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Journal articles on the topic 'Migration, Internal – Europe'
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1
Tyukaeva, Tatyana. "Migration from Maghreb: External and Internal Challenges for Europe." Contemporary Europe 103, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320216170.
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The article explores the issue of Maghrebi migration to Europe in the context of potential external and internal challenges it poses to European states and societies. Special attention is given to the „push‟ factors that underpin emigration of Maghrebis. The results of research highlight that migration from Maghreb to Europe is persistent. The current military, political and socioeconomic dynamics in the region imply that the Maghrebi migration flow will increase in the future. The article concentrates on reasons for radicalization of some members of Maghrebi immigrant communities in Europe. The findings indicate that Arab or Muslim background of immigrants is not the root cause for radicalization. Despite the fact that some elements of the Islamic doctrine are exploited by Islamist organizations, they mostly resonate with youth of second-generation migrant communities giving them a certain „frame‟ and purpose for their protest. The main conclusion is that the most serious threat to the European security comes not from the large-scale influx of migrants, which will be continue, but marginalization of big parts of migrant communities, most and foremost born and raised in Europe, as they are the ones that tend to get radicalized in the first place.
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Rowe, Francisco, and Nikos Patias. "Mapping the spatial patterns of internal migration in Europe." Regional Studies, Regional Science 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1811139.
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Jackson, Darrell. "Europe and the Migrant Experience: Transforming Integration." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 28, no. 1 (December 16, 2010): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265378810386416.
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The European Union is founded upon a commitment to the free movement of people across its internal borders. Internal EU migration and migration into the EU have meant that central to EU policy has been a discussion of integration. This paper discusses the integration of migrants with reference to the missio Dei and contextualisation, advancing the view that a sensitive and mutual policy of integration is appropriate in the light of biblical and missiological insights. Core to the missiological task remains the ongoing transformation of the experience of integration in light of these insights. Practical steps are outlined.
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Paasche, Erlend. "Elites and emulators: The evolution of Iraqi Kurdish asylum migration to Europe." Migration Studies 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny036.
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Abstract Research on migration’s internal dynamics has focused on labour migration and drawn heavily on cumulative causation theory. It is often believed that pioneer labour migrants of middling socioeconomic selectivity facilitate the migration of others in their networks by reducing the costs and risks of migration through practical assistance. Expanding migrant networks can allow for labour migration to grow although macrostructural conditions change. For asylum migration in the context of armed conflict, the mechanisms whereby migration grows may very well differ. For one thing, pioneer asylum migrants in such contexts are often social elites. What is the relationship between the movement of these elites and that of subsequent asylum migrants? This article traces the evolution of Iraqi Kurdish asylum migration to Europe from its inception by elite pioneer migrants to its continuation by non-elites, during four decades of altered contextual conditions. The analysis is based on 106 semi-structured interviews with Iraqi Kurdish migrants. An evolving interplay between exogenous and endogenous dynamics is observed, and so are commonalities with the social processes that underpin labour migration. The basic principles of cumulative causation seem to be operating, yet there is little to indicate that established migrants functioned as ‘bridgeheads’ for newcomers. The empirical analysis feeds into a concluding conceptual discussion in which I argue that, compared to labour migration, asylum migration from conflict-affected areas may be relatively less driven by the interpersonal networks that reduce costs and risks, and relatively more driven by what the article coins ‘emulation’, the observational learning of migration.
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Bijos, Leila. "Forced migration and internally displaced persons: Latin America and Europe." Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rev.dir.econ.socioambienta.07.002.ao05.
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The aim of this research is to analyze immigration and internal displacement focusing on human rights. The analysis will concentrate on conflict induced internal displacement, causes of internal displacement due to environment change, natural disasters, which are in mostof the cases interlinked with political conflicts, causing the forced movement of families .This is an empirical research which critically will examine the changing dynamics of forced displacement and the challenges faced by affected states and the international community.More specifically, it analyzes key developments in immigration policy and practice; it re-examines the contemporary scenario around durable solutions in a context of policy issues related to internally displaced persons and stateless population.
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Kupiszewski, Marek, Dušan Drbohlav, Philip Rees, and Helen Durham. "Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics - Czech Republic in the Context of European Trends." Geografie 104, no. 2 (1999): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1999104020089.
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This paper is a shortened version of the publication "Czech Case Study: Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe" that originated as part of a comparative research carried out in ten European countries under the umbrella of the Council of Europe in between 1995 and 1998. It concentrates on analysis of internal migration movements (by Czech districts in 1984 and 1994/1995) and on the migratory behaviour by different age groups (in different life course stages). Furthermore, the paper is focused on the relationships between migration on one side and the following independent variables on the other side: urbanisation rate, population density, functional classification, and unemployment.
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Tonelli, Simon James. "Migration and democracy in central and eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (August 2003): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900309.
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Amidst the political changes that swept through central and eastern Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the right to migrate was synonymous in the minds of many with the establishment of democracy. Although the political transition of the 1990s was preceded in some countries by a relaxation of their strict exit regimes, these were only minor measures in comparison with the profound changes to the system of population control ushered in by the political transition to democracy. A mosaic of migration patterns (ethnically based migrations, return migration, labour migration, transit migration) gathered pace during the 1990s throughout the vast region of the former Soviet bloc. As conflict and war broke out in different areas, notably in the Caucasus and south-east Europe, these migratory movements were inflated by huge numbers of refugees, asylum-seekers and displaced persons. The newly independent states underpinned their political transition towards democracy, the rule of law and the protection of human rights through membership of the Council of Europe and ratification of international conventions which included important guarantees for the rights and protection of migrants and their families. In May 2004, eight of these countries will join the European Union and after a transitional period become integral parts of the internal labour market with their populations enjoying the full freedom of movement rights of EC law. This article outlines the major migration trends in central and eastern Europe since the extension of democracy across the continent, highlights different aspects of labour migration in the region, including the impact of EU enlargement, and refers to some integration issues. This description is preceded by a series of brief historical, political and legal perspectives.
