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1

Lackovic, Milan, Sladjana Mihajlovic, Jovana Kuzmanovic Pficer, et al. "Migraines, Obesity, and Pregnancy: Who Is the Villain and Who Is the Victim?" Life 15, no. 7 (2025): 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071014.

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Introduction: Migraines are a prevalent neurovascular disorder that affects more than a billion people worldwide. Even though both women and men are affected by this neurological disorder, migraines are primarily recognized as a women’s health disruption factor. Pregnancy leads to significant hormonal changes, including a rise in estrogen, progesterone, and endogeny opioid levels, and, therefore, it can affect the course of migraines. Women dealing with migraines often experience migraine symptom reduction during the course of pregnancy, but in the setting of increased maternal body mass index
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Lackovic, Milan, Milena Jankovic, Sladjana Mihajlovic, Zagorka Milovanovic, and Dejan Nikolic. "Exploring the Connection between Migraines and Pregnancy: The Impact of Physical Activity on Symptom Management." Medicina 60, no. 1 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010049.

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Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life for affected individuals. The pathogenesis behind migraines is not yet fully understood, but hormonal changes, especially fluctuations in, estrogen and progesterone levels, have a significant role in the susceptibility of women to migraines. Pregnancy introduces a unique set of challenges for women who experience migraines, as they must navigate the complexities of managing their condition while safeguarding the health of both them and their unborn child. Pharmacological options for treating migraines
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Kardes, Guzin, Aytul Hadimli, and Ahmet Mete Ergenoglu. "Determination of the Frequency of Migraine Attacks in Pregnant Women and the Ways They Cope with Headaches: A Cross-Sectional Study." Healthcare 11, no. 14 (2023): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142070.

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One out of every five women of reproductive age suffers from migraine. Although headaches subside in most women during pregnancy, attacks continue and even worsen in some women. Pregnant women try to relieve pain with medication or non-pharmacological treatment methods. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the incidence of migraine attacks in pregnant women diagnosed with migraine and the ways they cope with headaches. The study included 191 pregnant women who were diagnosed with migraine in the pre-pregnancy period. McNemar analysis was performed to test the r
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4

Latysheva, N. V., E. G. Filatova, and N. V. Naprienko. "Treatment of migraines during pregnancy." Russian Medical Inquiry 4, no. 9 (2020): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-9-601-605.

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One in four women of reproductive age suffers from migraines with varying incidence of episodes. Treatment of migraines during pregnancy is a complex problem for doctors and patients. Nowadays, more than 70% of pregnant women receive prescription and overthe- counter medications during pregnancy. At the same time, information about the safety of taking such drugs by pregnant women is commonly not available. That is why doctors and patients use certain medications without a premeditated and coordinated tactics for controlling migraines, commonly making a decision at the beginning of the next ep
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5

Serva, Waldmiro Antônio Diégues, Vilneide Maria Santos Braga Diégues Serva, Maria de Fátima Costa Caminha, et al. "Course of migraine during pregnancy among migraine sufferers before pregnancy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, no. 4 (2011): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500008.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the course of migraine without aura and migraine with aura during pregnancy and factors that could influence its course, among migraine sufferers before pregnancy. METHOD: A cross sectional study undertaken at the IMIP, Brazil. Out of 686 consecutively assisted women, at the first postnatal week, 266 were identified as migraine sufferers before pregnancy. RESULTS: There was migraine remission in 35.4%, 76.8% and 79.3% among migraine without aura sufferers and 20.7%, 58.6% and 65.5% among those with migraine with aura, respectively in the first, second and third trimester
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Phillips, Katherine, Prut Koonalintip, and Benjamin R. Wakerley. "Migraine and Pregnancy." Life 14, no. 10 (2024): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14101224.

