Academic literature on the topic 'Migration clandestine'

Irregular, clandestine or so-called “illegal” migration by land and sea is rarely out of the political and media agenda in Europe despite its statistically limited significance. Taking this mismatch as its starting point, this thesis explores the industry that has emerged around clandestine migration in recent years – the transnational policing networks, aid organisations and media outlets that all make the “illegal immigrant” their target, beneficiary and source. It focuses on the migration circuit between West Africa and Spain, where a joint European response to irregular flows was first tried and tested under the umbrella of the border agency Frontex. It is also here that success in “fighting illegal migration” has been most readily announced following the brief, spectacular migration “crises” in Spain’s North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in 2005 and in the Canary Islands in 2006. The thesis explores ethnographically how clandestine migration has been constituted as a field of intervention and knowledge-gathering since this time. In this field, it is argued, the roles of policing, caring for and informing on migrants intermingle while producing shared models, materialities and classifications that impinge upon the travellers labelled “illegal”. Drawing on the dynamic nominalism of Ian Hacking, the actor-network theory of Bruno Latour and a growing body of critical migration and border studies, the thesis explores the interfaces where specific modalities of migrant illegality are produced. The exploration of these interfaces – in deportation, surveillance, patrolling, rescues, reception and activism – relies on an extended field site, with research carried out in Senegal, Mali, Morocco, southern Spain and European policing headquarters. Throughout, the thesis highlights not just the workings of the migration industry but this industry’s excesses and absurdities, which make the business of bordering Europe a fraught and contradictory enterprise.

Certes l’étude du monde de la prostitution clandestine et la rencontre des prostituées clandestines sont, pour nous, une expérience fort enrichissante. Mais, côtoyer ces femmes et faire partager leurs expériences et leur vécu n’est pas du tout une tâche aisée. En étudiant cette communauté bien particulière, nous nous sommes heurtée à des difficultés : fréquentation de lieux infâmes, refus de collaboration de certaines prostituées, arnaque et dépense de grandes sommes d’argent. Notre objectif est de comprendre le phénomène de la prostitution clandestine dans la ville de Sfax, les profils des femmes qui y évoluent, y compris celles issues de la migration, et ce qui les incite à cette condition. Notre motivation principale est de découvrir un phénomène minoré dans les études sociologiques en Tunisie. Nous avons opté pour une perspective de la sociologie compréhensive. Des prostituées clandestines ont été rencontrées par l’intermédiaire de plusieurs acteurs ; proxénètes, courtiers immobiliers, prostituées clandestines, éducatrices paires. Des récits de vie, issus d’observations réalisées dans les salons de thé et dans les grands boulevards de la ville de Sfax, ont été réalisés auprès de 25 femmes tunisiennes et ont permis d'explorer en profondeur leurs expériences prostitutionnelles. À cela s’ajoute l’expérience que nous avons vécue à l’Association Tunisienne de Lutte contre les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et le Sida basée à Sfax, en tant qu’assistante sociale dans le cadre du projet du Fonds mondial de lutte contre le Sida, la Tuberculose et le Paludisme<br>Certainly the study of the world of illegal prostitution and meeting clandestine prostitutes are, for us, a very rewarding experience. However, contacting these women, and therefore sharing their experiences is by no means an easy task. While studying this particular community, we faced several difficulties: getting access to infamous places, resisting to collaborate on the part of certain prostitutes, swindle and spending big amounts of money. Our goal is to understand the phenomenon of clandestine prostitution in Sfax City, the profiles of women who live there, including those from migration, as well as the push factors to this condition. Our main motivation is to explore un understudied topic in the sociological literature in Tunisia. We opted for a perspective of comprehensive sociology. Meeting clandestine prostitutes have been arranged through several actors; pimps, real estate agents, clandestine prostitutes, peer educators. Life stories of 25 Tunisian women were drafted based on observations made in the tea rooms and on the boulevards of the city of Sfax, which allowed to explore in depth their prostitution experiences. In addition, our experience with the Tunisian Association to fight Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, based in Sfax, as a social worker in the framework of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

