Relevant bibliographies by topics / Midlatitude

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Midlatitude'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Midlatitude"

1

Orbe, Clara, Paul A. Newman, Darryn W. Waugh, Mark Holzer, Luke D. Oman, Feng Li, and Lorenzo M. Polvani. "Airmass Origin in the Arctic. Part I: Seasonality." Journal of Climate 28, no. 12 (June 11, 2015): 4997–5014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00720.1.

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Abstract The first climatology of airmass origin in the Arctic is presented in terms of rigorously defined airmass fractions that partition air according to where it last contacted the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Results from a present-day climate integration of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry–Climate Model (GEOSCCM) reveal that the majority of air in the Arctic below 700 mb last contacted the PBL poleward of 60°N. By comparison, 62% (±0.8%) of the air above 700 mb originates over Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (i.e., “midlatitude air”). Seasonal variations in the airmass fractions above 700 mb reveal that during boreal winter air from midlatitudes originates primarily over the oceans, with 26% (±1.9%) last contacting the PBL over the eastern Pacific, 21% (±0.87%) over the Atlantic, and 16% (±1.2%) over the western Pacific. During summer, by comparison, midlatitude air originates primarily over land, overwhelmingly so over Asia [41% (±1.0%)] and, to a lesser extent, over North America [24% (±1.5%)]. Seasonal variations in the airmass fractions are interpreted in terms of changes in the large-scale ventilation of the midlatitude boundary layer and the midlatitude tropospheric jet.
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Wissmeier, Ulrike, and Robert Goler. "A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 2385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2963.1.

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Abstract The influence of vertical wind shear on storm development within a tropical environment is studied with the aid of two numerical models and compared with that in simulations of midlatitude storms. The simulations show that larger wind shears are required in a tropical environment than in a midlatitude environment for a storm of given updraft velocity to split. This finding is supported by the experience of forecasters at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Regional Forecasting Centre in Darwin that the operational storm forecasting tools developed for midlatitude storms overforecast supercells within the tropics. That tropical storms require higher shears to split can be attributed either to the larger gust front speed or to the earlier gust front occurrence compared to those in the midlatitudes. A fast gust front cuts off the storm from the warm moist inflow and the updraft has little or no time to split. In the cases where the midtropospheric relative humidity is larger in the tropics or comparable with that in the midlatitudes, the total liquid water and ice content within the deeper tropical storms is larger than in the midlatitude storms, causing a stronger downdraft. In other words, the main contribution to the negative buoyancy of the downdraft is the water loading rather than the evaporative cooling. When a tropical storm is simulated in an environment with smaller midtropospheric relative humidity than in the midlatitudes, the amount of liquid water and ice within the storm is comparable to that within the midlatitude storm. Intense evaporation within the tropical storm then leads to a stronger negative buoyancy than in the midlatitude storm, causing a stronger downdraft and thus an earlier or a faster-spreading gust front. At higher shears in the tropics, entrainment reduces the storm depth and thus water loading, resulting in a delayed gust front initiation and/or reduction of the gust front speed, which then allows storm splitting to occur.
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Peings, Y., J. Cattiaux, S. Vavrus, and Gudrun Magnusdottir. "Late Twenty-First-Century Changes in the Midlatitude Atmospheric Circulation in the CESM Large Ensemble." Journal of Climate 30, no. 15 (August 2017): 5943–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0340.1.

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Projected changes in the midlatitude atmospheric circulation at the end of the twenty-first century are investigated using coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS). Different metrics are used to describe the response of the midlatitude atmospheric dynamics in 40 ensemble members covering the 1920–2100 period. Contrasted responses are identified depending on the season and longitudinal sector that are considered. In winter, a slowdown of the zonal flow and an increase in waviness is found over North America, while the European sector exhibits a reinforced westerly flow and decreased waviness. Extreme temperature events in midlatitudes are more sensitive to thermodynamical than dynamical changes, and a general decrease in the intensity of wintertime cold spells is found. Analyses of individual ensemble members reveal a large spread in circulation changes due to internal variability. Causes for this spread are found to be tied to the Arctic amplification in the Pacific–North American sector and to the polar stratosphere in the North Atlantic. A competition mechanism is also discussed between the midlatitude response to polar versus tropical changes. While the upper-tropospheric tropical warming pushes the jet stream poleward, in winter, Arctic amplification and the weaker polar vortex exert an opposite effect. This competition results in a narrowing of the jet path in the midlatitudes, leading to decreased/unchanged waviness/blockings. This interpretation somewhat reconciles conflicting results between the hypothesized effect of Arctic amplification and projected changes in midlatitude flow characteristics. This study also illustrates that further understanding of regional processes is critical for anticipating changes in the midlatitude dynamics.
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Keller, Julia H. "Amplification of the Downstream Wave Train during Extratropical Transition: Sensitivity Studies." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0193.1.