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Bernard, Aude. "Levels and patterns of internal migration in Europe: A cohort perspective." Population Studies 71, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1360932.
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Blanchet, Karl. "Time to reconcile migration and health in Europe." Lancet Regional Health - Europe 21 (October 2022): 100500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100500.
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BADE, KLAUS J. "Legal and illegal immigration into Europe: experiences and challenges." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 339–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000316.
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The end of the Cold War marked a major break for migration policies in Europe. Defensive projections and visions of migration came to the fore in a European Union whose integration and openness toward the internal border-free single market went hand-in-hand with joint isolation of a ‘Fortress Europe’ vis-à-vis undesirable and, especially illegal, in-migration from outside its borders. As long as a negative coalition against unwelcome immigration prevails instead of a European migration concept, Europe itself contributes to the illegalization of immigration and to the persistence of the enemy image of ‘illegal immigration’. Against a background of widespread and confused fears of migration pressure from outside Europe, three issues have to be promoted by clear political direction with long-term perspectives: (1) a further normalization in dealing with migration and integration; (2) the acceptance and understanding of the feasibility of these central issues of social life in an immigration country, but also (3) the pragmatic acceptance of the limits of migration control in view of the often underestimated autonomous dynamics of migration and integration processes. This combines perspectives of researching migration and integration as well as the shaping of policies.
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Szkurłat, Izabela. "Migration as a Threat to International Security." Security Dimensions 32, no. 32 (December 23, 2019): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0987.
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The article presents migration as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The first part presents the problem of people migrating to Europe, including third-country nationals. It is shown that uncontrolled mass migration has forced European countries to provide budget, shelter and counselling for migrants. Furthermore, there were many cases when migration met with disapproval of indigenous people and fear of the impossibility of integrating different cultures and customs. European Union has introduced financial tools to support member countries in financing migration-related problems including the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund; and the Internal Security Fund. The article also mentions the European immigration policy adopted in 1999. The second part of the article refers to negative effects of migration: trafficking in human beings and forced labour. It is shown that they are widely practiced. To eliminate illegal activities, actions, which the author describes, are being taken within Europe. Polish people have also experienced trafficking in human beings and forced labour abroad. Such crimes have been reported within Poland as well. Finally the author states that the security of the European Union is threatened not only by external migrants, but also by citizens who migrate internally.
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Sarabiev, Aleksei. "TO THE ANALYSIS OF LABOR MIGRATION TO EUROPE." Eastern Analytics 13, no. 1 (2022) (2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-01-008-022.
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Labor migraton to European countries is analyzed through the prism of the region's demographic problems as well as of powerful immigraton wave that has generated contradictons between the EU's central migraton policy and the one pursued by separated European countries. On the example of historical documents from the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern, the author shows the contnuity of both the features of migraton trends and independent approaches to the development of internal migraton policy, in partcular by the Swiss authorites. As a fruitul element in the analysis of factors, immediate causes, consequences and the very labor actvity of non‑European immigrants, the author proposes to use variants of the deprivaton theory that have been tested for decades in many areas of socio‑psychological and economic research.
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Gusakov, Mikhail. "First Migration of Peoples and Zarubinets Culture." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Museology and Monumental Studies 4, no. 1-2 (December 28, 2021): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-7943.4.1-2.2021.249070.
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The article is devoted to one event in ancient history, called ‘The First Migration of Peoples,’ which was studied and commented on many times when the Germanic tribes Cimbri and Teutons carried out many years of displacement in the space of Central Europe. Despite their defeat by Rome, this event caused a powerful movement of other tribes, especially towards Eastern Europe, where many new archaeological cultures were formed. Among them, a special place is occupied by the Zarubinets culture and its part in the history of Eastern Europe. The purpose of the study is to determine the place of Zarubinets culture in the history of eastern Europe. The research methodology consists in the use of general scientific, special and interdisciplinary methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the Zarubinets culture of Eastern Europe is considered against the background of the Western European tribe’s movement due to Roman expansion. Conclusions. The question of the Zarubinets culture's origin is still debatable. Now there is no particular objection to the opinion that the genesis of Zarubinets culture was a complex process that reflected the peculiarities of both the internal development of the local population and the effects of external circumstances, reflecting the movement of tribes in the Center for Europe.
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Giordano, Alfonso. "The new political geography of migration in Europe between external borders and internal freedom of movement." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602047g.
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The creation of the Schengen area has modified the political geography of migration with important implications from a variety of perspectives, all of which affect the migration management policies of EU member States as well as those of third countries. On the one hand, the Schengen area established the first supranational border in the history of Europe; on the other hand, it obliged a small group of countries (those bordering non-EU States) to monitor the new border, manage refugee flows and repatriate illegal migrants from third countries, despite often being unprepared to tackle the migration phenomenon. The policies implemented in both the Mediterranean and continental countries have revealed a lack of long-term vision in dealing with several migration related issues. Currently, the absence of a single EU migration policy, the egocentric approach of some non-Mediterranean European countries and the re-emergence of border walls characterize the context. Nevertheless, migration flows and terrorism in Europe represent significant opportunities to strengthen the common European area, rather than weakening it. Moreover, evidence suggests that such global phenomena are better addressed at a supranational level rather than on a national basis.
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Sakson, Andrzej. "Remarks on the migration crisis as a challenge to the European Union in the twenty-first century." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 13 (December 31, 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2019.13.11.
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Among the many crises tormenting the Old Continent, the course and consequences of the migration crisis that began in 2015 are particularly noteworthy. There following issues should be highlighted:
– the migration crisis manifests the internal weakness of the EU, since it has not been predicted, effectively neutralized nor managed properly;
– the migration crisis has produced a division inside the EU;
– the migration crisis has led to internal political and social crises in many EU countries;
– the migration crisis has produced far-reaching outcomes (such as increased populism and xenophobia, division of Europe into the East and the West).
