Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Migraña'

Objectiu: comparar en pacients i controlar el gruix i el volum de la matèria grisa i la difusivitat i anisotropia de la matèria blanca de les zones cerebrals relacionades amb la fisiopatologia de la migranya. Antecedents: Mètodes: Estudi analític observacional amb disseny de control de casos. Els pacients es van escanejar amb una imatge de ressonància magnètica de 1,5 T per fer el post-processament d’imatges de morfometria cortical (Statistical Parametric Mapping-12 i Freesurfer) i l’anàlisi microstructural de la substància blanca (imatge de tensió de difusió) de regions d’interès relacionades amb la fisiopatologia de migranya: còrtex somatosensorial, zones visuals (V3, MT +), hipotàlem, porció caudal del nucli sensorial del nervi trigeminal i protuberància del dorso-lateral. Es van recollir imatges entre atacs. Resultats: 128 pacients, 69 sense aura, 46 amb aura i 48 controls van mostrar un augment del volum de la matèria grisa del còrtex somatosensorial, una reducció del volumen de la substància grisa en la porció caudal del nucli sensible del nervi trigeminal. com a reducció de l’anisotropia fraccionada de la protuberància del dorso-lateral. Conclusions: Els pacients amb migranya presenten alteracions estructurals en regions d’interès relacionades amb la fisiopatologia de la migranya: porció caudal del nucli sensorial del nervi trigeminal i protuberància dorso-lateral, còrtex somatosensorial, aquesta última també està influenciada per la durada de la malaltia, que suggereix un substrat anatòmic alterat que es correlaciona amb la transmissió, modulació i percepció del dolor.
Introducción: En los últimos años se han desarrollado estudios de neuroimagen que analizan si existen diferencias en sustancia gris y sustancia blanca en pacientes con migraña. Gran parte de ellos realizan un barrido generalizado cerebral para localizar áreas alteradas y disponen de muestras pequeñas. Métodos: Estudio analítico observacional con diseño de casos y controles. Se realizó RM craneal 1.5T a los pacientes y controles, extrayendo las secuencias eco-gradiente T1 3D y spin-eco planar, que permitieron realizar posteriormente el procesamiento de las imágenes de morfometría cortical (Mapeo Paramétrico Estadístico-12 y Freesurfer) y el análisis microestructural de la sustancia blanca (FSL) de regiones de interés relacionadas con la fisiopatología de migraña: corteza somatosensorial, áreas visuales (V3, MT+), hipotálamo, porción caudal del núcleo sensorial del nervio trigémino y protuberancia dorsolateral. Así mismo, se realizó tractografía probabilística de los hallazgos objetivados en la protuberancia dorsolateral. Resultados: 128 pacientes, 69 sin aura, 46 con aura y 48 controles mostraron un aumento en el volumen de la sustancia gris de la corteza somatosensorial esta última también está influenciada por la duración de la enfermedad, reducción en el volumen de sustancia gris en la porción caudal del núcleo sensitivo del nervio trigémino y reducción en la anisotropía fraccional de la protuberancia dorso-lateral. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con migraña presentan diferencias estructurales en regiones de interés relacionadas con la fisiopatología de la migraña, lo que sugiere un sustrato anatómico alterado en correlación con la transmisión, modulación y percepción del dolor.
Objective: To compare in patients vs controls the thickness and volume of the gray matter and the diffusivity and anisotropy of the white matter of brain areas related to the pathophysiology of migraine. Background: Methods: Observational analytic study with case-control design. Patients were scaner on a 1.5T magnetic resonance image to do the post-processing of the cortical morphometry images (Statistical Parametric Mapping-12 and Freesurfer) and microstructural analysis of white matter (diffusion tensor image) of regions of interest related to the pathophysiology of migraine: somatosensory cortex, visual areas (V3, MT+), hypothalamus, caudal portion of the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and dorso-lateral protuberance. Imaging was collected between attacks. Results: 128 patients, 69 without aura, 46 with aura and 48 controls showed an increase in the volume of the gray matter of the somatosensory cortex, a reduction in gray matter volumen in caudal portion of the sensitive nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, as well as reduction in the fractional anisotropy of the dorso-lateral protuberance. Conclusions: Migraine patients present structural alterations in regions of interest related to the pathophysiology of migraine: caudal portion of the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and dorso-lateral protuberance, somatosensory cortex, the latter is also influenced by the duration of the disease, which suggests an altered anatomical substrate that correlates with the transmission, modulation and perception of pain.

En el ámbito de la medicina del trabajo la cefalea como concepto general y la migraña en particular, constituyen un problema de salud frecuente y resulta ser también el primer motivo por el que los pacientes requieren asistencia neurológica especializada y de atención primaria dentro del sistema público de salud. Para los médicos del trabajo, constituyen no sólo un motivo de consulta, sino un problema de salud con implicaciones laborales, económicas y personales. Las crisis de dolor pueden producir una importante limitación en la actividad laboral del trabajador enfermo en relación con la intensidad del dolor, con su duración y con su recurrencia, pudiendo interferir de forma importante en las relaciones personales y familiares, en las actividades de ocio e incluso en el desarrollo profesional o educacional cuando comienzan en etapas precoces como la infancia o la adolescencia. Pero además, la cefalea tiene una repercusión importante en absentismo laboral y en la disminución de la productividad en la mayoría de los pacientes afectados. Aunque se trata de una patología conocida desde la antigüedad y estudiada durante años, aspectos importantes como su repercusión socioeconómica o laboral en un problema de salud tan prevalente, siguen estando todavía no totalmente definidos. En los últimos años, y fundamentalmente desde 1988 en que la IHS (International Headache Society) estableció los criterios diagnósticos de cefaleas, que han sido recientemente actualizados en el 2003, han proliferado los estudios clínicos sobre cefaleas, y especialmente sobre las dos más prevalentes, migraña y cefaleas tensionales. Entre estos trabajos se encuentran los primeros dedicados a la evaluación objetiva de la repercusión de la cefalea en la vida diaria del paciente y en la cuantificación de su impacto económico-laboral. Estos datos, junto a los generales de prevalencia, nos han permitido cuantificar mejor la carga individual (repercusión en su calidad de vida) y global (repercusión socioeconómica) que la enfermedad representa, información imprescindible a la hora de planificar los recursos sanitarios y las acciones preventivas y terapéuticas.En los últimos años, se han realizado múltiples estudios en distintos países occidentales, tendentes a determinar los costes de la cefalea tanto directos como indirectos. Los costes directos son relativamente bajos, suponiendo la pérdida de productividad y el absentismo (costes indirectos) el mayor determinante de los mismos. El objetivo fundamental del estudio realizado en Correos es conocer la prevalencia de la enfermedad, la demanda de servicios sanitarios y la satisfacción con la asistencia recibida, así como, la repercusión de la migraña en la productividad y absentismo laboral en un sector público cuantitativamente importante y para el que no existen datos previos. El estudio realizado en Correos, muestra un beneficio empresarial con un descenso en el equivalente de días perdidos desde 0,48 antes de la intervención (basal), a 0,20 (visita 1) y 0,07 (visita 2) post-intervención p<0,0001, con una repercusión en costes por migraña desde los 34 /paciente (basal), a 14 euros/paciente (visita 1) y 5 /paciente (visita 2) (p<0.0001). Se adentra este estudio, como novedad, en otros aspectos de repercusión laboral no cuantificables, pero con implicaciones empresariales y personales para el trabajador tales como, la conflictividad laboral en relación a la enfermedad y su frecuencia, la demanda de cambio de puestos de trabajo y la limitación en oportunidades laborales relacionadas con la migraña. Las conclusiones del estudio destacan la rentabilidad de las acciones intervencionistas o educacionales relacionadas con cefalea y migraña desde los Servicios Médicos del trabajo y la eficacia obtenida con la actuación en los trabajadores en cuanto a valoración asistencial y de control y seguimiento posterior de la enfermedad migrañosa desde los Servicios de Prevención de las empresas.
Migraine is associated with a significant productivity loss to employers, who may benefit from making a migraine intervention available to their employees. The Objective of this study is to discover the prevalence of headache and to evaluate changes in migraine-related productivity and non-workplace impairment associated with a migraine intervention program from the employer perspective. The Method used, has been a survey that was sent to 61.665 post office employees and in a second phase, a pre-test post-test study of Spanish Postal Service employees with migraine. The intervention consisted of counselling from occupational health physicians and symptomatic treatment, additional medications for migraine prophylaxis, and rescue medications. Migraine-related work loss and non-workplace impairment (interference with daily and social activities) were self-reported at baseline (pre-intervention) and separately following each migraine headache (post-intervention) with the aid of a diary. Migraine related work loss was reported as work loss due to absenteeism, reduced productivity while at work, and the sum of the two (total lost work day equivalents [LWDE]). An employer perspective was taken for the cost analysis, and this productivity costs were the only costs considered. The results obtained have been: A low answer survey rate, a high headache Prevalence, a low medical care demand and a very-low qualification with the previous medical care obtained. The intervention program included 436 patients that comprised the population for analysis. The number of migraine-related LWDE per migraine attack were 0.48 days per migraine headache in the month before the intervention, decreasing to 0.20 days and 0.07 days per migraine headache during the first and second migraine headaches following the intervention (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline). Total migraine-related productivity costs per migraine headache were 34/patient before the intervention, decreasing to 14/patient and 5/patient during the first and second headaches following the intervention (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This study documents the value of a workplace migraine intervention program, which focused on migraine prevention and symptomatic treatment. It also highlights the important role occupational health clinics can play in helping employers and employees reduce the burden of migraine.

La migraña es una de las causas más habituales de cefalea. Se relacionan diversos neurotransmisores en su origen, entre ellos la histamina. La histamina es una amina biógena muy abundante en la dieta. Su degradación es producida en gran medida por la diamino-oxidas (DAO). Una alteración es esta vía metabólica podría provocar un aumento de la concentración de histamina plasmática con un consecuente riesgo de crisis de migraña. Material y Métodos El estudio consta de una primera parte en que se realiza un estudio poblacional en que se miden los niveles de actividad DAO en HDU/ml en 137 pacientes con migraña y se compara con un grupo de 61 pacientes sin antecedentes de cefalea. En la segunda parte se realiza una suplementación con enzima DAO a 50 pacientes con migraña, comparándose con un grupo control de 50 a los que se administró placebo. Se valora en número de crisis, horas de dolor, intensidad del dolor y consumo de triptanes durante un mes basal y se repiten las valoraciones durante un mes de tratamiento. Resultados El estudio observacional muestra un claro predominio del déficit en la actividad DAO de los pacientes con migraña (p< 0,005). En el ensayo clínico se muestra una reducción en el número de crisis y la duración de las mismas en el grupo tratado con DAO (p<0,005). La intensidad de dolor se reduce en ambos grupos sin diferencias significativas. Existe una disminución significativa del consumo de triptanes en los pacientes tratados con DAO que presentaban entre 5 y 10 crisis al mes. Dentro de las variables relacionadas con el acúmulo de histamina, se aprecia una reducción significativa del prurito en los pacientes tratados con DAO. Conclusiones El déficit de DAO es significativamente más prevalente en pacientes con migraña. La suplementación con DAO ha conseguido reducir el número y duración de crisis con una menor demanda de triptanes. El tratamiento se ha mostrado seguro al no presentarse reacciones adversas al mismo.

