round in comparison with their euhydrated counterparts (79.5 ± 2.1 vs. 75.7 ± 3.9 strokes, p = .049). Nutritional knowledge was poor among participants (median total score [IQR]; 52.9% [46.0, 59.8]), albeit athletes who were euhydrated at the start of exercise had a higher overall score in comparison with dehydrated athletes (55.2% vs. 50.6%, p = .001). Findings from the current study, therefore, have significant implications for the education of athletes in relation to their individual fluid requirements around exercise.
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Shamji, Ricky, Steven L. J. James, Rajesh Botchu, Kent A. Khurniawan, Gurjit Bhogal, and Alison Rushton. "Association of the British Athletic Muscle Injury Classification and anatomic location with return to full training and reinjury following hamstring injury in elite football." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 2 (May 2021): e001010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001010.
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BackgroundThe relationship between hamstring muscle injuries (HMIs) that involve the intramuscular tendon and prolonged recovery time and increased reinjury rate remains unclear in elite footballers.ObjectiveTo determine the association of time to return to full training (TRFT) and reinjury of HMIs using the British Athletic Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) and specific anatomical injury location in elite-level football players.MethodsThe electronic medical records of all players at an English Premier League club were reviewed over eight consecutive seasons. All players who sustained an acute HMI were included. Two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists independently graded each muscle using the BAMIC, categorised each injury location area (proximal vs middle vs distal third and proximal vs distal tendon) and reported second muscle involvement. TRFT and reinjury were recorded.ResultsOut of 61 HMIs, the intramuscular tendon (BAMIC ‘c’) was involved in 13 (21.3%). HMI involving the intramuscular tendon (‘c’) had a mean rank TRFT of 36 days compared with 24 days without involvement (p=0.013). There were 10 (16.4%) reinjuries with a significant difference of 38.5% reinjury rate in the group with intramuscular tendon injury (‘c’) and 12.5% in the group without (p=0.031). TRFT and reinjury involving a second muscle was statistically significantly higher than without. Most of the HMIs to the biceps femoris with reinjury (5 out of 9) were in the distal third section related to the distal tendon site involving both the long and short head.ConclusionTRFT in HMI involving the intramuscular tendon (‘c’) of the Biceps femoris is significantly longer with significantly higher reinjury rate compared with injuries without, in elite football players. The finding that most reinjures of the biceps femoris occurring in the distal third muscle at the distal tendon site, involving both the long and short head, merits further investigation.
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Lanzi, Joseph T., Philip J. Chandler, Kenneth L. Cameron, Julia M. Bader, and Brett D. Owens. "Epidemiology of Posterior Glenohumeral Instability in a Young Athletic Population." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 14 (September 25, 2017): 3315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517725067.
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Background: While several studies have observed the incidence of posterior glenohumeral instability in selected populations, there are no data from large-scale population-based studies with corresponding athletic exposure data to calculate incidence rates (IRs) and associated risk factors. Purpose: To determine risk factors for posterior glenohumeral instability within the physically active population at the United States Military Academy. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was performed over a 6-year period from 2006 to 2012 at the United States Military Academy utilizing the Cadet Illness and Injury Tracking System. Exposure data were collected from daily attendance data documented for every practice and game at the intramural, club, or varsity sport level. The primary outcomes calculated were the IRs of posterior glenohumeral joint instability per 1000 person-years at risk and per 1000 athlete-exposures. IR ratios and confidence intervals were calculated between male and female cadets and between intercollegiate and intramural athletes. Results: Between 2006 and 2012, there were 1348 shoulder injuries in total, with 633 instability events. During the study period, 113 posterior shoulder instability injuries (17.9% of instability events) and 26,408 person-years at risk were documented, for an overall IR of 4.28 per 1000 person-years. The overall IR of posterior instability was 0.08 per 1000 athlete exposures. In male athletes, 105 sustained a posterior shoulder instability event, for an IR of 4.67 per 1000 person-years. Female athletes were less likely to sustain a posterior instability event, accounting for only 8 events, for an IR of 2.04 per 1000 person-years. A total of 6670 athletes were at risk for posterior shoulder instability injury during the study period. A total of 55 injuries were documented, for an IR of 8.25 per 1000 person-years. Intercollegiate wrestlers had the highest IR: 34.15 per 1000 person-years. The sport with the highest injury rate among intramural sports was football, at 2.79 per 1000 person-years. Three athletes had a history of a posterior shoulder dislocation, while no significant difference was found for subluxation versus pain as the presenting symptom. Of the 113 posterior shoulder instability injuries, 77.0% required surgical stabilization. All injuries associated with weight lifting required surgical stabilization. Conclusion: Among athletes, intercollegiate athletes are at an increased risk of posterior glenohumeral instability when compared with intramural athletes. Intercollegiate athletes and weight lifters demonstrate a high likelihood of requiring surgical treatment as compared with intramural athletes.
