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Journal articles on the topic 'Migration, Internal Insurgency China China China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Karki, Sumitra. "Internal and External Security Challenges of Nepal." Unity Journal 2 (August 11, 2021): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v2i0.38850.

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Nepal has been a home to diversified settlement in terms of ethnicity, religion, dialect and culture since its outset in civilization. It also lies between two great military and economic giants of Asia – India and China – that are hostile to each other. While these bring abundant opportunities for Nepal, it possesses several internal and external security threats. Nepal suffers from cyber-attack, environmental degradation, pandemic, ethnic, racial or religious conflicts, inequality and poverty, extremism, human trafficking, corruption, migration and trans-boundary crime. In addition, Nepal also faces several security threats, traditional and non–traditional, including terrorism and insurgency. These threats possess serious implications on peace and security of Nepal and the South Asian region. There is a need of serious study about the major internal and external security challenges that Nepal faces in recent decades. This study aims at examining some of the major security challenges, explore the factors behind it, and attempt to suggest few policy recommendations to the government of Nepal to deal with them. The study is conducted by reviewing the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data includes documents of the government agencies, press release, joint statement and organizational reports. It also includes the interviews with security experts, bureaucrats, policy makers and academicians. Similarly, secondary data includes books, news reports, academic journals, seminars report and reports of research institutes and think tanks. The study highlights that Nepal should prepare itself to meet with the emerging internal and external security challenges what have emerged in recent times. With the rise of India and China, two adversarial powers in the region, Nepal possess extreme challenges in days to come. Similarly, hardly any countries of the world had prepared itself to deal with recent pandemic like COVID-19 that has shattered even the most powerful countries of the world. Taking lessons from these, it is time for Nepal to learn and prepare to mitigate the challenges.

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2

Chase, Michael S. "Internal Migration in China." SAIS Review 20, no. 1 (2000): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2000.0009.

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3

Liang, Zai, and Michael J. White. "Internal Migration in China, 1950-1988." Demography 33, no. 3 (August 1996): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061768.

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4

Hu, Xiaojiang, Sarah Cook, and Miguel A. Salazar. "Internal migration and health in China." Lancet 372, no. 9651 (November 2008): 1717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61360-4.

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5

Rowland, Donald T. "Family characteristics of internal migration in China." Asia-Pacific Population Journal 7, no. 1 (January 15, 1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6ec4d700-en.

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6

Ma, Lin, and Yang Tang. "Geography, trade, and internal migration in China." Journal of Urban Economics 115 (January 2020): 103181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.06.004.

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7

Yang, Xiushi. "Book Review: Internal Migration in Contemporary China." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100412.

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8

Ta Liu and Kam Wing Chan. "National Statistics On Internal Migration in China." China Information 15, no. 2 (October 2001): 75–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x0101500203.

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9

Gu, Baochang. "Internal Migration Dominates Population Dynamics In China." Asian Population Studies 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.876702.

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10

Liang, Zai, Yiu Por Chen, and Yanmin Gu. "Rural Industrialisation and Internal Migration in China." Urban Studies 39, no. 12 (November 2002): 2175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098022000033926.

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11

Ding, Xiaozhou. "College education and internal migration in China." China Economic Review 69 (October 2021): 101649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101649.

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12

Walder, Andrew G. "Rebellion and Repression in China, 1966–1971." Social Science History 38, no. 3-4 (2014): 513–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.23.

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In the first five years after the onset of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, one of the largest political upheavals of the twentieth century paralyzed a highly centralized party state, leading to a harsh regime of military control. Despite a wave of post-Mao revelations in the 1980s, knowledge about the nationwide impact of this insurgency and its suppression remains selective and impressionistic, based primarily on a handful of local accounts. Employing a data set drawn from historical narratives published in 2,213 county and city annals, this article charts the temporal and geographic spread of a mass insurgency, its evolution through time, and the repression through which militarized state structures were rebuilt. Comparisons of published figures with internal investigation reports and statistical estimates from sample selection models yield estimates that range from 1.1 to 1.6 million deaths and 22 to 30 million direct victims of some form of political persecution. The vast majority of casualties were due to repression by authorities, not the actions of insurgents. Despite the large overall death toll, per capita death rates were considerably lower than a range of comparable cases, including the Soviet purges at the height of Stalinist terror in the late 1930s.

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13

Niu, Jianlin, and Yaqiang Qi. "Internal migration and health stratification in urban China." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 24, no. 4 (October 15, 2015): 432–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196815609492.