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Potyrała, Anna. "When Immigration Becomes a Necessity. ROC Immigration Policy – Lessons for Europe." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 14 (December 31, 2020): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2020.14.10.
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Migration issues have been at the forefront of international discussions since 2015. They have been considered from the perspective of both human rights and the interests of individual states. The latter seem to have prevailed, leading to a kind of offensive against admittance of third-country nationals. Restrictive regulations introduced into national legislations, combined with reluctance towards international legal initiatives promoting concerted efforts to assist and protect migrants and eliminate the underlying causes of migrations, have resulted in adoption of zero-tolerance immigration policies. In this paper, the author sets out to assess the immigration policy of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Having recognized that its labor shortages cannot be compensated for by internal migration, the country has significantly remodeled its approach to immigration. The answer to the question about the relevance and efficiency of the proposed legal solutions will be used to indicate possible solutions for EU Member States planning to reform the common migration and asylum policies. The analysis uses methods commonly applied in social studies in general, and legal and political studies in particular. While legal analysis and systems analysis are the key research methods, comparative analysis has been used as well.
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Kortukova, Tamara O., Maryna O. Dei, Andrii M. Blahodarnyi, and Natalіya V. Kaminska. "COVID-19: Regulation of Migration Processes in The European Legal Area." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial (October 25, 2020): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.38e.20.
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The rapid spread of the virus around the globe, the widespread introduction of restrictions on freedom of movement and declarations by governments about the great threat to public health on a global scale, have had a serious impact on migration processes in the world. The European legal space has some regulation of migration processes, developed within the framework of the EU, the Council of Europe and the OSCE. However, COVID-19 presented him with some additional challenges. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regulation of migration processes within the European legal area in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main method to study this problem is the comparative analysis, which allows to compare the legal regulation of migration processes during COVID-19 in three organizations: the European Union, the Council of Europe and the OSCE. In conclusion, the pandemic once again demonstrated the tendencies of national isolation, which exist in the European continent. The EU closes internal borders, the members of the Council of Europe make an exception to the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights, but they do not notify the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
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Borges, Marcelo J. "Migration Systems in Southern Portugal: Regional and Transatlantic Circuits of Labor Migration in the Algarve (Eighteenth–Twentieth Centuries)." International Review of Social History 45, no. 2 (August 2000): 171–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000000110.
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This article applies a systems approach to the analysis of multiple circuits of labor migration that emerged in the Algarve, southern Portugal, from the late eighteenth century to the mid 1900s, and their connections. Over time Algarvian migrants participated in three main systems of migration: internal migration and migration to southern Spain and Gibraltar, transatlantic migration to the Americas and Africa – especially to Argentina – and migration to northern Europe. Rather than an abrupt break with a sedentary past, the article shows how the beginnings of transatlantic migration at the turn of the century were the result of modification and adaptation of existing strategies of labor migration.
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Papadopoulos, Apostolos. "Editorial: Migration and Human Security in the Balkans." MIGRATION LETTERS 4, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v4i2.213.
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Over the past decades, migration flows worldwide and particularly Europe-wide have been growing considerably. Since the 1970s there is a move towards restricting migratory flows coupled with continued migration pressures which led to an increase of immigrants who are considered unwanted or bogus. This caused internal inconsistencies in older destination countries which questioned the presence of immigrants already resident in them, but also inaugurated a contradiction due to the continuation of immigration flows (Geddes, 2003).
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Kaldor, Mary. "Europe at the Millennium." Politics 20, no. 2 (May 2000): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00112.
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This article argues that the future of the European project depends on the capacity to maintain security. It traces the link between security and political institutions in the case of nation states and, subsequently, blocs. The security of nation states and blocs was defined in terms of the defence of borders against an external enemy and the preservation of law and order within borders. Today, the distinction between internal and external has broken down; ‘new wars’ are a mixture of war, organised crime and violations of human rights. Security can only be maintained through the extension of law and order beyond borders – through enlargement, migration and citizenship policies, and effective humanitarian intervention. Any other approach could lead to a reversal of the process of integration. This type of security policy is likely to be associated with a very different type of polity.
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Tazzioli, Martina. "Governing migrant mobility through mobility: Containment and dispersal at the internal frontiers of Europe." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419839065.
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This article focuses on the twofold relationship between migrants’ mobility and modes of government, suggesting that mobility is an object of government and, at once, a technique for governing migrants. It focuses on mobility as a technology of government, investigating how intra-European migration movements are managed by national authorities, with particular attention to illegalized migrants who fall under the Dublin Regulation. Building on ethnographic research conducted between 2015 and 2017, the article centres first on the Italian–French border (Ventimiglia) and on the Swiss–Italian border (Como). Then, it moves on exploring how migrants are currently managed in France, being transferred from Calais to hosting centres across the country. It highlights how migrants’ movements are controlled, disrupted and diverted not (only) through detention and immobility but by generating effects of containment keeping migrants on the move and forcing them to engage in convoluted geography. It shows that one of the main strategies for governing migration through mobility consists in the politics of migrant dispersal, that is by scattering migrants across spaces and dividing emergent migrant groups.
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Alexander, J. Trent, and Annemarie Steidl. "Gender and the “Laws of Migration”." Social Science History 36, no. 2 (2012): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011779.
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Ernest George Ravenstein’s influential “laws of migration” argued that short-distance and within-country moves were typically dominated by women. We use census microdata to take a fresh look at the relationship between gender and internal migration in late nineteenth-century Europe and North America. We argue that there was a significant flaw in Ravenstein’s key finding on gender and that this flaw has implications for more recent scholarship of the long-term “feminization of migration.” The apparent overrepresentation of women among internal migrants was due not to their higher propensity to move but to the much higher rate at which male migrants left the population, through either death or emigration. Men were just as likely to make internal moves as women were; the difference was that men did not remain in the population to be counted when the decennial census was conducted. Like Ravenstein’s “laws of migration,” this article relies primarily on data from the 1881 census of England and Wales. Whereas Ravenstein’s work was constrained by the contents of tables published by the UK Census Office in the 1880s, we are able to ask new questions by analyzing individual-level data files recently made available by the North Atlantic Population Project.