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Migraine affects almost one in five women of reproductive age. Therefore, understanding its impact on pregnancy outcomes and how to manage migraine safely in pregnancy are of particular importance. This review will summarise the clinical course of migraine during pregnancy, the management of women presenting with headaches during pregnancy, the management of migraine during pregnancy and summarise what is known about how migraine and migraine medications impact pregnancy outcomes.
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7

Wabnitz, Ashley, and Cheryl Bushnell. "Migraine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke during pregnancy: Systematic review of the literature." Cephalalgia 35, no. 2 (2014): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414554113.

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Objective The objective of this article is to review the literature relating migraine, cardiovascular disease, and stroke during pregnancy in order to better define the relationship between migraines and vascular disease. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature using Medline and Cochrane Review with the following search terms: migraine AND pregnancy and vascular disease OR myocardial infarction OR heart disease OR stroke OR cerebrovascular disease OR hypertension in pregnancy. We also reviewed the bibliographies of papers identified in this search to obtain additional releva
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8

Baykan Çopuroğlu, Özge, and Mehmet Çopuroğlu. "Multistrategic Approaches in the Treatment of Acute Migraine During Pregnancy: The Effectiveness of Physiotherapy, Exercise, and Relaxation Techniques." Medicina 61, no. 1 (2024): 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010028.

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Background and Objectives: Migraine is a common neurological condition that significantly impacts quality of life, especially in women during their reproductive years. Pregnancy poses unique challenges for migraine management due to hormonal changes and the limited use of pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physiotherapy, exercise, and relaxation techniques, offer promising alternatives for managing migraines during this critical period. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy, structured exercise, and relaxation techniques in reducing
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9

Barbanti, Piero, and Rossella E. Nappi. "Framing and Management of Migraines in Women: An Expert Opinion on Challenges, Current Approaches, and Future Multidisciplinary Perspectives." Healthcare 13, no. 2 (2025): 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13020164.

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Background/Objectives: Migraines are a common neurological disorder that significantly impact women, especially during their reproductive years. Hormonal, neurological, and lifestyle factors shape migraine patterns, with fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause influencing migraine prevalence and severity. This expert opinion explores current challenges, therapeutic strategies, and future directions for personalized care, addressing the limited inclusion of women in clinical research across different life stages. Methods: In order to focus on hormonal influence
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10

Dumitru, Andreea Elena, Nicolae Gica, Radu Botezatu, Gheorghe Peltecu, and Anca Maria Panaitescu. "Migraine and pregnancy." Romanian Journal of Neurology 21, no. 2 (2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2022.2.1.

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Background. Migraine is a frequent neurological disorder affecting mostly women in the childbearing age. It is influenced by fluctuation of female hormones, especially estrogen levels. Objectives. This review aims to describe the expression of migraine during the reproductive ages summarizing the diagnosis and effective, available treatment options. Materials and Methods. We performed a literature review searching relevant information on the subject in PubMed and Medscape databases. Outcomes. It reveals that during the first trimester due to symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum, migraine attacks
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11

Al Hashel, Jasem. "Migraine in pregnancy." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 429 (October 2021): 117884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117884.

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12

Pfaffenrath, Volker, and Mathias Rehm. "Migraine in Pregnancy." Drug Safety 19, no. 5 (1998): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199819050-00005.

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13

Fox, Anthony W., Merle L. Diamond, and Egilius L. H. Spierings. "Migraine During Pregnancy." CNS Drugs 19, no. 6 (2005): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519060-00001.

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14

Goadsby, P. J., J. Goldberg, and S. D. Silberstein. "Migraine in Pregnancy." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 29, no. 1 (2009): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000344715.49291.e8.

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15

Goadsby, Peter J., Jay Goldberg, and Stephen D. Silberstein. "Migraine in pregnancy." BMJ 336, no. 7659 (2008): 1502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39559.675891.ad.

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16

Wood, Heather B. "Migraine in pregnancy." Nature Reviews Neurology 5, no. 5 (2009): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.47.

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17

Silberstein, Stephen D. "Migraine and Pregnancy." Journal SOGC 22, no. 9 (2000): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0849-5831(16)30497-9.