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Wang, Dean, Leigh J. Weiss, Madeline Abrams, Ronnie P. Barnes, Russell F. Warren, Scott A. Rodeo, and Samuel A. Taylor. "Athletes With Musculoskeletal Injuries Identified at the NFL Scouting Combine and Prediction of Outcomes in the NFL: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 232596711881308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118813083.
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Background: Prior to the annual National Football League (NFL) Draft, the top college football prospects are evaluated by medical personnel from each team at the NFL Scouting Combine. On the basis of these evaluations, each athlete is assigned an orthopaedic grade from the medical staff of each club, which aims to predict the impact of an athlete’s injury history on his ability to participate in the NFL. Purpose: (1) To identify clinical predictors of signs, symptoms, and subsequent professional participation associated with football-related injuries identified at the NFL Combine and (2) to assess the methodological quality of the evidence currently published. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We reviewed all studies that examined musculoskeletal injuries identified among athletes at the NFL Combine and associated outcomes. Data on signs, symptoms, and subsequent NFL participation were collected, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed. Results: Overall, 32 studies, including 30 injury-specific studies, met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies analyzed data collected at the NFL Combine from 2009 and later. When compared with matched controls, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, superior labrum anterior-posterior repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, full-thickness chondral lesions of the knee, or Lisfranc injury played in significantly fewer games early in their NFL careers. Additionally, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, and navicular injury had decreased career lengths versus controls. Defensive players and linemen were found to have decreased participation in the NFL for several injuries, including prior meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and shoulder instability. Career length follow-up, measures of athletic participation, and matching criteria were highly variable among studies. Conclusion: For medical professionals caring for professional football athletes, this information can help guide orthopaedic grading of prospects at the NFL Combine and counseling of athletes on the potential impact of prior injuries on their professional careers. For future studies, improvements in study methodology will provide greater insight into the efficacy of current treatments and areas that require further understanding.
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McGaver, Rebecca, Kayla Seiffert, Russell Giveans, and Christopher Larson. "Hip Arthroscopy Outcomes in NFL and Collegiate American Football Players: Single Surgeon Experience with Return to Play, Sustained Return to Play, and Attrition Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl4 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00230.