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Hollifield, James F. "Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 568–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600220.
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International migration in the post-World War II period raises many questions for the study of international relations. The movement of individuals across national borders clearly affects relations between states, and it has had in some cases dramatic effects on the internal politics of states, particularly the liberal democracies of Western Europe. But despite its importance, theorists of international relations have yet to develop a framework for understanding international migration. Attention has been focused either on the economics (push-pull) or the politics (policies) of migration, without any clear attempt to examine the way in which the interaction of politics and markets affects migration. Special attention is given to the role of international institutions—such as the European Community—in regulating population movements, and to the prospects for the development of migration “regimes” in Europe and North America. The author finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order—to promote exchange—and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship.
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Jeannet, Anne-Marie. "A threat from within? Perceptions of immigration in an enlarging European Union." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699319890652.
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Scholars have taken a considerable interest in how global immigration to Europe generates public concern, but we still know little about the role that migration from within the European region has in fueling apprehensions. To better understand this, I examine how public attitudes towards immigration have responded to migration following the European Union’s most extensive enlargement along its eastern border in 2004. Using recent advances in multilevel modeling, this article analyzes the longitudinal, cross-sectional relationship between east–west internal European migration on public attitudes towards the economic and cultural aspects of immigration in Western Europe using individual-level data from the European Social Survey (2004–2014). The results demonstrate that growing populations of Central and Eastern European foreigners have contributed to Western Europeans’ perception of immigration as an economic threat, even when taking into account simultaneous immigration from outside Europe. Moreover, the relationship between east–west immigration and an individual’s perception of immigration as a threat is conditional upon their socio-economic status. These findings underscore how within-European immigration in Western Europe has become consequential to the public’s attitudes about immigration more generally.
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Michalak, Laurence. "The Effects of International Labor Migration on the Maghrib." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 31, no. 1 (July 1997): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400034854.
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International Labor migration has powerful consequences for Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Economically, migration affects Maghribi foreign currency earnings, balance of payments, employment rates, entrepreneurship and national economic development generally. Politically, it affects both Maghribi internal politics and relations with Europe. The sociocultural effects of migration are perhaps the most profound, touching aspects of North African life such as dress, music, architecture and nutrition, as well as deeper levels of beliefs and values, such as family structures, child-rearing practices and gender roles—aspects of culture that have generally been thought to be resistant to change.
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Raghuram, Parvati, and Eleonore Kofman. "The State, Skilled Labour Markets, and Immigration: The Case of Doctors in England." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 11 (November 2002): 2071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3541.
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Most recent research on skilled migration focuses on those working in the financial sectors and there has been very little work in Europe on the migration of people in welfare sectors. In this paper we seek to explore some of the complexities of shifting labour markets and immigration regulations and their influence on the geography of migration of doctors to England. We argue that state regulations, both of immigration and those governing the medical labour force, have been altered to meet the specificities of internal labour-market shortages and that the level of the state remains a useful analytical level for understanding the skilled migration of doctors.
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Bayona-i-Carrasco, Jordi, Jenniffer Thiers Quintana, and Rosalía Ávila Tàpies. "Las migraciones internas de latinoamericanos en España: Inflexiones migratorias en tiempos de crisis económica." RIEM. Revista internacional de estudios migratorios 7, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/riem.v7i2.1086.
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España acoge a alrededor de 2,4 millones de latinoamericanos, poco más de la mitad de la diáspora latinoamericana en Europa. Tras la aceleración de los flujos migratorios durante los primeros años del presente siglo, la recesión económica producida por la crisis global frena la entrada de nuevos inmigrantes y modifica las pautas demográficas y migratorias de los inmigrantes presentes, además de fomentar el retorno selectivo. En este trabajo se cuantifica el impacto de la crisis en las migraciones internas de los latinoamericanos residentes en España desde una perspectiva territorial, así como se caracteriza socio-demográficamente a aquellos que protagonizan un movimiento interno. Para ello, se analizan los datos de las Estadísticas de Variaciones Residenciales, que registran más de dos millones de desplazamientos internos de latinoamericanos entre los años 2004 y 2013, y los microdatos del Censo de 2011. Los resultados demuestran un cambio en las pautas migratorias internas en los años más recientes, interpretándose como una respuesta a la crisis económica que afecta a España particularmente. Spain hosts around 2.4 million Latin Americans, just over half of the Latin American diaspora in Europe. After the acceleration of migration flows during the early years of this century, the economic recession caused by the global crisis slows the entry of new immigrants, and modifies demographic and migratory patterns of present immigrants, also creating selective return migration. This paper quantifies the impact of the crisis on Latin American residents in Spain from a territorial perspective and characterizes those Latin Americans who moved internally. For this purpose, both Residential Variation Statistics data, which recorded more than two million Latin Americans’ internal moves between 2004 and 2013, and Census 2011 microdata are used. The results show a change in internal migration patterns in the most recent years, interpreted as a response to the economic crisis, which is affecting Spain in particular.
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Ciommi, Mariateresa, Gianluca Egidi, Ioannis Vardopoulos, Francesco Maria Chelli, and Luca Salvati. "Toward a ‘Migrant Trap’? Local Development, Urban Sustainability, Sociodemographic Inequalities, and the Economic Decline in a Mediterranean Metropolis." Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010026.
