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Journal articles on the topic 'Migration livelihood strategy'
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1
Mago, Stephen. "Migration as a livelihood strategy in Ethiopia: fallacy or reality?" International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2016-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of migration on the livelihoods of Ethiopians. It is widely acclaimed that migration has positive effects on livelihoods. This paper investigates whether this claim is a fallacy or a reality. Can migration be conceptualized as a strategy for livelihood enhancement? Although Ethiopia has a large number of migrants both internally and externally, this paper focuses on the impact of external migration on the livelihoods of Ethiopian migrants and their families. Design/methodology/approach Using primary data, the paper attempts to establish whether migration enhances livelihoods. Qualitative data are used. Primary data were collected and analyzed using SurveyMonkey. SurveyMonkey is an internet-based software that has a facility for interview questions and it analyses data automatically on submission of responses. The survey achieved a response rate of 52 percent (218 out of 420). A follow-up survey, done between March 20 and April 16, 2018 to validate the online responses, involved 12 respondents. Findings Results show that migration is important in the sustenance of livelihoods. Both pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits have been realised. In addition, migration also benefits development at home. Practical implications The Ethiopian Government should develop policy options that promote the inflow of remittances for livelihood enhancement. Originality/value The paper uses SurveyMonkey to gather data from a number of respondents (crowdsourcing data collection). The SurveyMonkey made possible a crowd data gathering process.
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Sihaloho, Martua, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, Rilus A. Kinseng, and Sediono M. P. Tjondronegoro. "International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p113.
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Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.
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Islam, Muhaiminul, Sumaia Kashem, Shameem Morshed, Md Mostafizur Rahman, and Anutosh Das. "Dynamics of Seasonal Migration of Rural Livelihood." Advanced Journal of Social Science 5, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.5.1.81-92.
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Globally, farming communities migrates considering it as a livelihood strategy, especially given unprecedented environmental change. Because migration facilitates poverty reduction, education improvement, entrepreneurial investments and even the economic evolution of the origin areas. Farmers in the northern region of Bangladesh migrate during the slack season when farming activities are not up to the mark. Driven by this context, this study examined the principal actors, the pattern of seasonal migration in the context of seasonal variability and migration's role in food security and livelihood resilience in the Barind Tract, Bangladesh. The participatory rural appraisal was employed for collecting basic facts and information. The study suggests that poverty is the root cause of migration, such that men from poor households with small landholdings and high food insecurity migrate for work during the winter. Moreover, the traditional practice of sharecropping, which helped them reduce food shortages, has also become less profitable these days. Therefore, the tendency of migrating is likely to escalating among the people of this region, and those already relocated are planning to settle down there for a more extended period. Currently, such migrants are getting engaged in low-paying unskilled wage work, construction work mainly in Rajshahi city, Mohadevpur, and Dhaka the capital city of Bangladesh, which enables them to make not only modest savings but also hard enough to repay the debt their family has incurred during food shortages.
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Nandi, Debmita, and Sumana Sarkar. "Seasonal Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of Women Agricultural Labourers in Soul Ponamara Mouza of Hirbandh Block, Bankura District, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 3 (November 29, 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i3.886.
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Seasonal migration is a common livelihood strategy among marginal and landless people of the western part of West Bengal. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) and Census data have failed to provide information on seasonal migration and livelihoods at the micro-level. The present study focuses on the nature, characteristics and factors of seasonal migration with its importance as a livelihood strategy among women agricultural labourers (WALs) in Soul Ponamara mouza of Hirbandh block at the micro-level. The study is based on primary data collection using a purposive sampling method and a semi-structured questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussion. This study reveals that seasonal migration from Soul Ponamara to the adjacent agriculturally prosperous districts viz. Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly (4 to 6 times in a year) is a common livelihood strategy among WALs in the study area, and its proportion is almost equal to when compared to male migrants. The small size of agricultural land holding, existing monoculture system, lack of irrigation facilities, a limited job opportunity in the Soul Ponamara mouza and its surrounding area (Amjhuri, Bijardihi, Chaka Doba, Moshiara, Bamni and Rangametia) provoke women labourers to move out in searching of works. In contrast, high wage and massive demand for skilled and semi-skilled agricultural labourers during sowing and harvesting season in the destination area, that is, paddy and potato fields of Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly districts acted as a magnet to absorb these immigrants into the workforce. This study concludes that seasonal migration opted for employment and income generation is the primary livelihood strategy adopted by the rural WALs of this mouza to cope up with the existing poverty and food insecurity.
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Thi Doan Trinh, Tran, and Le Hai Nguyen. "Migration in the context of environmental change (Case study of the Mekong Delta)." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.632.
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In the context of environmental change in the Mekong Delta, households have different livelihood strategies such as maintaining current livelihoods, changing to new livelihoods and migrating to find jobs. The migration strategy for finding jobs in major cities is a research topic of interest from different fields of study such as geography, sociology, economics, culture, and anthropology, etc. In spite of that, there are many issues that still need to be studied. When discussing migration and the environment, researchers have divided their opinions into two groups. Some of the researchers recognize the environment as the main driver of migration. Meanwhile, the other emphasize the complexity of this process. They consider that migration is a decision driven by different reasons; one of which is the environment. Using a rich source of secondary data from scientific journals and monographs, the author of this article focuses on exploring the questionable relationship between migration and environmental change: Is environmental change a driving force for migration, and is migration a strategy to adapt to environmental change? The findings from this article will serve as a basis for conducting further studies to understand driving forces and migration tendency of household.
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Aduhene, David Tanoh, and Eric Osei Assibey. "Migration as a Livelihood Strategy: The Case of Internal Migration in Ghana." Journal of Social Economics Research 6, no. 1 (2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.35.2019.61.50.60.
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Rajan, S. Irudaya, and Kildos Anthony Pillai. "Migration as a Livelihood Strategy Adopted by Fisherfolk in South India." Social Change 50, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 548–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085720966291.