L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis doctoral és millorar el coneixement de la discapacitat associada a la migranya i els factors que la condicionen per tal de mesurar l’impacte i poder desenvolupar eines que, a nivell clínic i poblacional, ens permetin quantificar millor la discapacitat. Per tal de poder contestar a la pregunta quant i com discapacita la migranya hem realitzat un estudi poblacional amb l’interès d’estimar la prevalença i l’impacte de la migranya fora de les nostres consultes. Es tracta d’un estudi realitzat en una població de 1619 adolescents que, explora la presència de cefalea o migranya, la seva freqüència i discapacitat relacionada i la relació amb els hàbits de vida i altres comoditats. Aquest estudi confirma que, en els adolescents, la cefalea també és un problema de salut prevalent i discapacitant ja que el 30,5% pateix cefalea de forma recurrent i l'11,3% presenta característiques de migranya. La presència de cefalea s’associa significativament a la presència de comorbiditats mèdiques, psiquiàtriques i estils de vida poc saludables. A més, 44,1% presenta algun grau de discapacitat associada a la cefalea mesurada per l'escala PedMIDAS que es correlaciona positivament tant amb la freqüència de cefalea com amb la presència de comorbiditat psiquiàtrica. D’altra banda, hem volgut respondre a la pregunta de quins son els factors clínics que condicionen aquesta discapacitat. En un segon treball es va incloure una mostra de 1109 pacients on es va registrar el diagnòstic de migranya, característiques clíniques i l’avaluació de la discapacitat, qualitat de vida, ansietat i depressió. Els pacients es classificaren segons la freqüència de cefalea i es demostra que la freqüència en la que es presenta la cefalea es correlaciona significativament amb la discapacitat mesurada per l’escala MIDAS. Tot i així, la relació entre discapacitat i freqüència no és lineal. Els pacients amb una migranya episòdica d’alta freqüència (10 o més dies de cefalea mensual), ja presenten una alta discapacitat funcional o emocional similar als que tenen una migranya crònica. Aquest fet es veu recolzat per les dades clíniques que demostren que els pacients amb migranya episòdica d’alta freqüència presenten més similituds clíniques amb els pacients amb migranya crònica que amb aquells amb baixa freqüència. Per últim, i amb l’objectiu de poder valorar la influència sobre la discapacitat d’altres característiques clíniques diferents a la freqüència, hem dissenyat un estudi que es basa en el canvi d’aquestes variables juntament amb la discapacitat en resposta a un tractament preventiu. En el tercer estudi s’analitza la resposta al tractament amb toxina botulínica tipus A d’una mostra de 286 pacients amb migranya. Les variables associades independentment amb la millora en discapacitat mesurada per l’escala MIDAS després del tractament van ser la millora de la freqüència, intensitat, ús d’analgèsics i l'avaluació positiva per part del pacient. En el nostre estudi la millora de la intensitat va mostrar una influència similar a la millora en freqüència sobre la discapacitat. Per tant, aquest estudi demostra que tant en l’avaluació de la discapacitat associada a la migranya com de la resposta a un tractament preventiu, cal tenir en compte també les mesures de resposta no dependents de freqüència, especialment la intensitat. En conclusió, la migranya és una malaltia neurològica prevalent i discapacitant en totes les edats. La discapacitat associada a la migranya dependrà de la freqüència en la que es presenten les crisis i serà greu en pacients que pateixen cefalea 10 dies o més al mes. Durant l’avaluació de la discapacitat però, caldrà tenir en compte de forma conjunta la freqüència i la intensitat de la cefalea, que poden presentar una influència similar, l’ús de tractaments analgèsics així com la presència de comorbiditats, especialment psiquiàtriques.
The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of the impact of migraine and its associated disability describing and evaluating the factors that influence it, in order to develop tools which will allow us to better measure it in the clinic and society. In order to answer how disabling migraine is and who it affects, we carried out a population-based study to describe the impact and prevalence of migraine, focusing on a not well studied group: teenagers, which is a reflection of society. This study confirms that in adolescents, headache is also a prevalent and disabling health problem since 30.5% have recurrent headache and 11.3% have migraine features. The presence of headache is significantly associated with both medical and psychiatric comorbidities and unhealthy lifestyle. In addition, 44.1% of adolescents with recurrent headache have some degree of disability measured by PedMIDAS scale, which correlated positively with headache frequency and the presence of psychiatric comorbidity. Then, we wanted to answer which clinical factors are correlated with migraine-related disability. We performed a study including 1109 patients. We collected clinical characteristics and a disability, quality of life, anxiety and depression assessment. Patients were classified according to headache frequency and the analysis showed that headache frequency is significantly correlated with disability measured by the MIDAS scale; confirming that chronic migraine patients have significantly higher migraine associated functional and emotional disabilities. However, the relationship between disability and frequency is not linear. Patients with high frequency episodic migraine (10 or more headache days per month) already have high functional and emotional disability, similar to those with chronic migraine, which is defined my having 15 or more days of migraine per month. This fact is also supported by clinical data which demonstrates that patients with high frequency episodic migraine clinically are similar to patient with chronic migraine than with those patients with low frequency episodic migraine. Finally, with the aim of evaluating the influence of non-frequency clinical characteristics on disability, we designed a study which evaluates the weight of the different clinical outcome measures on the improvement on disability after starting a migraine preventive treatment. Specifically, we evaluated the response to botulinum toxin type A of 286 migraine patients. Variables independently associated to an improvement in disability after treatment were frequency (number of days with migraine), intensity (of headpain), acute medication intake reduction as well as a global patient positive evaluation. In our study, an improvement in intensity showed a similar influence as an improvement in frequency on achieving a reduction in disability. Therefore, this study demonstrates that in order to assess the impact of a migraine preventive treatment on an improvement in disability, it is necessary to consider response measures that are not only frequency-based, especially intensity; understanding that if a patient responds in both frequency and intensity he is considered an excellent responder In conclusion, our studies confirm that migraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder which affects all age groups. Migraine-related disability depends on headache frequency but it is already severe for patients with more than 10 headache days per month. During disability assessment, headache frequency and intensity (which may have a similar influence), analgesic use as well as the presence of comorbidities, especially psychiatric, must be considered.

Objetivo: Encontrar posibles efectos estructurales de la migraña en la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina (CFNR) en áreas peripapilares mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) en niños y adolescentes.Material y métodos: Se evaluaron a 50 niños consecutivos con migraña, 25 con aura visual y 25 sin aura, y un grupo control de 25 niños sanos. La edad media de los pacientes y del grupo control fue de 9.5 ± 2.4 and 9.9 ± 2.6 años respectivamente, y la duración media de la migraña en pacientes con aura (MA) y sin aura (MsA) fue de MA = 1.9 ± 1.2 años y MsA = 2.4 ± 1.1 años respectivamente. Se utilizó la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral para medir y comprar el grosor de la CFNR entre niños con migraña y niños sanos. Resultados: El grosor medio de la CFNR (OD, ojo derecho: P=0.013; OI, ojo izquierdo: P= 0.019), y de los cuadrantes nasal (OD: P< 0.001; OI: P< 0.001), y el temporal (OD: P< 0.001; OI: P< 0.001) estaba significativamente más adelgazado en los ojos de los pacientes migrañosos en comparación con los del grupo control. Otros parámetros no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente signficativas entre el grupo de migraña y el control. Conclusiones: La CFNR media y los cuadrantes nasal y temporal en pacientes pediátricos con migraña se encuentra reducida de forma estadísticamente significativa respecto a sujetos normales.

Tesis-Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 2019
Migraine in a prevalent disease of the central nervous system that presents with recurrent headache, accompanied by autonomic symptoms and increased sensitivity to stimuli such as light, sounds or movement and is considered a disorder of neurovascular origin associated with a brain state of altered neuronal excitability, capable of activating the trigeminal vascular system in genetically susceptible patients. The diagnosis of this entity is based on defined clinical criteria and is classified as chronic or episodic according to the frequency of presentation, considering the presence of more or less than 15 headache attacks per month, respectively. Chronic migraine has been redefined in recent years as a chronic disease with episodic manifestations whose overall prevalence in the general population is 4 or 5% and comes from 90% of episodic migraines modifying the frequency of presentation and the clinical presentation pattern of pain, calling this nosological entity "transformed migraine". Although at present the mechanism of transformation from episodic to chronic is not exactly defined, various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been established to develop this disorder. In patients with chronic migraine, physiopathological changes have been demonstrated that suggest an alteration of endothelial function with increased vascular risk. Investigations in this regard postulate that in patients with migraine the redox status would be modified not only in the neural tissue but also the vascular. The presence of oxidative stress in patients with migraine, together with cell damage and changes in the bioavailability of nitric oxide, is considered as the main mechanism involved in endothelial dysfunction of the glial vasculature. Given the prevalence of migraine, we consider it important to incorporate the study of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, especially in chronic migraine patients to establish a diagnosis for preventive purposes in relation to the migraine itself, avoiding or delaying the onset of pain, and in relation to to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality suffered by the migrainous patient due to the greater possibilities of suffering diseases of vascular origin, also facilitating the diagnosis of this disorder. For this reason, we investigated the levels of fibrinogen as an indicator of inflammation and nitric oxide and L-citrulline as oxidative stress markers, as well as the activity of natural antioxidant superoxide dismutase that would reflect the epiinflammatory, oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with chronic migraine, episodic migraine and healthy subjects. Our study demonstrated the presence of increased levels of plasma fibrinogen in patients with a greater frequency of pain in a significant manner compared to dosed levels in healthy controls and in comparison to patients with episodic migraine. Likewise, the behavior of nitric oxide resulted revealing a decrease in its predominant bioavailability in patients with chronic migraine respect to episodic migraine patients and of both groups in comparison to healthy patients indicating presence of oxidative stress prevalent in migraine and the difference observed between both migraine patient groups suggest that endothelial dysfunction could be considered as a marker of migraine progression, that is to say of migraine transformed from an episodic to a chronic form. The enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase determined in our study was higher in the groups of chronic migraine and episodic migraine with respect to healthy patients and although the differences between migraineurs and non-migraineurs were not significant, they were between patients with chronic and episodic pain, possibly to reverse the persistent oxidative stress triggered by epiinflammatory mechanisms, stimulating the mechanism of endogenous antioxidant defense that the organism possesses. Based on these findings, we can conclude that patients with chronic migraine present a state of inflammation greater than patients with episodic migraine, similar behavior was observed in healthy subjects. These results point to the possibility that in chronic migraine there is a state of persistent neuroinflammation. This would reflect a greater degree of endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic pain and could increase vascular risk. On the other hand, it would broaden the diagnostic criteria of migraine, facilitating the doctor's evidence of the disease, avoiding the underdiagnosis of it and its corresponding consequences not only for the individual who suffers it, but also for the society where he lives.
La migraña en una enfermedad prevalente del sistema nervioso central que se presenta con cefalea recurrente, acompañada por síntomas autonómicos y de aumento de la sensibilidad a estímulos como luz, sonidos o movimiento y es considerada un trastorno de origen neurovascular asociado a un estado cerebral de excitabilidad neuronal alterada, capaz de activar el sistema trigémino vascular en pacientes genéticamente susceptibles. El diagnóstico de esta entidad se basa en criterios clínicos definidos y se clasifica en crónica o episódica de acuerdo a la frecuencia de presentación, considerando la presencia de más o menos de 15 crisis de dolor de cabeza al mes respectivamente. La migraña crónica se ha redefinido en los últimos años como una enfermedad crónica con manifestaciones episódicas cuya prevalencia global en la población general es de 4-5% y provienen del 90% de las migrañas episódicas modificando la frecuencia de presentación y el patrón clínico de presentación del dolor, denominando a esta entidad nosológica “migraña transformada”. Si bien en la actualidad no está exactamente definido el mecanismo de transformación de un cuadro episódico a crónico, se han puesto en evidencia diversos factores de riesgos modificables y no modificables para desarrollar este cuadro. En pacientes con MC se han demostrado cambios fisiopatológicos que sugieren una alteración de la función endotelial con incremento de riesgo vascular. Investigaciones al respecto postulan que en pacientes con migraña estaría modificado el estatus redox no solo en el tejido neural sino también el vascular. La presencia de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con migraña, junto con el daño celular y modificaciones en la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico, se considera como el principal mecanismo implicado en disfunción endotelial de la vasculatura glial. Dada la prevalencia de migraña, consideramos importante incorporar el estudio de marcadores inflamatorios y de estrés oxidativo, especialmente en pacientes migrañosos crónicos para establecer un diagnóstico con fines preventivos en relación a la propia migraña, evitando o retardando la aparición de las crisis, y en relación al riesgo aumentado de morbimortalidad que padece el paciente migrañoso por las mayores posibilidades de sufrir enfermedades de origen vascular, facilitando además el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Por esta razón, investigamos los niveles de fibrinógeno como indicador de inflamación y óxido nítrico y L-citrulina del estrés oxidativo, así como la actividad de superóxido dismutasa antioxidante natural que reflejarían los mecanismos epiinflamatorios, de oxidación y defensa antioxidante en pacientes con migraña crónica, episódica y sujetos sana. Nuestro estudio demostró la presencia de niveles incrementados de fibrinógeno plasmático en pacientes con mayor frecuencia de crisis de manera significativa respecto a los niveles dosados en controles sanos y en comparación a los pacientes con migraña episódica. De igual manera resultó el comportamiento de NO, revelando una disminución en su biodisponibilidad predominante en pacientes con MC con respecto a ME y de ambos grupos en comparación a pacientes sanos indicando presencia de estrés oxidativo prevalente en migraña y la diferencia observada entre ambos grupos de pacientes migrañosos sugiere que la disfunción endotelial podría considerarse como marcador de progresión de migraña , es decir de migraña transformada de una forma episódica a crónica. La actividad enzimática de SOD determinada en nuestro trabajo fue mayor en los grupos de MC y ME respecto a pacientes sanos y aunque las diferencias entre migrañosos y no migrañosos no fueron significativas, sí lo fueron entre pacientes con dolor crónico y episódico, posiblemente para revertir el estrés oxidativo persistente desencadenado por mecanismos epiinflamatorios, estimulando el mecanismo de defensa antioxidante endógena que posee el organismo. En base a estos hallazgos, podemos concluir que los pacientes con migraña crónica presentan un estado de inflamación mayor que los pacientes con migraña episódica, similar comportamiento se observó en los sujetos sanos. Estos resultados orientan hacia la posibilidad de que en migraña crónica exista un estado de neuroinflamación persistente. Esto reflejaria un mayor grado de disfunción endotelial en pacientes con dolor crónico y podría incrementar el riesgo vascular. Por otro lado, permitiría ampliar el criterio diagnóstico de migraña, facilitando al médico las evidencias de la enfermedad, evitando el subdiagnóstico de la misma y sus correspondientes consecuencias no solo para el individuo que la padece, sino también para la sociedad donde vive.
2020-11-18
Fil: Buonanotte, María Carla. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina.