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14

Ye, Jingzhong, Chunyu Wang, Huifang Wu, Congzhi He, and Juan Liu. "Internal migration and left-behind populations in China." Journal of Peasant Studies 40, no. 6 (November 2013): 1119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.861421.

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15

Shen, Jianfa. "Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in China." Progress in Planning 45, no. 3 (January 1996): 123–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(96)00002-5.

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16

Krasova, E. V., and Y. Ma. "INTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION IN MODERN CHINA: CONDITIONS, TRENDS, PROBLEMS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Ekonomika i upravlenie, no. 4 (2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2221-5689-2017-4-16-21.

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17

Rafiq, Shuddhasattwa, Ingrid Nielsen, and Russell Smyth. "Effect of internal migration on the environment in China." Energy Economics 64 (May 2017): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.009.

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18

Gu, Hai, Hua You, Weiqing Ning, Hua Zhou, Jianming Wang, Ying Lu, Jun Sun, Yun Kou, and Hengjin Dong. "Internal migration and maternal health service utilisation in Jiangsu, China." Tropical Medicine & International Health 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12806.

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19

Kochan, Dror. "Visual Representation of Internal Migration and Social Change in China." China Information 23, no. 2 (June 19, 2009): 285–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x09105128.

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20

Zhang, Hua, and Li Zhuang. "The impact of soil erosion on internal migration in China." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): e0215124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215124.

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21

Wan, Guang Hua. "Peasant flood in China: Internal migration and its policy determinants." Third World Quarterly 16, no. 2 (June 1995): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599550036086.

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22

Lin, Liqiong, Mohamad D. Revindo, Christopher Gan, and Quang Thi Thieu Nguyen. "Return home and start new businesses: internal migration in China." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 35, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apel.12314.

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23

Tombe, Trevor, and Xiaodong Zhu. "Trade, Migration, and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis of China." American Economic Review 109, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1843–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150811.

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We study how goods- and labor-market frictions affect aggregate labor productivity in China. Combining unique data with a general equilibrium model of internal and international trade, and migration across regions and sectors, we quantify the magnitude and consequences of trade and migration costs. The costs were high in 2000, but declined afterward. The decline accounts for 36 percent of the aggregate labor productivity growth between 2000 and 2005. Reductions in internal trade and migration costs are more important than reductions in external trade costs. Despite the decline, migration costs are still high and potential gains from further reform are large. (JEL E24, F16, J24, P23, P25, R12, R23)

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24

Yue, Zhongshan, Eric Fong, Yue Yuan, and Shuzhuo Li. "Life satisfaction and internal migration experience: migrant workers in Guangzhou, China." Asian Population Studies 15, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1664525.

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25

XIONG, Guangqing, and Litao ZHAO. "Managing Internal Migration in China: From Control-Oriented to Service-Oriented." East Asian Policy 04, no. 03 (July 2012): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930512000232.

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China relies heavily on the hukou system to manage internal migration. Over time, urban China has been segregated into local hukou holders and migrants. New realities are beginning to challenge the approach of exclusion and segregation. A new round of hukou reforms is underway in many cities and provinces. The issue of integrating the "floating population" is finally on the reform agenda.

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26

Tong, Yuying, and Martin Piotrowski. "Migration and Health Selectivity in the Context of Internal Migration in China, 1997–2009." Population Research and Policy Review 31, no. 4 (June 7, 2012): 497–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-012-9240-y.

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27

Ma, Chao, Zhaopeng Qu, and Zimeng Xu. "Internal Migration and Mental Health: An Examination of the Healthy Migration Phenomenon in China." Population Research and Policy Review 39, no. 3 (September 22, 2019): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09552-z.

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28

Bhargava, Alok, and Xiayun Tan. "A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION, DIVORCE AND WELL-BEING IN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 706–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000499.

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SummaryThe rapid economic growth in China has been accompanied by increases in internal migration as well as marital dissolution. Using longitudinal data from China Health and Nutrition Surveys covering over 19,000 individuals during 1989–2011, this study modelled the inter-relationships between internal migration, divorce and individual well-being, tackling conceptual and methodological aspects such as the joint determination of variables. First, random effects probit models showed that the migration periods of husbands and wives significantly increased their respective chances of divorce. Second, results from dynamic random effects models for self-reported health showed different effects of separation periods for husbands and wives; divorce did not significantly lower health status. Third, dynamic models for systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed significant effects of migration durations of husbands and wives; men had lower systolic blood pressure following divorce thereby indicating beneficial effects for unhappily married couples. The implications of the findings are discussed.

