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1
Rojas, J. Alejandro, Timothy D. Miles, Michael D. Coffey, Frank N. Martin, and Martin I. Chilvers. "Development and Application of qPCR and RPA Genus- and Species-Specific Detection of Phytophthora sojae and P. sansomeana Root Rot Pathogens of Soybean." Plant Disease 101, no. 7 (July 2017): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-16-1225-re.
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Phytophthora root rot of soybean, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is one of the most important diseases in the Midwestern United States, and is estimated to cause losses of up to 1.2 million metric tons per year. Disease may also be caused by P. sansomeana; however, the prevalence and damage caused by this species is not well known, partly due to limitations of current diagnostic tools. Efficient, accurate, and sensitive detection of pathogens is crucial for management. Thus, multiplex qPCR and isothermal RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) assays were developed using a hierarchical approach to detect these Phytophthora spp. The assays consist of a genus-specific probe and two species-specific probes that target the atp9-nad9 region of the mitochondrial genome that is highly specific for the genus Phytophthora. The qPCR approach multiplexes the three probes and a plant internal control. The RPA assays run each probe independently with a plant internal control multiplexed in one amplification, obtaining a result in as little as 20 mins. The multicopy mitochondrial genome provides sensitivity with sufficient variability to discern among different Phytophthora spp. The assays were highly specific when tested against a panel of 100 Phytophthora taxa and range of Pythium spp. The consistent detection level of the assay was 100 fg for the qPCR assay and 10 pg for the RPA assay. The assays were validated on symptomatic plants collected from Michigan (U.S.) and Ontario (Canada) during the 2013 field season, showing correlation with isolation. In 2014, the assays were validated with samples from nine soybean producing states in the U.S. The assays are valuable diagnostic tools for detection of Phytophthora spp. affecting soybean.
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Taber, C. Kevin. "Exploring the ‘Third Coast’ and ‘Second City’: Background and research on African migration in the Midwestern U.S. and Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area." Migration Letters 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i1.345.
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Sub-Saharan African migration to the U.S. is rapidly yet quietly growing, and the Midwestern/Great Lakes region of the country (its “Third Coast”) is becoming an increasingly important destination. In particular, the so-called “Second City” of Chicago – the regional epicenter and third largest U.S. city – is in need of social scientific research addressing the unique trajectories and experiences of its expanding African populations. This paper provides a background for these dynamics by drawing from primary and secondary data on Midwestern African migrant communities’ organizing and activities as observed through interviews and fieldwork among more than fifty African migrant organizations in the Midwestern U.S. and Greater Chicago Metropolitan Area. It will outline the evolution and distribution of African migration in the Chicago area and provide a brief overview of African resources, organizations, and other institutions and establishments as they seek to bring together and represent the burgeoning African community within and beyond the city.
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Wolfe, David A., and Meric S. Gertler. "Globalization and Economic Restructuring in Ontario: From Industrial Heartland to Learning Region?" European Planning Studies 9, no. 5 (July 2001): 575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654310124479.
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Frewin, Andrew J., Kevin Scaife, Hannah Fraser, and Cynthia D. Scott-Dupree. "Survey of the reproductive development of field-caught Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.9.
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AbstractHalyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive agricultural and nuisance pest. Knowledge of the life history of insect pests is important for informing pest management activities. Some North American populations of H. halys have two generations per year, and it is suspected that H. halys may have a partial second generation in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada. We determined the number of H. halys generations in Ontario by examining the reproductive development of field-caught adult females. The pattern of reproductive development we observed supports the conclusion that H. halys complete one generation per year in the Niagara Region of Ontario. Reproductively active H. halys were captured as early as May and continued until early September, and the peak of reproductively active individuals occurred between 250 and 550 degree days calculated with a sine-wave function and a lower threshold set to 14.17 °C.
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Walter, G., and A. Reisner. "Midwestern land-grant university scientists' definitions of sustainable agriculture: A delphi study." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005774.
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AbstractWhat scientists include among the essential attributes of sustainable agricultural systems can influence the development of agricultural research agendas and how research is done. Current perspectives on sustainability place varying emphasis on environmental and agrarian values and propose different amounts and kinds of change in agricultural production, agricultural science, and rural social institutions. In a delphi study, agricultural scientists at North Central region land-grant universities considered environmental management and development of new farming technologies as essential to a definition of sustainable agriculture, but gave little importance to social or scientific restructuring. With some qualifications, we characterize their view of sustainability as a stewardship perspective that does not include social considerations and explicitly rejects radical social change.
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Mechai, S., G. Margos, E. J. Feil, L. R. Lindsay, and N. H. Ogden. "Complex Population Structure of Borrelia burgdorferi in Southeastern and South Central Canada as Revealed by Phylogeographic Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 4 (December 12, 2014): 1309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03730-14.
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ABSTRACTLyme disease, caused by the bacteriumBorrelia burgdorferisensu stricto, is an emerging zoonotic disease in Canada and is vectored by the blacklegged tick,Ixodes scapularis. Here we used Bayesian analyses of sequence types (STs), determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), to investigate the phylogeography ofB. burgdorferipopulations in southern Canada and the United States by analyzing MLST data from 564B. burgdorferi-positive samples collected during surveillance. A total of 107 Canadian samples from field sites were characterized as part of this study, and these data were combined with existing MLST data for samples from the United States and Canada. Only 17% of STs were common between both countries, while 49% occurred only in the United States, and 34% occurred only in Canada. However, STs in southeastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec were typically identical to those in the northeastern United States, suggesting a recent introduction into this region from the United States. In contrast, STs in other locations in Canada (the Maritimes; Long Point, Ontario; and southeastern Manitoba) were frequently unique to those locations but were putative descendants of STs previously found in the United States. The picture in Canada is consistent with relatively recent introductions from multiple refugial populations in the United States. These data thus point to a geographic pattern of populations ofB. burgdorferiin North America that may be more complex than simply comprising northeastern, midwestern, and Californian groups. We speculate that this reflects the complex ecology and spatial distribution of key reservoir hosts.
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Liu, A. Q., and G. W. K. Moore. "Lake-Effect Snowstorms over Southern Ontario, Canada, and Their Associated Synoptic-Scale Environment." Monthly Weather Review 132, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr2796.1.