Investiga las características de la migraña en la población pediátrica del Hospital San José entre enero 2010 a julio 2011. Encuentra que en el grupo estudiado, la migraña infantil se presenta más frecuentemente en mujeres, siendo la migraña sin aura la forma más frecuente de presentación en los niños. Los síndromes periódicos precursores de migraña se presentaron en el 22,7% de casos, y las variantes migrañosas en el 11,4%. Las características del dolor que predominan en son dolor moderado a severo, tipo pulsátil, bilateral, con localización de predominio frontotemporal. Los síntomas acompañantes más frecuentes fueron la fonofobia, las náuseas y la fotofobia.
Trabajo académico

La crisis migrañosa es la causa más severa e incapacitante de cefalea, tiene una muy alta prevalencia y es una causa muy importante de morbilidad y ausentismo laboral y estudiantil. Nuestro objetivo es describir el efecto del dimenhidrinato EV como droga de elección en crisis migrañosas de cualquier tipo, duración e intensidad. Realiza un estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental de tipo antes y después, efectuado en pacientes que acudieron al servicio de neurología del Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión, que cumplieran criterios de crisis migrañosa en curso, se les aplicó 50 mg de dimenhidrinato EV y se describió todos los efectos producidos, verificando si cumple los requerimientos internacionales para ser droga de primera línea. Se captaron 37 pacientes en 2 meses de estudio, se les aplicó la droga inmediatamente, 32 pac ( 86,9%) controlaron la cefalea en forma estadísticamente significativa, y el 100% los síntomas acompañantes de la crisis, 86,5% recuperaron su nivel funcional luego de un periodo de sueño variable, 86,4% controlaron la crisis antes de las 2 hrs., en 28 pac (75,4%) no recurrió la crisis en más de 24 hrs., los efectos adversos fueron leves, el más importante fue somnolencia leve, referido por los pacientes como beneficioso. Concluye que el dimenhidrinato EV cumplió con los requerimientos de la Internacional Headache Society para ser droga de 1era elección para el control de crisis migrañosas en general. Se deberán diseñar estudios mayores aleatorizados con grupos de control para verificar eficacia y seguridad.
Trabajo académico

Aquesta tesi es centra en l’anàlisi genètica dels següents trastorns neurològics paroxístics pediàtrics: el torticoli paroxístic benigne del lactant (TPBL), l’hemiplegia alternant de la infància (HAI), la discinèsia paroxística cinesigènica (DPC) i el síndrome de la deficiència del transportador de glucosa GLUT1 (GLUT1DS); i en l’anàlisi genètica i epigenètica de la migranya, un trastorn neurològic paroxístic majoritàriament de l’adult. Els trastorns neurològics paroxístics pediàtrics analitzats són trastorns rars, poc estudiats, en els quals la simptomatologia i el patró d’herència han portat a sospitar-ne una base monogènica i un vincle amb el grup de les canalopaties neuronals. La dificultat en el seu estudi deriva, majoritàriament, de la manca de sèries importants de pacients de les quals se’n puguin obtenir conclusions extrapolables. L’interès d’aprofundir en el seu coneixement, a banda del propi interès científic, rau en trobar les causes que els originen i, així, poder trobar un tractament contra aquests trastorns, millorar la qualitat de vida dels pacients que els sofreixen i/o poder oferir consell genètic als familiars dels individus afectes. - El cribratge mutacional en 2 pacients afectes de TPBL ha identificat la mutació p.Glu533Lys en el gen CACNA1A com a causant de la malaltia, junt amb els estudis funcionals que indiquen que aquesta mutació provoca una pèrdua de funció de la proteïna codificada. - El cribratge mutacional en una cohort de 10 pacients d’HAI ha identificat 3 mutacions en el gen ATP1A3 (p.Asp801Asn, p.Glu815Lys i p.Gly947Arg) en 5 dels pacients, remarcant l’existència d’una heterogeneïtat genètica major de l’esperada en aquest trastorn. - El cribratge mutacional en la DPC ha identificat 3 mutacions diferents en el gen PRRT2 en 8 dels 10 pacients (c.649dupC, c.649delC i c.219_220delGA) descrivint per primera vegada tant la mutació c.219_220delGA com la presència de la c.649dupC i la c.649delC en un mateix pacient. - El cribratge mutacional en la GLUT1DS va permetre trobar mutacions de novo en el gen SLC2A1 en 3 dels 5 pacients analitzats: la c.667C>T, la c.710_711delGA i una deleció de tot l’exó 1; remarcant l’interès en cercar delecions GLUT1DS. La migranya és un trastorn neurològic primari molt prevalent que es manifesta amb crisis episòdiques i recurrents de mal de cap incapacitant. Els criteris de la International Headache Society subclassifiquen la malaltia en diferents subtipus, incloent la migranya sense aura (MO), la migranya amb aura (MA) i la migranya hemiplègica (MH). - El cribratge mutacional de la MH va permetre identificar 4 mutacions en el gen CACNA1A (p.Ser218Leu, p.Thr501Met, p.Arg583Gln i p.Thr666Met), 2 mutacions en el gen ATP1A2 (p.Ala606Thr i p.Glu825Lys) i la mutació p.Phe1661Leu en el gen SCN1A. - L’estudi d’associació genètica a nivell genòmic (GWAS) de la MO va permetre la identificació de 2 SNPs associats a MO, un localitzat en el gen MEF2D i l’altre proper al gen TGFBR2. També es van trobar SNPs que suggerien una tendència a la replicació en el gens PHACTR1 i ASTN2. A més a més, es van replicar els resultats obtinguts en un GWAS anterior, trobant novament associats a migranya els gens TRPM8 i LRP1. Aquest estudi va permetre identificar el primer loci d’associació a susceptibilitat a patir MO. - L’estudi epigenètic en un model de MA va permetre trobar diferències de metilació de l’ADN degudes al tractament amb àcid valproic o topiramat o a l’efecte de la depressió cortical propagant (DCP), el fenomen subjacent de l’aura, en gens que podrien estar relacionats amb la susceptibilitat a patir migranya. Els resultats podrien indicar que ambdós tractaments protegeixen davant les DCPs degut al seu efecte sobre la metilació de l’ADN, emfatitzant la importància dels mecanismes epigenètics en la susceptibilitat de la migranya.
This thesis is focused on the genetic analysis of the following neurological paediatric paroxysmal disorders: benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPTI), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS); and on the genetic and epigenetic analysis of migraine, a neurological paroxysmal disorder mainly found in adults. The neurological paediatric paroxysmal disorders analyzed are rare and present a simptomatology and an inheritance that suggest a monogenic origin and a link with the neuronal channelopathies. The lack of significant cohorts of patients from which obtain transferable conclusions makes it difficult to study them. The main interest of their study, besides the own scientific interest, is based on finding the underlying causes of the disorder which would be the first step to find the appropriate treatment, improve the quality of life of the patients and/or be able to offer genetic counselling to the patients relatives. The results of this study are resumed below: - The mutational screening in 2 patients of BPTI identified the p.Glu533Lys mutation in the CACNA1A gene as the genetic cause of this disorder, in line with the functional studies that indicate that this mutation induces a loss-of-function of the coding protein. - The mutational screening in a cohort of 10 patients of AHC identified 3 mutations in the ATP1A3 gene (p.Asp801Asn, p.Glu815Lys and p.Gly947Arg) in 5 patients, highlighting the existence of a greater genetic heterogeneity than expected in this disorder. - The mutational screening in PKD identified 3 different mutations in the PRRT2 gene in 8 out of 10 patients (c.649dupC, c.649delC and c.219_220delGA), describing for the first time the mutation c.219_220delGA and also the presence of both the duplication and the deletion in the c.649 position in the same patient. - The mutational screening in 5 patients of GLUT1DS identified de novo mutations in the SLC2A1 gene in 3 patients, specifically c.667C>T, c.710_711delGA and a deletion affecting the whole first exon, highlighting the interest in looking for deletions in GLUT1DS. Migraine is a common primary neurological disorder that presents with episodic and recurrent attacks of disabling headache. The criteria of the International Headache Society divide the disorder into different subclasses, including migraine without aura (MO), migraine with aura (MA) and hemiplegic migraine (HM). The results of the genetic and epigenetic studies of migraine are resumed below: - The mutational screening of HM identified 4 mutations in the CACNA1A gene (p.Ser218Leu, p.Thr501Met, p.Arg583Gln and p.Thr666Met), 2 mutations in the ATP1A2 gene (p.Ala606Thr i p.Glu825Lys) and the mutation p.Thr501Met in the SCN1A gene. - The genome wide association study (GWAS) of MO identified 2 SNPs associated with MO, one in the MEF2D gene and the other close to the TGFBR2 gene. There were SNPs that showed suggestive evidence of replication at PHACTR1 and ASTN2 genes. Moreover, previous GWAS findings were replicated, finding the genes TRPM8 and LRP1 associated with migraine. This study allowed the identification of the first loci associated with MO. - The epigenetic study in a MA rat model identified DNA methylation differences due to the administration of valproate and topiramate drugs and/or due to the cortical spreading depression (CSD) effects in genes that could be related to the migraine susceptibility. These results could indicate that both treatments protect against CSD due to their effects on DNA methylation, highlighting the importance of the epigenetic mechanisms in the migraine susceptibility.

Aquesta tesi es centra en la genètica de la migranya. La migranya comuna és un trastorn neurològic caracteritzat per episodis recurrents de mal de cap. Els criteris de la IHS (International Headache Society) subclasifiquen la malaltia en migranya amb aura (MA) i migranya sense aura (MO). L'aura són símptomes neurològics transitoris que poden acompanyar el mal de cap. Les aures més freqüents són les aures visuals, tot i que també existeixen les aures sensorials essent l'aura hemiplègica la seva forma severa. La nostra investigació es va dividir en dues areas d'acord amb la base genètica dels trastorns, d'una banda, s'ha estudiat la genètica complexa de la migranya comuna, d'altra banda s'ha estudiat una forma rara de la migranya que presenta una herència mendeliana anomenada migranya hemiplègica familiar (FHM). Per entendre més la base genètica de la migranya comuna es va utilitzar un estudi d'associació tipus cas-control amb gens candidats. Amb aquesta finalitat es van seleccionar al voltant de 550 pacients amb migranya (MA i MO) i el seu corresponent grup de control. Per tal d'analitzar la seva implicació en la susceptibilitat genètica a la migranya, es van triar gens que codifiquen per als canals de la superfamília heterogeni de potencial receptor transitori (Transient Receptor Potential- TRP) que se sap que estan implicats en les vies nociceptives. Aquesta feina ha donat lloc a una publicació (Carreño et al. SNP variants within the vanilloid TRPV1 and TRPV3 receptor genes are associated with migraine in the Spanish population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2012). En el cas particular de les formes monogèniques de FHM es coneixen tres gens involucrats en la malatia (CACNA1A, ATP1A2 i SCN1A), les proteïnes codificades per aquests gens tenen un paper rellevant en la neurotransmissió del glutamat. L'anàlisi funcional de les mutacions que causen FHM han mostrat en última instància un augment de l'alliberament de la neurotransmissió. En el cas de mutacions al CACNA1A s'ha vist un efecte de guany de funció, a diferència de les mutacions al ATP1A2 que presenten un efecte de pèrdua de funció. En aquest treball s'ha fet un screening mutacional per identificar mutacions en pacients per seqüenciació directa. Quan les mutacions eren suficientment interessants s'han generat construccions en vectors d'expressió per subseqüents estudis funcionals en cèl·lules eucariotes. Aquesta feina ha donat lloc a tres publicacions. A la primera (Serra et al. A mutation in the first intracellular loop of CACNA1A prevents P/Q channel modulation by SNARE proteins and lowers exocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010) es va identificar un canvi que modula la funció del canal de CACNA1A. Aquest estudi ajuda a explicar la contribució genètica en la heterogeneïtat clínica d'una família i a entendre millor el mecanisme molecular dels canals de calci tipus P/Q. El segon (Carreño et al. Acute striatal necrosis in hemiplegic migraine with the novo CACNA1A mutation. Headache. 2011) és un informe d'un pacient que presenta una necrosi aguda stratial. Té una rellevància clínica a causa de l'aparició primerenca dels símptomes neurològics previs als atacs hemiplègics. El tercer i últim treball (Carreño et al. Screening of the ATP1A2 and CACNA1A genes in patients with hemiplegic migraine: clinical, genetic and functional studies. [work in progress]) recull l'screening mutacional al gens ATP1A2 i CACNA1A en 19 pacients amb FHM. Es van identificar 5 mutacions prèviament descrites i dues mutacions noves.
This Thesis is focused in migraine genetics, migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache. This research was divided in two areas according to the genetic basis of the disorders; on the one hand we studied the common migraine with a complex genetics, on the other hand we studied the rare mendelian forms of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). To understand more the genetic basis of the common migraine a case-control association study approach was used with candidate genes. For that purpose, around 550 patients with migraine and their corresponding control group were selected. In order to analyze their involvement in the genetic susceptibility to migraine, we chose genes encoding for channels of the heterogeneous superfamily of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) which are known to be involved in the nociceptive pathway. In the particular case of FHM, a monogenic form of the disorder, there are three genes known to be involved in the FHM (CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A), whose encoded proteins are playing a relevant role in the neurotransmission of the glutamate. Functional analysis of the mutations causing FHM have shown ultimately an increased neurotransmission release. CACNA1A previous studies reveled a gain-of-function effect from FHM mutations, unlike mutations on ATP1A2 that present a loss-of-function effect. Our work consisted on identifying mutations in patients by direct sequencing. If the mutations were interesting enough vector constructions were generated for functional studies in eukaryotic cells. This work gave rise to three publications: First; the identification of a change that modulates the function of the CACNA1A channel. This study contributes to explain the genetic contribution in the clinical heterogeneity of one family and to know more about the molecular mechanism of the P/Q calcium channel. Second; a report of a patient that presents an acute stratial necrosis that had clinical relevance because of the early onset of the neurological symptoms previous to the hemiplegic attacks. Third; a mutational screening of ATP1A2 and CACNA1A genes in 19 patients with FHM. 5 previously described mutations and two new mutations were found. Functional studies were carried out for the newly mutations.