Studies of migration are usually about movement, but what about people who aspire to migrate but whose attempts to do so remain largely unsuccessful? The focus of this thesis is not migration per se, but people’s aspirations of transnational mobility. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Ziguinchor, a crossroads town in the Casamance region of southern Senegal, this thesis examines how men and women imagine and attempt to cross international borders. It is important to consider the push and pull factors behind their aspirations: why does their current situation make them want to leave Senegal, and equally, why are they attracted to the West? I use four examples to address the importance of migration in the life-trajectories of Senegalese people. I discuss how some women have turned to online-dating websites in the hope of forming relationships with European men who could lead to a future outside of Senegal. I then consider a group of women for whom sex-work is not just a way of making money but a migration strategy in its own right. Men also aspire to migrate, and using the examples of côtéman (local beach-boys) and clandestine migrants boarding pirogues to the Canary Islands I discuss male strategies for departure. Côtéman claim that ‘making contacts’ with tourists is a means to migrating, whereas unlike the other strategies discussed in this thesis, clandestine migrants do more than just imagine and embark on illegal sea voyages in the hope of arriving in Europe. Whilst there are many similarities between male and female migratory aspirations, we can see very distinct gender differences: women are seeking relationships of dependence on which to base their futures, whereas men only want temporary assistance. These new migration strategies exist within a West African country that has a long and complex history of migrations. Rather than concentrating on the importance of existing migratory networks, however, this thesis discusses very individualised ways of thinking about migration. Some of the choices made by hopeful migrants may appear to be both psychologically and financially irrational, but I show the reasons behind their decisions to invest time and effort into migration strategies that remain largely unsuccessful.

One of the concerns of the current study is to analyse empirically and theoretically the economic and political causes of irregular migration to Italy in order to proceed with the critical estimation of the national, international and partly supranational migration policies. Since several theories will be applied during the study it will enable me to fully describe the phenomena of the irregular migration and modern enslavement of the irregular immigrants on Italian territory. I will disregard the fact that each theory is criticised on the grounds of being too concentrated on a few aspects of the phenomena and lacking the focus on all of its aspects due to the fact that the joint use of several theories provides a broader outlook. However, one crucial critique will be taken into closer consideration. Thus, the closer study of the phenomenon of modern slavery, strongly interconnected with the irregularity of migration, the duality of the Italian economy and the restrictive migration policies will bring together both the political and economic approaches to migration, whose split appears as the central critique for a great number of IR theories.12 In the normative part of the study I will focus on the critical analysis of the criminal status of the irregular immigrants assigned to them by the Italian migration policies and the Schengen Treaty of the EU in order to prove that instead of a criminal status, a victim status should be given to all immigrants, regardless of whether they were trafficked into Italian territory or crossed the border on their own free will. Additionally, in the normative part of the thesis I will compare and analyse scholars’ previous findings related to the possible amendments to the existing policies and propose my own conclusions and suggestions of how the laws, policies and governmental focuses “ought to be” changed.

Fatou Diome describes in Celles qui attendent (2013), the reasons of clandestine journey of Lamine and Issa. The story of the novel happened in Afrika, in Niodior in Senegal and in part of Europe, in Spain. Diome also focuses on four women of Niodior Island: Arame, Bougna, Daba and Coumba. The objectives of the dissertation are to study and to translate Diome's novel by analyzing the ideas she presents on the clandestine journey and the impact  of migration of Africans to Europe. The research question is: How does Diome present  in the novel of Celles qui attendent, the stakes of migration? To answer the question we analyze  the following themes: The traditions and the conditions of women, the clandestine journey, the clandestine life, those awaiting, the effects of migration and the youth. The methodology of the work is to analyse the novel Celles qui attendent (2013), using the theories of Simone de Beauvoir. Documents on studies on migration and undocumented are developed in the thesis (Migrationsverket 2018). The analysis shows that the economic situation of the women greatly impacted on te journey of the two young men in the novel.<br>nej