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29

Cromley, Robert G., Dean M. Hanink, and Avraham Y. Ebenstein. "Estimating and Mapping the Intercensal Internal Net Migration of China, 1990-2000." Cartography and Geographic Information Science 37, no. 3 (January 2010): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304010792194912.

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30

Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean, and Xiaorong Gu. "Left Behind by Parents in China: Internal Migration and Adolescents’ Well-Being." Marriage & Family Review 52, no. 1-2 (February 17, 2016): 127–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2015.1111284.

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31

Bhargava, Alok, and Xiayun Tan. "A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION, DIVORCE AND WELL-BEING IN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 5 (February 19, 2018): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932018000056.

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32

Chen, Juan. "Internal migration and health: Re-examining the healthy migrant phenomenon in China." Social Science & Medicine 72, no. 8 (April 2011): 1294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.016.

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33

Fan, C. Cindy. "Economic Opportunities and Internal Migration: A Case Study of Guangdong Province, China*." Professional Geographer 48, no. 1 (February 1996): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00028.x.

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34

Chen, Mengni, Chris J. Lloyd, and Paul S. F. Yip. "Growing rich without growing old: the impact of internal migration in China." Asian Population Studies 16, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1750187.

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35

Mou, Jin, Jinquan Cheng, Sian M. Griffiths, Samuel Y. S. Wong, Sheila Hillier, and Dan Zhang. "Internal migration and depressive symptoms among migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China." Journal of Community Psychology 39, no. 2 (February 2, 2011): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20428.

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36

Liu, Ye, and Jianfa Shen. "Spatial patterns and determinants of skilled internal migration in China, 2000-2005." Papers in Regional Science 93, no. 4 (April 4, 2013): 749–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12014.

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37

Tan, Yan, and Yu Zhu. "China’s changing internal migration: Toward a China variant of Zelinsky’s transition thesis." Geoforum 126 (November 2021): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.07.018.

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38

Zhong, Hua, Jianhua Xu, and Alex R. Piquero. "Internal Migration, Social Exclusion, and Victimization." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 4 (June 1, 2017): 479–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427816676861.

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Objectives: This article applies a multidimensional social exclusion framework to examine Chinese rural-to-urban migrant victimization. Method: Data from the 2012 China Labor Dynamics Survey is used to examine whether Chinese migrants are more likely to be victimized compared to urban residents and to what extent the prior findings on the meditating roles of social exclusion between immigration and victimization can be applied to understand Chinese migrants’ victimization. Results: Findings reveal the elevated victimization risks among nationwide rural-to-urban migrants. Logistic regression models find that social exclusion mediates the link between migrant status and victimization and that social exclusion predicts victimization. Conclusions: The discriminative institutional arrangements in China are a major force of the universal disadvantages of Chinese migrants. That is, it is not the migrant status itself, but the social exclusion suffered by individuals that increase the likelihood of being criminally victimized.

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39

Qi, Wei, Guy J. Abel, Raya Muttarak, and Shenghe Liu. "Circular visualization of China’s internal migration flows 2010–2015." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 11 (July 7, 2017): 2432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17718375.

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We adapted the chord diagram plot to visualize China’s recent inter-provincial migration during 2010–2015. The arrowheads were added to present the direction of the flows. This method allows us to show the complete migration flows between 31 provinces in China including the direction and volume of the flows. The spatial component was also clearly depicted in the plot using four color palates representing four regions in China (i.e. East, Center, West, Northeast) and arranging the 31 provinces in an approximate geographic order. Besides that, we extend the chord diagram plot to describe China’s bilateral net migration during 2010–2015.

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40

Zheng, Yanqiao, Xiaoqi Zhang, Qiwen Dai, and Xing Zhang. "To Float or Not to Float? Internal Migration of Skilled Laborers in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 9075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239075.

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This paper uses data from job-recruiting platforms to study the distribution patterns and migration destination choices of a skilled internal migrant population. We find that, in most first-tier cities and most emerging second-tier cities, more than half of the skilled jobseekers do not hold local household registration. The most important finding of this paper is the heterogeneity of attributes prioritizations between intra- and inter- provincial migrants. Intra-provincial skilled migrants put more value on employment opportunities than on amenity attributes, while their inter-provincial counterparts prioritize amenity over employment aspects.

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41

Li, Cheng. "Surplus Rural Laborers and Internal Migration in China: Current Status and Future Prospects." Asian Survey 36, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 1122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645639.

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42

Chen, Qiqi, Xiaoyue Sun, Qianwen Xie, Jia Li, and Ko Ling Chan. "The Impacts of Internal Migration on Child Victimization in China: A Meta-Analysis." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683458.