La migraña es un trastorno neurológico crónico que produce ataques episódicos caracterizados por dolor, síntomas asociados y, a menudo, discapacidad temporal. La migraña provoca la pérdida de días de trabajo y asistencia a la escuela, reduce la productividad de funciones laborales y provoca pérdida de tiempo en actividades no laborales. Por ello, se ha desarrollado un conjunto de instrumentos de medida de la discapacidad que incluyen el CPI (chronic pain index), el HlmQ (headache impact questionnaire) y el MIDAS (migraine disability assessment score), este último adaptado en pacientes pediátricos con el nombre PedMIDAS.

La migranya és un trastorn neurològic comú que afecta un 15% de la població. Es caracteritza per l’aparició d’episodis de cefalees recurrents i incapacitants, molt sovint acompanyades d’altres símptomes com la sensibilitat a la llum, les nàusees o els vòmits. La seva prevalença és variable en funció de l’edat i el sexe, essent fins a tres vegades més freqüent en dones en etapa adolescent o adulta. Clínicament, la migranya es classifica en dos subtipus, migranya sense aura i migranya amb aura, aquesta última caracteritzada per l’aparició de símptomes neurològics que precedeixen i/o acompanyen la cefalea. La migranya comuna té una etiologia complexa, en què participen factors genètics, encara poc coneguts, i ambientals. Hi ha, però, una forma monogènica del trastorn, la migranya amb aura hemiplègica, de la qual ja s'han resolt molts casos, amb gens i mutacions descrites, i que per tant constitueix un bon punt de partida per abordar l'estudi de la migranya comuna. En aquest treball hem aprofundit en els aspectes genètics de les formes rara i comuna de migranya, en pacients amb i sense aura. S’han dut a terme cribratges mutacionals, basats en seqüenciació i anàlisi de CNVs, en pacients amb migranya hemiplègica o altres trastorns paroxístics relacionats, tot identificant diverses mutacions causals. D’altra banda, s’han realitzat estudis d’associació a escala genòmica i amb gens candidats amb l’objectiu de detectar variants de susceptibilitat a la migranya comuna. Entre les dianes dels nostres estudis hi ha els microRNAs, molècules reguladores de l'expressió gènica que no havien estat avaluades fins ara en pacients migranyosos. En últim terme, es presenten els resultats preliminars d’un estudi de transcriptòmica en un model animal de depressió cortical propagant.
Migraine is a common neurological disorder that affects 15% of the population. It’s caractherized by reccurent and inhabilitating episodes of headache, often accompanied by other symptoms like photophobia, nauseas or vomiting. The prevalence of migraine is dependent on sex and age, being more frequent in adolescent and adult women. Clinically, migraine is classified in two subtypes, with and without aura, the first characterized by the appearance of neurological disturbances that preceede or accompany the migraine episode. Common migraine presents a complex ethiology, in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. Moreover, there is a monogenic form of the disease, hemiplegic migraine, which genetic bases are known in part. This rare form of migraine turns into a good starting point to address the study of common forms of migraine. In this Thesis we have studied the genetic factors that underlie both common and rare migraine, in patients with and without aura. We have performed mutational screening, based on sequencing and CNV analysis, in patients with hemiplegic migraine and other related paroxystic disorders that have allowed the identification of several causal mutations. Moreover, case-control association studies have been performed, at both genome-wide level or on candidate genes, in order to detect risk variants for common migraine. Among the different candidates assessed, we have focused our attention mainly on microRNAs, important gene expression regulatory molecules that had not been previously explored in migraine patients. Finally, we present the preliminary results of a transcriptomic study in a rat model of cortical spreading depression.

Aquesta tesi es centra en l’estudi de la migranya a un nivell cognitiu i psicofisiològic, així com en l'ús de la hipnosi per al tractament del dolor crònic. A la migranya, s'ha proposat una sensibilització electrodèrmica específica per a paraules relacionades amb el dolor. Encara que no hem trobat una activitat electrodèrmica específica en pacients amb migranya en resposta a estímuls relacionats amb el dolor i emocionals negatius, les persones amb migranya van recordar les paraules emocionals (esbiaixos cognitius) significativament més que les persones sense mal de cap. El catastrofisme relacionat amb el dolor estava relacionat amb el tipus de record. La migranya és una experiència de dolor que implica el processament emocional d'una àmplia gamma d'estímuls. D'interès fonamental és que: (1) el processament cognitiu alterat pot tenir un paper rellevant en el manteniment i la cronificació de la migranya, (2) la relació personal entre els descriptors del dolor, paraules emocionals i migranya, pot provocar una sensibilització condicionada i altament específica. Aquesta tesi també tenia per objecte examinar el valor terapèutic de la hipnosi en el context del dolor crònic. Una revisió sistemàtica sobre l'ús de la hipnosi en nens i adolescents va revelar que la hipnosi és una tècnica eficaç en el control del dolor. De la mateixa manera, una enquesta a internet per als professionals de la salut que utilitzen la hipnosi va mostrar que les tècniques hipnòtiques es seleccionen en funció de l'edat dels pacients, el que revela que els professionals tenen en compte el desenvolupament dels pacients, i que l'eficàcia de les tècniques hipnòtiques depèn, almenys en certa mesura, de l'edat del jove. Finalment, no hem trobat cap influència de les expectatives en la fenomenologia hipnòtica.
Esta tesis se centró en la migraña a un nivel cognitivo y psicofisiológico, así como en el uso de la hipnosis para el tratamiento del dolor crónico. En la migraña, se ha propuesto una sensibilización electrodérmica específica para palabras relacionadas con el dolor. Aunque no encontramos una actividad electrodérmica específica en pacientes con migraña en respuesta a estímulos relacionados con el dolor y emocionales negativos, las personas con migraña recordaron las palabras emocionales (sesgos cognitivos) significativamente más que las personas sin dolor de cabeza. El catastrofismo relacionado con el dolor estaba relacionado con el tipo de recuerdo. La migraña es una experiencia de dolor que implica el procesamiento emocional de una amplia gama de estímulos. De interés fundamental resulta que: (1) el procesamiento cognitivo alterado puede tener un papel relevante en el mantenimiento y la cronificación de la migraña, (2) la relación personal entre los descriptores del dolor, palabras emocionales y migraña, puede conducir a una sensibilización acondicionada y altamente específica. Esta tesis también tenía por objetivo examinar el valor terapéutico de la hipnosis en el contexto del dolor crónico. Una revisión sistemática sobre el uso de la hipnosis en niños y adolescentes reveló que la hipnosis es una técnica eficaz en el control del dolor. Del mismo modo, una encuesta en internet para los profesionales de la salud que utilizan la hipnosis mostró que las técnicas hipnóticas se seleccionan en función de la edad de los pacientes, lo que revela que los profesionales tienen en cuenta la etapa de desarrollo de los pacientes, y que la eficacia de las técnicas hipnóticas depende, al menos en cierta medida, de la edad del joven. Por último, no encontramos influencia de las expectativas en la fenomenología hipnótica.
This dissertation thesis focused on migraine pain at a cognitive and psychophysiological level, as well as on the use of hypnosis for the management of chronic pain. In migraine, a specific electrodermal sensitization to pain-related words has been proposed. Even though we did not find such a specific electrodermal activity in migraineurs in response to pain-related stimuli and negative emotional words, we did find that migraineurs recalled emotional words (i.e. cognitive biases) significantly more than headache-free controls. We also found that pain catastrophizing was related to memory recall. Migraine is a pain experience that implies emotional processing of a wide range of stimuli. Of fundamental interest is that: (1) altered cognitive processing may have a relevant role in the maintenance and chronification of migraine; (2) the personal relationship between pain descriptors, emotional words and migraineurs, which may lead to highly specific conditioning and sensitization. This dissertation also examined the therapeutic value of hypnosis in the context of chronic pain. A systematic review on the use of hypnosis in children and adolescents revealed that hypnosis was an effective pain control technique. Likewise, an online survey for health care professionals using hypnosis showed that age-tailored hypnotic techniques are endorsed by them. Hypnotic techniques are selected as a function of the age of patients, which reveals that professionals take into account the developmental stage of young patients, and that the efficacy of hypnotic techniques depends, at least to certain extent, on the age of the child. Finally, when testing the value of expectancies in hypnotic responsiveness (following a phenomenological perspective) we did not found any influences of such a construct in explaining the hypnotic phenomenology (i.e., the hypnoidal state and altered state of consciousness).