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Using the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), this study traces the livelihood conditions of a coastal community located in Kanniyakumari district in south India. From a vulnerable, pre-modern phase, this fishing group, by adapting to technologically advanced craft and gears moved into a more dynamic phase of modernisation with diverse livelihood opportunities. Unfortunately later, this fishing community began to suffer economically as the use of harmful gears in their boats resulted in the decimation of marine resources and subsequently a reduction in their income. In the absence of any institutional support mechanism to sustain them, fishing households have begun looking outside their home environs for economic opportunities to better their living conditions. One of the more significant ways through which the fishing community has been able to cope with its strained circumstances is to migrate to the Gulf countries.
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Jha, Chandan Kumar, Vijaya Gupta, Utpal Chattopadhyay, and Binilkumar Amarayil Sreeraman. "Migration as adaptation strategy to cope with climate change." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2017-0059.
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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the link between climate/weather change and farmer migration in Bihar, India. The influence of cognitive conditions and climate-related stress on farmer migration decisions and the socioeconomic characteristics of migrating and non-migrating farm households are analysed. The focus is the role of migration in access to climate and agricultural extension services and the contribution of migration to enhanced farmer coping capacity. Design/methodology/approach A primary survey was conducted of farm households in seven districts of Bihar, India. Farmer perceptions of climate change were analysed using the mental map technique. The role of socioeconomic characteristics in farm household migration was evaluated using binary logistic regression, and the influence of migration on access to climate and agricultural extension services and the adaptive capacity of migrating households was investigated using descriptive statistics. Findings Climate-induced livelihood risk factors are one of the major drivers of farmer’s migration. The farmers’ perception on climate change influences migration along with the socioeconomic characteristics. There is a significant difference between migrating and non-migrating farm households in the utilization of instructions, knowledge and technology based climate and agriculture extension services. Benefits from receipt of remittance, knowledge and social networks from the host region enhances migrating households’ adaptive capacity. Originality/value This study provides micro-evidence of the contribution of migration to farmer adaptive capacity and access to climate and agricultural extension services, which will benefit analyses of climate-induced migration in other developing countries with higher agricultural dependence. In addition, valuable insights are delivered on policy requirements to reduce farmer vulnerability to climate change.
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Yuliana, Lidia, Septri Widiono, and Indra Cahyadinata. "STRATEGI NAFKAH RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN TRADISIONAL DAN MODERN PADA KOMUNITAS NELAYAN SEKUNYIT, KAUR, PROVINSI BENGKULU." Jurnal AGRISEP 15, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.15.2.163-176.
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This research aimed to explore the household adaptation of Sekunyit fishermen to the fisheries modernasation in terms of livelihood strategies as a strategy for survival. This research was conducted in the Sekunyit Village, South Kaur District, Kaur regency by using case studies of two traditional fishermen households and two modern fishermen households. It is found that livelihood strategies both of the traditional and modern fishermen includes a multiple sources income, the involvement of family members, and applying their social networks and out-migration as coping strategy. The livelihood strategies conducted in the context of three vulnerability namely the vulnerability of ecology, price system, and single fishery resource were run. Keywords: livelihood strategy, fishermen community
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Rahman, Afzalur. "A Study on Irregular Migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia through the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea." Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v10i2.4640.
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Irregular migration is an issue of great concern for today’s world. There are various factors which are responsible for this conundrum. These are overpopulation, natural disaster, poverty, illiteracy, lack of employment opportunities, for a better life etc. Thus, irregular migration has been a livelihood strategy for the millions of people worldwide for the long time. Bangladesh is one of the top countries of the world in terms of sending labor migrants. Every year thousands of Bangladeshis are migrating overseas either legally or by illegal means for a better livelihood. However, in the last couple of years, total remittance flow was not satisfactory because of the diplomatic tension between Bangladesh and major migrants receiving countries. In addition, the new migrations policies of the Middle-Eastern countries which is the main destination points for Bangladeshi migrants in terms of single regions also have shrunk the scope. As a result, the number of irregular migrations from Bangladesh to Malaysia has increased. This paper attempts to unveil the key causes of irregular migration through the risky Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea by analysing the field data. It will focus on the case studies of the trafficking victims and their family members with focusing on why they took this dangerous path of irregular migration. It also argues for an effective mechanism to monitor the whole process of irregular migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia on an urgent basis.
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Chand, Raghubir. "Labour Migration as a Livelihood Strategy in Far East Bhutan: a Case Study of a Marginal Bhutanese Community." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 75, no. 2 (January 16, 2014): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2013.75.02.03.
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Rachmawati, Laksmi, and Ade Latifa. "LINTASAN PENGHIDUPAN (LIVELIHOOD TRAJECTORIES) DAN MIGRASI LINGKUNGAN DI DELTA MAHAKAM." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 15, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v15i1.475.
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The studies of environmental migration are still limited in Indonesia. Within the limited literature in the Indonesian context, Research Center for Population LIPI has conducted studies on environmental migration in 2015-2016 and the abandonment of shrimp pond due to migration in 2013 in Delta Mahakam, East Kalimantan. Using Livelihood Trajectories (LT) approach, this paper aims to examine the people’s adaptation in Delta Mahakam related to environmental migration. The LT approach gives more understanding of the adaptation process that leads to migration decision-making. By applying a qualitative approach using interviews and focus group discussion (FGD), data are collected related to the changes of landscape livelihood and the adaptation to respond to it. The interviews and FGD conducted with farmers, fishers, aquaculture farmers who move or stay and with formal/informal leaders and patron. In the case of Delta Mahakam, migration becomes a strategy for adaptation. The decision to migrate is not an instant decision-making process but as a part of trajectories to sustain their livelihood.
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Sudrajat, Jajat. "Livelihood Strategy of Coastal Community: A Case Study in Tanjung Saleh Islands, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i1.4581.
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This study is intended to identify the characteristic of livelihood strategy and to formulate the exit strategy from poverty trap in a coastal community. This study was done in Tanjung Saleh islands, one from 39 islands at Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Data were collected by depth interviews, group interviews, observation, and literature study. The results of this study show that the livelihood strategies at Tanjung Saleh islands can be identified into five types: (a) the strategy that relied on the natural resources extraction, (b) traditional agriculture cultivation strategy, (c) household worker utilization strategy, (d) migration strategy, and (e) institutional strategy. The institutional strategy is categorized as exit strategy from poverty trap meanwhile the other strategies are categorized as survival strategy. Fact in the field shows that institutional strategy and the role of women are important factor to support the fishermen household livelihood system. There are two institutions often utilized in fishermen community, arisan (rotational saving and credit association) custom and patron client relationships between fishermen and village traders. Through the utilizing of social capital on both institutions, the fishermen household can access financial capital effectively. Therefore, the nurturing of social capital and the role of women must be considered in arrangement of sustainable livelihood strategies in fishermen community.