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Objective: A 100 million children in China are affected by internal migration, a result of the growing demand for human labor due to economic growth. Whether moving to urban cities with their parents or being left behind in rural areas, these children are vulnerable to victimization. The meta-analysis presented in this study is the first to synthesize the rates of victimization among children affected by internal migration. Method: Studies providing data published before May 2016 on the prevalence of child victimization among 105,415 Chinese subjects aged 0–17 years were identified through eight English and Chinese databases. Two reviewers independently extracted data to generate summary effect sizes using a random effects meta-analytic model. A priori subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate heterogeneity and bias in these studies. Results: Our meta-analysis of 31 studies showed that children affected by internal migration, both migrant children and left-behind children, are at a higher risk of victimization in comparison to their unaffected counterparts (odds ratio [ OR] = 1.492, p < .01), especially in their vulnerability to unintentional injuries ( OR = 1.683, p < .01) and neglect ( OR = 1.398, p < .01). These children are at a higher risk of being unintentionally injured from the ages of 6 to 11 years ( OR = 1.644, p < .01). The highest victimization rate observed in this study was found in the central districts of China ( OR = 1.599, p < .01). Conclusion: This study reveals the high prevalence of victimization among both migrant children and left-behind children. The increasing number of children affected by internal migration deserves continuous academic and policy attention.

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43

Mu, Zheng, and Wei-Jun Jean Yeung. "Internal migration, marriage timing and assortative mating: a mixed-method study in China." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46, no. 14 (April 2, 2019): 2914–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2019.1585009.

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44

Li, Cheng. "Surplus Rural Laborers and Internal Migration in China: Current Status and Future Prospects." Asian Survey 36, no. 11 (November 1996): 1122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1996.36.11.01p0183y.

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45

Zhao, Liqiu, Shouying Liu, and Wei Zhang. "New Trends in Internal Migration in China: Profiles of the New-generation Migrants." China & World Economy 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12227.

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46

Song, Qian, and Zai Liang. "New Patterns of Internal Migration in Emigrant-Sending Communities: the Case of China." International Migration 54, no. 6 (February 14, 2016): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12238.

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47

Shen, Jianfa. "Increasing internal migration in China from 1985 to 2005: Institutional versus economic drivers." Habitat International 39 (July 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.10.004.

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48

Huang, Yinxuan. "Social capital and social trust in urban China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 4 (September 4, 2018): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x18790083.

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Owing to the dynamics of internal migration and the hukou system, urban areas in China always consist of a four-tiered structure of urban locals, urban migrants, new urbanites and rural migrants. This paper aims to examine the differences among these four groups in terms of social capital and to explore how the association between social capital and social trust may vary across the four groups. Data are based on the 2014 China Labour-force Dynamics Survey. Our analysis of 7662 responses first indicates that patterns of social capital in the four urban groups appear to be largely distinct. Second, we find a clear rural–urban division in social trust in the Chinese city: rural migrants and new urbanites tend to be less trusting than urban locals and urban migrants. Among the aspects of social capital under consideration, social network support and neighbourhood attachment are associated with higher levels of social trust, whereas the effects of bonding and bridging civic organizations on social trust are relatively weak. However, these patterns indeed tend to vary across the four groups of urban residents in the cases of civic engagement and social network support. Consequently, these findings suggest that the interplay of individuals’ hukou identities and migration experiences in urban China has an important impact on their social connectedness, which also presents distinctive implications for social trust.

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49

Lu, Yao, Wei-Jun Jean Yeung, Jingming Liu, and Donald J. Treiman. "Health of left-behind children in China: Evidence from mediation analysis." Chinese Journal of Sociology 5, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x19872685.

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Internal migration in China has resulted in large numbers of left-behind children. Despite growing attention paid to this population, existing research has not systematically addressed the mediating mechanisms linking parental migration to children's health. The present study examines the influences of migration on the health of left-behind children in China and the mediating channels, using data from a new nationally representative survey. We compare three groups of rural children aged 3–15 years ( N = 2473): those who were left behind by both parents, those who were left behind by one parent and those living with both non-migrant parents. Results show that the health of rural children left behind by both parents (but not by one parent) is worse than the health of children living with both parents. The health disadvantage of these children is mediated by their caregivers' poor health status and caregiving practices. These mediating factors not only have a direct impact on child health but also exert an indirect impact by shaping children's nutritional intakes. Contrary to conventional wisdom, monetary remittances are not a significant mechanism linking migration to child health.

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50

Han, Jun, and Shi Li. "Internal migration and external benefit: The impact of labor migration on the wage structure in urban China." China Economic Review 46 (December 2017): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.07.008.

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