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Abstract Lake-effect snowstorms are an important source of severe winter weather over the Great Lakes region and are often triggered by the passage of synoptic-scale low pressure systems. In this paper, a climatology of lake-effect snowstorms over southern Ontario, Canada, for the period 1992–99 is developed. The distinguishing characteristics of the synoptic-scale environment associated with intense lake-effect snowstorms in the region are identified through the study of individual events and through composite analysis. In particular, it is found that a low pressure and a cold-temperature anomaly situated over Hudson Bay, north of the Great Lakes, is a favorable environment for the development of intense lake-effect snowstorms over southern Ontario. It is also found that the track of the low pressure system can have a significant impact on the development or lack thereof of lake-effect snowstorms over southern Ontario. It is found that the low pressure systems that trigger intense lake-effect snowstorms tend to have an anomalous northeastward track as compared to the eastward track of most low pressure systems that transit the region.
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KIRCHHOFF, DENIS, DAN MCCARTHY, DEBBE D. CRANDALL, LAURA MCDOWELL, and GRAHAM WHITELAW. "A POLICY WINDOW OPENS: STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN YORK REGION, ONTARIO, CANADA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 12, no. 03 (September 2010): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333210003632.
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Government agenda setting has been a focus of research in the field of policy sciences for over two decades. The concept of a policy window is explored as a driver of governmental agenda setting. The Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada was chosen as a case study for exploring the application of strategic environmental assessment at the municipal level through a policy window lens. Problem, policy and political streams converged to provide the necessary conditions for improved environmental assessment and infrastructure planning in York Region. A focusing event and the resulting crisis motivated stakeholders to identify and act on the problem. An SEA-type approach was initiated as one key response. A variety of activities were initiated by York Region including the development of a Sustainability Strategy, synchronisation of master planning, wider consideration of alternatives at the master plan level and improved public consultation. Conclusions are drawn and several recommendations are presented and discussed.
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Argus, George W. "The phytogeography of rare vascular plants in Ontario and its bearing on plant conservation." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-062.
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The phytogeographic patterns displayed by the 550 rare vascular plant taxa in Ontario, including 349 that are rare nationally, are correlated with counties, site regions, and floristic provinces. Rare taxa are concentrated in southwestern Ontario decreasing northward, with secondary concentrations along the Hudson Bay coast. Rare taxa in Ontario are predominantly peripheral taxa, which have their main ranges outside of Ontario. Many of these taxa, however, have a high Canadian conservation priority because they are also at risk in adjacent states or provinces. Rare taxa with Appalachian and Coastal Plain affinities are most common in southwestern Ontario. Arctic and boreal affinities predominate in Northern Ontario. These patterns are correlated with temperature and moisture parameters, which are incorporated with the Hills' site regions classification. Most high conservation priority taxa occur in the Carolinian region, the most highly settled and most highly agriculturalized part of the province. There is an urgent need for conservation of the remaining forest and wetlands in this region. The fragmentary ecosystems still remaining must be protected from further development. There is a need to study the correlation of rare plant occurrences with existing parks and reserves throughout the province to facilitate the identification of priority regions for protection. Key words: rare plants, phytogeography, conservation, Ontario.
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Matteo, Livio Di. "The Determinants of the Wealth and Asset Holding in Nineteenth-Century Canada: Evidence from Microdata." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 4 (December 1997): 907–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019586.
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Wealth and asset holding in late-nineteenth-century Ontario are examined using a new data set of census-linked probated decedents. Hump-shaped wealth-age profiles are found, supporting the importance of demographic and life cycle forces in late-nineteenth-century financial asset accumulation. With financial asset holding more pronounced in Ontario than Quebec, the implication for Canadian economic development is that the differences in capital formation and industrialization across Ontario and Quebec are partly rooted in saving behavior. The results show that urbanization, occupational status, literacy, the number of children, and region of residence are important determinants of wealth and asset holding.
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Brown, W. J. "The development of new business arrangements in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Forest Region of Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71614-5.
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Brown, W. J. "The development of new business arrangements in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Forest Region of Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 3 (June 1, 1995): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71353-3.
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Das, AN, and HB Thapa. "Distribution and utilization of bamboos in the midwestern and the far-western regions of Nepal." Banko Janakari 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9059.
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The distribution and utilization of bamboo species in the mid-western and the far-western regions were recorded using various methods including Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, field visits and specimen collection. Of the eleven genera of bamboo recorded from the regions, most of the species were found to be of indigenous types. In the mid-western region, 48 bamboo species were recorded: 18 identified at species level and 11 at genera level. However, 19 species could not be identified, although their local names were recorded. Similarly, in the far-western region, 31 species were recorded: 10 were identified at species as well as genera levels. In this region too, 11 species could not be identified, only local names were recorded. Greater diversity of bamboos exists in the hills than in the Terai belt of the regions studied. High Mountain districts such as Jumla, Dolpa, and Darchula contain considerably less quantity of large diameter sized bamboos (bans) than small sized diameter bamboos (nigalo). Although, in these regions, 18 uses of bamboo were noted, many species are mostly used for weaving. The development of bamboo resources in the regions can help reduce poverty, generate employment and sustain rural livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9059 Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 2011; 13-24
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Stavi, I., R. Lal, S. Jones, and R. C. Reeder. "IMPLICATIONS OF COVER CROPS FOR SOIL QUALITY AND GEODIVERSITY IN A HUMID-TEMPERATE REGION IN THE MIDWESTERN USA." Land Degradation & Development 23, no. 4 (March 7, 2012): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2148.
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Cullen, Blair T., and Margaret Walton‐Roberts. "The role of local immigration partnerships in Syrian refugee resettlement in Waterloo Region, Ontario." Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 63, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cag.12558.
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Choi, Sheena, and Joseph Khamalah. "Internationalization at Home." International Journal of Educational Reform 26, no. 2 (April 2017): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678791702600201.
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Responding to the needs of intercultural understanding and competencies in a global economy, universities have devised strategies and programs to internationalize the campus to prepare students to work effectively in an increasingly interconnected economy and society. Internationalization at home (IaH) attempts to more effectively address gaps left by the traditional study abroad. This study examines the IaH activities at a regional higher education institution in a Midwestern city of the United States in faculty/staff recruitment and development, policies, and curriculum development. Results show that implementation of IaH is at odds with the institution's regional mission and underscores the need for a reconceptualization to better serve the region in this global era.
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Kirchhoff, Denis, Dan McCarthy, Debbe Crandall, and Graham Whitelaw. "Strategic environmental assessment and regional infrastructure planning: the case of York Region, Ontario, Canada." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 29, no. 1 (March 2011): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/146155111x12913679730430.
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Carmichael, Barbara. "Understanding the Wine Tourism Experience for Winery Visitors in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada." Tourism Geographies 7, no. 2 (May 2005): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616680500072414.