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Magfiroh, Wilda, and Sofia Sofia. "STRATEGI NAFKAH ISTRI NELAYAN BURUH DI DESA PENGAMBENGAN KECAMATAN NEGARA KABUPATEN JEMBRANA." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v13i1.16424.
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Labor fishermen are the lowest element of social structure in the fishermen community. The unstable income of labor fishermen because of the season and weather conditions makes their wives work in the public sector to support their household income. This research aims to identify the motivation of the labor fishermen's wives to work in the public sector and to find out their livelihood strategies. The location of the research was determined purposively, namely Pengambengan Village, Negara District, Jembrana Regency, Bali Province. This research used a descriptive and qualitative approach. The key informant was selected purposively while supporting informants were selected by using the snowball sampling technique. The data were collected by using methods of interview, observation and document were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that 1) the motivation of the fishermen's wives to work in the public sector included physiological needs, safety needs, and social needs. 2) There were two livelihood strategies undertaken by labor fisherman wives, namely livelihood diversification through working as traders, tailors, and labor; migration through working outside the village as a laborer in the agricultural sector.
Keywords: Labor Fishermen's Wife, Motivation, Livelihood Strategy, Diversification, Migration
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Syahid, Choerunisa Noor, Aldi Muhammad Alizar, and Anas Nikoyan. "Influx Policy Recommendation: An Integrated Strategy through Sustainable Livelihood Approach." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 3, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2015.324.
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This paper discuss about the influx policy that should be taken by the government. Project-induced-in-migration (or influx) is the movement of people from area outside project-impacted zone to the project-impacted zone. The aim of it is to find economic opportunities and improving quality of their life. Aldi et al. (2013) stated that the influx has many negative effects especially for the social and environmental aspects in the mining project areas and its surrounding.The three main negative effect that are materialized, (i) The increasing of crime rate; (ii) the marginalization of indigenous people by the immigrant communities; and (iii) the decreasing of public health quality since the mining operation. Three important actors in development, which are the government as policy makers, the companies as capital modals, and society as the object who affected both directly or indirectly; each of them has their own role play and perception of influx. They also have own solution to cope with the impact of influx in the project areas. Their role, influence and relation will be reviewed and analyzed with the concept of sustainable livelihood framework.There are five capitals within concept of livelihood assets, which are, (1) Human capital; (2) social capital; (3) natural capital; (4) physical capital; and (5) financial capital. By taking the study cases from Weda Bay Nickel in Eastern Indonesia, this paper found that the main development goals for all of the development actors are to achieve sustainable development. Unfortunately, technological development in the mining enterprise is leading discrimination and huge gap between immigrant workers and local communities in managing and accessing their assets. The government as a policy maker tends to prioritize the companies as the capital modals.Therefore the process in achieving the sustainable development goals was blurred. Based on the sustainable livelihood approaches, this paper discuss about how do the local communities strengthen their potential aspects to reduce the negative impacts of influx. They also need to compromise in how to focus on their potential assets and cover the underperformance from the other stakeholders. It expected to provide a new integrated approach for influx-migration policymakers, especially in mining industry areas
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Kosi, Palesa Makhetha, Syden Mishi, Asrat Tsegaye, and Sibanisezwe Khumalo. "Migration as livelihood strategy - South Africa's East to West Corridor: altruism gone wrong." International Journal of Education Economics and Development 8, no. 2/3 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeed.2017.086503.
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Khumalo, Sibanisezwe, Palesa Makhetha Kosi, Syden Mishi, and Asrat Tsegaye. "Migration as livelihood strategy - South Africa's East to West Corridor: altruism gone wrong." International Journal of Education Economics and Development 8, no. 2/3 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeed.2017.10007363.
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Wijayanti, Rathna, M. Baiquni, and Rika Harini. "Strategi Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Masyarakat Berbasis Aset di Sub DAS Pusur, DAS Bengawan Solo." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.4.2.133-152.
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<p class="Abstract"><em>In coping with water insufficiency and socio-economic culture problems, the strategy by combining the livelihoods assets which they have already owned and which are accessible has applied by the farmers at Pusur Sub-Watershed. The study aims to review the conditions of livelihoods assets owned and those which were accessible by the community, as well as to review the strategies of sustainable livelihoods of community-based on the asset in order to increase the living and to protect the environment sustainability in Pusur Sub-Watershed, Bengawan Solo Watershed. The method used was using quantitative and qualitative analysis through the questionnaire, in-depth interview, and observation techniques. The variables are used to value the condition of livelihoods assets are the human capital, natural capital, social capital, physical capital, and financial capital. The livelihood strategies were grouped into an intensification and extensification, diversification, and migration. The method of sampling area and purposive sampling are applied to split the area of research into three, i.e. the upper part, middle part, and bottom part. The result showed that the highest asset owned by Sub-Watershed on the middle part, upper and the last is a bottom part. The physical capital would have the highest value in the whole area of Sub-Watershed if it compared to the other capitals. The intensification strategy on the upper part is agroforestry, while the middle and bottom have “panca usaha tani” strategy. The diversification strategy through livestock is taken in the upper part, while the strategies as the employee or hourly workers are found in the middle and bottom part. The migration strategies with the reason of marriage were dominating in the bottom and upper parts, while the middle part the migration is due to the work issues.</em><em></em></p>
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Bhagat, Ram B., Reshmi R.S., Harihar Sahoo, Archana K. Roy, and Dipti Govil. "The COVID-19, Migration and Livelihood in India: Challenges and Policy Issues." Migration Letters 17, no. 5 (September 28, 2020): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i5.1048.