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18

Stirling, D. S. "Pregnancy and Migraine." Journal SOGC 19, no. 5 (1997): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0849-5831(97)80025-0.

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19

Silberstein, Stephen D. "MIGRAINE AND PREGNANCY." Neurologic Clinics 15, no. 1 (1997): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70305-4.

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20

Loder, Elizabeth. "Migraine in Pregnancy." Seminars in Neurology 27, no. 5 (2007): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-991121.

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21

DAS, SYAM, MOHAMED K. MUHASSEB, and ANDREW D. LOUGHNEY. "MIGRAINE IN PREGNANCY." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 16, no. 2 (2005): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539505001476.

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Reference to people suffering bouts of severe headache with associated vomiting and visual aura may be found in texts that date back 5000 years but the first clear description of migraine as a distinct clinical entity was provided by Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the second century AD. Today, at least 80% of women experience headaches in adult life and in approximately a quarter of these cases the pain is recurrent and incapacitating. When each episode of headache lasts between 4 and 72 hours and is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia or phonophobia, the symptoms fulfil the International
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22

Susanti, Restu, and Syamel Muhammad. "Migraine And Pregnancy: What Should We Know." JOURNAL OBGIN EMAS 4, no. 2 (2020): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aoj.4.2.251-260.2020.

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Migraine is a common headache characterized by unilateral throbbing-like headache and pulsating in nature and sometimes associated with aura. Migraine is a disabling disorder that among adults is more prevalent among women than men. It is primary headache that is often found in pregnancy. Migraine is a common disorder in women of childbearing age, and usually requires pharmacological treatment. Migraine can be considered an important risk factor for hypertensive and vascular diseases during pregnancy. Migraine therapy in pregnancy is very challenging, it must taken into a consideration about t
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23

Susanti, Restu, and Syamel Muhammad. "Migraine And Pregnancy: What Should We Know." JOURNAL OBGIN EMAS 4, no. 2 (2020): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aoj.4.2.280-288.2020.

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Migraine is a common headache characterized by unilateral throbbing-like headache and pulsating in nature and sometimes associated with aura. Migraine is a disabling disorder that among adults is more prevalent among women than men. It is primary headache that is often found in pregnancy. Migraine is a common disorder in women of childbearing age, and usually requires pharmacological treatment. Migraine can be considered an important risk factor for hypertensive and vascular diseases during pregnancy. Migraine therapy in pregnancy is very challenging, it must taken into a consideration about t
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24

Amundsen, Siri, Torunn Gudmestad Øvrebø, Netta Marie Skretteberg Amble, Anne Christine Poole, and Hedvig Nordeng. "Risk perception, beliefs about medicines and medical adherence among pregnant and breastfeeding women with migraine: findings from a cross-sectional study in Norway." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (2019): e026690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026690.

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ObjectivesTo examine risk perception, beliefs about migraine medications and medical adherence among pregnant and breastfeeding women with migraine.Design and settingCross-sectional study conducted in Norway from October 2013 to February 2014. Data were collected via an anonymous, electronic questionnaire.ParticipantsWomen with migraine, either pregnant or having delivered within the previous 18 months.Main outcomesWomen’s perception of teratogenic risk (numeric rating scale 0–10) was obtained for 14 different drugs/substances, including medications commonly used in the acute treatment of migr
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25

Paškevičiūtė, Elena, Diana Bužinskienė, and Kristina Ryliškienė. "De novo migraine with aura in the third trimester of pregnancy: a case report and literature review." Acta medica Lituanica 28, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/amed.2021.28.1.19.

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Background: Among all headache disorders, migraine has the highest prevalence during gestation. The majority of migraineurs experience improvement during pregnancy, but a few may experience migraine for the first time. This poses a diagnostic challenge in the differential diagnosis between primary and life-threatening secondary headache disorders. Because pregnancy itself is an independent risk factor for secondary headache disorders, it is mandatory to exclude these conditions in order to diagnose migraine. There is a large body of literature about pre-existing migraine course during pregnanc
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26

MacGregor, Anne. "Menstrual migraine, migraine and contraceptions, migraine and pregnancy and migraine triggers." Journal of Headache and Pain 1, Suppl 1 (2013): O5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-1-s1-o5.