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Objectives: There has been substantial literature regarding return to play after hip arthroscopy for professional athletes. There is less data with regards to both NFL and Collegiate football players and differences in outcomes between these athletic populations. Our hypothesis was that an arthroscopic FAI corrective procedure in NFL and Collegiate football players would result in improved PROM’s, predictable return to play rates, with higher return to play rates in NFL players vs Collegiate players. Methods: Between 2011 – 2019, 76 hips (65 players) in NFL and Collegiate American football players underwent hip arthroscopy and FAI correction by a single surgeon. An arthroscopic FAI correction procedure was performed for all athletes as previously described by the senior author. All athletes were prospectively followed preoperatively and postoperatively with HOS ADL, HOS Sports, modified Harris Hip, SF-12, VR-12 Physical, VR-12 Mental, and VAS patient related outcomes measures (PROMs). Plain radiographs were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with regards to Pincer-type FAI (LCE angle, Cross-over sign (COS), Cam-type FAI (alpha angle on AP and 45 degree modified Dunn radiographs), and Tonnis arthritis grade. Return to play on the roster, return to a game, number of seasons played, and number of games played were retrospectively evaluated via internet search of their respective teams, discussions with team ATC’s, Team Physicians, and Players themselves. Reasons for not returning or no longer playing were also searched and inquired. Players were followed until retirement from the NFL, graduation from collegiate football, or until they no longer were able to play because of injury, by choice, or were cut / released by the club. Results: There were 12 hips in NFL football players and 64 hips in Collegiate American football players. Of the Collegiate players, 31 hips played Division 1, 16 hips played Division 2, and 18 hips played Division 3 level football. The most common positions in this cohort were Linemen (27.7%) and Defensive backs (33.8%). The mean follow-up for all players was 33.4 months. There was a significant improvement for all players for PROMs (Pre to Post, mHHS 70.3 to 95, HOS Sports 52.6 to 92.8, HOS ADL 74.8 to 98.4, SF-12 83.2 to 91.4, VAS 5.2 to 0.9) at mean latest F/U (p<0.01 for each). The rate of return to football for all players was 77.6%. The rate of Return for NFL players was 90%, as compared to 75% for collegiate players (72% D1, 83% D2, 73% D3) (p=.062). The mean number of seasons played after arthroscopy was 2.1 for NFL players (range, 1-5) and 1.74 (range, 1-3) for collegiate athletes. The mean number of games played after arthroscopy was 34.7 games (range, 17-100) for NFL and 17.1 games (range, 0-33) for collegiate players. Six of 12 (50%) NFL players remain active in the NFL and of the 5 not active, 1 was drafted in the 4th round, and 4 were undrafted free agents. All 4 NFL players drafted in the first round remain active in the NFL although one is currently a free agent. An additional 4 collegiate players (5 hips, All D1 athletes) went on to play in the NFL. Only 9.2% (6 players, 7 hips) of players cited continued hip pain as a reason for attrition and all were collegiate players. No NFL players cited persistent hip issues as a reason for attrition. Other reasons for attrition included graduation from college (4 hips, 5.3%), other non-hip related injuries (1 hip, 1.3%), being cut or waived by the club (4 hips, 5.3%), and choosing not return to football (non-injury related) (6 hips, 7.9%). Conclusions: Hip arthroscopy led to a predictable improvement in patient related outcomes measures at a mean 33 months follow-up for NFL and collegiate American football players. NFL players were more likely to return to play than collegiate athletes (90% vs 75%, although non-significant with the numbers available), and higher round draft picks had greater sustained return to play compared to lower round / undrafted free agents. Attrition was rarely the result of persistent hip related pain and was multifactorial in nature in particular for collegiate athletes.
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Lai, Courtney C. H., Julian A. Feller, and Kate E. Webster. "Playing Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Australian Football League Players From 1999 to 2013." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 7 (May 14, 2019): 1550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519843908.
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Background: Achieving preinjury levels of athletic performance has been challenging for elite athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Although a recent study found that 77% of Australian Football League (AFL) players who underwent ACL reconstruction from 1999 to 2013 returned to play at the highest level, the study did not indicate how consistently or well they were able to play. Purpose: To identify the number of AFL players who returned to play consistently over 2 seasons after ACL reconstruction, compare their playing performance in these seasons with preinjury performance, and evaluate factors associated with returning to preinjury levels of performance. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Analysis included 104 AFL players who underwent ACL reconstruction between 1999 and 2013. All had played at least 10 AFL matches in 1 season before ACL injury. Ranking points, as devised by AFL statisticians, were used to measure individual playing performance. Results: Of the 104 players who played at least 10 matches in 1 season before ACL injury, 53 (51%) returned to play at least 10 matches in 2 seasons after surgery. Of these 53 players, 36 (68%) returned to their preinjury levels of performance. The 17 remaining players who did not return to their preinjury performance still performed comparably to the AFL average level after surgery. Players <25 years old (odds ratio = 2.9, P = .01) or <90 kg (odds ratio = 2.7, P = .03) had greater odds of returning to their preinjury levels of performance. Conclusion: Returning to play on a consistent basis was a substantial challenge for AFL players after ACL reconstruction. However, among players who did return to play consistently over 2 seasons, their postsurgery average performance was comparable with the AFL average level of performance, and two-thirds returned to their preinjury levels of performance. Younger and lighter players were more likely to return to their preinjury levels of performance, possibly given the nature of AFL club playing list management decisions.