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Dean, Jennifer, Kristen Regier, Asiya Patel, Kathi Wilson, and Effat Ghassemi. "Beyond the Cosmopolis: Sustaining Hyper-Diversity in the Suburbs of Peel Region, Ontario." Urban Planning 3, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1700.
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Globalization has increased the flow of transnational migrants into many European and North American cities. These shifting socio-demographic patterns have resulted in the rapid development of ‘cosmopolitan’ urban centres where difference and diversity are ubiquitous (Sandercock, 2003). However, as ethnic enclaves form outside the urban core in suburban communities, there is uncertainty about whether cultural homogeneity is desirable or sustainable in a multicultural country. Indeed, planning communities for increasing diversity and difference will remain, what Leonie Sandercock (2004) calls, “one of the greatest tasks for planners of the 21st century”. Thus, this article uses the theory of hyper-diversity to illuminate how immigrants’ interactions with their local suburban community represents cultural pluralism and diversity beyond ethnicity. Specifically, this study explores differing attitudes, activities and lifestyles among diverse immigrant populations in the Region of Peel, one of the fastest growing and most culturally diverse areas in Canada. Focus groups with 60 immigrant youth and 55 immigrant adults were conducted to qualitatively capture perspectives and experiences in ethnic enclaves. The findings highlight the existence of attitudes in favor of multicultural lifestyles, activities that take newcomers beyond the borders of their enclaves, and lifestyles that require additional infrastructure to support sustainability of immigration in the suburbs. In conclusion, this article adds to the debate on cultural pluralism and ‘homogeneous’ ethnic enclaves by using the emergent concept of hyper-diversity as a way to think about the future sustainability of suburbs in an era of global migration.
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Palmer, R. M., C. Jones, and M. Walters. "Environmental monitoring initiatives to sustain growth in Ontario, Canada." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0449.
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Sustainability, which attempts to balance environmental preservation and economic growth, includes puzzling problems such as better managing the world's water resources and enhancing the quality of life. Municipalities within the Nottawasaga Valley and Lake Simcoe Watersheds, north of Toronto, are now considered to have a high potential for significant growth. Both watersheds form part of the Georgian Bay ecosystem, within the Great Lakes Basin. Integrated watershed management planning by the Nottawasaga Valley and Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authorities is protecting water resources and ensuring the availability of water servicing for controlled development. This includes the maintenance of streamflows for the assimilation of treated sewage effluent from headwater basins and protection of unimpaired aquatic habitat at the same time. Monitoring the performance and success of the watershed plans is a vital component to sustain a healthy ecosystem pulse while accommodating growth. The comprehensive GIS based, multi-partnered monitoring program being used is unique. This low-cost, transferable approach for watershed monitoring includes a biological method known as BioMAP. The monitoring program has a proven track record for pre-design and post-construction stages of new development. Various case studies are presented.
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Niemczycki, Mary Ann Palmer. "The Genesee Connection: The Origins of Iroquois Culture in West-Central New York." North American Archaeologist 7, no. 1 (July 1986): 15–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gp1m-x2xd-1wf6-ej77.
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The Genesee Valley has long been recognized as a center of Iroquois development, but the connection between Owasco sites in the Genesee and Iroquois sequences in the adjacent regions has never been adequately demonstrated. Attempts to identify transitional Owasco-Iroquois sites in this region have been hampered by the use of diagnostic criteria based on data from eastern New York. This article examines ceramic patterns in the Genesee and establishes a regional cultural sequence based on ceramic criteria which have local diagnostic significance. This sequence reveals the transition from Owasco to Iroquois culture begins in the Genesee with a sudden influx of Ontario Iroquois ceramic traits from the west ca. 1250 A.D. This Owasco-Ontario Iroquois connection in the Genesee negates certain assumptions regarding Iroquois origins and alters our current concept of in situ development.
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Bunting, M. Jane, Barry G. Warner, and Ramon Aravena. "Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics and hydroseral development in a Thuja occidentalis swamp in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-108.
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Palaeoecological data from a small swamp in southern Ontario are used to reconstruct postglacial upland and wetland vegetation dynamics and assess the relative importance of autogenic and allogenic factors in wetland development. The inferred upland forest dynamics are comparable in timing and trend with lake records from the region. During the early Holocene, the shallow open water body became increasingly colonized by aquatic plants, until at around 8000 BP when the shallow open water community was replaced by a Larix swamp. At around 5600 BP, there was an apparent reversal in the wetland progression and Typha was locally dominant. There is a possible hiatus in the sedimentary record at around this time. Thereafter, a Thuj–Abies–Picea swamp community developed. The data suggest that internal factors and local events such as beaver activity could be equally or more important than regionally acting factors such as climatic change in controlling the hydroseral progression. The changing nature of the wetland community led to a 40-fold variation in sediment accumulation rate during the Holocene, emphasizing the importance of establishing a good chronology and using a multiple-core approach in such systems.
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Martell, D. L., S. Otukol, and B. J. Stocks. "A logistic model for predicting daily people-caused forest fire occurrence in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-068.
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The authors describe the development of a procedure that can be used to predict daily people-caused forest fire occurrence in the Northern Region of the province of Ontario. The procedure is based on the use of logistic regression analysis techniques to predict the probability of a fire day and the assumption that a Poisson probability distribution can be used to model daily people-caused forest fire occurrence. The results of a field test that was conducted during the summer portion of the 1984 fire season indicate the procedure works well during relatively wet periods.
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Xiong, Qingming, Hannah Bekebrede, Pratibha Sharma, Luis G. Arroyo, John D. Baird, and Yasuko Rikihisa. "An Ecotype of Neorickettsia risticii Causing Potomac Horse Fever in Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 19 (July 29, 2016): 6030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01366-16.