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27

Crowe, Holly M., Amelia K. Wesselink, Elizabeth E. Hatch, Lauren A. Wise, and Susan S. Jick. "Migraine and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A population-based cohort study." Cephalalgia 43, no. 4 (2023): 033310242311617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03331024231161746.

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Background Migraine is associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy through common pathophysiological features. This study evaluates the association between migraine diagnosis and treatment, and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD, a large longitudinal database of patient records in the UK. We analyzed data from liveborn or stillborn singleton deliveries from 1993–2020 with at least 24 months of medical history and no history of cardiovascular disease (n = 1,049,839). We ascertained
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Reis, Ana Clara Sfredo dos Santos e., Ana Luiza Rodegheri Gonçalves, Bruna Oliveira Rodrigues dos Santos, Júlia Milan Procópio e. Silva, Lorenza de Ávila Gomes Carneiro Dutra Câmara, and Mauro Eduardo Jurno. "Prevalence of postpartum depression in patients with migraine." Headache Medicine 13, no. 3 (2022): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48208/headachemed.2022.24.

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Introduction Migraine is a frequent and chronic condition that affects 3 times more women than men. Overall, it shows that migraine is influenced by variables such as fluctuating hormones levels throughout life with migraine. Women can also experience symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) which can cause issues for new moms in terms of behavior, emotion and cognition. Clinical investigations have shown that headaches affects pregnants and parturients. Objective To verify PPD in migraine and non-migrainous parturients. Methods Data was collected from a sample of 155 women over 18 years old in
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Darabaneanu, S., P. Kropp, U. Niederberger, H. Strenge, and W.-D. Gerber. "Effects of Pregnancy on Slow Cortical Potentials in Migraine Patients and Healthy Controls." Cephalalgia 28, no. 10 (2008): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01653.x.

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Increased negative amplitudes and lack of habituation of contingent negative variation (CNV) in migraine are well established and are supposed to reflect an altered cortical excitability level. Migraine attacks occur less during pregnancy but often relapse after delivery. We investigated the effect of pregnancy on slow cortical potentials and reaction time in migraine patients and healthy controls. Four groups were examined: 14 pregnant migraine patients, 12 non-pregnant migraine patients, 15 pregnant healthy women and 16 non-pregnant healthy women aged 19-38 years. Two recordings were perform
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Sader, Elie, and Melissa Rayhill. "Headache in Pregnancy, the Puerperium, and menopause." Seminars in Neurology 38, no. 06 (2018): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1673681.

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AbstractHeadache is a neurologic disorder that displays gender dichotomy. It is well established that there is a strong link between migraine headache and sex hormones, specifically estrogen, which influences the severity of migraines during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. Furthermore, the epidemiology of headaches during pregnancy and the postpartum period is very distinct from that in males or nonpregnant females, in part due to the hemodynamic and hematologic changes that occur during pregnancy. These changes put women at higher risk for cerebral venous thrombosis, hemorrhagi
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Dashdamirova, Leyla R., Olga N. Voskresenskaya, Jamilya Kh Khizroeva, and Ekaterina D. Spektor. "Migraine and antiphospholipid syndrome: The change of headache during pregnancy and the postpartum period." Consilium Medicum 27, no. 02 (2025): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2025.2.203129.

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Background. The course of migraine is characterized by sensitivity to hormonal changes, which is particularly evident in the reduced frequency and severity of attacks during pregnancy and lactation. This phenomenon is attributed to the suppression of the menstrual cycle and the associated changes in estradiol levels. The pathogenesis of migraine in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and genetic thrombophilia (APS/GT) differs by the predominance of hypercoagulative and platelet components. Consequently, pregnancy might exacerbate the severity of migraine in these patients. Aim. To assess t
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Ehi, Y., L. Şahin Şahin, and M. F. Mutlu. "Migraine management in pregnancy." Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 43, no. 5 (2016): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12891/ceog3115.2016.