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Abstract A tropical cyclone (TC) undergoing extratropical transition (ET) may support the amplification of a Rossby wave train in the downstream midlatitudes. Within the context of downstream baroclinic development, the TC acts as an additional source of eddy kinetic energy (). Previous studies concluded that the impact depends, in particular, on the phasing between the TC and the midlatitude flow and the continuation of the generation during ET. These studies did not quantify the impact of ET on the within a downstream Rossby wave train. The present study uses ensemble sensitivity analysis to examine the sensitivity of downstream Rossby wave train amplification to the budget of the transitioning TC and of the upstream midlatitude features for Typhoon Choi-Wan (2009) and Hurricane Hanna (2008) in ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The amplification of the downstream wave train is measured using the amplitude of its associated maxima. The sensitivity of the maximum’s intensity at a particular forecast time to the budget terms of the TC and the upstream midlatitudes at earlier forecast times is determined. The results show that increasing the budget terms within Choi-Wan (Hanna) by one standard deviation can result in an up to 36% (23%) more intense downstream maximum. This is favored by the phasing between Choi-Wan and the midlatitude trough, and the reintensification of Hanna, respectively. By contrast, weaker contributions to downstream Rossby wave amplification arise from budget terms associated with flow features in the upstream midlatitudes.
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Fajber, Robert, Paul J. Kushner, and Frédéric Laliberté. "Influence of Midlatitude Surface Thermal Anomalies on the Polar Midtroposphere in an Idealized Moist Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1089–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0283.1.

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Abstract Evidence from models and observations suggests that the vertical distribution of entropy in the extratropical troposphere reflects the horizontal distribution of entropy at the surface. This isentropic linkage, which is accomplished through moist isentropic mass transport driven by extratropical waves, becomes more apparent when the effect of latent heat release by condensing moist parcels is accounted for. This study focuses on the stratification of the Arctic troposphere, which is connected by moist isentropes to the midlatitude surface. A relatively simple moist general circulation model without radiative feedbacks involving water vapor or clouds is used to study the linkage between the midlatitude surface and the Arctic midtroposphere. Zonally symmetric midlatitude thermal perturbations switched on at the surface drive a moist potential temperature response in the Arctic midtroposphere with a lag of about 2 weeks. This response increases the gross moist vertical stability in the Arctic while generally decreasing it, or increasing it only weakly, in the midlatitudes. The moist isentropic streamfunction is shifted poleward owing to the poleward entropy flux response and is shifted upward (i.e., to higher entropy) owing to the zonal-mean entropy response. The results suggest a potential novel mechanism by which the midlatitudes might influence polar lapse rates and their associated radiative feedbacks.
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Chen, Tsing-Chang, Wan-Ru Huang, and Eugene S. Takle. "Annual Variation of Midlatitude Precipitation." Journal of Climate 17, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 4291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3201.1.

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Abstract Annual variation of midlatitude precipitation and its maintenance through divergent water vapor flux were explored by the use of hydrological variables from three reanalyses [(NCEP–NCAR, ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA), and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1)] and two global precipitation datasets [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)]. Two annual variation patterns of midlatitude precipitation were identified:Tropical–midlatitude precipitation contrast: Midlatitude precipitation along storm tracks over the oceans attains its maximum in winter and its minimum in summer opposite to that over the tropical continents.Land–ocean precipitation contrast: The annual precipitation variation between the oceans and the continent masses exhibits a pronounced seesaw.The annual variation of precipitation along storm tracks of both hemispheres follows that of the convergence of transient water vapor flux. On the other hand, the land–ocean precipitation contrast in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes is primarily maintained by the annual seesaw between the divergence of stationary water vapor flux over the western oceans and the convergence of this water vapor flux over the eastern oceans during winter. The pattern is reversed during the summer. This divergence–convergence exchange of stationary water vapor flux is coupled with the annual evolution of upper-level ridges over continents and troughs over the oceans.
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Garfinkel, Chaim I., and Darryn W. Waugh. "Tropospheric Rossby Wave Breaking and Variability of the Latitude of the Eddy-Driven Jet." Journal of Climate 27, no. 18 (September 10, 2014): 7069–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00081.1.