Since the 1990s, governments of migrant sending and receiving countries, policy institutes, the United Nations and allied international financial institutions, and migration researchers in the academy have shown a heightened interest in the role that diasporas can play in the development of the Global South. As government responsibility to social welfare recedes and as humanitarian aid shrinks, these stakeholders have looked toward the wealth offered by diasporas. The resultant discourse of diaspora and development, the dissertation argues, is changing the meaning of the discursive construction of "diaspora" in its articulation with the concurrent construct of "development". This presents scholars with new challenges in studying diaspora and transnationalism. The expansion of who gets to be counted as diaspora and its articulation with newly extended diasporic citizenship limits the nature of citizenship to the performative and to the exclusive domain of giving. Accordingly, the study examines the communicate and relational practices of Association for India's Development (AID), a 1000-volunteer-strong migrant Indian non-profit organization in the United States, to critique and expand the diaspora and development discourse. Through an extended case study of AID's practice and performance of citizenship, this study makes contributions to theories about the space of `home' and its relation to the practice of politics; migrant presence and performance of citizenship in the Global North; diasporic interventions in the discourse of development; and strategic mobilizing for broad-based social justice issues. First, the dissertation unpacks the meaning-making practices that AID volunteers associate with the construct `development', and demonstrates how the volunteers' discourse of "development as sustainability" challenges notions of charity and the brain metaphor trafficking in policy reports and scholarship. The study then examines the treatment of diasporic imaginings of home in theory and migration policy, juxtaposed with AID's practices related to India arguing that practices of deconstructing home/nation allow this organization to center diasporic privilege rather than loss. This allows for less common alliance-building practices with populations from historically marginalized religious, caste and class backgrounds and a centering of marginalized voices within multiple diasporic homes. The dissertation also examines annual die-ins by AID's Austin chapter, staged in solidarity with survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster of 1984 that complicates the notion of presence in theorizations of transformation in new forms of citizenship. The study finally takes an ethnographic peek into an education project that used to be supported by AID in India. The backstage organizing work studied, suggests that what seems like a single-issue movement strategically employs universal discourses of `quality education' for organizing multiple publics. The study required multi-sited critical ethnographic fieldwork in the United States and in India, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and rhetorical/discourse analyses of AID's practices. The study offers a people-centered exploration of diaspora engagement with social development, which is difficult to grasp solely through research informed by macro-level and quantitative data. Overall, this work complicates the monolithic understanding of development in current research on diaspora and development, demonstrating that local and transnational actors both participate in, and challenge the development discourse to communicatively and relationally address issues of social development and transnational environmental justice.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This thesis presents three independent essays in Economics of Migration. At first, the aim is to measure the impact of an international migration experience on wages in the Brazilian labor market in 2010. The estimation becomes more complex due to the various potential selection biases involved. Compare returned migrants to nonmigrant individuals without regard the selection processes involved can generate biased estimates of the impact of the migration experience on wages. The main contribution of this study is to estimate the wage premium for returnees to Brazil considering a triple selection process. I estimated a model of simultaneous equations considering the occupation decision, the decision to participate in the labor market, and the decision to return to the country since the individual had previously emigrated. Even after controlling for potential biases, the results indicate that there is a positive and statistically significant wage premium for the migration experience on wages, indicating that return migration generates benefits to the country by bringing individuals with characteristics valued in the labor market of the country, and, therefore, this population can be a channel of increase of human capital and productivity in Brazil. The second essay analyzes how the human capital and the income of the spouses can be associated to the family migration in Brazil. We used microdata from the 2010 Census to estimate a logit model, where three groups of families are investigated: non-migrants, in-state migrants, and interstate migrants. The causal effect of the variables was not analyzed, but only its association with the probability of family migration. The contribution of the study is empirical; the results show that the fact that the spouses have higher education favors the propensity to migrate, but the employment relationship of the tied spouse (the one whose wage variation does not determine the migration), usually the woman, has a negative association with the probability of migration. When analyzing the income variables, the evidence shows that both a greater income dispersion between the spouses and a higher sum of the spouses' incomes have a positive association with the probability of migration. When comparing only migrant families, the results indicate that the probability of interstate migration is not associated with a higher educational level of the spouses. Finally, the third essay analyzes the role of migration networks in migratory flows in Brazil for different levels of schooling. A network of migrants can be seen as a social network that attracts new migrants because of the network's informational and financial support that can reduce migration costs and facilitate new migration flows. As migration costs are relatively higher for low-skilled individuals, one hypothesis is that migration networks reduce the qualification levels of new migration flows, making negative self-selection more likely. The objective of this study is to analyze the role of migration networks in migratory flows within Brazil. The results show a positive and significant impact of migrant networks on migratory flows of different levels of schooling. In addition, the selection of migrants is also influenced by migrant networks, which particularly attract new low-skilled migrants. The results are robust to various econometric specifications, including the treatment of selection bias and endogeneity.
Esta tese apresenta tr?s ensaios independentes em Economia da Migra??o. O objetivo do primeiro ensaio ? mensurar o impacto da experi?ncia de migra??o internacional sobre sal?rios no mercado de trabalho brasileiro em 2010. A estima??o se torna mais complexa devido aos v?rios potenciais vieses de sele??o envolvidos. Comparar emigrantes retornados a indiv?duos n?o migrantes sem levar em conta os processos de sele??o envolvidos pode gerar estimativas distorcidas do impacto da experi?ncia de migra??o sobre sal?rios. A principal contribui??o deste estudo ? estimar o pr?mio salarial para retornados ao Brasil considerando um triplo processo de sele??o. Foi estimado um modelo de equa??es simult?neas considerando a decis?o de ocupa??o, a decis?o de participa??o no mercado de trabalho, e a decis?o de retorno ao pa?s dado que, o indiv?duo emigrou anteriormente. Mesmo ap?s controlar os potenciais vieses, os resultados mostram que h? um pr?mio salarial positivo e estatisticamente significante da experi?ncia de migra??o sobre sal?rios, indicando que a migra??o de retorno gera benef?cios ao pa?s ao trazer indiv?duos com caracter?sticas valorizadas no mercado de trabalho local, e, portanto, esta popula??o pode ser um canal de aumento de capital humano e produtividade no Brasil. O segundo ensaio analisa como a renda e o capital humano dos c?njuges podem estar associados ? migra??o familiar no Brasil. Foram utilizados microdados do Censo de 2010 para estimar um modelo logit, onde se investiga a migra??o de tr?s grupos de fam?lias: as n?o migrantes, as migrantes intra-estaduais e as migrantes interestaduais. N?o foi analisado o efeito causal das vari?veis, mas apenas sua associa??o com a probabilidade de migra??o familiar. A contribui??o do estudo ? emp?rica; os resultados mostram que o fato dos c?njuges possu?rem ensino superior favorece a propens?o a migrar, mas o v?nculo laboral do c?njuge vinculado (aquele cuja varia??o salarial n?o determina a migra??o), em geral a mulher, tem uma associa??o negativa com a probabilidade de migra??o. Quando se analisa as vari?veis de renda, as evid?ncias mostram que tanto uma maior dispers?o de renda entre os c?njuges, quanto uma maior soma das rendas dos c?njuges, tem uma associa??o positiva com a probabilidade de migra??o. Quando s?o comparadas apenas as fam?lias migrantes, os resultados indicam que a probabilidade de migra??o interestadual n?o est? associada a um maior n?vel educacional dos c?njuges. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio apresenta uma an?lise do papel das redes de migra??o nos fluxos migrat?rios no Brasil para diferentes n?veis de escolaridade. Uma rede de migrantes pode ser vista como uma rede social que atrai novos migrantes. O suporte informacional e financeiro desempenhado pela rede pode diminuir os custos de migra??o e facilitar novos fluxos migrat?rios. Como os custos de migra??o s?o relativamente maiores para os indiv?duos de baixa qualifica??o, uma hip?tese ? que as redes de migra??o reduzem os n?veis de qualifica??o dos novos fluxos migrat?rios, tornando uma autossele??o negativa mais prov?vel. O objetivo do estudo ? analisar o papel das redes de migra??o nos fluxos e na sele??o de migrantes dentro do Brasil. Os resultados mostram um impacto positivo e significante das redes de migrantes nos fluxos migrat?rios de diferentes n?veis de escolaridade. Al?m disso, a sele??o de migrantes tamb?m ? influenciada pelas redes de migrantes, que particularmente atraem novos migrantes de pouca qualifica??o. Os resultados s?o robustos a diversas especifica??es econom?tricas, incluindo o tratamento de vi?s de sele??o e endogeneidade.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the process of internal migration in Peoples' Republic of China. It focuses on low-skilled rural migrant workers, their overall characteristics, role in the economy and their status within Chinese society. This analysis aims to prove that despite the fact that rural migrants represent an essential element of Chinese economy, and have contributed by a great deal to China's economic take-off, they are still a very discriminated group of Chinese society and are constantly facing violations of their rights.

Migrant families have long been victims of their unusual lifestyle. High poverty conditions combined with constant mobility in search for agricultural work have contributed to their challenging lifestyle. As a result, Latino migrant students are among the least likely to graduate from high school and pursue a college degree. However, in spite of such challenges faced by Latino migrant families, a small percentage of Latino migrant students graduate from high school and enroll in an institution of higher learning. The purpose of this research was to identify strategies employed by Latino migrant parents to assist their children in graduating from high school and enrolling in an institution of higher education. The study specifically focused on the role Latino migrant parents play in supporting and guiding their children into higher education. The following three questions guided this study: (a) How is parent involvement perceived and defined by Latino migrant parents of students enrolled in higher education?; (b) What barriers and support systems were present that impeded or supported their children's pursuit of higher education?; and, (c) What educational strategies are present in migrant families that have children in higher education?

Guided by a critical race theorist approach, individual interviews and focus group interviews. five themes emerged from the findings: (a) Success as Defined by Migrant Families; (b) Reinforcing the Value of Hard Work: (c) Notable Barriers and Obstacles in the Latino Migrant Community; (d) Strategies to Succeed Academically; and (e) The Impact of the Migrant Education Program.

One important and notable limitation of the study was the sample size. It is possible that a larger size would have resulted in more divergent findings and would have yielded broader recommendations. Furthermore, it is probable that only utilizing interviews as the primary information source has limited the findings.

This thesis introduces the phenomenon of illegal migration and the ways of its solution. This thesis focuses on the way of regularization or legalization of the illegal status of the foreigner already residing in the state. In the thesis, the meaning of regularization is presented and an analysis of the three european countries with regularization experience is made. The experience of these three countries can be an inspiration for Czech Republic which has been facing the phenomenon of illegal migration for a short time and refuses the regularization at this moment. At the end of this thesis, there are some proposals on what the Czech republic should concern about before the debates about the regularization. The thesis deals also with the conditions under which the regularization would be meaningful if the Czech Republic considers it.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the work migration of Czech students. The first chapter is focused on the possibilities of working abroad for and describes both advantages and disadvantages of four main programmes, which can be used. The second chapter analyses the most favourite destinations and describes their specifics.The third chapter evaluates results of the online research and also presents the experience of four students with working abroad.

The socio-economic attainment of migrants and their descendants has been a pressing subject of research for scholars and policy makers. Educational outcomes attract particular attention, as education is a means for social advancement and achieving better occupational status. As the largest migrant group in Europe, Turks are of special interest in the discussion of migrant incorporation. However, assimilation theories dominate research, with limited interest, if any, in the true impact of migration on educational attainment. Using the unique 2000 Families dataset, this thesis compares the educational outcomes of Turks in European countries to their non-migrant comparators in Turkey across three generations. The 2000 Families dataset includes information about complete lineages of nearly 2000 persons born in Turkey between 1920 and 1945 in five high-sending regions; 80 per cent of these 'ancestors' migrated to Europe as 'guest workers' between 1960 and 1974, and 20 per cent stayed in Turkey. In this work, I first compare measurements of educational outcomes theoretically and their implications to international comparisons. methodologically. Next, I study the educational outcomes of Turks in Europe across two generations by comparing them to Turks in Turkey. I then focus on the direct effect of grandparents' socio-economic characteristics on educational outcomes and explore mobility patterns. Finally, I look at Turks in Europe and discuss country differences in their education as a positional good and note the effect of parental ethnic capital on educational outcomes. Existing research typically compares migrants to natives or other migrant groups in the destination countries. Therefore, it often overlooks changes migrants and their descendants go through relative to their comparators in the origin countries. Migrants' outcomes should be seen in reference to not only the groups in the destination but also those in the origin. Only then can a more complete picture of incorporation be drawn.

This thesis examines the working lives of foreign-born academics who come to work to the UK. Its main aim is to understand the degree and conditions of migrant scholars' inclusion in professional practice abroad. The thesis fulfils this aim by developing a conceptual approach to encapsulate how migrant professionals' working lives are conditioned by the pre-existing professional structures. Grounded in the principle of social closure, this framework proposes that migrant professionals' employment abroad is influenced by the different forms and rules of closure, as well as by the sites in which closure rules are applied. The synthesis of the theoretical framework with findings from sixty-two interviews with foreign-born scholars employed in thirteen British universities shows that migrant academics' working lives are explained by ‘modes of incorporation'. ‘Modes of incorporation' designate the distinct ways in which the academic profession has reacted to the increased presence of foreign incomers, and comprise integration, exclusion, subordination and indifference. The proposed framework extends the understanding of the demographic change in professions, and offers a way to capture migrant professionals' movement across countries.

The purpose of this study is to define and delineate the factors which influence the decision by non-English speaking background migrant Muslim women to access or not access their eligibility for English language tuition, as set out by current policies governing the eligibility of migrants to participate in Adult Migrant Education programs. As such, the study is of particular interest to both key informants: teachers, community workers, coordinators, and to the target population themselves-Migrant Muslim women. It is also of benefit to those who are concerned with implementing language programs as it will provide them with an understanding of the issues facing Muslim women that may prevent them from accessing such classes. It is also of particular interest because it delves into and explores an• area where much speculation has taken place, but where little research of significance has been directed. The target population is defined as adult (over age 16) Muslim women from a non-English speaking background who are currently residing in the Perth metropolitan area. Two groups within this target population have been included in the study, the first being those women who have accessed migrant language tuition in a formal class setting (excluding those who have accessed the home tutor scheme). The second being those women who have not, with the objective of drawing a typology of the kind of Muslim women accessing classes-age, country of birth, family, socio-economic status, perceived need to learn English, level of education and aspirations and other relevant variables that were brought to light through the research process. Data was collected using both quantitative and qualitative research methods which involved the analysis of figures pertaining to the numbers of women from Muslim countries of birth who have accessed English language classes through the Adult Migrant Education Program in order to arrive at conclusions about the relative absence of Muslim women in these programs. Qualitative data was collected using a structured interview with twenty three women from the target population as well as interviews with three key informants. The purpose of the key informant interviews was to gain an understanding of the external factors accessibility, availability of information and practical considerations such as child care transport and provision of special arrangements that may affect the decision or the ability of Muslim women to attend classes.