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33

Mandel, Steven. "Hemiplegic Migraine in Pregnancy." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 28, no. 6 (1988): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1988.hed2806414.x.

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34

Samra, Omnia M., and Iraj Forouzan. "Migraine treatment in pregnancy." Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 9, no. 1 (2002): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1068-607x(01)00094-4.

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35

Wright, G. D., and M. K. Patel. "Focal migraine and pregnancy." BMJ 293, no. 6561 (1986): 1557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6561.1557.

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36

BRIGGS, GERALD G. "Treating Migraine in Pregnancy." Clinical Neurology News 1, no. 2 (2005): 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1553-3212(05)70048-0.

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37

Brandes, Jan Lewis. "Headache related to pregnancy: Management of migraine and migraine headache in pregnancy." Current Treatment Options in Neurology 10, no. 1 (2008): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-008-0002-4.

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38

Facchinetti, F., G. Allais, RE Nappi, et al. "Migraine is a Risk Factor for Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study." Cephalalgia 29, no. 3 (2009): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01704.x.

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The aim was to assess whether women suffering from migraine are at higher risk of developing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. In a prospective cohort study, performed at antenatal clinics in three maternity units in Northern Italy, 702 normotensive women with singleton pregnancy at 11–16 weeks' gestation were enrolled. Women with a history of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy or presenting chronic hypertension were excluded. The presence of migraine was investigated according to International Headache Society criteria. The main outcome measure was the onset of hypertension in pregnancy,
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Sances, G., F. Granella, RE Nappi, et al. "Course of Migraine During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Prospective Study." Cephalalgia 23, no. 3 (2003): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00480.x.

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The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum. Of all the pregnant women consecutively attending an obstetrics and gynaecology department for a routine first-trimester antenatal check-up, 49 migraine sufferers - two were affected by migraine with aura (MA) and 47 by migraine without aura (MO) - who had experienced at least one attack during the 3 months preceding pregnancy were identified, enrolled in the study and given a headache diary. Subsequent examinations were performed at the end of the second and third trimesters and 1 mo
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Nasreen, Noor* Muhammad Iqbal Atif Ahmed Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon Humera Sheikh Aatir H. Rajput Muhammad Muneeb. "A CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCE OF TRANSIENT FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS AND HEADACHE IN PREGNANCY." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 07 (2017): 2179–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.838153.

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Objective:The study aspires to gauge the prevalence of headaches [migraine or otherwise] during the course of their pregnancy and to simultaneously estimatethe extent of transient focal neurological symptoms [self-reported] as well. Methodology: This Cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, from January 2017 to June 2017. The Hospital is serving both urban and rural areas of Hyderabad, to hundreds of patients. This study targeted those patients who came for antenatal visits, pregnancy related complaints and were i
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Nezvalová-Henriksen, K., O. Spigset, and H. Nordeng. "Maternal Characteristics and Migraine Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from a Large Cohort Study." Cephalalgia 29, no. 12 (2009): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01869.x.

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Little is known about factors associated with migraine pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Of 60 435 pregnant women in a population-based cohort, 3480 (5.8%) reported having migraine during the first 5 months of pregnancy. Of these, 2525 (72.6%) reported using migraine pharmacotherapy, mostly non-narcotic analgesics (54.1%) and triptans (25.4%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities in logistic regression analysis, high pregestational body mass index [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.4], sleep < 5 h (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3, 1.9), being on sick-lea
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Sjaastad, O., and TA Fredriksen. "Cervicogenic Headache: Lack of Influence of Pregnancy." Cephalalgia 22, no. 8 (2002): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00408.x.