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ABSTRACTNeorickettsia(formerlyEhrlichia)risticiiis an obligatory intracellular bacterium of digenetic trematodes. When a horse accidentally ingests aquatic insects containing encysted trematodes infected withN. risticii, the bacterium is transmitted from trematodes to horse cells and causes an acute and often fatal disease called Potomac horse fever (PHF). Since the discovery ofN. risticiiin the United States in 1984, using immunofluorescence and PCR assays, PHF has been increasingly recognized throughout North America and South America. However, so far, there exist only a few stableN. risticiiculture isolates, all of which are from horses within the United States, and the strain diversity and environmental spreading and distribution of pathogenicN. risticiistrains remain poorly understood. This paper reports the isolation ofN. risticiifrom the blood of a horse with acute PHF in Ontario, Canada. IntracellularN. risticiicolonies were detected in P388D1cells after 47 days of culturing and 8 days after the addition of rapamycin. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences of major surface proteins P51 and Ssa1 showed that this isolate is distinct from any previously sequenced strains but closely related to midwestern U.S. strains. This is the first Canadian strain cultured, and a new method was developed to reactivate dormantN. risticiito improve culture isolation.IMPORTANCENeorickettsia risticiiis an environmental bacterium that lives inside flukes that are parasitic to aquatic snails, insects, and bats. When a horse accidentally ingests insects harboring flukes infected withN. risticii, the bacterium is transmitted to the horse and causes an acute and often fatal disease called Potomac horse fever. Although the disease has been increasingly recognized throughout North and South America,N. risticiihas not been cultured outside the United States. This paper reports the first Canadian strain cultured and a new method to effectively culture isolateN. risticiifrom the horse blood sample. Molecular analysis showed that the genotype of this Canadian strain is distinct from previously sequenced strains but closely related to midwestern U.S. strains. Culture isolation ofN. risticiistrains would confirm the geographic presence of pathogenicN. risticii, help elucidateN. risticiistrain diversity and environmental spreading and distribution, and improve diagnosis and development of vaccines for this dreadful disease.
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Brisson, Geneviève, and Rocci Luppicini. "Branding Prince Edward County as a Gastronomic Niche Tourism Destination." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2015040101.
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Increasingly, gastronomy is playing a role in people's motivation for travel, and destinations are making food and beverages their main attraction. This study explored the growing field of gastronomic tourism, a type of niche tourism, through the theoretical framework of destination branding theory. Using a qualitative case study research design, this research examined the branding of the emergent region of Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada as a gastronomic niche tourism destination from the perspective of tourism industry players. Findings indicated that the region turned to gastronomic tourism due to its agricultural history and need for economic development. It was also found that tourism industry players utilized the processes of brand identity, product development, collaboration, support and communication to brand the region. This study contributes scholarly and practical knowledge to the areas of tourism and branding, by providing insight into the development, management and promotion of destination brands.
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Nealis, V. G., D. Oliver, and D. Tchir. "THE DIAPAUSE RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF COTESIA MELANOSCELA (RATZEBURG) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 1 (February 1996): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12841-1.
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AbstractThe diapause response to photoperiod in Ontario populations of Cotesia melanoscela, an introduced parasitoid of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was investigated under a series of stationary photoperiods and constant temperature. When the parasitic larval stages of C. melanoscela were exposed to different photoperiods, the insect exhibited a typical long-day response: long days (greater than 18 h) promoted continuous development whereas short days (less than 16 h) resulted in diapause in the cocooned prepupal stage. Within the region of the critical photoperiod (16–18 h) the diapause response was associated with larval development time. Individuals that developed more slowly were more likely to enter diapause. Cotesia melanoscela was sensitive to photoperiod throughout its entire larval period. These individual responses are used to interpret patterns of seasonality of the parasitoid in Ontario and to compare with published information from populations of C. melanoscela in New England.
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Rutherford, Tod D. "The State of Training: Learning, Institutional Innovation, and Local Boards for Training and Adjustment in Ontario, Canada." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, no. 10 (October 2001): 1871–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a33209.
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This paper critiques the learning-region literature on two related points. The first is that the learning-region analysis of labour markets is theoretically underdeveloped, because it underestimates the difficulty of overcoming systematic skill mismatches, underinvestment, and free-rider practices which characterize unregulated labour markets. Second and relatedly, because it does not link the problematic nature of labour-market governance to the conflicts and contradictions of state policy, the learning-region literature effectively ‘depoliticizes’ policymaking. The paper draws on a case study of the development of local boards for training and adjustment in Ontario, Canada, and develops an alternative framework utilizing a critical governance perspective which stresses how knowledge and learning must be seen as part of state accumulation and hegemonic strategies. Such strategies are contingent on the representation of stakeholders, in particular business, and current attempts to develop decentralized associational networks are often part of what Jessop terms metagovernance. In the case of Canada, decentralization from the federal to provincial scales is viewed as crisis and cost driven and in many ways antithetical to stakeholder governance. Thus in Ontario, the development of a stakeholder-based form of labour-market governance has been marginalized by shifts in state-accumulation strategies and the inability and disinterest of business in representing itself in such stakeholder institutions. Furthermore, the local boards' generation of knowledge based on inclusionary networks and information is at odds with a state and business emphasis on knowledge derived from exclusive networks and geared to short-term profit maximization.
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Motum, R. "Taste and odour research: a utility's perspective." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.201.
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Tastes and odours issues constitute not only a rich field for research, but also a major challenge for water utilities. Addressing such problems requires sustained research programmes and the development of long-term proactive control measures; individual water utilities have found this hard to achieve, but collaborative approaches are proving successful. This is highlighted by taste and odours incidents in the 1990s in the Lake Ontario region that led to the formation of the Ontario Water Works Research Consortium. This collaboration of utilities with scientists and technical expertise in universities and government has enabled the linking of resources to a far more extensive programme than individual utilities could conduct, avoiding duplication of work, and providing a central mechanism for effective public outreach.
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Holm, P. E., T. E. Smith, B. D. Grant, and C. H. Huang. "The geochemistry of the Turriff metavolcanics, Grenville Province, southeastern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-042.
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Fifty-seven samples of the Turriff metavolcanic sequence from the Hastings region of the Grenville Province have been chemically analyzed. Ten major-element oxides and ten trace-element values for each sample were determined by standard X-ray fluorescence techniques. The sampled sections consist predominantly of mafic flows, subordinate intermediate flows, and minor felsic flows and pyroclastics. The sequence has been regionally metamorphosed to lower amphibolite facies. The geochemical data indicate that the metavolcanics represent a tholeiitic mafic–silicic bimodal sequence. Immobile-element discriminant diagrams indicate that the Turriff metabasalts are most similar to recent oceanic ridge basalts, whereas the metabasalts from other published studies of Grenville metavolcanics have an island-arc tholeiite affinity. However, because of the many chemical similarities between continental and oceanic ridge tholeiites, the bimodal nature of the sequence, and the field relationships, it is most likely that the eruption of the Turriff metavolcanics was associated with the rifting of continental crust, perhaps leading to the development of a marginal sea.
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Broadbent, A. B., and D. J. Pree. "RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF FRANKUNIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM GREENHOUSES IN THE NIAGARA REGION OF ONTARIO." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 5 (October 1997): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129907-5.