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Abstract A dry general circulation model is used to investigate the connections between Rossby wave breaking and the latitude of the midlatitude tropospheric eddy-driven jet. An ensemble of experiments is constructed in which the jet latitude is influenced by a midlatitude tropospheric temperature anomaly that resembles observed climate change and by the imposition of a stratospheric polar vortex, and the distribution of Rossby wave breaking frequency is examined for each experiment. The shift in wave breaking per degree latitude of jet shift is then compared for three different sources of jet movement: the tropospheric baroclinic forcing imposed in midlatitudes, the imposition of a stratospheric polar vortex, and the internal variability of the midlatitude eddy-driven jet. It is demonstrated that all three sources of jet movement produce a similar change in Rossby wave breaking frequency per degree of jet shift. Hence, it is difficult (if not impossible) to isolate the ultimate cause behind the shift in Rossby wave breaking in response to the two external forcings.
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Harr, Patrick A., and Jonathan M. Dea. "Downstream Development Associated with the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2558.1.

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Abstract The movement of a tropical cyclone into the midlatitudes involves interactions among many complex physical processes over a variety of space and time scales. Furthermore, the extratropical transition (ET) of a tropical cyclone may also result in a high-amplitude Rossby wave response that can extend to near-hemispheric scales. After an ET event occurs over the western portion of a Northern Hemisphere ocean basin, the high-amplitude downstream response often forces anomalous midlatitude circulations for periods of days to a week. These circulations may then be related to high-impact weather events far downstream of the forcing by the ET event. In this study, downstream development following ET events over the western North Pacific Ocean is examined. Local eddy kinetic energy analyses are conducted on four cases of North Pacific tropical cyclones of varying characteristics during ET into varying midlatitude flow characteristics during 15 July–30 September 2005. The goal is to examine the impact of each case on downstream development across the North Pacific during a period in which these events might increase the midlatitude cyclogenesis across the North Pacific during a season in which cyclogenesis is typically weak. Four typhoon (TY) cases from the summer of 2005 are chosen to represent the wide spectrum of variability in ET. This includes a case (TY Nabi 14W) that directly resulted in an intense midlatitude cyclone, a case in which a weak midlatitude cyclone resulted (TY Banyan 07W), a case in which the decaying tropical cyclone was absorbed into the midlatitude flow (TY Guchol 12W), and a case (TY Saola 17W) in which the tropical cyclone decayed under the influence of strong vertical wind shear. The variability in downstream response to each ET case is related to specific physical characteristics associated with the evolution of the ET process and the phasing between the poleward-moving tropical cyclone and the midlatitude circulation into which it is moving. A case of downstream development that occurred during September 2005 without an ET event is compared with the four ET cases.
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Sampe, Takeaki, Hisashi Nakamura, Atsushi Goto, and Wataru Ohfuchi. "Significance of a Midlatitude SST Frontal Zone in the Formation of a Storm Track and an Eddy-Driven Westerly Jet*." Journal of Climate 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1793–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3163.1.

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Abstract In a set of idealized “aquaplanet” experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model to which zonally uniform sea surface temperature (SST) is prescribed globally as the lower boundary condition, an assessment is made of the potential influence of the frontal SST gradient upon the formation of a storm track and an eddy-driven midlatitude polar front jet (PFJ), and on its robustness against changes in the intensity of a subtropical jet (STJ). In experiments with the frontal midlatitude SST gradient as that observed in the southwestern Indian Ocean, transient eddy activity in each of the winter and summer hemispheres is organized into a deep storm track along the SST front with an enhanced low-level baroclinic growth of eddies. In the winter hemisphere, another storm track forms just below the intense STJ core, but it is confined to the upper troposphere with no significant baroclinic eddy growth underneath. The near-surface westerlies are strongest near the midlatitude SST front as observed, consistent with westerly momentum transport associated with baroclinic eddy growth. The sharp poleward decline in the surface sensible heat flux across the SST frontal zone sustains strong near-surface baroclinicity against the relaxing effect by vigorous poleward eddy heat transport. Elimination of the midlatitude frontal SST gradient yields marked decreases in the activity of eddies and their transport of angular momentum into midlatitudes, in association with equatorward shifts of the PFJ-associated low-level westerlies and a subtropical high pressure belt, especially in the summer hemisphere. These impacts of the midlatitude frontal SST gradient are found to be robust against modest changes in the STJ intensity as observed in its interannual variability, suggesting the potential importance of midlatitude atmosphere–ocean interaction in shaping the tropospheric general circulation.
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Nikulin, G., and A. Karpechko. "The mean meridional circulation and midlatitude ozone buildup." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 11 (November 24, 2005): 3159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3159-2005.