The question of increasing immigration and refugee pressure in Europe has become a sensitive political and economic issues, and also subject to ideological conflicts, not only in countries that face this phenomenon most intensively, but also in those member states that are not considered to be typical immigrant states such as the Czech Republic. While during the previous crisis in the eurozone and the Greek debt crisis the division of the EU to the north and south could be observed, migrant crisis in 2015 divided the EU in another way. It is rather excessive compassion of the West on one side and xenophobic attitude of Eastern European countries on the other. Diploma thesis will examine the similarities and differences of opinions on solving the migrant crisis between the two EU member states, which represent these two ideological poles, Germany and the Czech Republic, with the regard to their international legal obligations, obligations of membership in the EU and protection of their own national interests. It will also examine what influences the formation of these opinions and what role can the phenomenon of migration crisis play in the building or a change of state identity.

How do migrant remittances affect the prospects for democracy in receiving states? In this thesis, I use a range of methods including statistical analysis of macro-economic and micro-level survey data and qualitative interviews to investigate this question. I use cross-national data, barometer surveys from the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa and post-Communist countries and 63 interviews conducted with remittance recipients in Jordan and Tunisia. I find that remittances from migrants in democratic states are associated with political liberalisation and the downfall of authoritarian regimes, but that remittances from migrants in non-democratic states are not. An important causal mechanism is that of protests: remittances from democratic countries fuel protests in authoritarian regimes. On the individual level, I show that remittances are associated with greater non-electoral political participation because recipients perceive themselves to have higher levels of economic security. I also find that financial remittances from democratic countries are accompanied by and reinforce the transmission of social remittances in the form of pro-democratic political norms. In addition to the main findings, I present the first evidence for electoral remittance cycles in authoritarian regimes, clarify our knowledge about how and why remittances affect different forms of political participation and add to our understanding of the political dimensions of social remittances.

This work explains the prevailing trends of internal migration in the Czech Republic, which have a major impact on the population and the overall development of individual regions. In the analysis of some key phenomena of internal migration, there have been formulated and tested four hypotheses, which were supplemented by more detailed analysis of population data. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that in the Czech Republic: (1) dominated internal migration from rural to urban than in the opposite direction, which means that they are manifested desurbanization processes; (2) total internal migration before 1989 was different than after this year; (3) are not all regions equally attractive to migrants; (4) internal migration does not meet certain defined conditions of the selectivity of migration.

This study is in the tradition of audience reception research and has its focus on the relationship between television viewing and the everyday life of a group of children, who had recently migrated to Australia from non-English speaking countries. The research method applied in this study is ethnographic, using indepths interviews with the children as well as some observations about the television viewing activity in their homes. In chapter one, I present the theoretical context in which this case study can be located. Chapter 2 discusses the research method and provides profiles of the children. Chapter 3 is concerned with the description of television's place in the lives of individual children, in order to give insight into social and cultural aspects of their television experiences. Chapter 4 examines some common themes in the children's television use, highlighting how the collective experience of being a recent migrant has influence on television viewing. The thesis is rounded off by some concluding remarks.

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This Dissertation has allowed exploring the singular psychic disinvestments and investments process, inherent to the migratory experience of Haitian subjects who have come to Brazil after the earthquake which occurred in Haiti in 2010. Through presentation of Haiti history elements and the Haitian migratory process, it have been illustrated the psychic challenges that have been embraced to the subject in this process of human displacement. The Dissertation is composed by two study sections about the Haitian migration theme, being both of them of a qualitative mark. The first section, which is theoretical-clinical, is entitled as ?Singulars displacements in migrate? psychic experience?; and the second section, which is empiric, is called ?Haitian migration: the subject face the (re)union with the excess?. In the theoretical-clinical section, it has been intended to explore the psychic conditions of the migrant subject, as well as to approach the relevant attention directed to him. It has been depicted, in this section, aspects that allow identifying risks due to the vulnerability psychic condition present in this phenomena. The empiric section has provided a reflection about the complex motivations which sustain the migratory movement, as well as has approached the existence and/or the fragility of the confrontation resources by the migrant subject, considering that the conditions in the destination country end up, sometimes, reediting the helplessness that has been already experienced in the home country. All the participants of the study live over a year in Brazil and have participated of two individual and semi-structured interviews. The obtained data have been analyzed by the Interpretative Analysis proposed by Erickson (1997), and have been explored with Psychoanalysis? theoretical contributions. The empiric section is composed by the formulation of two Assertions which contemplate a reflection about the psychic disinvestments and investments complexity process inherent to the migration process. The first Assertion is entitled as ?The singular unrest in the confrontation of intra-psychic and inter-subjective demands?, and the second Assertion, 15 denominated as ?The excess summary in different times of (dis)illusion?. It is considered that the listening modality that has been offered during the research has provided attention and care conditions to what tend, sometimes, to be excluded of the knowledge production in the scientific scope about the migration process. In this sense, one of the contributions stemming this research refers to the highlight attributed to the psychic and subjective aspects, so that the interventions in the field of migratory phenomena can increasingly consider the migrant subject in his complexity.
Esta Disserta??o possibilitou explorar os singulares processos de desinvestimentos e investimentos ps?quicos inerentes ? experi?ncia migrat?ria de sujeitos haitianos que vieram para o Brasil ap?s o terremoto ocorrido no Haiti em 2010. Por meio da apresenta??o de elementos da hist?ria do Haiti e do processo de migra?ao haitiana, ilustrou-se os desafios ps?quicos impostos ao sujeito nesse processo de deslocamento humano. A Disserta??o ? composta por duas se??es de estudo sobre a tem?tica da migra??o haitiana, sendo ambas de cunho qualitativo. A primeira se??o, te?rico-cl?nica, intitula-se ?Singulares deslocamentos na experi?ncia ps?quica de migrar?; e a segunda se??o, emp?rica, ? denominada ?Migra??o haitiana: o sujeito frente ao (re)encontro com o excesso?. Na se??o te?rico-cl?nica buscouse explorar as condi??es ps?quicas do sujeito migrante, bem como abordar a relev?ncia da aten??o direcionada ao mesmo. Retratou-se, nessa se??o, aspectos que permitem identificar riscos decorrentes da condi??o de vulnerabilidade ps?quica presente nesse fen?meno. A se??o emp?rica proporcionou uma reflex?o a respeito das complexas motiva??es que sustentam o movimento migrat?rio, bem como abordou a exist?ncia e/ou a fragilidade dos recursos de enfrentamento por parte do sujeito migrante, considerando-se que as condi??es do pa?s de destino acabam, por vezes, reeditando o desamparo j? experimentado no pa?s de origem. Todos os participantes do estudo residiam no Brasil h? mais de um ano e participaram de duas entrevistas individuais e semidirigidas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da An?lise Interpretativa, proposta por Erickson (1997), e explorados com contribui??es te?ricas da Psican?lise. A se??o emp?rica ? composta pela formula??o de duas Asser??es, que contemplam a reflex?o sobre a complexidade de processos de desinvestimentos e investimentos ps?quicos inerentes ? experi?ncia migrat?ria. A primeira Asser??o ? intitulada ?O singular mal-estar no enfrentamento de demandas intraps?quicas e intersubjetivas?, e a segunda Asser??o, ? denominada ?O somat?rio de excessos nos diferentes tempos de 13 (des)ilus?o?. Considera-se que a modalidade de escuta ofertada na pesquisa propiciou condi??es de aten??o e cuidado ?quilo que, por vezes, tende a ser exclu?do da produ??o de conhecimento no ?mbito cientifico sobre o processo migrat?rio. Nessa perspectiva, uma das contribui??es decorrente desta pesquisa refere-se ao destaque atribu?do aos aspectos ps?quicos e subjetivos, para que cada vez mais as interven?oes no campo de fen?menos migrat?rios possam considerar o sujeito migrante em sua complexidade.