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AbstractResistance was documented in 1995 to commonly used organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), from six commercial greenhouses in Ontario. Adult female thrips were placed in glass vials treated with technical-grade insecticides and mortality at 18 h was compared with a single discriminating concentration, the computed LC99 of a reference laboratory population. Baseline dose–response regressions for insecticides commonly used in Ontario greenhouses were obtained for the laboratory population of western flower thrips. The organophosphorus compounds chlorpyrifos and malathion and the carbamates methomyl and bendiocarb were the most toxic materials tested; whereas the pyrethroid deltamethrin and a phosphoroamidate acephate were the least toxic. The addition of piperonyl butoxide to solutions of deltamethrin was highly synergistic. The mixture of deltamethrin and endosulfan (1:1) was moderately synergistic. Populations of western flower thrips from commercial greenhouses were resistant to deltamethrin, but deltamethrin mixed with piperonyl butoxide or endosulfan was synergistic in all cases. None of the populations were resistant to all of the insecticides tested. Recommendations are presented for the development of a resistance-management strategy for western flower thrips.
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Marlatt, Nicole M., Elisabeth M. Van Bussel, Dallas Seitz, and Iris Gutmanis. "Introducing problem-solving therapy training into Southwestern Ontario." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-01-2016-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce problem-solving therapy (PST) training to an Ontario health region. The aim of this pilot project was to increase psychotherapy access by training community-based outreach clinicians and to understand their satisfaction with the training program as well as their confidence in applying the principles of PST. Design/methodology/approach Clinicians from Southwestern Ontario who provide community-based mental health outreach services to older adults were invited to participate in this training opportunity. Selection was based on their existing client base, the geographic area they served, and self-reported foreseeable PST training benefits. Selected individuals received an eight-hour in-person didactic session, eight one-hour case-based learning opportunities, and individual case supervision. Acquired knowledge, perceived confidence in their skills, level of adherence to PST principles in clinical interactions, and satisfaction with the training program itself were measured. Findings Of the 36 applicants, eight trainees were selected. All trainees completed their training and seven were successfully certified in PST. Trainees indicated a high level of satisfaction with the training experience. According to the evaluation tools, trainee confidence in providing PST significantly increased, though there was no statistically significant change in knowledge. Originality/value This study provides the first evidence that PST can be introduced within a regional geriatric mental health service in Canada. The training involved both in-person training, web-based conferencing sessions and a supervisory component. The training lasted 16 hours and resulted in staff skill development in an evidence-based psychotherapy modality.
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Rogala, Becky, Philip W. Fralick, Larry M. Heaman, and Riku Metsaranta. "Lithostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Sibley Group, northwestern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-027.
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The 950 m thick Sibley Group is a relatively flat-lying assemblage of siliciclastic and chemical sedimentary rocks exposed from the northwest shore of Lake Superior to the Lake Nipigon region of Ontario. Remnants of the Sibley Group occur in an ovoid area that sagged at ~1.5 Ga, creating accommodation space for braided fluvial sediments, derived as either first or multicycle detritus from the Trans-Hudson Orogen. This was followed by a transgressive episode and deposition of lacustrine siliciclastics and evaporites. An influx of sediment from the south occurred immediately prior to final contraction of the lacustrine system and deposition of strandline, stromatolite-bearing carbonates. The change in paleoslope was accompanied by development of a north–south-oriented half-graben. Overlying subaerial deposits represent deposition on a sabkha or saline mud flat. This assemblage is abruptly succeeded upward by flooding of the basin and major deltaic progradation and capped by a delta-top fluvial system with extensive preservation of floodplain deposits. The majority of the deltaic sediment was derived from Proterozoic sources to the south. An unconformity separates this assemblage from a thick succession of sandstone deposited as an aeolian dune field, with detritus probably coming from as far as the New Quebec Orogen to Baltica region. The geochemistry of medium-grained sandstone denotes that sediment became more mature and quartz-rich upsection and that the source areas evolved to more felsic and less alkalic compositions. Paleomagnetically correlated units in the Belt Supergroup, Apache Group, and Troy Quartzite in western North America indicate that the broad climatic fluctuations recorded in the Sibley Group may represent continent-wide events.
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St. John, Amy, and Neal Ferris. "Unravelling identities on archaeological borderlands: Late Woodland Western Basin and Ontario Iroquoian Traditions in the Lower Great Lakes region." Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 63, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cag.12513.
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McCullough, Elizabeth A., Cynthia G. Clopper, and Laura Wagner. "Regional dialect perception across the lifespan: Identification and discrimination." Language and Speech 62, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917743277.
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Although adult listeners can often identify a talker’s region of origin based on his or her speech, young children typically fail in dialect perception tasks, and little is known about the development of regional dialect representations from childhood into adulthood. This study explored listeners’ understanding of the indexical importance of American English regional dialects across the lifespan. Listeners between 4 and 79 years old in the Midwestern United States heard talkers from the Midland, Northern, Southern, and New England regions in two regional dialect perception tasks: identification and discrimination. The results showed that listeners as young as 4–5 years old understand the identity-marking significance of some regional dialects, although adult-like performance was not achieved until adolescence. Further, the findings suggest that regional dialect perception is simultaneously impacted by the specific dialects involved and the cognitive difficulty of the task.
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Ray, D. Michael, Ian MacLachlan, Rodolphe Lamarche, and KP Srinath. "Economic shock and regional resilience: Continuity and change in Canada's regional employment structure, 1987–2012." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 4 (December 6, 2016): 952–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16681788.
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This article analyses regional resilience to economic shock in Canada from 1987 to 2012, a period that included severe recessions and major free-trade agreements. Employment is cross-tabulated by region, industry and gender and partitioned cumulatively using three-way multifactor partitioning for each period from 1987–1988 to 1987–2012. Employment loss in each recession is found to be more closely associated with industry-mix in the preceding growth period than with the region effect. At each recession, manufacturing had much bigger employment losses and a much weaker recovery than business services. Thus manufacturing amplifies economic shocks, while business services act as regional shock absorbers. Manufacturing employment decline in Ontario was influenced by trade liberalization and far exceeds what would be expected from the industry and region effects alone. Female employment growth outpaced male employment growth in every region and in every industry group apart from business and appeared to be more resilient to recession. But corrected for their industry composition and regional disparities, these gender differences are substantially reduced.
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Holland, Tara, Barry Smit, and Gregory V. Jones. "Toward a Conceptual Framework of Terroir Tourism: A Case Study of the Prince Edward County, Ontario Wine Region." Tourism Planning & Development 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2014): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2014.890125.
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Biays, Pierre. "Une ville d’Abitibi : Senneterre." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 2, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020062ar.