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The worldwide spread of COVID-19 first reported from Wuhan in China is attributed to migration and mobility of people. In this article, we present how our understanding of migration and livelihood could be helpful in designing a mitigating strategy of the economic and social impact of COVID-19 in India. We conclude that there are many challenges migrants face during the spread of COVID-19 resulting from nation-wide lockdown. Many internal migrants faced problems such as lack of food, basic amenities, lack of health care, economic stress, lack of transportation facilities to return to their native places and lack of psychological support. On the other hand, COVID-19 has also brought into sharp focus the emigrants from India and the major migration corridors India shares with the world as well. There is huge uncertainty about how long this crisis will last. This article further provides some immediate measures and long term strategies to be adopted by the government such as improving public distribution system, strengthening the public health system, integration of migrants with development, decentralisation as a strategy to provide health services, and providing support to return migrants to reintegrate them, and also strengthen the database on migration and migrant households.
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Neupane, Madhu Krishna, and Dhyanendra Bahadur Rai. "Diversification of Livelihood Strategies in Melamchi Valley, Sindhupalchok District, Nepal." Geographical Journal of Nepal 11 (April 3, 2018): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v11i0.19552.
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Livelihood strategy varies from place to place. People living in certain place have a diverse strategy over time. This study attempts to analyze the sources of livelihood, livelihood strategies of different communities and their adaptive strategies in Melamchi Valley. The livelihood patterns and the strategies have been dealt on the basis of community. This study is based on primary data that are collected using household questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview. A set of standardized questionnaire, observation sheet, and checklist were used for information collection. The finding of the study portrays that paddy is the major crop cultivated by Brahmin/Kshetri communities whereas millet and maize are the principal crops cultivated by Tamang community. People of this area are attracted towards cash generating activities than the subsistence agriculture farming in the present days. The people of market center are motivated towards trade and business whereas the people of remote area have dependence on remittance. The trend of foreign migration for earning livelihood is high among the rural settlements. Similarly, earning from wage labor in the informal sectors has become important source of livelihood in Melamchi Valley.The Geographical Journal of NepalVol. 11: 113-126, 2018
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Herdiyanti, Herdiyanti, Aimie Sulaiman, Laila Hayati, and Amir Dedoe. "The Role of Social Capital on the Livelihood Strategy of the Pengkalen Batu Community, Payung Sub-district, South Bangka Regency." Society 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v9i1.306.
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This research is one of the studies that refer to the socio-economic conditions of the Bangka community, especially in Pengkalen Batu Hamlet, in carrying out livelihood strategies. This research aims to explain the livelihood strategies the people of Pengkalen Batu Hamlet implemented in carrying out their lives amid limited access away from the village, which makes the community have to survive. This is based on the variety of natural potentials owned by the community and can be utilized in carrying out life amidst the limitations possessed by the community. Conditions during limited access and far from rural and urban settlements encourage people to be more active and creative in managing nature wisely and wisely. The condition of assets owned by the community varies from natural, physical, financial, social, and human capital. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods and purposive sampling data collection techniques. Based on the results of the research, the Pengkalen Batu community carried out several livelihood strategies, including life engineering, job diversification strategies from the various natural potentials they had, then migration engineering strategies carried out by the local community. The three strategies carried out do not just appear. Still, there is a push for access to social capital that makes people think and move creatively and innovatively in developing their natural potential.
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Pratiwi, Andini Wulan, and Murdianto Murdianto. "Pengaruh Konversi Lahan Terhadap Strategi nafkah Rumah Tangga Petani." Jurnal Sains Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM] 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.3.1.1-14.
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Land conversion is a phenomenon of the use of agricultural to non agricultural. This phenomenon appears cause the increase growth of suburban population and the demand for land. It can brings the impact for the community to decrease farmer’s income, the lowering of family food security, the subside employment oppurtunities in agriculture, and the difficulties farmer’s access to land. The farmer in improving household economy do a livelihood strategy that is diversification of livelihood, circular migration, and the transition of livelihood. This paper aim to examine the factors that encourage land conversion and to examine farmer’s livelihood strategies due to land conversion. The method used in this research is quantitive approach with the main instrument questionnaire supported by qualitative approach with in-depth interviews. The results of the research in Palasari village indicate that there are aspects that encourage land conversion in the form of urgent economic needs, low land productivity, external pressure, and knowledge aspects owned by farmers regarding government policy. In addition, for most farmers who have converted agricultural land prefer to switch livelihoods to other sectors. Livelihood transition occurs due to the increasingly narrow land of their farms.Keywords : farm households, land conversion, livelihood strategies ABSTRAK Konversi lahan merupakan suatu fenomena pemanfaatan lahan terhadap lahan pertanian menjadi non pertanian. Fenomena ini muncul disebabkan pertumbuhan penduduk pinggiran kota yang semakin tinggi serta tingginya permintaan terhadap lahan. Hal tersebut tentunya dapat memberikan dampak kepada masyarakat terhadap penurunan pendapatan petani. Petani dalam meningkatkan ekonomi rumah tangga melakukan strategi nafkah yaitu diversifikasi nafkah, migrasi sirkuler, dan peralihan mata pencaharian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mendorong terjadinya konversi lahan serta mengkaji strategi nafkah rumah tangga petani akibat adanya konversi lahan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan kuesioner dan didukung oleh data kualitatif dengan wawancara. Hasil penelitian di Desa Palasari menunjukkan bahwa terdapat aspek-aspek yang mendorong terjadinya konversi lahan berupa kebutuhan ekonomi yang mendesak, produktivitas lahan, tekanan pihak luar, dan aspek pengetahuan petani. Sebagian besar petani yang telah mengkonversi lahan pertaniannya lebih memilih untuk beralih mata pencaharian ke sektor lain. Peralihan mata pencaharian terjadi disebabkan oleh luas lahan pertanian mereka yang semakin sempit.Kata Kunci : konversi lahan, rumah tangga petani, strategi nafkah
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Bakre, Olayemi, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "Driving urban-rural migration through investment in water resource management in subsistence farming: the case of Machibini." Environmental Economics 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.07.