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After years following the breakdown of the Great Recession in Europe, crisis-driven urban shrinkage can be adequately investigated considering changes over time in selected demographic indicators, with a specific focus on migration. Using official statistics and a literature review, the present study documents the inherent demographic decline in metropolitan Athens (Greece) as a response to economic stagnation after a long-lasting expansion. The empirical results of our study delineate metropolitan shrinkage in Southern Europe as a process associated with complex socioeconomic conditions leading to (possibly counterintuitive) demographic outcomes as far as migration trends are concerned. Recession has determined unsustainable economic conditions especially for non-native population segments, promoting both class and ethnic segregation. The negative migration balance in the 2010s led to an intense population decline hitting settlements made already demographically fragile because of low fertility and aging. Athens became a sort of ‘migrant trap’, being progressively unattractive for incoming migration flows—both internal and international—and losing an increasingly high number of non-native residents settling in the area, especially during the ‘gold’ decade of the 2004 Olympics. A sudden reduction in immigration rates reflected both economic (recession) and non-economic (population aging, fertility reduction, and childbearing postponement) factors, causing an incipient shrinkage after secular urban growth. The empirical results of our study add to the traditional literature on ‘industrial cities shrinkage’ in Europe and contribute to (re)formulate short- and medium-term development scenarios in large agglomerations, shedding further light on the role of migration in crisis-driven processes of urban decline in Mediterranean Europe.
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Moses, Jonathon W. "Sparrows of Despair: Migration as a Signalling Device for Dysfunctional States in Europe." Government and Opposition 52, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 295–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.40.
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This article considers the utility of emigration figures for signalling political dysfunction in Europe. If given a choice, most people would prefer not to leave friends, family and homes in order to find work. By assuming that international migration is more of a burden than a freedom, international migration patterns can help us distinguish between politically successful and politically dysfunctional states. This approach is first applied to international refugees and migrants to the EU, then used to study internal EU migrant flows. In doing this, it creates two sets of rankings (in overall and per capita terms) for Europe’s most and least successful states. Included among the most dysfunctional states in Europe are Romania, Lithuania, Ireland, Croatia and Latvia. It would seem as though policymakers in these states are unable to satisfy their constituents’ needs.
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DUBERT, ISIDRO. "Trends and internal dynamics of illegitimacy in north-west Spain: rural Galicia, 1570–1899." Continuity and Change 33, no. 1 (May 2018): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841601800005x.
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AbstractGalicia is a region located in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, where, historically, illegitimacy was often high compared with levels elsewhere in Europe. At the same time, Galicia's coastal and inland areas have always differed greatly in terms of farming structure, population growth, migration patterns, family types and inheritance systems. The aim of this article is to establish to what extent the trends in and levels of illegitimacy between 1570 and 1899 were influenced by these different historical contexts. It also offers an in-depth examination of unmarried mothers, showing that the trend towards bearing more than one illegitimate child rose over time. Ultimately, the article argues that illegitimacy is best studied at a local or regional level, rather than at the macro level that historians have often employed elsewhere in Europe.
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Tutak, Grzegorz. "Polityka migracyjna Polski wobec europejskiego kryzysu migracyjnego." Świat Idei i Polityki 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 460–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201823.
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The state policy is a derivative of many factors, both internal and external. It is implemented through appropriate activities in various fields of its functioning. From 2015, there has been a revival of the debate over migration issues that are the result of the humanitarian crisis that Europe has been struggling with. According to data from the International Organization for Migration, the number of people seeking a refuge or a better life in Europe has increased fourfold in one year. This situation has forced action by the European Union and individual states aimed at limiting the scale of illegal immigration. The aim of the article is to analyze Poland’s migration policy in the context of actions taken by EU institutions. The first part of the work contains theoretical considerations regarding migration policy. In the second one, the author presented attempts to solve the migration crisis by the European Union together with the attitudes of Polish governments towards immigrants and the issue of their relocation. The article presents the changes that have been made in the Polish legal and institutional system. The undertaken analysis indicates that in the migration policy, which is largely reactionary in nature, the chief value is safety.
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Schimanski, Johan. "Europæiske grænser (ud)foldet." Passage - Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritik 37, no. 87 (July 12, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pas.v37i87.133262.
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Many border-crossings take an extended form where it seems that travelers and mi- grants crossing a national border have not really crossed the border at all. It is as if they have taken the border with them and still exist in bubble-like extension of the territory they come from. They visit or live in another country, but are bordered off from their surroundings by the symbolic boundaries of culture and language, a border which can follow the topographical contours of a diasporic or touristic community or their own bodies. Or they live on these borders they have nominally crossed, in hybrid cultures and ambivalent spaces: they have both crossed and not crossed the border. In both cases, the external border has moved into the territory and become an internal border, either to the territory or the border-crosser’s self. The (il)logic of ext/internal borders may also apply to larger territories. But mul- tinational continental spaces pose their own challenges, since the folding of exter- nal territorial borders onto internal spaces through travel and migration overlays a space which is already divided into nations and, in the European case, the divides between “real Europes” and “other Europes”. The location of the outer border of Europe is unsure: It may only be an outer border in one conception of Europe, and at the same time be an inner European border in another conception of Europe. In this article, I use border poetics to analyze how memories of in/external borders on both national and continental scales are publicly negotiated in the novel Spaltkopf (2008) by Julya Rabinowich, a coming-of-age narrative whose protagonist migrates from Russia to Vienna as a child.
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Agyemang, Charles, Eva L. van der Linden, and Louise Bennet. "Type 2 diabetes burden among migrants in Europe: unravelling the causal pathways." Diabetologia 64, no. 12 (October 16, 2021): 2665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05586-1.