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Senneterre is a typical pioneer town in the Abitibi region. The main factor of development of Senneterre is its location in connection with the previously built railroads, new railroads and railroads to be built which are linking the settled part of Abitibi and Northern Ontario as well as the Montréal and Québec regions with the new mining and forestry districts of Bachelor, Chibougamau and Albanel lakes. In addition, sawmills and C.N.R. repair and maintenance shops are important industries in Senneterre.
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Hanlon, N. T., and M. W. Rosenberg. "Not-So-New Public Management and the Denial of Geography: Ontario Health-Care Reform in the 1990s." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 5 (October 1998): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160559.
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New public management (NPM) has become the mantra for public sector restructuring in OECD nations. We critically examine NPM in the context of recent public sector restructuring initiatives in the province of Ontario, Canada. Two NPM-inspired reform mechanisms employed by the Ontario government—the benchmarking of hospital-utilization indicators and the offloading of a greater share of patient-care responsibilities to the private sector—are examined as they impact on the economically disadvantaged city of Thunder Bay in the province's remote Northwestern region. We argue that the health reforms pursued by the Ontario government are focused on a one-dimensional notion of efficiency which denies important socioeconomic and health-service-environment dimensions that account for local differences in health-services utilization. Although this type of reform approach achieves short-term cost savings, we question whether the longer term effects on health and social services are efficient and equitable from a systemwide perspective. Ultimately, we question whether NPM will solve the problems inherent in publicly supported health and social services or will generate a new set of problems linked to the belief in the primacy of market mechanisms.
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Pugliese, Stephanie C., Jennifer G. Murphy, Felix R. Vogel, Michael D. Moran, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Craig A. Stroud, Shuzhan Ren, Douglas Worthy, and Gregoire Broquet. "High-resolution quantification of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 3387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3387-2018.
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Abstract. Many stakeholders are seeking methods to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in urban areas, but reliable, high-resolution inventories are required to guide these efforts. We present the development of a high-resolution CO2 inventory available for the Greater Toronto Area and surrounding region in Southern Ontario, Canada (area of ∼ 2.8 × 105 km2, 26 % of the province of Ontario). The new SOCE (Southern Ontario CO2 Emissions) inventory is available at the 2.5 × 2.5 km spatial and hourly temporal resolution and characterizes emissions from seven sectors: area, residential natural-gas combustion, commercial natural-gas combustion, point, marine, on-road, and off-road. To assess the accuracy of the SOCE inventory, we developed an observation–model framework using the GEM-MACH chemistry–transport model run on a high-resolution grid with 2.5 km grid spacing coupled to the Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) v2 inventories for anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land carbon model C-TESSEL for biogenic fluxes. A run using FFDAS for the Southern Ontario region was compared to a run in which its emissions were replaced by the SOCE inventory. Simulated CO2 mixing ratios were compared against in situ measurements made at four sites in Southern Ontario – Downsview, Hanlan's Point, Egbert and Turkey Point – in 3 winter months, January–March 2016. Model simulations had better agreement with measurements when using the SOCE inventory emissions versus other inventories, quantified using a variety of statistics such as correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and mean bias. Furthermore, when run with the SOCE inventory, the model had improved ability to capture the typical diurnal pattern of CO2 mixing ratios, particularly at the Downsview, Hanlan's Point, and Egbert sites. In addition to improved model–measurement agreement, the SOCE inventory offers a sectoral breakdown of emissions, allowing estimation of average time-of-day and day-of-week contributions of different sectors. Our results show that at night, emissions from residential and commercial natural-gas combustion and other area sources can contribute > 80 % of the CO2 enhancement, while during the day emissions from the on-road sector dominate, accounting for > 70 % of the enhancement.
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Jackson, Deborah Davis. "A perfect storm: embodied workers, emplaced corporations, and delayed reflexivity in a Canadian 'Risk Society'." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23138.
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At the turn of the 21st century, an occupational disease epidemic began to unfold in Sarnia, Ontario, home to the petrochemical complex known as Canada's 'Chemical Valley.' Given the long latency periods for these diseases, the hazardous exposures that produced them would have occurred over a period of decades during the latter 20th century. This suggests a paradox: what accounts for unionized Canadian men working for decades in conditions that posed such grave risks to their health? Or, put in terms of Ulrich Beck's compelling and influential model: given that Chemical Valley during the second half of the 20th century constituted a quintessential "risk society" of the modern West, where were the forces of "political reflexivity" – resistance leading to change – typically provoked by the excesses of such societies? In this article, I seek to resolve this paradox with a political ecology approach that focuses on workers' embodied experience in the micro-environment of their workplace and community, as well as on the material and social emplacement of petrochemical facilities in the region. The analysis reveals a 'perfect storm' of converging ecological, cultural, political, and economic conditions that allowed local corporations to achieve extraordinary power. Consequently, even as activism for occupational and environmental justice was effecting change in similar industrial centers throughout Ontario and the Great Lakes region, these changes failed to take hold in Chemical Valley. The article concludes by suggesting that those 20th century power dynamics have continued into the 21st century, where reflexivity delayed might well have atrophied into reflexivity denied.Keywords: embodiment, emplacement, risk society, petrochemical corporations, industrial workers, Canada, Great Lakes region
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Martin, Scott W. J. "Languages Past and Present: Archaeological Approaches to the Appearance of Northern Iroquoian Speakers in the Lower Great Lakes Region of North America." American Antiquity 73, no. 3 (July 2008): 441–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600046813.
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Archaeological accounts of the spread of agriculture tend to favor either (im)migration/demic diffusion or in situ development/stimulus diffusion. Having moved away from the early twentieth-century's community-wide migration model for Iroquoian origins in the Lower Great Lakes region and southern Ontario in particular, orthodox archaeological belief over the past half-century had come to place Northern Iroquoian speakers in the area since at least 2,000 years ago and likely much earlier. In what appear to be modified versions of the older migrationist arguments, contemporary thought within archaeology once more seems to allow that wholesale relocations were responsible for bringing farming into the region. It has been suggested, for example, that Northern Iroquoian speakers entered southern Ontario as recently as the early or middle centuries of the first millennium A.D. In this paper, I recount the routes this debate has taken and show that the appearance of maize (Zea mays) agriculture, alongside a few other materials, has come to be bound up with documenting the arrival of Northern Iroquoian-speaking communities. I conclude by reiterating the cautions advised by a number of researchers for how we read past ethnicity from archaeological materials and the role this plays in contemporary political discourse between First Nations and others.