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Abstract. The wintertime ozone buildup over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes and its connection with the mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere are examined statistically on a monthly basis from October to March (1980–2002). The ozone buildup begins locally in October with positive total ozone tendencies over the North Pacific, which spread eastward and westward in November and finally cover all midlatitudes in December. The local onset of the buildup in October is not evident in zonal mean ozone tendency, which is close to zero. From November to March, zonal mean total ozone tendency (50°–60° N) shows a strong correlation (|r|=0.7) with several zonal mean parameters associated to the mean meridional circulation, namely: eddy heat flux, temperature tendency, the vertical residual velocity and the residual streamfunction. At the same time, on the latitude-altitude cross section, correlation patterns between ozone tendency and widely used eddy heat flux are not uniform during winter. The strongest correlations are located equatorward (almost throughout the stratosphere) or poleward (only in the lower stratosphere) of the edge of the polar vortex. Such distribution may depend on the existence of the midlatitude and polar waveguides which defined refraction of upward propagating waves from the troposphere either to the midlatitude stratosphere or to the polar stratosphere. As a consequence of the nonuniform correlation patterns, heat flux averaged over the common region 45°–75° N, 100 hPa is not always an optimum proxy for statistical models describing total ozone variability in midlatitudes. Other parameters approximating the strength of the mean meridional circulation have more uniform and stable correlation patterns with ozone tendency during winter. We show that the NH midlatitude ozone buildup has a stable statistical relationship with the mean meridional circulation in all months from October to March and half of the interannual variability in monthly ozone tendencies can be explained by applying different proxies of the mean meridional circulation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Midlatitude"

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Bramson, A. M., S. Byrne, and J. Bapst. "Preservation of Midlatitude Ice Sheets on Mars." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626448.

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Excess ice with a minimum age of tens of millions of years is widespread in Arcadia Planitia on Mars, and a similar deposit has been found in Utopia Planitia. The conditions that led to the formation and preservation of these midlatitude ice sheets hold clues to past climate and subsurface structure on Mars. We simulate the thermal stability and retreat of buried excess ice sheets over 21Myr of Martian orbital solutions and find that the ice sheets can be orders of magnitude older than the obliquity cycles that are typically thought to drive midlatitude ice deposition and sublimation. Retreat of this ice in the last 4Myr could have contributed similar to 6% of the volume of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) and more than 10% if the NPLD are older than 4Myr. Matching the measured dielectric constants of the Arcadia and Utopia Planitia deposits requires ice porosities of similar to 25-35%. We model geothermally driven vapor migration through porous ice under Martian temperatures and find that Martian firn may be able to maintain porosity for timescales longer than we predict for retreat of the ice.
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Skeet, David Richard. "Equatorial and midlatitude circulation of Jupiter's atmosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a308d9e4-b4f4-4dbe-9cf8-d0f47eff1ba9.