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets de l’opposition entre les dynamiques migratoires et les dynamiques de contrôle frontalier. L’étude se centre sur le flux de migrants centraméricains à destination des États-Unis. Ce flux transite par un système de frontières formé d’une zone tampon sur l’ensemble du territoire mexicain et d’une frange érigée en rempart high-tech à la frontière sud des États-Unis. Dans cet immense espace, la frontière a créé des marges par où les migrants tentent la contourner en traversant par une économie souterraine structurée autour de l’abus aux migrants clandestins en transit. L’analyse du système migratoire d’un village des hautes terres du Guatemala montre comment le flux persiste malgré la frontière par l’action en réseau de migrants. La comparaison entre une trentaine d’expériences d’hommes et de femmes en mobilité clandestine sur la route de transit révèle que la frontière s’abat sur les acteurs dans des modalités spécifiques selon leur genre et leurs ressources sociales, économiques et de mobilité. Les migrants éprouvent la frontière comme un espace d’adversité auquel ils doivent s’adapter en permanence en l’assumant intégralement afin de pouvoir continuer leur voyage vers le lieu qu’ils imaginent au nord. Ce travail, fondé sur des enquêtes de terrain réalisées entre 2005 et 2012 dans des lieux d’origine, de transit et de destination disséminés dans l’espace migratoire, cherche à illustrer comment un flux migratoire et ses acteurs réagissent à un système frontalier contemporain<br>This thesis addresses the effects of the conflict between migration dynamics and the dynamics of border enforcement. The study focuses on the flow of Central American migrants heading to the United States. This flow follows a system of borders formed by a buffer zone throughout Mexican territory and a strip of land erected as a high-tech rampart on the southern border of the United States. Across this immense space, the border has created margins that migrants try to circumvent by entering an underground economy structured around the abuse on clandestine migrants in transit. The analysis of the migratory system of a village in Guatemalan highlands shows how the migration flow persists, despite the border, through the action in network of migrants. The comparison of about thirty experiences of men and women in clandestine movements reveals that the border affects the various actors in specific ways, depending on their gender as well as their social, economic and mobility resources. Migrants experience the border as a space of adversity to which they must constantly adapt to, by assuming it integrally, in order to be able to continue their journey to the place they imagine northward. This work, based on field investigations conducted between 2005 and 20012 during different stages of the migratory process (e.g. in places of origin, transit and destination) seeks to illustrate how a migration flow and its actors react to a contemporary system of borders

O objetivo da pesquisa é discutir as redes de subcontratação e o trabalho informal no circuito das confecções em São Paulo. A partir de uma região periférica na zona leste da cidade tratou-se de averiguar as relações entre trabalho e o espaço urbano no qual essas confecções vêm se instalando. O processo de reestruturação produtiva da indústria de confecções durante a década de 1990 fez multiplicar as chamadas oficinas de fundo de quintal e o trabalho a domicílio nos bairros das ex-costureiras das fábricas pelas vias de redes de subcontratação e do trabalho informal. As ex-operárias mobilizam familiares e vizinhos no trabalho, estabelecendo redes sociais pelas quais circulam as encomendas de costura. Associado a esta dinâmica, esse circuito também vem mobilizando os fluxos da migração clandestina dos bolivianos que já podem ser encontrados nos locais mais distantes do extremo leste da cidade. O material da pesquisa é composto por trajetórias sociais de pessoas ligadas ao setor, recompostas com entrevistas gravadas e semi-diretivas, e acompanhadas por pesquisa de campo.<br>The aim of this study is to discuss the sub-hiring and informal labor networks that have been developing in the garment industry of Sao Paulo. Focusing on a suburban eastern area of the city, the research was carried out in order to analyze the labor relations and the urban space in which this informal market is being settled. The productive adjustment process that took place in the garment industry during the 1990s led to an increasing number of small garment workshops and in domicile work in the neighborhoods where dressmakers used to work for factories. This growth in the informal market took place through the sub-hiring and informal labor networks. The ex-dressmakers mobilize relatives and neighbors to work in this field, establishing the social networks that keep the garment orders active. Due to this dynamic process, this circuit has been mobilizing the flow of clandestine migration of Bolivian people, who can be found in the further eastern neighborhoods of the city. The research corpus is composed by social trajectories of people related to this sector, mainly through semi-directive recorded interviews and followed by field research.