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Calvert, Kirby, and Rebecca Jahns. "Participatory mapping and spatial planning for renewable energy development: The case of ground-mount solar in rural Ontario." Canadian Planning and Policy / Aménagement et politique au Canada 2021 (June 9, 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/cpp-apc.v2021i2.13991.
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Displacing fossil fuels with renewable energy resources is essential to mitigate climate change. The implementation of renewable energy systems brings stark changes to local landscapes; e.g., wind turbines dotting a rural landscape, or solar panels covering fertile land that previously supplied food. These changes can evoke strong social opposition, even among people who are generally supportive of renewable energy (RE). Research suggests that public tensions around renewable energy development are reduced through inclusive decision-making processes (i.e., improved procedural justice) as well as benefits sharing (i.e., improved distributional justice). We develop and test a process for proactive and inclusive spatial planning for RE development in a region. Our work combines participatory mapping and survey- and focus-group-based sentiment analysis in order to understand community concerns around renewable energy projects, and how those concerns are reflected spatially. We conducted a case study on ground-mount solar energy systems in the Town of Caledon, Ontario, Canada. From this study, we aimed to determine what regions and kinds of landscapes community members might find acceptable or not for new solar projects, and to facilitate dialogue about opportunities and potential impacts with the general public, key stakeholders, and influencers (utilities, land-owners, developers, municipal staff) in the locality.
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Alexandre, Veruska Prado, Maria do Rosário Gondim Peixoto, Bethsáida de Abreu Soares Schmitz, and Erly Catarina de Moura. "Factors associated with the feeding practices of the adult population of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010021eng.
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This cross-sectional study identified the factors associated with adult feeding practices in Goiânia, the capital of the state of Goiás, in the Midwestern region of Brazil, by means of telephone interviews with 2,002 adults (> 18 years old). Information about demographic aspects, lifestyle, nutritional status, and food consumption was collected, leading to a sum of healthy food choices. It was observed that men and women have an average of two healthy food choices and low frequency of fruit intake (5.4% of men; 8.5% of women), as well as the consumption of legumes and vegetables (18.1% of men; 22.6% of women). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the mean healthy food choice among men increases with age and physical practice, and among women, with paid work. The prevalence of unhealthy food choices associated with other risk behaviors favors the development of chronic diseases. Multi-strategy and intersectorial actions are necessary to overcome this situation.
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Fernandez, Rodrigo, and Nicolas Zegre. "Seasonal Changes in Water and Energy Balances over the Appalachian Region and Beyond throughout the Twenty-First Century." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 5 (May 2019): 1079–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0093.1.
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AbstractThe Appalachian Mountains serve as a water source for important population centers in the eastern and midwestern United States. Despite this, the effects of climate change on the hydroclimatology of the region have not been thoroughly assessed, and its effects for water resources remain uncertain. In this study, we analyze the effects of climate change in a holistic approach to consider differential changes between atmospheric water supply (precipitation) and atmospheric water demand (potential evapotranspiration). We analyze the absolute and relative changes in both variables, as well as their relation (aridity index) and future projected shifts in their seasonality. Our findings show that precipitation is projected to increase in the northeastern part of the region and decrease in the southwest with a transition zone in the central Appalachians. Potential evapotranspiration increases consistently throughout the twenty-first century at a higher rate than precipitation, increasing the aridity of the region except for some small localized pockets at high elevations. The seasonality of precipitation indicates different shifts across the region related to changes in the dominant synoptic drivers of the region and changes in the seasonal characteristics of the land surface. All changes are exacerbated in the most extreme future climate scenario, highlighting the importance of local to global policies toward a more sustainable water resources development. In addition, we perform a basin-scale assessment on 20 major rivers with headwaters within the “Appalachian Region.” Our basin-scale results enforce the gridded regional results and indicate that, as temperatures continue to increase, lowland areas will rely more heavily on higher-elevation forested headwater catchments for water supply.
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Armstrong, Ted (E R). "Integration of woodland caribou habitat management and forest management in northern Ontario - current status and issues." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1559.
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Woodland caribou {Rangifer tarandus caribou) range across northern Ontario, occurring in both the Hudson Bay Lowlands and the Boreal Forest. Woodland caribou extend south well into the merchantable forest, occurring in licensed and/or actively managed Forest Management Units (FMU's) across the province. Caribou range has gradually but continuously receded northward over the past century. Since the early 1990's, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) has been developing and implementing a woodland caribou habitat management strategy in northwestern Ontario. The purpose of the caribou habitat strategy is to maintain woodland caribou occupancy of currently occupied range in northwestern Ontario. Long-term caribou habitat needs and predator-prey dynamics form the basis of this strategy, which requires the development of a landscape-level caribou habitat mosaic across the region within caribou range. This represents a significant change from traditional forest management approaches, which were based partially upon moose (Alces alces) habitat management principles. A number of issues and concerns regarding implications of caribou management to the forest industry are being addressed, including short-term and long-term reductions in wood supply and wood quality, and increased access costs. Other related concerns include the ability to regenerate forests to pre-harvest stand conditions, remote tourism concerns, implications for moose populations, and required information on caribou biology and habitat. The forest industry and other stakeholders have been actively involved with the OMNR in attempting to address these concerns, so that caribou habitat requirements are met while ensuring the maintenance of a viable timber industry, other forest uses and the forest ecosystem.
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Gertler, M. S., and S. DiGiovanna. "In Search of the New Social Economy: Collaborative Relations between Users and Producers of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 9 (September 1997): 1585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291585.
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Geographers and other social scientists have paid considerable attention recently to what has been characterized as the increasingly social character of economic activity. Of particular interest has been the rise of more collaborative relations among firms and the formation of territorial production networks predicated upon joint product development and manufacturing, trust-based buyer—supplier interaction, and the freer exchange of proprietary information. Much of the empirical evidence for such claims comes from a relatively small number of regional case studies of particular industries which have enjoyed a high degree of economic success in recent years. At issue, however, is the extent to which such collaborative activity has diffused to other industries and other regions, especially the more mature industrial regions. Furthermore, even in cases where collaborative relationships have been documented, much debate remains over their effectiveness and the kinds of benefits arising from such activity, especially in North America. Previous research on the adoption and implementation of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) in Ontario indicates that strong collaboration between AMT producers (largely outside the region) and AMT users is relatively rare. In this paper this work is deepened and extended by an examination of the frequency of collaboration, the forms such collaboration takes, and the factors which seem to be critical in determining whether or not firms will collaborate with one another. Evaluating the results of a survey analysis of AMT users, follow-up interviews both with users and with producers, and a comparison with the AMT sector in Germany, the authors conclude that the apparent scarcity of collaborative activity in the Ontario AMT industry is closely related to the physical and organizational distance between suppliers and customers, and also arises from the high degree of foreign ownership of AMT users in Ontario. They conclude that, despite the well-recognized rise of global economic players, nationality of ownership and geography still matter.