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The once thriving subsistence farming community of Machibini is currently defunct due to water shortages, inadequacy of governmental support and better livelihood in urban communities. This community alongside its neighbouring communities is characterized by poverty. A variety of strategies and initiatives has been initiated to address the cyclical poverty amongst these communities. This paucity has driven the youths to urban centres as a means of securing a better livelihood. More so, the constant ebb of mass rural-urban migration has created voluminous challenges. As an agendum to creating a viable farming community in Machibini and “instigating an urban-rural migration”, the paper recommends the reallocation of the surplus budgets of this community to the investment of water resource management as a strategy of transforming the subsistence into commercial farming, thereby creating employment opportunities for the unemployed rural, as well as urban dwellers, while reducing poverty to a reasonable extent.
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Muttaqien, Widhyanto. "Strategi Adaptasi: Kisah Desa Kawa dan Desa Morodemak dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Populasi dan Ekologi." Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning 2, no. 2 (August 21, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2018.2.2.151-170.
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Population growth in coastal areas, especially as a result of migration, has put pressure on the environment, both the built environment and the community management environment in implementing sustainable livelihood strategies. This paper wishes to explain two models of community adaptation in two distinct areas, namely Morodemak Village on the north coast of Central Java, which began to recede in the management of common resources, and Kawa Village in Seram Barat coast, which is still strong in maintaining the tradition of coastal and terrestrial territorial management as a common resource. The research methodology used in this research is qualitative approach, with semi structured interview and focus group discussion. From the results of the study, it was revealed that people were able to reshape their resources based on ecological and social changes, as their adaptation strategy in sustaining sustainable livelihoods.
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Friberg, Jon Horgen. "Poverty, networks, resistance: The economic sociology of Roma migration for begging." Migration Studies 8, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny038.
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Abstract Migration for begging and informal street work in Western Europe has become a common livelihood strategy in many Romanian Roma communities, and over the last decade, Scandinavia has emerged as an important new destination. Using a combination of quantitative survey data on Romanian migrant beggars and street workers in Oslo, Stockholm and Copenhagen, and qualitative fieldworks in Scandinavia and Romania, this article presents a framework for studying migration for begging that goes beyond widespread narratives rooted in either culture or poverty. I argue that migration for begging is a purposeful economic adaptation, embedded in three distinct sets of social phenomena. First, the social and economic processes of marginalization of Roma communities in post-socialist Romania can help explain the motive for migration in terms of poverty and lack of alternative options. Second, the structure of social capital within Roma households and communities can help explain why they are able to engage in transnational migration under extremely difficult conditions despite lacking economic and educational resources. Third, ‘oppositional’ Roma identities can help to explain why some are willing to engage in ‘transgressional’ activities that others perceive as shameful, thus allowing the exploitation of marginal economic resources in times of economic hardship.
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Sun, Rui, Jianing Mi, Shu Cao, and Xiao Gong. "Classifying Livelihood Strategies Adopting the Activity Choice Approach in Rural China." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113019.
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The classification of livelihood strategies is important for designing effective and targeted poverty-reducing strategies. This paper classified livelihood strategies adopting the activity choice approach and compared differences among income levels, asset endowments, poverty rates, and poverty causes of different household clusters to provide bases for the identification of targeted poverty-reducing strategies. By making the two-step cluster analysis, 2042 households were divided into four clusters. Agricultural households get a relatively low income because of the reliance on agricultural production and the lack of required assets to enter more remunerative livelihood strategies. Self-employment is the most remunerative livelihood strategy and high physical and financial capital accumulations are the premise of adopting a self-employed strategy. Featured with a medium-level income and asset endowments, wage-employed households benefit from a more-educated labor force and shoulder a heavy burden caused by children’s education at the same time. Besides, rural households face a series of social issues from labor migration, especially self-employed and wage-employed households. Non-labor households have a low-level income and asset endowments with older family members and an unhealthier labor force caused mainly by the aging population and accompanying diseases and disabilities. The transfer income-oriented non-labor households are the main object of poverty alleviation.
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Fielmua, Nicholas, Dugle Gordon, and Darius T. Mwingyine. "Migration as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change: Influencing Factors in North-western Ghana." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 6 (November 29, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n6p155.
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Climate change has attracted the attention of all stakeholders, ranging from individuals in the household through to global organisations in the international community. As an inevitable phenomenon at the moment, adaptation is the key response to minimising the unfavourable effects of climate change. While there are several adaptation strategies, rural areas mostly use migration as an ultimate and most reliable option. Rural migration in Ghana is mostly from the north to the south. This paper examines the factors that influence individuals and households’ decision to use migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change effects in North-western Ghana. Data was collected using household questionnaire in four communities and analysed using statistical package for social science, version 20.0. The study established that although there are other reasons for migration, it is used essentially as an adaptation strategy to the effects of climate change on livelihood. The study concludes that the debate on climate change and migration should no longer be whether climate change causes human migration but how the effects of climate change influence migrants’ resolve to migrate as an adaptation strategy. Such an analysis allows policy makers to find practical adaptive capacity measures that can offset the challenges at the original homes of migrants.
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Wang, Chao, and Jiayi Tang. "Ritualized Law and Livelihood Fragility of Left-Behind Women in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124323.
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Family separation in rural China has led to a considerably large number of left-behind women who have to deal with livelihood fragility. The Department for International Development (DFID) framework focusing on households provides a base to understand the livelihood fragility of these women. Based on this framework and the existing field research, this study identifies that the national macro-strategy of unsynchronized development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization leads to a separated migration model for rural families. Furthermore, the process of social modernization increases the fragility risk of how the left-behind family functions. The traditional gender culture expectations also directly affect rural families to make the livelihood strategy choice of, “male working outside, female taking care of home”. Based on the above theoretical research, this study extracts the concept of “ritualized law” to shed light on gender differentiation and family separation. A number of formal social security institutions have been established to promote the development of farmers, however, the ingrained culture gender differentiation encourages men to work in the profitable urban industry while women work in the field of unpaid agriculture and shoulder the responsibility of housework. This makes the formal institution a symbolic ornament for left-behind women, while they are forced to stay in rural areas and suffer from the fragility of livelihood.
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Sahoo, Minati. "Mining and Social Capital: A Micro-analysis from Odisha, India." Journal of Population and Social Studies 29 (October 26, 2020): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv292021.007.