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AbstractEuropean populations are ethnically and culturally diverse due to international migration. Evidence indicates large ethnic inequalities in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. This review discusses the burden of type 2 diabetes and its related complications, and the potential explanatory mechanisms among migrants in Europe. The current available data suggest that the rate of type 2 diabetes is higher in all migrant groups and that they develop this disease at an earlier age than the host European populations. The level of diabetes awareness among migrant populations is high, but glycaemic control remains suboptimal compared with Europeans. The culturally adapted lifestyle modification intervention trials to prevent type 2 diabetes mainly focus on South Asian adults in Europe. Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications remain a major burden among migrant populations in Europe. Earlier studies found higher mortality rates among migrants, but recent studies seem to suggest a shifting trend in favour of first-generation migrants. However, the extent of the burden of type 2 diabetes varies across migrant groups and European countries. Despite the higher burden of type 2 diabetes among migrants, the key underlying factors are not well understood mainly due to limited investment in basic science research and development of prospective cohort studies. We hypothesise that the underlying risk factors for the high burden of type 2 diabetes and its related complications in migrants are multifaceted and include pre-migration factors, post-migration factors and genetic predispositions. Given the multi-ethnic nature of the current European population, there is a clear need for investment in research among migrant populations to gain insight into factors driving the high burden of type 2 diabetes and related complications to facilitate prevention and treatment efforts in Europe. Graphical abstract
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Alter, Noel, and Ruocheng Zhang. "EUROPEAN MIGRATION CRISIS: POLICY ANALYSIS OF THE FRONTIER COUNTRIES." International Journal of Law, Ethics, and Technology 2022, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55574/dstc2295.
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The contemporary migration predicament in EU has utterly flabbergasted the member states and steered to unprecedented crisis in EU. The Influx of refugees through treacherous routes stemmed a stressful humanitarian calamity. To address, manage and control the current wave of migrants several policies and regulations has been established by the EU officials. However, these migration policies are deeply criticized both at internal and external levels and called upon for more humanitarian approaches. So far member states in Europe remain split and unclear in uniform migration policy response. Under the light of existing European migration crisis, this meticulous research critical evaluate and analyse the migration policy response of Greece, Germany, and Hungary as frontier countries. It is extracted that fragmented migration policy at national and EU level is key element behind the current migration mishandling. Furthermore, under the light of fundamental conclusion we advance policy suggestion to curtail the migration crisis in EU.
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Brandariz, José A., and Cristina Fernández-Bessa. "Coronavirus and Immigration Detention in Europe: The Short Summer of Abolitionism?" Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060226.
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In managing the coronavirus pandemic, national authorities worldwide have implemented significant re-bordering measures. This has even affected regions that had dismantled bordering practices decades ago, e.g., EU areas that lifted internal borders in 1993. In some national cases, these new arrangements had unexpected consequences in the field of immigration enforcement. A number of European jurisdictions released significant percentages of their immigration detention populations in spring 2020. The Spanish administration even decreed a moratorium on immigration detention and closed down all detention facilities from mid-spring to late summer 2020. The paper scrutinises these unprecedented changes by examining the variety of migration enforcement agendas adopted by European countries and the specific forces contributing to the prominent detention decline witnessed in the first months of the pandemic. Drawing on the Spanish case, the paper reflects on the potential impact of this promising precedent on the gradual consolidation of social and racial justice-based migration policies.
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Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel, and Birte Wassenberg. "Section Introduction: Comparing and Contrasting EU Border and Migration Policy – Are They Exemplary?" Borders in Globalization Review 1, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr12202019793.
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This special section (thanks to the Jean Monnet Network, a European Union Erasmus+ Grant) explores the impact of migration crises on European borders, internal and external, from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds. The following articles adopt comparative, historical, legal, sociological, and discursive approaches in order to confront questions arising from the 2015 Schengen and Dublin political crises, which seem to have put an end to the ideal of a “Europe without borders”.
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Khilkhanova, Erzhen V. "The Buryat Intellectual Migration to Western Europe from the Perspective of Friendship Connections and Foreign Languages Competencies." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 18, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2021-18-3-255-267.
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The article examines the Russian ethnic migration on the example of Buryat migrants in Western Europe. It is noted that this topic is poorly studied and that the group under investigation belongs to intellectual migration. The subject of the study is foreign language competence, peculiarities of the functioning of foreign languages in post-migration life, as well as the relationship between languages and the social communication circle of Buryat migrants. Based on the materials of interviews and ethnographic observations, a conclusion is made about the change in the nature of modern migration towards increased mobility and transmigration, the blurring of the boundaries between temporary, circular and other types of migration. This primarily affects young people, leading to the weakening of group identification strategies, including ethnic ones, and to the strengthening of individual as well as cosmopolitan tendencies. In communication with friends and partners a wide repertoire of Western and Eastern foreign languages is used, among which English certainly dominates. Multilingual linguistic competencies by Buryat migrants are closely related to their high level of education and are used as a symbolic resource to achieve professional and personal goals. Language strategies and practices vary widely, depending on migrants life plans, family status, and a number of other external and internal factors.
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Khilkhanova, Erzhen V. "MULTILINGUALISM OF POST-SOVIET MIGRATION: FUNCTIONAL ASPECT." Sociolingvistika 1, no. 1 (2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2713-2951-2020-1-1-63-78.
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The article uses the results of a project aimed at studying the relationship between language and ethnic identity of non-Russian immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Western Europe. It is concluded that, on the one hand, the first-generation migrants «export» patterns of using L1 (ethnic language) and L2 (Russian language) formed in their native country. On the other hand, in a foreign cultural environment there is a transformation of existing and appearance of new functions and values of L1 and L2. Regarding L2 the author draws two main theoretical conclusions: 1) in a migration situation, the Soviet concept of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication receives its «second life», 2) L2 fulfills the functions of the inner language — the language used for «internal» purposes, that is, for communication with people from the post-Soviet space sharing a common past and socialization experience
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Buettner, Elizabeth. "Europeanising Migration in Multicultural Spain and Portugal During and After the Decolonisation Era." Itinerario 44, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115320000091.