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This thesis describes the development of and results from a new numerical model of Jupiter's atmosphere. The model is an adaptation of a general circulation model (GCM) of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a high resolution, limited-area model of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of Jupiter, with realistic stratification and simple parametrizations of appropriate physical processes. We have used the model to study two areas of jovian atmospheric dynamics: firstly, mid-latitude vortices (exemplified by the Great Red Spot) and their interaction with baroclinic and barotropic jetstreams, and secondly, the properties of equatorial waves and their effect in driving a superrotating equatorial jet. Before describing the main GCM, we present a time-independent model of a balanced axisymmetric vortex. The model performs a potential vorticity inversion, predicting the vertical variation of winds and temperatures required for balance, given a specified PV anomaly. We show that both shallow eddies (confined above about 20 bars) and deep ones (extending barotropically below 100 bars) could theoretically exist. The two types would be almost indistinguishable if observed only above the cloud-tops, i.e. at pressures p ≤ 300 mb. We then describe the primitive-equation GCM, concentrating on the modifications necessary to represent Jupiter. In order to run the GCM, basic-state temperature and zonal wind profiles must be chosen, for these are not adequately constrained by observations. Numerical solution of the vertical structure equation allows the calculation of the eigenmodes of any atmosphere, thus predicting the approximate vertical structure of Rossby waves. This simplified 1D analysis gives an insight into suitable initial profiles and the results of the full model. The first GCM experiments examine midlatitude vortices in the absence of a background flow. Anticyclonic vortices migrate equatorward, while shrinking and intensifying by a process akin to frontogenesis. After intensifying, some eddies become unstable and disintegrate, generating daughter eddies. All eddies seem to adjust their vertical structure toward the first baroclinic normal mode. When eddies are placed in an enviroment of latitudinally alternating zonal jetstreams, meridional migration is blocked by the jets. However, most eddies intensify until they overcome the barrier presented by the jet. Mixed baroclinic/barotropic instability in the jets can generate eddies of either shallow or deep structure, echoing the results of the PV inversion model. Moving on to equatorial dynamics, we analyse the properties of equatorial waves on Jupiter, and their interaction with the zonal mean flow. We find that mean-flow acceleration by dissipation of upward propagating Kelvin waves can (in principle) quantitatively account for the observed superrotating equatorial jet. By considering the effect of a range of possible wave sources below the clouds, we find that the troposphere filters waves primarily by their phase speed, suggesting that the speed and shape of the jet may be less sensitive to the source than to the basic atmospheric stratification. We propose a mechanism of Kelvin-wave forcing, plus weak zonally symmetric solar heating to account for the observed velocity and meridional structure of the equatorial jet. The vertical structure is less realistic, with an underlying easterly jet, but this may be because our sources are insufficiently deep in the atmosphere.
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Coutinho, Mariane M. "Optimal midlatitude growth : impact of physical processes." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414569.

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Mullendore, Gretchen Louise. "Cross-tropopause tracer transport in midlatitude convection /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10061.

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Fytterer, Tilo, Christina Arras, and Christoph Jacobi. "Terdiurnal signatures in midlatitude sporadic E layers occurrence rates." Universität Leipzig, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16409.

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Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements by the FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites were used to analyse the behaviour of the signature of the terdiurnal tide in sporadic E (ES) layers at midlatitudes (43°N – 63°N). According to theory, the occurrence of ES is expected when the vertical zonal wind shear, which is mainly owing to solar tides, is negative. 4-year means, based on 3-monthly running mean zonal means from December 2006 - November 2010, were constructed for the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of ES. Comparison of the results with VHF meteor radar observations of the terdiurnal tide and the 8-hr oscillation in the vertical zonal wind shear at Collm, Germany (51.3°N, 13°E) shows a clear correspondence between the 8-hr Es and wind shear signature.
Radiookultationsmessungen auf der Basis von GPS-Messungen der FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-Satelliten wurden verwendet, um die Signatur der 8-stündigen Gezeiten in den Auftrittsraten von sporadischen E (Es)-Schichten zu analysieren. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Windscherungstheorie treten Es-Schichten im Bereich negativer vertikaler Windscherung auf, welche in der unteren Thermosphäre hauptsächlich durch solare Gezeiten hervorgerufen werden. Speziell werden hier 4-jährige Mittelwerte saisonal gemittelter Auftrittsraten untersucht um die 8-stündige Signatur zu finden. Ein Vergleich mit Radarmessungen des Windes über Collm zeigt, dass die saisonale und tägliche Variabilität der 8-stündigen Komponente der Es-Raten sehr gut mit derjenigen der gemessenen Windscherung übereinstimmt.
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Holmes, Caroline Ruth. "The impact of Arctic sea ice change on midlatitude climate." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/65946/.