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The Sustainable Livelihood Framework has identified social capital as one of the means upon which sustainable livelihoods are built. Hence an attempt was made in this study to determine whether mining improves the social capital of a local community in the primary mineral producing state of Odisha, India. A comparative approach utilizing various statistical techniques with mining and non-mining areas was used. It was found that mining is having a significantly adverse impact on the social capital of the mineral-rich region of Odisha in the preference for the nuclear family rather than the larger family size; social tensions due to massive unemployment, migration, or non-payment of compensation for land acquisition; a higher level of alcohol consumption; and, low workforce participation of women in mining villages than in non-mining villages. Even less involvement in associations and groups and weak social networks have been found among people in the mining region. Thus, mining activity in the region has deteriorated, instead of improving, the area's social capital. This depreciation raises the issue of mining as being a truly sustainable source of livelihood. This issue makes it necessary for the administrative machinery to design a strategy appropriate for augmentation of the social capital in India's mineral abundant regions.
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Kimengsi, Jude, Jürgen Pretzsch, Mukong Kechia, and Symphorien Ongolo. "Measuring Livelihood Diversification and Forest Conservation Choices: Insights from Rural Cameroon." Forests 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020081.
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While forests’ contribution to rural livelihoods has been unearthed scientifically, the patterns, determinants and forest conservation policy implications of livelihood diversification still beg for more scientific and policy edification. This paper makes a contribution in this regard, using household data (N = 200) from eight villages around the Kilum-Ijim Forest Landscape of Cameroon. The ordinary least square and the logit model are used to explore the determinants of livelihood diversification and the likelihood of forest dependence, respectively. The diversification patterns were analysed using a simple t-test, and the multinomial logit for conservation choices. We find that forest-related activities are a source of livelihood diversification for 63% of households, with non-timber forest products (NTFP) domestication (31%) and medicinal plant extraction (30%) being the most preferred. For non-forest activities, migration is the most preferred diversification strategy. Generally, households with favourable socio-economic status prefer non-forest to forest activities for livelihood diversification. The regression estimates indicate that older respondents are more likely to depend on the forest than the young, whereas males and individuals with at least some secondary education are less likely than their respective counterparts to rely on the forest. The results also suggest those who participated in training, educated household heads and older individuals are significantly more likely to choose high-valued diversification strategies. Concerning conservation activities, households with favourable socio-economic status are on average less likely to adopt NTFP domestication and more likely to adopt bee-keeping as a conservation choice. The results suggest the need for policy considerations to: (i) effectively integrate women in forest management processes, (ii) intensify trainings for conservation-friendly diversification approaches, (iii) regulate unclean energy use and (iv) encourage value chain improvement for conservation-friendly products.
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Ogra, M. V., and R. Badola. "Gender and climate change in the Indian Himalayas: global threats, local vulnerabilities, and livelihood diversification at the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve." Earth System Dynamics 6, no. 2 (August 7, 2015): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-505-2015.
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Abstract. Global climate change has numerous implications for members of mountain communities who feel the impacts in both physical and social dimensions. In the western Himalayas of India, a majority of residents maintain a livelihood strategy that includes a combination of subsistence or small-scale agriculture, livestock rearing, seasonal or long-term migration, and localized natural resource extraction. While warming temperatures, irregular patterns of precipitation and snowmelt, and changing biological systems present challenges to the viability of these traditional livelihood portfolios in general, we find that climate change is also undermining local communities' livelihood assets in gender-specific ways. In this paper, we present a case study from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand, India) that both outlines the implications of climate change for women farmers in the area and highlights the potential for ecotourism (as a form of livelihood diversification) to strengthen both key livelihood assets of women and local communities' adaptive capacity more broadly. The paper intentionally employs a categorical focus on women but also addresses issues of inter-group and gender diversity. With this special issue in mind, suggestions for related research are proposed for consideration by climate scientists and social systems and/or policy modelers seeking to support gender justice through socially transformative perspectives and frameworks.
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White, Anne. "Informal Practices, Unemployment, and Migration in Small-Town Poland." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 30, no. 2 (September 9, 2015): 404–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415602056.
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The article applies a livelihood strategy approach to understanding how potential migrants in Poland make decisions about finding employment in Poland or abroad, in the context of a Polish labour market characterised by the highest incidence of temporary employment in the EU; regional economic inequality; and local pockets of high unemployment. More specifically, it examines the situation and perspectives of long-term unemployed people in depressed small towns and rural areas. It explores how—in the view of forty interviewees—informal practices influence their lives and prospects. It is well known that unemployment can lead to migration, but not all unemployed people migrate, begging the question of why and when do they do migrate. The article, based on a small sample, cannot provide definitive answers to such questions, but detailed interviews about individual livelihoods can establish some patterns of causation: for example, whether and why interviewees see migration as preferable to informal work in Poland. Interviewees tended to attribute their lack of employment in Poland to not having useful connections who could secure them “decent” work; they felt they were being pushed abroad because the only alternative was local jobs which were informal in the sense of being in breach of labour law. By contrast, many interviewees had more useful contacts abroad than at home; networks represented both escape routes and opportunities. Interviewees often expressed a preference for using informal channels to migrate, though their stories also illustrated the riskiness of depending on networks.
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Muhammad, Rehan Khan. "International Forced Migration and Pak- Afghan Development Concerns: Exploring Afghan Refugee Livelihood Strategies." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i4.667.
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This study investigates the livelihood strategies employed by Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan. These refugees were forced to take refuge in Pakistan after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1978. Three decades after their migration, and after repeated Pakistani government attempts to resettle them in Afghanistan, scores of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan. This paper discusses the evolving relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the years and their respective implications. Researching the various livelihood strategies that Afghan refugees pursued their impact on the Pakistani labor market is discussed. By means of taking a case study of an Afghan refugee woman, this study concludes that there exists a gender dimension in Afghan refugee population. In doing so two developmental concerns are identified i) development projects focused on refugee assistance in Afghanistan and Pakistan ignore the development concerns of the women population ii) countries that provide refuge to victims of war are exposed to a new set of development challenges in addition to their already burdened economy. This paper furthers the academic debate on achieving the development challenge of attaining a stable South Asia, in light of the AfPak strategy initiated by President Obama in 2010, and reflects on potential areas for policy making for Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States.