Les persones migrants i les organitzacions de migrants són actors cívics i polítics de creixent interès en els fòrums de ciències socials, així com en entorns governamentals i de la societat civil. Malgrat això, a nivell acadèmic, encara suposa un desafiament teòric i empíric com abordar una anàlisi de les jerarquies de poder en què estan integrats els migrants. En particular, aquest és el cas quan es considera l'agència col·lectiva migrant des de perspectives transnacionals. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a aquests debats tot comprenent fins a quin punt les organitzacions d'un mateix grup de migrants tenen diferents nivells d'agència quan actuen translocalment. La tesi mostra que les tendències a pensar en l'agència (cívica i política) com a funció del lloc i de les estructures polítiques poden ignorar altres dimensions internes que afecten als col·lectius migrants. Les principals preguntes que aborda aquesta investigació són: Quins factors institucionals i actius de migrants sustenten l'agència d'associacions de migrants? Com canvia l'agència de les associacions de migrants en els processos transnacionals? L'agència d'associacions de migrants s’operacionalitza en dues dimensions: a) presència: legitimitat i visibilitat de les associacions de migrants; i b) pes: capacitat d'influir en la governança dels afers cívics i polítics. La investigació adapta marcs de poder d'estudis de desenvolupament a l'anàlisi de l'agència d'associacions de migrants per estudiar les relacions entre estructura-agència que els afecten. Per tant, tot i que el compromís transnacional dels migrants ja ha estat estudiat considerat en estudis sobre política transnacional, aquesta tesi vol contribuir a la comprensió de l'agència dels migrants a partir de conceptes de poder i d'agència treballats en estudis de desenvolupament. Sostinc que l'agència d'associacions de migrants és conseqüència dels actius de les associacions de migrants i de les institucions (formals i informals) que afecten aquestes associacions en els processos de codesenvolupament. Per respondre a les preguntes principals, es prenen processos de codesenvolupament que vinculen a les associacions de migrants senegalesos i les localitats a Catalunya i Senegal (a Kolda i Dakar). La investigació se centra en aquest cas extrem per cercar variacions regionals en l'entorn polític i diferències dins de la comunitat senegalesa, per tal de veure com aquests factors es relacionen amb l'agència de les associacions de migrants. D'acord amb aquest disseny, tres arguments principals guien la investigació. En primer lloc, sostinc que els entorns de polítiques afecten la forma en què l'agència d'associacions de migrants canvia en les localitats dins de la mateixa regió i de manera translocal. Diferents troballes donen suport a aquest argument. En relació a les localitats de residència, els resultats suggereixen que encara que el codesenvolupament pot ser una estratègia per superar contextos locals més tendents a l'exclusió respecte al compromís cívic migrant, la política no necessàriament du a una major visibilitat de les associacions de migrants en comparació amb els contextos locals que són, en general, més inclusius. En el context del país d'origen, es troba que, en coherència amb enfocaments que mostren els problemes en la penetració de l'estat senegalès al nivell local, el transnacionalisme local pot quedar desapercebut en observar dinàmiques a nivell regional i municipal. A més, les troballes mostren percepcions contrastades pel que fa a la legitimitat de les associacions de migrants a les localitats de residència o origen (rural). En general, les associacions de migrants tenen menys presència en Kolda que en altres localitats a nivell municipal. El segon argument és que els actius de les associacions de migrants influeixen en la seva presència en contextos d'origen i residència. L'anàlisi d'actius mostra presència cívica i política de les associacions de migrants a Kolda que romangué invisible en analitzar les institucions formals a nivell municipal i regional. Els resultats donen suport a la importància de factors com ara el nivell d'educació o el gènere per al transnacionalisme migrant. No obstant això, la investigació mostra com altres institucions informals que afecten les societats al Senegal, com els sistemes de lleialtat/noblesa, de caps tradicionals i els sistemes de parentiu, travessen actius i, per tant, també afecten l'agència d'associacions de migrants. El tercer argument de la investigació es basa en una anàlisi de la relació entre els actius i el pes de les associacions de migrants en origen. D'acord amb els resultats, sostinc que encara que els processos de codesenvolupament porten a la presència d'associacions de migrants en origen, no sempre aquests processos desafien desigualtats socials. El marc teòric ajuda a desemmascarar aquestes dinàmiques i obre la possibilitat d'analitzar l'agència d'associacions de migrants en diferents grups i contextos. En proposar una mirada que complementa marcs d'anàlisi sobre l'agència i l'empoderament, amb debats sobre estructura i agència en els estudis de migració, el marc apunta a millorar el diàleg entre aquests camps de coneixement.
Las personas migrantes y las organizaciones de migrantes son actores cívicos y políticos de creciente interés en los foros de ciencias sociales, así como en entornos gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, a nivel académico, todavía supone un desafío teórico y empírico cómo abordar un análisis de las jerarquías de poder en las que están integrados los migrantes. En particular, este es el caso cuando se considera la agencia colectiva migrante desde perspectivas transnacionales. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a estos debates comprendiendo hasta qué punto las organizaciones de un mismo grupo de migrantes tienen diferentes niveles de agencia cuando actúan translocalmente. La tesis muestra que las tendencias a pensar en la agencia (cívica y política) como función del lugar y de las estructuras políticas pueden ignorar otras dimensiones internas que afectan a los colectivos migrantes. Las principales preguntas que aborda esta investigación son: ¿Qué factores institucionales y activos de migrantes sustentan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes? ¿Cómo cambia la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes en los procesos transnacionales? La agencia de asociaciones de migrantes se operacionaliza en dos dimensiones: a) presencia: legitimidad y visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes; y b) peso: capacidad de influir en la gobernanza de los asuntos cívicos y políticos. La investigación adapta marcos de poder de estudios de desarrollo al análisis de la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes para estudiar las relaciones entre estructura-agencia que les afectan. Por lo tanto, aunque el compromiso transnacional de los migrantes ya ha sido estudiado considerado en estudios sobre política transnacional, esta tesis busca contribuir a la comprensión de la agencia de los migrantes a partir de conceptos de poder y de agencia trabajados en estudios de desarrollo. Sostengo que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes es consecuencia de los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes y de las instituciones (formales e informales) que afectan a estas asociaciones en los procesos de codesarrollo. Para responder a las preguntas principales, se toman procesos de codesarrollo que vinculan a las asociaciones de migrantes senegaleses y las localidades en Cataluña y Senegal (en Kolda y Dakar). La investigación se centra en este caso extremo para revelar variaciones regionales en el entorno político y diferencias dentro de la comunidad senegalesa, a fin de ver cómo estos factores se relacionan con la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes. De acuerdo con este diseño, tres argumentos principales guían la investigación. En primer lugar, sostengo que los entornos de políticas afectan la forma en que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes cambia en las localidades dentro de la misma región y de manera translocal. Diferentes hallazgos apoyan este argumento. En relación a las localidades de residencia, los resultados sugieren que aunque el codesarrollo puede ser una estrategia para superar contextos locales más tendentes a la exclusión con respecto al compromiso cívico migrante, la política no necesariamente lleva a una mayor visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en comparación con los contextos locales que son, en general, más inclusivos. En el contexto del país de origen, se encuentra que, en coherencia con enfoques que muestran los problemas en la penetración del estado senegalés en el nivel local, el transnacionalismo local puede quedar desapercibido al observar dinámicas a nivel regional y municipal. Además, los hallazgos muestran percepciones contrastadas en cuanto a la legitimidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en las localidades de residencia u origen (rural). En general, las asociaciones de migrantes tienen menos presencia en Kolda que en otras localidades a nivel municipal. El segundo argumento es que los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes influyen en su presencia en contextos de origen y residencia. El análisis de activos revela presencia cívica y política de las asociaciones de migrantes en Kolda que permaneció invisible al analizar las instituciones formales a nivel municipal y regional. Los resultados apoyan la importancia de factores como el nivel de educación o el género para el transnacionalismo migrante. Sin embargo, la investigación muestra cómo otras instituciones informales que afectan a las sociedades en Senegal, como los sistemas de lealtad/nobleza, de jefes tradicionales y los sistemas de parentesco, atraviesan activos y, por lo tanto, también afectan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes. El tercer argumento de la investigación se basa en un análisis de la relación entre los activos y el peso de las asociaciones de migrantes en origen. De acuerdo con los resultados, sostengo que aunque los procesos de codesarrollo llevan a la presencia de asociaciones de migrantes en origen, no siempre estos procesos desafían desigualdades sociales. El marco teórico ayuda a revelar estas dinámicas y abre la posibilidad de analizar la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes en diferentes grupos y contextos. Al proponer una mirada que complementa marcos de análisis sobre la agencia y el empoderamiento, con debates sobre estructura y agencia en los estudios de migración, el marco apunta a mejorar el diálogo entre estos campos de conocimiento.
Migrants and migrant organisations are civic and political actors of increasing interest in social science and policy forums as well as in governmental and civil society settings. Yet, at the academic level, there is still a theoretical and empirical challenge concerning how to tackle an analysis of the power hierarchies in which migrants are embedded. Indeed, this is particularly the case when considering migrant collective agency within transnational perspectives. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to these debates by analysing to what degree organisations from the same migrant groups have different levels of agency when performing translocally. The thesis shows that tendencies to think about (civic and political) agency as a function of place and policy structures tends to disregard other internal dimensions that affect the collectives. The main questions that this research addresses are: Which institutional factors and migrant assets underpin the agency of migrant associations? How does the agency of migrant associations change across transnational processes? The agency of migrant associations is operationalized as having two dimensions: a) presence: the legitimacy and visibility of migrant associations; and b) weight: the capacity to influence the governance of civic and political affairs. The research adapts power frameworks from development studies to the analysis of migrant agency in order to analyse the relations between structure and agency factors affecting migrants. Thus, while migrant transnational engagement has been looked at in studies of transnational politics, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of the agency of migrants by drawing on concepts of power and agency from development studies. I contend that the agency of migrant associations is an outcome of migrant associations’ assets and (formal and informal) institutions affecting these associations in codevelopment processes. To answer these main questions, the research draws upon codevelopment processes linking Senegalese migrant associations and localities in Catalonia and Senegal (in Kolda and Dakar). The research focuses on this extreme case to unpack regional variations in policy environment, and differences within the Senegalese community, in order to see how these factors relate to the agency of migrant associations. In accordance with this design, three main arguments guide the research. First, I argue that policy environments affect how the agency of migrant associations changes across localities within the same region and translocally. Different findings support this argument. Regarding localities in residence, results suggest that even though nurturing codevelopment may be a strategy to overcome more exclusionary local contexts regarding migrant civic engagement, this type of policy approach does not necessarily lead to more visibility of migrant associations. In the context of the country origin, it is found that – consistent with approaches that show awareness of the problems state penetration can have at local levels in Senegal, hometown transnationalism may be 'under the radar' when observing regional and municipal dynamics. Moreover, the findings show contrasting perceptions of the legitimacy of migrant associations in localities of residence or (rural) origin. Overall, migrant associations have less presence in Kolda than in the other localities at the municipal level. The second argument is that the assets of the migrant associations (human, organisational and financial) influence their presence in origin and residence contexts. The analysis of assets uncovers the civic and political presence of migrant associations in Kolda that remained invisible when analysing formal institutions at municipal and regional levels. The findings support the importance of factors such as level of education or gender for migrant transnationalism. However, research shows how the informal institutions affecting societies in Senegal - such as allegiance/nobility systems, chieftaincy and kin systems - traverse assets and consequently affect the agency of migrant associations. The third argument of the research is based on an analysis of the relationship between assets and weight of migrant associations in origin. According to the results, I argue that although codevelopment processes do lead to presence of migrant associations in origin - expressed either through more formal or assets-based mechanisms, at different governance levels including the village - it is rare for them to challenge social inequalities.

The migration shows that our world are increasingly becoming heterogeneous, multi-racial and multicultural. It produces complex contexts and ranges of human learning that lead to bordercrossing of different learning experiences. Lifelong learning is one of the crucial ways to advance human's self empowerment and social development appreciating learners' experience regardless of geographic location, race, gender and class. Particularly, this thesis argues that lifelong learning involves deriving roles to enhance a full participation of different social agenCIes including underprivileged migrant workers, as one of the devalued learning groups. The investigation of how migrant workers learn in the non-formal learning community requires critical analysis. The learning paths through using qualitative research methodologies, in terms of learning needs, processes, domains and mechanisms are investigated whilst conducting an exploratory case study in Korea. The theoretical foundation of lifelong learning related to migration suggests that migration is an interconnected social practice expanding cultural, ethnic, communicative difference and plurality in the learning society. The findings show that migrants' learning is an ongoing process and it is fundamental to their life itself to cope with their social disjuncture. It identifies implications for the novel understanding of the migrant worker as a subjective learning agency, rather than as a 'guest working machine'. Despite societal oppression and exclusion, they attempt to broaden their critical awareness of the world and self understanding throughout continuous engagements in the community. It could enlighten marginalised learners' 'voice' and their empowerment using reflections and transformations of their experiences in a critical manner. Hence this work satisfies requirements of intellectual rigor as well as highlighting hidden learning issues facilitating an appreciation of migrants' life experience and their civic participation through social learning opportunities. It takes the discussion to new levels of how lifelong learning policy reveals further researches that will develop current practice and theory.

Migration has always been generating a complex tension between individuals and nations. There are many perspectives on why people migrate, how people migrate, what impact migration has on what are called 'receiving' and 'sending' countries, and whether countries should encourage or limit migration. This thesis is devoted to analyzing a fundamental phenomenon which accompanies migration itself, namely human capital flight. This phenomenon is often depicted by its more popularized name, 'brain drain'. It concerns that highly skilled workers in developing countries seek a better future by migrating to developed countries. There has been an ongoing debate about the negative and positive effects of human capital flows. Most importantly, it can create problems for the sending country, given that expertise and skills are 'lost'. For that reason, my research will focus on the emigration of highly skilled workers and its impact on the sending countries as they are mainly the most disadvantageous participants of this human capital flow. Accordingly, the questions to be examined concern the competiting rights and duties hold between migrants and nation states.  To what extent, are developing states in their right to restrict this type of emigration? Whether freedom of movement can be reckoned as an indispensable human right?

This paper uses peace and conflict theory to analyse the migrant worker issue in the Gulf States, focusing on Indian construction workers in the emirate of Dubai. Peace and conflict theory is found to provide a missing perspective on the question, which is best understood in an interdisciplinary frame-work combined with for example migration and development theory. Migrant workers’ vulnerability in the global free market is described and the modern economic history of the Gulf region is discussed to explain today’s unique labour situation. Different regional and local parties to the conflict are identified to distinguish guiding interests and their impact on the conflict. Put in an international perspective, the same conflict mechanisms found in the Gulf are detected globally. They reveal widespread practises of structural and cultural violence that can only be contested by a vibrant global civil society guided by truly cosmopolitan values.

This thesis called "Labour force migration in Plzeň region" is focused on employing foreigners in labour market, particularly at regional level. The thesis contains description of theories applied on situation in the Czech Republic, as well as development of Czech immigration policy since 1989. Furthermore, the thesis describes forms of employment of foreigners in the Czech labour market, with special emphasis on the description of forms which are considered to be irregular. It analyzes these irregular forms of employment in the Czech context, focusing on the most significant minority in our country. It describes the economic consequences of these phenomena. The overall assessment of the situation is supported by a framework calculation.

Human migration, the movement of people from one place to another with intention of settling there temporarily or permanently, is an integral part of development of human society. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century has resulted in economic growth and improvement of living standards. Countries, in which was industrialisation most intense attracted most immigrants. Second wave of migration was in second half of 20th century caused by development of communication technologies, which gave opportunities to less developed countries improve their economic development. This diploma thesis is aimed exactly on this period. Its goal is to research the impact of migration on economic growth and find out if the flow of migrants is beneficial for the economy or the exact opposite. The impact is examined by regression analysis on panel data for almost 200 hundred countries from whole world for time period 1955-2004.

This study sought to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and the grade and gender of the subjects. Changes in ethnic identity over time were also analyzed. Students attending grades four through eight of the Nyssa Migrant School summer program participated in this study. One hundred twenty-four participants completed the pretest, eighty-nine completed the posttest, with a total of seventy-nine completing both the pretest and posttest. Students responded to the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, which examined the subcategories of belonging and exploration to comprise the overall ethnic identity level. Scores were compared by grade and by gender at pretest and at posttest. Scores were also examined in those same subgroups for a change over time in the 79 subjects completing both the pretest and posttest. Though not statistically significant, results indicated a trend for males as a whole to show a greater increase in overall ethnic identity over the course of the summer school program than their female counterparts. Results also showed an increase (although not statistically significant) in ethnic identity for the group as a whole over the course of the six-week program, warranting further investigation into the summer program's effectiveness for enhancing ethnic identity. This aforementioned increase was more pronounced in children in the older grades, supporting a developmental progression of ethnic identity. At both the pretest and posttest, adjusted means for belonging were statistically significantly higher than those for exploration, F(l, 77) = 171.03,p = .000; F(l, 77) = 141.12,p = .000, respectively. Implications of these findings for future programs and future research are discussed.

The object of master‘s thesis is design and creation of e-commerce system database migration tool from the ZenCart platform to the PrestaShop platform. Both system databases will be described and analysed and based on gained information the migration tool will be created according customers‘ requirements and then final data migration from original to the new database will be executed.