Suite à la croissance du phénomène migratoire clandestin, la prise de conscience publique et officielle de ce phénomène et du trafic des migrants est évidente. En conséquence, la signature du Protocole de l‘ONU contre le trafic de migrants et l‘adoption d‘une directive et d‘une décision-cadre au niveau européen sont conçues pour faire face à ceux qui profitent de ce phénomène, à savoir les trafiquants. Le droit français quant à lui, a accru la répression contre les tierces personnes impliquées, de près ou de loin, dans les activités clandestines de l‘immigration. Malgré l‘objectif affiché par ledit Protocole de « lutte contre le trafic illicite de migrants », les mesures adoptées et la large liberté laissée aux États membres, indiquent clairement le vrai but de cet instrument international, à savoir la lutte contre l‘immigration clandestine elle-même, but qui est le même pour l‘UE. Mais quel est le statut accordé par le protocole et par les dispositions européennes ainsi que françaises aux migrants qui font appel aux services des passeurs ? À travers cette étude nous pouvons entrevoir que la formulation des dispositions du Protocole et celle des dispositions européennes visent à n‘assurer aucun statut juridique aux migrants clandestins. Il n‘y a pas de statut juridique, ni victime, ni coupable, le migrant est en détresse. En revanche, en droit français, le migrant clandestin n‘est presque jamais regardé comme un homme, mais plutôt comme un délinquant. Le législateur français a choisi la loi pénale face à ces migrants. Cependant, les sanctions et la sévérité ne pourront rien contre un homme torturé, affamé, méprisé dans son pays. La loi pénale, à elle seule, ne permettra sans doute pas d‘apporter une solution. La préservation de l‘équilibre nécessairement fragile entre le respect de la liberté individuelle et le maintien de l‘ordre public est rarement prise en considération. En revanche les considérations économiques ont justifié une plus grande rigueur à l‘encontre des clandestins, au niveau de leur entrée, de leur séjour<br>As a result of the ever increasing illegal migration phenomenon, Public opinion and officials are now clearly aware of it and of the trafficking involved. Therefore, the signing of the UN Protocole against the smuggling of migrants and the adoption of a directive together with a decision framework at European level are tailor made to fight against the traffickers taking advantage of this phenomenon. French law, as it is concerned, has increased repression against whoever might be involved in this clandestine smuggling and trafficking. Despite the objective stated in the, so called, Protocol of ―fighting against the smuggling of migrants‖ The measures adopted and the large freedom given to the members states, clearly indicate that the true purpose of this international instrument is indeed the same as the E.U‘s that is to say : fighting against illegal immigration. But what is the status granted by the protocol and the European as well as French provisions to the migrants who use the services of smugglers? All through this study we can see that the formulations of the provisions of the protocol and that of the European provisions are intended to ensure that no legal status is granted to clandestine migrants. As far as they are concerned they have no legal status so there is no victim and no offender: a clandestine migrant is just in distress. However in the French law a clandestine migrant is seen as an offender but not as a man in distress. The French parliament has chosen to enforce criminal law against these migrants but, will this stop migrants who are tortured, despised and starving in their country of origin? Choosing to see them only as offenders won‘t probably bring any solution to the problem. The necessary preservation of the delicate balance between respect for individual freedom and the maintenance of public order is rarely taken into consideration. However economic considerations justify rigour againt illegal immigrants concerning who is allowed to enter the country and how long they will be allowed to stay

Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à saisir, d'un point de vue subjectif, les expériences migratoires illégales des jeunes algériens de moins de trente ans. Ce phénomène qui répond avant tout à des choix personnels et à des décisions individuelles, intrinsèquement liés au contexte de départ, est analysé au sein d'une configuration sociale collective engagée dans un processus de mobilité illégale difficile et sélective. Dans une perspective sociologique compréhensive, cette recherche analyse aussi le lien social qui relie, dans le temps et dans l'espace, des acteurs migrants au sein de réseaux migratoires clandestins afin d'approcher, à partir de leurs parcours et de leurs expériences, leurs stratégies d'organisation et de survie en France. L'intention est alors de prendre en considération la force des réseaux sociaux qui sous-tendent la migration clandestine et la capacité d'agir des migrants clandestins dans un contexte migratoire de plus en plus restrictif. Ainsi, l'analyse du lien social dans le processus migratoire illégal permet d'appréhender la manière dont s'entrecroisent et s'ajustent les liens sociaux, assemblés dans des relations de solidarité et de réciprocité, pour garantir l'invisibilité et la survie. Enfin, l'expérience migratoire illégale des jeunes algériens, qui est avant tout une expérience d'émancipation individuelle, d'autonomisation et d'ascension sociale, constitue un défi pour les politiques migratoires européennes qui sont en décalage avec les logiques des migrants clandestins<br>This doctoral dissertation explores, from a subjective point of view, the illegal migration experiences of young Algerians aged under thirty. This phenomenon, which primarily results from personal choice and individual decisions, intrinsically linked to the context of their departure, is analyzed within the framework of a collective social configuration which is engaged in a process of difficult and selective illegal mobility. From the perspective of comprehensive sociology, this research analyzes the social bond that ties, in time and space, migrants involved in illegal migration networks, in order to approach, through their backgrounds and experiences, their organizational and survival strategies in France. The purpose of this research is therefore is therefore to analytically evaluate the strength of the social networks underlying illegal migration and illegal migrants' ability to act in the context of increasingly restrictive migration. Thus, the analysis of social bonds in the process of illegal migration process sheds light on the ways in which the interweaving and adjustments of social bonds, assembled in relationships of solidarity and reciprocity, ensure invisibility and survival. Finally, young Algerians' experience of illegal migration, which is primarily an experience of individual emancipation, autonomization and up-ward social mobility, is a challenge for European migration policies that are at odds with the logic of illegal migrants

Orientador: Rosana Aparecida Baeninger<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calegari_Marilia_M.pdf: 2869208 bytes, checksum: 913813b80c6cfc536814b1e608f1e58e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: A migração de crise, no contexto das migrações forçadas, vem ganhando cada vez mais importância no cenário das migrações internacionais contemporâneas (Clochard, 2007). A visibilidade do fenômeno intensifica-se por questões históricas, políticas, sociais e humanitárias; e promove diversas reflexões quando contrastada com outras modalidades migratórias. A classificação desses sujeitos a partir de uma condição jurídica específica limita o número de migrantes que conseguem proteção (Agier, 2002). E a distinção entre migrantes forçados e voluntários levanta questionamentos acerca da liberdade dos indivíduos, do desenvolvimento econômico, e da mobilidade (De Haas, 2010). Assim, o presente trabalho pretende partindo do pressuposto teórico que, no Brasil, o refúgio aparece como modalidade migratória do século XXI, estudar o fenômeno a partir da dinâmica familiar. Sendo tal condição individual, a dinâmica familiar é essencial para compreender o refúgio como uma modalidade de um processo social mais amplo, uma vez que a compreensão acerca do movimento passa pela família do integrante que tem o estatuto de refugiado. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa consiste em: revisão bibliográfica; análise de documentos, tratados e leis; banco de dados e textos especializados do ACNUR (Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados); e banco de dados da CVPR (Pesquisa de Condições de Vida da População Refugiada no Brasil), NEPO/UNICAMP/Secretaria dos Direitos Humanos, 2007<br>Abstract: Migration of crisis, in the context of forced migration, has become increasingly critical in the context of contemporary international migration (Clochard, 2007). The visibility of the phenomenon is intensified by historical, political, social and humanitarian issues, and promotes diverse reflections when contrasted with other migration modalities. The classification of the subjects from a specific legal requirement limits the number of migrants who manage protection (Agier, 2002). And the distinction between forced and voluntary migrants raises questions about the freedom of individuals, economic development, and mobility (De Haas, 2010). Therefore, this study aims from the theoretical assumption that, in Brazil, the refuge appears as a migratory modality of the twenty-first century, study the phenomenon from the family dynamics. Since the condition is individual, family dynamics is essential for understanding the refuge as a modality of a broader social process, because the understanding of the movement passes through the family member who has the status of refugee. The methodology used in this research consists of: literature review; analysis of documents, treaties and laws; database and specialized texts from UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and database from CVPR (Survey of Living Conditions of the Refugee Population in Brazil), NEPO/UNICAMP/Office of Human Rights, 2007<br>Mestrado<br>Demografia<br>Mestra em Demografia