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Erőss, Ágnes, Monika Mária Váradi, and Doris Wastl-Walter. "Cross-border Migration and Gender Boundaries in Central Eastern Europe – Female Perspectives." Migration Letters 17, no. 4 (July 30, 2020): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i4.700.
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In post-Socialist countries, cross-border labour migration has become a common individual and family livelihood strategy. The paper is based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with two ethnic Hungarian women whose lives have been significantly reshaped by cross-border migration. Focusing on the interplay of gender and cross-border migration, our aim is to reveal how gender roles and boundaries are reinforced and repositioned by labour migration in the post-socialist context where both the socialist dual-earner model and conventional ideas of family and gender roles simultaneously prevail. We found that cross-border migration challenged these women to pursue diverse strategies to balance their roles of breadwinner, wife, and mother responsible for reproductive work. Nevertheless, the boundaries between female and male work or status were neither discursively nor in practice transgressed. Thus, the effect of cross-border migration on altering gender boundaries in post-socialist peripheries is limited.
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Loschmann, Craig, and Melissa Siegel. "Revisiting the Motivations behind Remittance Behavior: Evidence of Debt-Financed Migration from Afghanistan." Migration Letters 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i1.255.
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In an insecure environment like Afghanistan it is believed that many families consider establishing household members at different geographic locations, frequently abroad, as a way to hedge against risks to a sustainable livelihood. With this in mind, this study examines whether such a migration strategy rests on remittance transfers as an alternative source of income, exploiting the way in which migration is financed as a discriminating factor. Our results show remittance transfers are lower for debt-financed migrants, and the influence of certain individual and household characteristics are in line with what we would expect if altruism is the dominating motivation. In light of this finding, we speculate that the sending of household members abroad as a risk-coping strategy may be less about having an alternative source of income and more about having an alternative location to escape to if the security situation happens to take a turn for the worse.
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Rai, Tanvi, Helen S. Lambert, and Helen Ward. "Migration as a risk and a livelihood strategy: HIV across the life course of migrant families in India." Global Public Health 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1155635.
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Eklund, Lisa. "Son Preference Reconfigured? A Qualitative Study of Migration and Social Change in Four Chinese Villages." China Quarterly 224 (October 23, 2015): 1026–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741015001198.
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AbstractDrawing from ethnographic data from 48 households in four villages in rural Anhui, this study explores how two practices known for upholding son preference are affected by rural–urban out-migration, with a particular focus on the division of labour in agricultural work and patrilocality. The study deploys the concepts of an intergenerational contract and the “unsubstitutability” of sons and finds that a weakening of the intergenerational contract can take place without substantially challenging the unsubstitutability of sons. The study concludes that although male out-migration undermines the argument that sons are needed to secure male manual labour in family farming, the vital role of male labour as a rural livelihood strategy largely persists. Moreover, although the study identifies migration-induced exceptions, patrilocality remains the main organizing principle for social and economic life for both male and female migrants. Hence, the study finds little support for the prospect that migration is attenuating son preference in rural China.
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Berman, Matthew. "Household Harvesting, State Policy, and Migration: Evidence from the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137071.
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Household harvesting of wild fish and game contributes to food security in indigenous communities across the Arctic, and in some regions plays an important role in cultural identity of indigenous peoples. The degree to which the state regulates harvesting and restricts distribution of country foods varies widely, however, and this intervention in local economies can affect livelihood opportunities. The paper hypothesizes that where state policy has contributed to harvesting remaining a culturally embedded livelihood strategy, its contribution to the quality of life may influence people to remain in rural communities, despite potentially lower material living standards. Lacking such a cultural linkage, harvesting may become the employer of last resort for people unable to find paying jobs or leave declining communities for a better life elsewhere. The paper examines the association between Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA) respondents’ intent to remain in their community of residence and household harvesting, cash income from work, and other relevant factors. The results include both similarities and differences for residents of arctic Alaska, arctic Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka. Systematic differences found appear consistent with the hypothesis about the role of household harvesting and state policy toward harvest and distribution of country foods.
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Xu, Dingde, Zhixing Ma, Xin Deng, Yi Liu, Kai Huang, Wenfeng Zhou, and Zhuolin Yong. "Relationships between Land Management Scale and Livelihood Strategy Selection of Rural Households in China from the Perspective of Family Life Cycle." Land 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010011.
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Rural households are micro-organizational systems that are composed of different family members. Against a background of fragmented land patterns and massive labor migration in China, it is of great significance for the sustainable development of regional economies to explore the optimal selection of livelihood strategies by rural households. Using a survey containing data from 8031 rural households from 27 provinces in China, this study analyzed the characteristics and spatial distribution trends of the land management scale, family life cycle, and livelihood strategy selection of rural households, and constructed Tobit econometric models to explore the correlations among these factors. The results show: (1) Rural households’ land management scale was primarily small-scale and, as it expanded, the proportion of the total cash income coming from agricultural activities increased. A relative majority of rural households were in the middle period of the family life cycle, and relatively few rural households were in the starting and empty nest periods. The proportion of the total cash income of rural households coming from agricultural pursuits while in the stable and the empty nest periods was relatively large, reaching 40.51% and 38.92%, respectively. In most provinces sampled, rural households’ livelihood strategies were non-agriculturally based, and the land management scale was mainly less than 0.67 ha. (2) Rural households’ land management scale positively correlated with their livelihood strategy selection. When other conditions remained unchanged, with every 1 ha increase in land management scale, the proportion of agricultural cash income in total family cash income increased, on average, by 3.7%. In comparison with rural households in the empty nest period, the proportions of agricultural cash income in the total family cash income of rural households in other family life cycles were relatively small. Specifically, for rural households in the starting, rearing, burden, stable, and maintenance periods, the proportion of agricultural cash income in the total family cash income decreased, on average, by 6.8%, 6.7%, 9.2%, 3.5%, and 16.3%, respectively.
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Ashenafi Woldemichael and Melese Getu. "Predictors of Irregular International Migration among Youth in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 16, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejossah.v16i1.2.