This thesis deals with source-code migration of high-level programming languages using decompilation. A migration tool developed within the thesis is built on top of the middle-end and back-end parts of Lissom project decompiler. Several compilers generating LLVM IR code from input languages are discussed. Compilers suitable for integration to the migration tool were chosen. Compiled LLVM IR code is an input of the decompiler's optimizing middle-end. The output from the migration tool is a code in the C language or Python-like language generated by the back-end of the decompiler. The input languages are Fortran and its dialects, C/C++/Objective-C/Objective-C++, and D. The thesis describes problems connected with migration of these languages, their solutions, and ways to improve quality and readability of the produced source code.

China's internal migration has drawn extensive interest since the 1980s, and numerous studies have focused on migrant workers who are employed by the "world’s factories". However, less attention has been paid to migrant workers participating in the informal economy in urban China. In fact, the informal economy, which refers to income-generating activities that are not regulated by the state, has been estimated to have expanded dramatically over the past two decades, and migrant workers comprise the overwhelming majority of participants in the informal sector. These informals are mostly self-employed or paid employees working for informal factories hidden in the urban villages. This study, taking an urban village known as Kangle village in Guangzhou as its research site, adopts an ethnographic method to understand the lives of China's migrant workers engaged in the informal economy. It attempts to (1) examine the institutional environment for the expansion of the informal economy in urban China, (2) understand the individual choices of migrant workers in terms of being formal or informal, (3) explore their economic performance and (4) discover whether the informal economy could represent an alternative for migrant workers to achieve upward mobility in receiving cities. It is found that institutional factors, including policy practices of the state, regulation enforcement by local government and the relative autonomy of the migrant enclave all contribute to the development of the informal economy in urban China. Individual choices in being formal or informal are based primarily on participants' rational calculations comparing costs and benefits; howbeit these choices have actually been largely affected by the social networks of migrant workers. Migrant workers engaged in the informal economy receive relatively higher incomes than their counterparts in the formal sector. However, the higher monthly incomes for the wage employees in the informal economy can also be viewed as compensation for their willingness to undertake the risky, dirty, long-hour informal jobs. Social networks have also played an essential role in the economic performance of migrant workers in the informal economy. For instance, the strong social ties of migrant workers largely facilitate the process of becoming self-employed or migrant entrepreneurs by providing market information, financial support and labor resources. Also, the use of social networks reduces the transaction costs between different business owners in the informal sector where formal contracts are absent. Economic stratification among the migrant workers in the urban village is obvious, and a small number of migrants have achieved economic success by becoming self-employed or migrant entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, migrant entrepreneurship cannot continue to be a sustainable alternative for the majority of migrant workers to achieve upward mobility due to the vulnerability of the informal economy and the absence of institutional inclusion for the participants in the informal economy. It is thus suggested that society and government rethink and adjust current institutional settings to improve work conditions, promote entrepreneurship, and facilitate the formalization of the informal economy on the one hand; meanwhile initiate top-down reforms for the integration of migrant workers in both the formal and informal sectors.
published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

In China, the so-called “tidal wave” of rural-urban migrant workers since the early 1980s has created unique challenges for the government, one being migrant children's education in cities. In 2001, the central government adopted a policy of “two priorities” (liangweizhu) towards the provision of compulsory education for these children, where the two areas of focus would be management by local governments in receiving areas – which, in the case of municipalities like Beijing, refers primarily to the municipal and district governments – and education in public schools. This decentralization of responsibilities, however, has created space for differential policy implementation, and, in Beijing, this has meant that many migrant children still attend poor quality, often unlicensed migrant schools that are vulnerable to government closures and demolition. Though migrant children's education is attracting increasing government and societal attention, the effects of decentralization on privately-run migrant schools and their students remain largely unexplored. In light of the policy of “two priorities,” this thesis highlights the development of two trends in Beijing: 1) the emergence of variation between district policy approaches and 2) increased civil society involvement. Using Haidian, Shijingshan, and Fengtai districts as cases, this study draws on evidence from qualitative interviews and policy document analysis to examine the interaction between these two trends and the consequences for migrant schools. It addresses critical questions concerning how policy implementation operates in an increasingly important but complex policy area and why, including the roles of policy history and local context, and illustrates that the municipal and district-level policy approaches shape the situations of migrant schools and their students directly and indirectly (through their impact on civil society). These findings shed light on the complexities of the implementation process and the implications for trends in social stratification, creating a stronger foundation upon which to improve educational opportunities for migrant children in Beijing.

La protection des travailleurs migrants est au cœur de l’actualité internationale. En effet, la mondialisation a relativisé la notion d’espace, et malgré la réticence des Etats à ouvrir leurs frontières à la circulation des personnes, les migrants représentent aujourd’hui 3% de la population mondiale, et les travailleurs migrants et les membres de leur famille 90% du nombre total de migrants. L’objet de cette étude est de s’interroger sur la manière dont le droit international protège les travailleurs migrants, et sur l’émergence d’un statut international à leur profit. Le traitement des travailleurs étrangers reste une question politiquement sensible, comme l’atteste le faible succès de la Convention des Nations Unies sur la protection de tous les travailleurs migrants et des membres de leur famille de 1990. Par ailleurs, la circulation internationale des personnes ne fait, sauf quelques rares exceptions, l’objet d’aucune concertation internationale. Pourtant les droits des travailleurs migrants, traditionnellement définis à partir de l’obligation internationale de traitement, vont considérablement s’étoffer grâce à une complémentarité du droit international du travail et du droit international des droits de l’homme. La complémentarité de ces matières offre également aux travailleurs migrants un nombre croissant de voies de recours dans l’ordre juridique international. Mais surtout la protection des droits des travailleurs étrangers fait l’objet d’une concertation international particulièrement dynamique, élément clé de l’effectivité de leurs droits
The protection of the migrant workers is at the heart of the international current events. Indeed, the globalization put in perspective the notion of space, and despite the reluctance of states to open their borders to the movement of people, the migrants represent 3% of the world population today, and the migrant workers and members of their families representing 90% of the total number of migrants. The purpose of this study is to wonder about the way the international law protects migrant workers, and the emergence of an international status for their benefit. The treatment of foreign workers remains a politically sensitive question, as evidenced by the low weak success of the United Nations Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and the Members of their Families in 1990. Moreover, the international movement of persons is not, with few exceptions, subject to any international consultation. Nevertheless the rights of migrant workers, traditionally defined from the international obligation of treatment will be considerably expanded through a complementarity of international labor law and the international law of human rights. Such complementarity also offers to migrant workers an increasing number of international legal remedies. But especially the protection of the rights of foreign workers is the object of a dialogue with international particularly dynamic cooperation, key element of the effectiveness of their rights

Alors que les flux migratoires « spontanés » sont en recrudescence depuis le début du XXIe siècle, la mer est devenue le théâtre d’un drame humanitaire qui semble sans fin. Sur toutes les façades maritimes européennes, les décès ou disparitions de migrants demeurent fréquents du fait de conditions de transport extrêmes, le plus souvent liées au trafic dont ils sont l’objet, ou de manoeuvres dangereuses opérées à l’occasion de leur arraisonnement. Au risque de perdre la vie en mer s’ajoutent des atteintes répétées à la dignité et à la liberté du migrant imputables à certains États côtiers de départ et de destination qui cherchent à interrompre sa navigation, y compris lorsqu’il manifeste un besoin de protection internationale. Si la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière ou la criminalité organisée constitue un motif légitime d’interception en vertu du droit international de la mer, les actions (recours abusif à la force, refoulement, expulsion collective, privation arbitraire de liberté) et inactions (refus de coordonner un sauvetage ou de coopérer au débarquement des rescapés dans un lieu sûr) de certains États dans cet espace constituent une grave méconnaissance des droits de l’Homme, du droit des réfugiés et du droit relatif à la sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. Le comportement des acteurs privés du monde maritime peut également se révéler préjudiciable au migrant en détresse, rescapé ou passager clandestin. Le constat ainsi dressé impose de réfléchir à la manière d’assurer la jouissance et l’exercice effectifs des droits du migrant en mer. À cet égard, la présente thèse se propose de résoudre des problématiques insuffisamment ou non appréhendées par le droit positif : elles concernent la teneur et la portée du droit fondamental d’émigrer appliqué à l’espace maritime, la question de la licéité d’un refus de débarquement opposé à un migrant rescapé, ou encore l’incapacité apparente des juridictions supranationales à contrôler les pratiques d’États européens qui tentent de diluer leur responsabilité à l’égard du migrant en mer dans celle d’États tiers
While “spontaneous” migratory flows are on the increase since the beginning of the 21st century, the sea has become the scene of a humanitarian drama that seems endless. On all the European seaboards, the deaths or disappearances of migrants remain frequent due to extreme transport conditions, most often linked to the smuggling in which they are the object, or dangerous maneuvers carried out during their boarding. In addition to the risk of losing their life at sea, there are repeated attacks on the dignity and freedom of the migrant attributable to certain coastal States of departure and destination which seek to interrupt his navigation, including when he requires international protection. The fight against irregular immigration or organized crime constitutes a legitimate reason for interception under the international law of the sea; however, the actions (abusive use of force, refoulement, collective expulsion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty) and inactions (refusal to coordinate a rescue or to cooperate in the disembarkation of the survivors in a place of safety) of some states in this space constitute a serious disregard for human rights, refugee law and the law relating to the safeguard of human life in sea. The behavior of private users of the sea can also be detrimental to migrants in distress, survivors or stowaways. This observation requires to think about how to ensure the effective enjoyment and exercise of the rights of migrants at sea. In this respect, the thesis proposes to resolve issues that are insufficiently or not apprehended by positive law and which concern the content and scope of the fundamental right to emigrate applied to the maritime space, the question of the legality of a refusal to disembark opposed to a surviving migrant, or the apparent inability of supranational jurisdictions to control the practices of European States which attempt to dilute their responsibility with regard to the migrant at sea in that of third States

Includes bibliographical references.
South Africa has a history of distorted and controlled migration. Remnants of this history are still present to this day. The purpose of this study is to understand the patterns of migration in contemporary South Africa. In particular we focus on the interactions between migration and labour force participation decisions. Using the GPS coordinates in South Africa’s first nationally representative panel dataset, the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), migration is defined as a movement of individuals across municipal boundaries between waves of the NIDS survey. The analysis then goes on to explore the factors driving this migration. A range of relevant individual and household variables are available in NIDS. In addition community level factors such as socio-economic indicators and local service delivery are derived from Census and Community Survey and merged into NIDS in order to provide a rich dataset. Descriptive analysis is followed by the estimation of a biprobit model of migration and participation. Thereafter, the post-migration earnings of migrants are estimated while accounting for selection. The young, educated and the relatively better-off in migrant communities are more likely to migrate and individuals are found to migrate out of communities with high levels of relative inequality. The interdependence of the migration and participation decisions is affirmed. In modeling earnings of migrants we find we find that the selection into migration has a negative effect on wages, especially for high income earners. In general we find that South Africa is beginning to report similar trends in migration to its developing country peers.

This diploma work deals with free movement of workers within European Union. The first theoretic chapter define labour migration and its main segmentation. The second chapter discribes four significant theoretical approaches to labour migration depending on wages differentials, human capital supply, family and created migration nets. Every approach explains the causes and effects of labour migration by different way. The third chapter is devoted to the migration policy of EU. Within fourth chapter migration policy of the selected countries (Germany, Austria, Ireland, Great Britain) is studied. The core of the work draws on a questinnaire-based survey of the migration attitudes of high-skilled workers and students. In this fiftht chapter, which is the key one, The influence of migration determinants on labour migration of the Czech citizens towards EU members states is analyzed. In conclusions the knowledge acquired in writing diploma work is interpreted.

This thesis deals with the topic of migration. In the theoretical level the work defines the term migration, further it discusses its reasons, forms, types and consequences. In the practical level the work examines the impact of migration on the socio-economic indicators. It is focused to characteristics of the migration impacts on social and economic indicators of the Czech Republic. The aim of the work is to assess the situation, which could arise in the future as a direct consequence of migration. The work further also brings information about the current situation and migration development in the Czech Republic, it also informs what kind of migration policy was chosen by the Czech Government and discusses the topic of national minorities living in our country. Selected goal of the work is processed in a third part, which discuss economic, social and demographic aspect of migration.

The thesis will focus on the issues of population migration in relation to the labour market. The basic concepts, which relate to the issue of migration, and their interconnection will be clarified in the theoretical part. Special attention will be paid to the employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic in relation to the types of migration policy and thein development in Czech Republic. The thesis will present an analysis of the Czech labour market, particularly in terms of employment of foreigners and it will also analyse legislation regulating population migration. The empirical part will focus on the work migration and the labour market in the region of Jindřichův Hradec. It will also try to answer the question of whether the residents of Jindřichův Hradec migrate for work and if the observed migration (of JH population) is caused by the employment of foreigners here, ie if the domestic labour is crowded out by the foreign labour.