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AbstractPost-1945 Spanish and Portuguese emigration and immigration histories encapsulate the Iberian region's long-standing interconnectedness with the wider world (particularly Latin America and Africa) and other parts of Europe alike. Portugal and Spain have both been part of multiple migration systems as important sending countries that ultimately experienced an international migration turnaround owing to their transition to democracy, decolonisation, and accession to a European Union in which internal freedom of movement counted among its core principles. With the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and Europe's migration crisis of the 2010s serving as its vantage point, this article considers these topics as they intersect with issues that include nationality and citizenship, race and racism, and religion and Islamophobia in multicultural Spain and Portugal.
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Kertzer, David I., and Dennis P. Hogan. "On the Move: Migration in an Italian Community, 1865–1921." Social Science History 9, no. 1 (1985): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020289.
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Internal migration remains one of the most important issues in European social history. Our entire concept of community and of social life rests on certain assumptions about residential stability, yet these assumptions have only been inadequately tested for most historical periods and in most places. We now know that previously accepted characterizations of the stable peasant community are erroneous, for numerous studies have documented the great population flux in much of western Europe in preindustrial times (Schofield, 1970; Tilly, 1978). Yet, for the most part, our ideas about life in communities of the past tend to rest on an assumption of a bedrock of residential stability to which the limited population movement is anchored.
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Janská, Eva, and Josef Bernard. "What shapes the concentration/deconcentration processes? The factors influencing internal migration of immigrants in Czechia." Geografie 120, no. 4 (2015): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120040585.
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The distribution of foreigners is becoming an essential part of socio-geographical differentiation of Czechia. In addition to international migration, the spatial distribution patterns of non-natives are further modified according to their internal mobility, which, compared to the majority population, is much higher. On the basis of the population registry and a quantitative survey (N = 912), we analyzed internal mobility of two of the most numerous groups of immigrants in Czechia (Vietnamese and Ukrainians). We also tried to explain the resulting migration patterns, to assess their impact on the concentration/deconcentration processes of immigrants on different spatial levels and to compare the results with similar trends through Europe and the United States. The results of the analysis indicate that both ethnic groups behave differently and that in particular in the case of Ukrainians the concentration processes on the regional level are not accompanied by any concentration processes on the neighborhood level.
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Rybakov, Andrew Vyacheslavovich. "The Pact on Migration and Asylum as a the foundation of the new migration policy of the European Union." Право и политика, no. 10 (October 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.10.36576.
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The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that in modern world migration has become a significant factor in the development of both accepting countries and countries of origin. Europe hosts the largest number of migrants. Since 2015, the EU member-states have been experiencing strong migration pressure. The existing migration stands in need for reform. The New Pact on Migration and Asylum should be a significant step towards creating a reliable and effective system for regulation of migration. The subject of this research is the institutional and legal characteristics of the EU New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The article analyzes the proposals of the European Commission regarding the migration policy reform, as well as the political-legal mechanism for their implementation; contradictions between the member-states in the course of the relevant discussions. The following conclusions are made: 1) It must be admitted that the new approach of the European Commission is comprehensive and aimed at integration of the internal and external aspects of migration policy. 2) The structure of the Pact corresponds to the goals of migration policy and consists on three levels – external, namely relations with the countries of origin and transit of migrants; control over the external borders of the EU; a new system of permanent solidarity. 3) As an annex to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, the European Commission has presented a roadmap for implementation of various proposals. However, by the end of 2021, the schedule for the adoption of legal documents is not being maintained. 4) The only common denominator between the different groups of countries is the orientation towards external actions aimed at curbing migration movements prior to their arrival to Europe. 5) The plan of the European Commission on adoption of rules obligatory for all member-states currently seems untenable, considering the clashing interests.
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Abdul Karim, Mohammad Zuhair. "Policies of European Union countries towards the issue of illegal immigration." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 19 (May 24, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i19.212.
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Migration is an inherent phenomenon of human societies. It is the movement of people from a place where it is difficult to live to a better place, for socio-political reasons. Migration is either internal within one country or international between countries, And the latter may be legitimate or illegal. The European continent has become a dream for immigrants to live better. But Europe, which has received large numbers of immigrants and has become part of its social, economic and political entity, is beginning to suffer from problems and reflections: security, economic, social and political, in light of the increasing number of immigrants in Europe, which has made European countries since the 1980s changed their policies, And start to legislate laws and procedures and conclude restrictive immigration agreements, leading to the events of September 11, 2001, which made European policies more stringent towards immigration, to develop those policies after the Arab Renaissance revolutions in 2011, And what that left, waves of displaced people headed to Europe, thousands of them were received, but as a result of economic difficulties and security and political conditions that some European countries were exposed to, Some European calls have emerged to curb immigration, In light of the differences between the EU countries and the absence of a unified European policy and vision towards immigration, Nevertheless, European countries have formed some partnerships and agreements to combat migration, as well as conducting a set of collective and unilateral restrictive immigration procedures which have led to a reduction in the number of refugees to Europe.
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Brittle, Ruth, and Ellen Desmet. "Thirty Years of Research on Children’s Rights in the Context of Migration." International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801008.
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This article presents a tentative analysis of 30 years of academic research in the field of children’s rights and migration (1989–2019). Much research has addressed the plight of unaccompanied, refugee and asylum-seeking children, trying better to link children’s rights considerations with international refugee law. Many publications address the best interests of the child principle and the right to be heard. Most research focuses on (migration towards) Europe. This has led to an increased visibility and recognition of children’s rights in the context of migration. However, there are still various blind spots in the research reviewed. Most research focuses on some children, but not all (e.g., accompanied children), on some rights, but not all (e.g., economic, social and cultural rights), and on some types of migration, but not all (e.g., economic migration). Moreover, refugee and migrant children tend to be studied as a group, which risks reducing attention for their internal diversity.
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Sheryazdanova, Kamilla. "Illegal Immigration and Fight against Illegal Migration in Member States of the European Union." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2015-0015.