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Arctic sea ice loss is a robust feature of observations and of climate model projections. Amplified winter lower tropospheric warming in the Arctic relative to the global mean is associated with this ice loss. Many recent studies have addressed the possible effects of these changes on the midlatitude atmospheric circulation, particularly in the North Atlantic. These studies suggest responses including an equatorward jet shift, a negative annular mode response and changes in Rossby wave behaviour. However, there is disagreement on the magnitude, significance and even sign of these responses. Previous studies have shown the advantages of model hierarchies for understanding the atmosphere. In this thesis, experiments are conducted in HadGAM1 with simplified lower boundary conditions. Two sets of experiments are conducted, one in a zonally symmetric aquaplanet and the other in a configuration with representative northern hemisphere land masses. A wide range of sea ice profiles are imposed. The dominant response to ice removal in an aquaplanet is an equatorward jet shift, consistent with previous work. This response is moderate in magnitude for ice which does not exceed 65◦ latitude, but strongly nonlinear for greater ice extents. The zonal mean response is qualitatively similar in the asymmetric configuration, but the nature of the asymmetric response shows sensitivity to the exact ice edge location. These results have implications for understanding the impact of sea ice anomalies in past as well as present climates. Changes in surface temperature gradients, including from Arctic amplification, could affect midlatitude climate even if circulation changes are small. In particular, changes in thermal advection could alter midlatitude temperature variability and extremes. In this thesis a multiple regression model is used to investigate projected monthly temperature variance changes in a recent single model ensemble. Many robust changes, including reduced winter temperature variance in Europe, are consistent with the effect of changes in the seasonal mean temperature gradient alone.
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O'Reilly, Christopher Horkesley. "The interaction of oceanic jets with the midlatitude storm tracks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/19231.

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Two mechanisms through which oceanic jets and the atmospheric storm tracks interact in midlatitudes are considered. Firstly, the response of a two-layer ocean model to large- scale stochastic forcing, a simplified model of forcing by the North Atlantic Oscillation, is investigated. Long Rossby waves are excited at the eastern boundary of the square model basin and the waves are baroclinically unstable. A novel aspect is that the instability leads to the generation of zonal jets throughout the domain. Unlike other theories of jet generation, the jets are actually wave-like in nature, and result directly from the instability. The “jets” appear when averaging the zonal velocity field over fixed periods of time. The longer the averaging period, the weaker the jets as the latter are actually time-varying. The jets occur for a wide range of stochastic forcing strength and the presence or not of a time mean circulation. The mechanism described here thereby provides an explanation for the recent observations of alternating zonal jets. The response of the Pacific storm track to the variability of the Kuroshio Extension jet is then studied. An index of the Kuroshio Extension front strength is produced using sea surface temperature and sea surface height observations. The index reflects the strengthening and weakening of the SST gradient associated with the bimodal states of the Kuroshio, and composites of the atmospheric state are presented during its positive and negative phases. The anomalous response of the transient eddy heat transport resembles a zonal dipole structure. With a weaker (stronger) SST front, the eddy heat transport is increased in the eastern (western) Pacific region, consistent with reduced (enhanced) low- level baroclinicity. The response of the large-scale atmospheric circulation is a barotropic blocking-type pattern in the east Pacific, which is interpreted in terms of the barotropic “eddy-straining” mechanism and eddy-mean flow interaction.
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Winchell, Taylor S., David M. Barnard, Russell K. Monson, Sean P. Burns, and Noah P. Molotch. "Earlier snowmelt reduces atmospheric carbon uptake in midlatitude subalpine forests." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621684.

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Previous work demonstrates conflicting evidence regarding the influence of snowmelt timing on forest net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Based on 15years of eddy covariance measurements in Colorado, years with earlier snowmelt exhibited less net carbon uptake during the snow ablation period, which is a period of high potential for productivity. Earlier snowmelt aligned with colder periods of the seasonal air temperature cycle relative to later snowmelt. We found that the colder ablation-period air temperatures during these early snowmelt years lead to reduced rates of daily NEE. Hence, earlier snowmelt associated with climate warming, counterintuitively, leads to colder atmospheric temperatures during the snow ablation period and concomitantly reduced rates of net carbon uptake. Using a multilinear-regression (R-2=0.79, P<0.001) relating snow ablation period mean air temperature and peak snow water equivalent (SWE) to ablation-period NEE, we predict that earlier snowmelt and decreased SWE may cause a 45% reduction in midcentury ablation-period net carbon uptake.
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Orford, Nicola Diane. "Behaviour of quiet time ionospheric disturbances at African equatorial and midlatitude regions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62672.