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The influence of pregnancy upon the head pain of cervicogenic headache (CEH) has been studied in 14 patients (number of pregnancies 25). Migraine was used as control group ( n = 49; number of pregnancies 116). CEH was diagnosed according to The Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group guidelines. Migraine was diagnosed according to International Headache Society (IHS) guidelines; a further requirement was that at least eight of nine solitary IHS diagnostic requirements of migraine were present. In 79%—or more—of CEH patients, attacks seemed to appear just as usual during pregnancy; in o
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43

Czerwinski, Stefanie, Jolana Gollero, Chunfang Qiu, Tanya K. Sorensen, and Michelle A. Williams. "Migraine-Asthma Comorbidity and Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy." Journal of Pregnancy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/858097.

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Background. To evaluate the association of migraine and asthma and to estimate the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in relation to maternal comorbid migraine and asthma.Methods. Reproductive age women (N=3.731) were interviewed during early pregnancy. At the time of interview, we ascertained participants’ migraine and asthma status. From medical records, we collected information to allow the diagnosis of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression procedures.Results. After adjust
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Bačić Baronica, Koraljka, Sanja Tomasović, Jelena Košćak Lukač, Josip Sremec, and Robert Baronica. "Specificity of Migraine Treatment in Women." Archives of Psychiatry Research 59, no. 1 (2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/may.2023.59.01.05.

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The prevalence of migraine is higher in women than in men, with female to male ratio 3:1 in reproductive age. It is believed that sex hormones play significant role in migraine pathogenesis. Therefore, treatment of migraine in women has some specificities due to hormonal differences between sexes and due to hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation and perimenopause. Treatment of migraine during pregnancy depends on safety profile of the therapy. NSAID-s like naproxen and ibuprofen are being considered safe during the second trimester, but during the first and third tr
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Tauqeer, Fatima, Mollie Wood, Sarah Hjorth, Angela Lupattelli, and Hedvig Nordeng. "Perinatal use of triptans and other drugs for migraine—A nationwide drug utilization study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256214.

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Objective To characterize nationwide utilization patterns of migraine pharmacotherapy before, during, and after pregnancy in women with triptan use. Methods Population-based data were obtained by linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Prescription Database from 2006 to 2017. We included 22,940 pregnancies among 19,669 women with at least one filled triptan prescription, a proxy for migraine, in the year before pregnancy or during pregnancy. The population was classified into four groups: i) continuers; ii) discontinuers; iii) initiators, and vi) post-partum re-initiator
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Afridi, Shazia K. "Current concepts in migraine and their relevance to pregnancy." Obstetric Medicine 11, no. 4 (2018): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x18769170.

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The prevalence of migraine in women of childbearing age is high, estimated at 24%. Migraine management during pregnancy and lactation can be challenging. Our understanding of the way in which medications affect the unborn fetus is still incomplete and the evidence is constantly changing with more recent emphasis on longitudinal studies and childhood development. The aim of this article is to describe the relationship between migraine and pregnancy and review the current evidence on treatment options in pregnancy and lactation.
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47

Roya Anwary Aesar and Hamidullah Aesar. "An Overview of Migraine Diagnosis and Treatment." British Journal of Biology Studies 5, no. 1 (2025): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.32996/bjbs.2025.5.1.1.

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Migraine causes a severe headache and is accompanied by other characteristic symptoms. Migraines are often characterized by throbbing pain in one area of the head that lasts 4 to 72 hours and is accompanied by symptoms such as sensitivity to light or sound, nausea, and vomiting. Some people experience visual disturbances (auras), which may appear as zigzag lines or flashing lights before or during a migraine. Migraines are estimated to affect more than 10% of the population worldwide, occur most often in people between the ages of 20 and 50, and are about 3 times more common in women than men.
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48

Uknis, Audrey, and Stephen D. Silberstein. "Review Article: Migraine and Pregnancy." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 31, no. 6 (1991): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3106372.x.

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49

Evans, Randolph W., and Elizabeth W. Loder. "Migraine With Aura During Pregnancy." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 43, no. 1 (2003): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03017.x.

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50

Tepper, Deborah. "Pregnancy and Lactation - Migraine Management." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 55, no. 4 (2015): 607–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.12540.

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