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Abstract In the modern world, processes of migration are expected to contribute to economic development, the interchange of progressive technologies and knowledge as well as the blending of cultures. Solving the problems linked to migration processes is an important task to be accomplished by various state policies of European Union member countries. Both internal and external reasons explain why such policies are treated with much consideration nowadays. The present paper describes the development of European Union regulations on immigration and asylum, while tackling certain - primarily legal - aspects of immigration policies, too. Its conclusion based on the discussion of processes and legal provisions relates to the possible future of Europe.
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Frasca, Eleonora, and Francesco Luigi Gatta. "Ebbs and Flows of EU Migration Law and Governance: A Critical Assessment of the Evolution of Migration Legislation and Policy in Europe." European Journal of Migration and Law 24, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340119.
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Abstract This Article summarises the complex ebbs and flows of EU migration law and policy. It is the result of an interdisciplinary research project called GLOBMIG, which includes a legal inventory that can be used by any reader or researcher. In the Article, we focus on the main outcomes observable from the inventory by taking several examples from EU legislation and case law that try to capture the evolution of migration law and governance in Europe during the last four decades. Key issues and their underlying dynamics are explored under three major trends: 1) State sovereignty vs migrants’ individual rights; 2) traditional law-making vs informal pragmatic governance; 3) unilateral vs multilateral migration governance. Each trend confirms the tension, but also the positive interaction, between competing interests as well as period of fluctuations between them. Two earmarks of EU migration law are taken into account: the internal and external dimension layout of migration and asylum law and the relationship between free movement of EU citizens and third country national immigration.
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Gladysh, Marianna, and Viktor Viktor. "The Influence of the Migration Crisis of 2015 on the EU Migration Policy." Studia Europejskie - studies in European Affairs 24, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.3.2020.1.
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Nowadays the European Union migration policy towards is one of the most important aspects in ensuring internal security of the EU. At the end of the XXth – beginning of the XXI century, Europe faced a new phenomenon – the intensifi cation of migration processes, namely the influx of refugees and migrants-asylum seekers from third countries. Therefore, it led to the creation and development of common migration policy of the European Union. In this regard, it was important to create legislation that could regulate such issues as border security and combating illegal migration, as well as to create a common asylum system. The need to study the legal framework on which the EU policy on migrants and refugees is based, and to study the current state and trends in the migration policy of the member-states of the EU has determined the relevance of this study. The importance of this topic is intensified by the European migration crisis of 2015, which is even described as a humanitarian catastrophe caused by a massive influx of refugees from Africa and the Middle East. It showed the main problems in the sphere of migration policy and policy towards refugees: imperfection of the system of delimitation of the EU competencies; a large number of countries with confl icting interests in various spheres; fragmentation of programs in force at the national level. To address the migration crisis, the EU used a multifaceted strategy: improving and creating new migration management institutions, expanding crossregional dialogue with the countries of the Mediterranean region, Africa and the Middle East; continued to reformat the Mediterranean region (region-building). Potential approaches range from an internal search for strategies in which each member state seeks to defend its own interests (sometimes even against European integration processes) to a more farsighted approach in which member states work together to address a wide range of migration issues.
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Maas, Willem. "Free Movement and Discrimination: Evidence from Europe, the United States, and Canada." European Journal of Migration and Law 15, no. 1 (2013): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342025.
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Abstract This article surveys some general lessons to be drawn from the tension between the promise of citizenship to deliver equality and the particularistic drive to maintain diversity. Democratic states tend to guarantee free movement within their territory to all citizens, as a core right of citizenship. Similarly, the European Union guarantees (as the core right of EU citizenship) the right to live and the right to work anywhere within EU territory to EU citizens and members of their families. Such rights reflect the project of equality and undifferentiated individual rights for all who have the status of citizen. But they are not uncontested. Within the EU, several member states propose to reintroduce border controls and to restrict access for EU citizens who claim social assistance. Similar tensions and attempts to discourage freedom of movement also exist in other political systems, and the article gives examples from the United States and Canada. Within democratic states, particularly federal ones and others where decentralized jurisdictions are responsible for social welfare provision, it thus appears that some citizens can be more equal than others. Principles such as benefit portability, prohibition of residence requirements for access to programs or rights, and mutual recognition of qualifications and credentials facilitate the free flow of people within states and reflect the attempt to eliminate internal borders. Within the growing field of migration studies, most research focuses on international migration, movement between states, involving international borders. But migration across jurisdictional boundaries within states is at least as important as international migration. Within the European Union, free movement often means changing residence across jurisdictional boundaries within a political system with a common citizenship, even though EU citizenship is not traditional national citizenship. The EU is thus a good test of the tension between the equality promised by common citizenship and the diversity institutionalized by borders.
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du Bois, Reinmar. "Europe in the aftermath of the refugee crisis: the effect on forensic psychotherapy." International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v3n2.2021.123.
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After World War II Germany has repeatedly suffered waves of immigration. With eighteen to twenty per cent of the entire German population now being of foreign descent, it is puzzling that public opinion widely ignores the impact of migration on Germany’s national destiny and identity. As forensic therapists we routinely apply a set of assumptions and routines, by which we address internal and external culture conflicts of migrants. Each wave has challenged the justice system and the legislature, and forensic therapists are used to working around legal boundaries to safeguard that migrants receive treatment and are not deported. The uniqueness of the present wave of migration lies in the overwhelmingly high numbers of arrivals in a very short time span, many of whom were traumatised unaccompanied male minors with ill-informed expectations. Europe in its entirety has seen the breakdown of existing structures for receiving and accommodating refugees alongside a surge of solidarity, but also with some alarming loss of empathy. Public bias against migration is beginning to impinge on our forensic work, as we deal with migrants, whose difficult life situation has had a bearing on their criminal behaviour, while forensic assessments determine whether they are going to be deported or not. We as forensic therapists are therefore caught in a professional dilemma whichever way we turn.