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Szeicz, J. M., and G. M. MacDonald. "Postglacial vegetation history of oak savanna in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-195.
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Sizable areas of oak savanna were present in southern Ontario when the region was first settled by Europeans. The objective of this study was to reconstruct the vegetation history of oak savanna at a site in Ontario and to test the hypothesis that the savanna was created by Indian burning. The fossil pollen, plant macrofossil, and fossil charcoal records of the sediments of a small lake were used to reconstruct postglacial vegetation development in an area formerly occupied by oak savanna. The fossil record from the site extends from approximately 11 800 BP to the present. The initial vegetation around the lake was an open Picea woodland similar to that reported from other late glacial sites in southern Ontario. Pinus banksiana forest dominated the vegetation of the site between about 10 000 and 9000 BP. Pinus strobus replaced Pinus banksiana and remained the dominant tree species in the area until approximately 6000 BP. The persistence of Pinus strobus as the dominant tree species until 6000 BP is unique in southern Ontario. Between 6000 and 4000 BP the Pinus strobus forest was replaced by oak savanna. Oak savanna occupied the area until land clearance by Europeans at approximately A.D. 1850. The early date at which oak savanna developed makes it unlikely that Indian burning was the cause of savanna formation. Determining the cause of the late persistence of Pinus strobus-dominated vegetation and its replacement by oak savanna is difficult. It is possible that the late persistence of Pinus strobus in the study area is related to dry climatic conditions during the mid-Holocene (~8000 to 6000 BP). The establishment of oak savanna may have been caused by the transition to moister climatic conditions in the later half of the Holocene. The particularly dry and well-drained substrates associated with oak savanna may have restricted occupation of these regions by more mesic tree species and maintained herb and graminoid dominated openings by promoting natural fires. Key words: Palaeoecology, fossil pollen, Holocene, oak savanna, southern Ontario.
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Harper, Karen, Catherine Boudreault, Louis DeGrandpré, Pierre Drapeau, Sylvie Gauthier, and Yves Bergeron. "Structure, composition, and diversity of old-growth black spruce boreal forest of the Clay Belt region in Quebec and Ontario." Environmental Reviews 11, S1 (September 1, 2003): S79—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-013.
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Old-growth black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forest in the Clay Belt region of Ontario and Quebec is an open forest with a low canopy, quite different from what many consider to be "old growth". Here, we provide an overview of the characteristics of old-growth black spruce forest for three different site types on organic, clay, and coarse deposits. Our objectives were (1) to identify the extent of older forests; (2) to describe the structure, composition, and diversity in different age classes; and (3) to identify key processes in old-growth black spruce forest. We sampled canopy composition, deadwood abundance, understorey composition, and nonvascular plant species in 91 forest stands along a chronosequence that extended from 20 to more than 250 years after fire. We used a peak in tree basal area, which occurred at 100 years on clay and coarse sites and at 200 years on organic sites, as a process-based means of defining the start of old-growth forest. Old-growth forests are extensive in the Clay Belt, covering 3050% of the forested landscape. Black spruce was dominant on all organic sites, and in all older stands. Although there were fewer understorey species and none exclusive to old-growth, these forests were structurally diverse and had greater abundance of Sphagnum, epiphytic lichens, and ericaceous species. Paludification, a process characteristic of old-growth forest stands on clay deposits in this region, causes decreases in tree and deadwood abundance. Old-growth black spruce forests, therefore, lack the large trees and snags that are characteristic of other old-growth forests. Small-scale disturbances such as spruce budworm and windthrow are common, creating numerous gaps. Landscape and stand level management strategies could minimize structural changes caused by harvesting, but unmanaged forest in all stages of development must be preserved in order to conserve all the attributes of old-growth black spruce forest. Key words: boreal forest, old growth, paludification, Picea mariana, structural development, succession.
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Stirrup, M., Z. Vitasovic, and E. Strand. "Real-Time Control of Combined Sewer Overflows in Hamilton-Wentworth Region." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.011.
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Abstract The Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth operates and maintains a large combined sewer system in the Great Lakes basin. During dry weather and small storm events, two large interceptor sewers convey all sanitary and storm flows to the Woodward Avenue wastewater treatment plant. Larger rainfall events, specifically high intensity summer thunderstorms, generate flows which exceed the design capacity of the sanitary interceptors and result in combined sewer overflows to Hamilton Harbour and Cootes Paradise, which ultimately discharge to Lake Ontario. The Region is implementing a comprehensive program for reducing the pollution caused by these overflows. This program includes the construction of several off-line detention storage facilities and the implementation of a real-time control system for combined sewer overflow reduction. Real-time control will enable maximum utilization of the storage available within the combined sewer network and help reduce the frequency and volume of combined sewer overflows. New hydrologic and hydraulic simulation models have been specially developed for this project to help identify, test and implement optimal real-time control strategies. This paper discusses some of the more important aspects related to the design and implementation of the Region’s real-time control system, and focuses mainly on the development of these hydrologic and hydraulic simulation models.
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Mahat, Kushendra Bahadur, and Bihari Binod Pokharel. "Enabling and Impending Factors of NGOs in Karnali Zone, Nepal." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 1, no. 2 (February 11, 2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v1i2.16586.
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Introduction: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) are one of the major parts of the Civil Society institutions to develop the nation. Government has established the separate social welfare act to register and operate to contribute their efforts as complementary support for addressing the basic development requirements of the community to synergic the joint efforts of the development stakeholders. The study was conducted in Midwestern Development Region of Karnali Zone in Nepal where Social Welfare Council and Donor communities are highly prioritized to mainstream into national development process.Objective: The objective of this research was to identify the enabling and impending factors of NGOs in Karnai Zone, Nepal.Methodology: This study was based on the pragmatism philosophy. The study had done 45 in-depth interview and 15 focus group discussion with key informants. Qualitative analysis was done to identify the enabling and impending factors of NGOs.Result: Nine factors find the enabling and 7 points impending in general. In enabling factors are the will power of the NGOs, donors are interested and their priority, structural factors, environmental, ethical, program based, policy and democratic practice in the institution. Similarly, impending factors were geographical factors, weak planning and implementation, dependency mentality, lack of trained human resources, inadequate coordination and socio-economic problem.Conclusion: Impending factors may cause the problem in performances of NGOs so it is necessary to minimize the effect of impending factors by addressing though policy and program.