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Taberner, Matt, Fares S. Haddad, Andy Dunn, Adam Newall, Lloyd Parker, Esteban Betancur, and Daniel D. Cohen. "Managing the return to sport of the elite footballer following semimembranosus reconstruction." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (October 2020): e000898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000898.
Full textAbstract:
Hamstring strains are the most common injury in elite football and typically occur during high-speed running. Despite its important contribution to power production in the late swing phase, injury to the semimembranosus (SM) is less common than to the biceps femoris, but may involve the free tendon and depending on the degree of retraction, warrant surgical repair. Few case reports detail clinical reasoning, supported by objective data during rehabilitation in elite footballers, and none have described the return to sport (RTS) process following this type of hamstring injury. In this article, we outline the management and RTS of an English Premier League (EPL) footballer who suffered a high-grade SM proximal tendon tear during training. Due to the degree of retraction of the free tendon, the player underwent surgical reconstruction at the recommendation of an orthopaedic surgeon. Early physiotherapy care, nutritional support, on- and off-pitch injury-specific reconditioning and global athletic development are outlined, alongside strength and power diagnostic and global positioning systems data, assessment of pain, player feedback and MRI informed clinical reasoning and shared decision-making during the RTS process. 18 weeks post-surgery the player returned to team training, transferring to a new club 3 weeks later. 2.5 years post RTS, the player remains free of re-injury playing regularly in the EPL.
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O’Keeffe, Sinéad, Niamh Ní Chéilleachair, and Siobhán O’Connor. "Fear Avoidance Following Musculoskeletal Injury in Male Adolescent Gaelic Footballers." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0258.
Full textAbstract:
Context: Participating in Gaelic football provides a wealth of benefits, but a risk of musculoskeletal injury also exists. Injury is associated with physical consequences, including pain, discomfort, loss of function, time absent from school/sport, and considerable medical expenses, along with placing undue pressure on emergency services and hospital staff. Concurrent psychological consequences, such as fear avoidance, can also occur, causing psychological distress. There is a current dearth of available research examining the psychology of injury in male adolescent Gaelic footballers. Objective: To examine fear avoidance postinjury in male adolescent Gaelic footballers, the effect of pain, time loss, injury severity, and previous injury on the extent of fear avoidance, and the usefulness of a modified Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) as a screening tool for predicting injury. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Recreational clubs. Participants: A total of 97 male adolescent club Gaelic footballers (13.4 [1.1] y). Interventions: Musculoskeletal injuries sustained during participation in Gaelic football, defined as any injury sustained during training or competition causing restricted performance or time lost from play, were assessed and recorded weekly by a certified athletic and rehabilitation therapist. Injuries requiring time loss from participation were classed as time-loss injuries. Injury characteristics that included type, nature, location, severity, and pain were recorded. Main Outcome Measures: Injured players completed the AFAQ, a measure of injury-related fear avoidance following injury assessment (AFAQ1). With time-loss injuries, the AFAQ was completed again (AFAQ2) prior to return to play. Modified AFAQ was completed at baseline. Results: Twenty-two injuries were recorded during the season with fear avoidance evident postinjury that significantly decreased before returning to play. Fear avoidance postinjury was higher in those with greater pain but time loss, injury severity, and previous injury did not significantly affect the extent of fear avoidance. Baseline fear avoidance did not predict injury. Conclusions: Psychological rehabilitation is recommended for managing postinjury psychological distress in male adolescent Gaelic footballers.