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Extreme ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances affect technology adversely. Prestorm enhancements, considered a potential predictor of geomagnetic storms, occur during quiet conditions prior to geomagnetic disturbances. The ionosphere experiences general disturbances during quiet geomagnetic conditions and these Q- disturbances remain unexplored over Africa. This study used TEC data to characterize the morphology of Q-disturbances over Africa, exploring variations with solar cycle, season, time of occurrence and latitude. Observations from 10 African GPS stations in the equatorial and midlatitude regions show that Q-disturbances in the equatorial region are predominantly driven by E x B variations, while multiple mechanisms affect the midlatitude region. Q- disturbances occur more frequently during nighttime than during daytime and no seasonal trend is observed. Midlatitude Q-disturbance mechanisms are explored in depth, considering substorm activity, the plasmaspheric contribution to GPS TEC and plasma transfer between conjugate points. Substorm activity is not a dominant mechanism, although Q-disturbances occurring under elevated substorm conditions tend to have longer duration and larger amplitude than general Q-disturbances. Many observed Q-disturbances become non-significant once the plasmaspheric contribution to the TEC measurements is removed, indicating that these disturbances occur within the plasmasphere, and not the ionosphere. Transfer of plasma between conjugate points does not seem to be a mechanism driving Q-disturbances, as the corresponding nighttime behaviour expected between depletions in the summer hemisphere and enhancements in the winter hemisphere is not observed. Pre-storm enhancements occur infrequently, rendering them a poor predictor of geomagnetic disturbances. Pre-storm enhancement morphology does not differ significantly from general quiet time enhancement morphology, suggesting pre-storms are not a special case of Q-disturbances.
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Duncan, Bryan N. "The effects of urban ozone control strategies on northern hemispheric, midlatitude tropospheric ozone." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25875.

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Books on the topic "Midlatitude"

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Lackmann, Gary. Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1.

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Kintner, Paul M., Anthea J. Coster, Tim Fuller-Rowell, Anthony J. Mannucci, Michael Mendillo, and Roderick Heelis, eds. Midlatitude Ionospheric Dynamics and Disturbances. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm181.

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Hoskins, Brian J., and Ian N. James. Fluid Dynamics of the Midlatitude Atmosphere. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118526002.

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Midlatitude synoptic meteorology: Dynamics, analysis, and forecasting. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society, 2011.

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Midlatitude Storm Track Response to Increased Greenhouse Warming. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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E, Graham Nicholas, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Hydrologic Research Center, eds. Tropical Pacific midlatitude teleconnections in medieval times: PIER project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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E, Graham Nicholas, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Hydrologic Research Center, eds. Tropical Pacific midlatitude teleconnections in medieval times: PIER project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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E, Graham Nicholas, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Hydrologic Research Center, eds. Tropical Pacific midlatitude teleconnections in medieval times: PIER project report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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L, Killeen T., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Nocturnal observations of the semidiurnal tide at a midlatitude site. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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L, Killeen T., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Nocturnal observations of the semidiurnal tide at a midlatitude site. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Midlatitude"

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Satoh, Masaki. "Midlatitude circulations." In Atmospheric Circulation Dynamics and General Circulation Models, 474–504. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13574-3_18.

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McCreary, Julian P., and Satish R. Shetye. "Midlatitude Waves." In Observations and Dynamics of Circulations in the North Indian Ocean, 195–229. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5864-9_7.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Introduction, Background, and Basics." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 1–33. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_1.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Numerical Weather Prediction." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 247–302. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_10.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Weather Forecasting." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 303–26. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_11.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Manual Analysis." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 327–35. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_12.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Quasigeostrophic Theory." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 35–66. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_2.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Isentropic Analysis." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 67–78. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_3.

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Lackmann, Gary. "The Potential Vorticity Framework." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 79–94. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_4.

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Lackmann, Gary. "Extratropical Cyclones." In Midlatitude Synoptic Meteorology, 95–129. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-878220-56-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Midlatitude"

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Yildiz, Solen Kumbay, and Feza Arikan. "Trend Characterization for Midlatitude Ionosphere." In 2020 28th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu49456.2020.9302237.

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Nakane, H., S. Hayashida-Amano, I. Matsui, N. Sugimoto, A. Minato, and Y. Sasano. "The NIES Ozone Lidar System for Observation of the Stratospheric Ozone." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otud2.

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Recent unpredicted ozone decrease in the polar and midlatitude regions shows importance of ground-based remole-sensing networks such as NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change). Though latitudinal networks are primarily important, the unexpected decrease of ozone in the northern midlatitude in winter and the inhomogeneity of the trends suggest the neccessily of complementary longitudinal networks. Japan could be one of the important locations from this point of view.
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Shchekin, S. R., F. V. Kivva, V. N. Gorobets, A. L. Kovorotniy, and O. I. Kovalenko. "Using GNSS signals for measuring the midlatitude atmosphere parameters." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory (MMET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmet.2016.7544132.

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MacDougall, John, M. A. Abdu, I. Batista, R. Buriti, P. T. Jayachandran, and G. Borba. "Equatorial travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) compared with midlatitude TIDs." In 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2011.6050927.

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Tian, Angang, and Yuhua Zou. "Rocket-induced Daytime Midlatitude Plasma Depletions Observed by Swarm Constellation." In 2018 12th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isape.2018.8634208.

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She, C. Y., J. R. Yu, and H. Chen. "Temperature Structure of Midlatitude Mesopause Observed by a Narrowband Na Fluorescence Lidar." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.pd.7.

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Since the first report on the temperature measurements in the mesopause region using the new two-frequency narrowband Na temperature lidar [1], active research continues and several publications have already appeared in the literature [2, 3]. In order to reveal the seasonal variations and the thermal structure of the mesopause region, long-term routine Na temperature measurements at different locations should be made. Unlike at polar latitudes, investigations of the nighttime temperature structures of the mesopause region on regular basis are possible year-round at a midlatitude. Such investigations are now in progress at both Fort Collins, CO (40.60N, 1050W) and Urbana, IL (400N, 880W) [4], using a new two-frequency narrowband Na temperature lidar in each location. From 1991 to the end of 1992, 106 nights of observations (22,138 files) have been conducted at Fort Collins, CO. In this paper, we report the results deduced from 88 nights of quality data with 4 to 9 hours of observation each night. Our data set covers a nearly continuous period of two years. The thermal structure of the mesopause region at a midlatitude location and its seasonal variation can be established from our observations.
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Scales, W. A., A. Eltrass, J. M. Ruohoniemi, J. B. H. Baker, and P. J. Erickson. "GPS and radar data analysis of midlatitude ionospheric plasma wave irregularities." In 2016 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2016.7436250.

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Woods, David C., and Mary T. Osborn. "Twenty-six years of lidar monitoring of northern midlatitude stratospheric aerosols." In Europto Remote Sensing, edited by Jaqueline E. Russell, Klaus Schaefer, and Olga Lado-Bordowsky. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.413871.

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Wang, Lumei, and Yuhua Zou. "Characteristics of Low Midlatitude GPS Ionospheric Scintillations over Australia and Niue." In 2019 6th International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconspace.2019.8905947.

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Akchurin, A. D., and V. V. Bochkarev. "Calculation of midlatitude sporadic E group delay as function of frequency." In 2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursigass.2011.6051012.

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Reports on the topic "Midlatitude"

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Jensen, MP, WA Petersen, AD Del Genio, SE Giangrande, A. Heymsfield, G. Heymsfield, AY Hou, et al. Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1020765.

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Jensen, MP, WA Petersen, AD Del Genio, SE Giangrande, A. Heymsfield, G. Heymsfield, AY Hou, et al. Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974448.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532932.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541931.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Midlatitude Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557145.

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Hartmann, Dennis. Understanding and Constraining the Midlatitude Cloud Optical Depth Feedback in Climate Models (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1558113.

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Magnusdottir, Gudrun. REDUCING UNCERTAINTY OF POLAR TO MIDLATITUDE LINKAGES USING DOE'S E3SM IN A COORDINATED MODEL-EXPERIMENT SETTING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2155514.

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Kogan, Yefim L. Study of Midlatitude and Arctic Aerosol-cloud-radiation Feedbacks Based on LES Model with Explicit Ice and Liquid Phase Microphysics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada634900.

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Brasseur, G., X. Tie, and S. Walters. Global 3-D modeling of atmospheric ozone in the free troposphere and the stratosphere with emphasis on midlatitude regions. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/325743.

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Brasseur, G., D. Erickson, X. Tie, and S. Walter. Global 3-d modeling of atmospheric ozone in the free troposphere and the stratosphere with emphasis on midlatitude regions. Final report, July 1, 1994--June 30, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/555413.

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