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This article deals with irregular international migration among the youth in south-west Ethiopia, which is one of the major issues that grabbed the attention of the international community in recent years. The article draws on a study which aimed at determining major predictors of irregular migration intention among youth in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Irregular migration and human trafficking are serious challenges that people face in Ethiopia in general and in Jimma Zone in particular. Concurrent cross-sectional mixed method study design was deployed, and a total of 347 respondents participated in a quantitative survey and 33 and 6 took part in five Focus Group Discussions and in-depth interviews respectively. The study was conducted in three selected woredas/districts of Jimma Zone between March and April 2018. Variables such as age, political unrest, unreliable information from social media, social networks, the desire for life enhancement, and readiness for taking risk are found to be good predictors or reasons of irregular migration. Age has strong negative correlation (r=-0.73) with irregular migration intention. Personal readiness has very strong (r=0.96) and positive correlation with irregular migration intention. In conclusion, youth in particular and community in general in Jimma Zone favor irregular migration to home situation and prefer to try out other life as livelihood strategy.
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Ogra, M. V., and R. Badola. "Gender and climate change in the Indian Hindu-Kush Himalayas: global threats, local vulnerabilities." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 5, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 1491–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-1491-2014.
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Abstract. Global climate change has numerous implications for members of mountain communities who feel the impacts in both physical and social dimensions. In the Western Himalayas of India, a majority of residents maintain a livelihood strategy that includes a combination of subsistence or small-scale agriculture, seasonal pastoral migration, male out-migration, and localized natural resource extraction. Particularly under conditions of heavy male outmigration, but throughout the region, mountain women play a key role in providing labor and knowledge related to the management of local natural resources, yet often lack authority in related political and economic decision-making processes. This gap has important implications for addressing the impacts of climate change: while warming temperatures, irregular patterns of precipitation and snowmelt, and changing biological systems present challenges to the viability of these traditional livelihood portfolios throughout the region, mountain women increasingly face new challenges in their roles as household managers that have not adequately been emphasized in larger scale planning for climate change adaptation and mitigation. These challenges are complex in nature, and are shaped not only by gender issues but also interacting factors such as class, caste, ethnicity, and age (among others). In this paper, we review the main arguments behind the discursive gender/climate change nexus, discuss the implications for gendered vulnerabilities and transformation of adaptive capacities in the region, and suggest ways that researchers and policymakers seeking to promote "climate justice" can benefit from the incorporation of gender-based perspectives and frameworks.
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Ritonga, Sakti, and Oekan S. Abdoellah. "KINSHIP PRACTICE OF TOBA BATAK MOSLEM AS A LAND CONTROL STRATEGY IN ASAHAN." Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 4, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v4i1.7356.
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<p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> <strong>Praktik Kekerabatan Batak Toba Muslim sebagai Strategi Pengendalian Lahan di Asahan.</strong> Studi ini menunjukkan pemakaian relasi kekerabatan Batak Toba Muslim sebagai strategi penghidupan bagi penguasaan tanah dalam ruang penguasaan yang ganti berganti sejak era Melayu-Islam di Asahan melalui perspektif teori praktik dari Bourdieu. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode etnografi. Satuan analisis ditetapkan secara berjenjang mulai keluarga, kelompok keturunan, perkumpulan marga, serta komunitas Batak Toba pada wilayah perkampungan pedalaman Bandar Pulau, Bandar Pasir Mandoge dan Buntu Pane. Studi menemukan siasat-siasat adaptasi telah memperluas aliansi dan meningkatkan fungsi praktis kekerabatan Batak Toba dalam upaya penguasaan tanah sebagai sumber daya penghidupan terpenting sebagai satuan kekerabatan berkorporasi. Kontestasi terhadap lahan semakin rumit seiring masuknya pengaruh modal korporasi perkebunan dan kekuatan negara di perkampungan. Ketika berhadapan dengan kepentingan institusi lain yang lebih besar seperti perusahaan perkebunan dan negara dalam hal sengketa lahan, tampak siasat penggunaan jaringan marga atau kelompok keturunan menjadi terbatas fungsinya, jika dibandingkan dengan persaingan sumber daya di antara sesama keluarga Batak Toba. </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>praktik kekerabatan, strategi mata pencaharian, migrasi, Muslim Batak Toba<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>: This study shows the use of Toba Batak Moslem kinship relations as a livelihood strategy for land control in the changing space of power since the Malay-Islamic era in Asahan through the perspective of Bourdieu's theory of practice. The research was conducted using ethnographic methods. The analysis units are determined in stages starting from the family, descent group, clan association, and the Toba Batak community in the hinterland areas of Bandar Pulau, Bandar Pasir Mandoge and Buntu Pane. The results of the study found that adaptation strategies have expanded alliances and increased the practical function of the Toba Batak kinship in an effort to control land as the most important source of livelihood as a corporate kinship unit. Contestation of land is getting more complicated as the influence of plantation corporate capital and state power enters the village. When dealing with the interests of other larger institutions such as plantation companies and the state in terms of land disputes, it appears that the use of clan networks or descent groups is limited in function, when compared with the competition for resources among Toba Batak families. <br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> kinship practices, livelihood strategies, migration, Toba Batak Moslem</p>
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KABUBO-MARIARA, JANE. "Herders response to acute land pressure under changing property rights: some insights from Kajiado District, Kenya." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2005): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001512.
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This paper examines the response of herders to increased shortage and degradation of land in an arid and semi-arid land setting in Kenya, under changing property right regimes using both survey and secondary data. We argue that the responses adopted are livelihood strategies to improve herder's welfare. We explore the determinants of three different strategies: crop cultivation, investment in land improvements, and migration with livestock. We employ the probit regression framework to explain each strategy. The main findings of the study are that private property rights, educational attainment, and availability of water are major determinants of the three strategies. We recommend policies that favour privatization of existing common property resources, improve education levels, and increase supply of water in the district.
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Toth, Georgiana, Alina Huzui-Stoiculescu, Alexandru-Ioan Toth, and Robert Stoiculescu. "How Do Natura 2000 Areas Intersect with Peoples’ Livelihood Strategies in High Nature Value Farmlands in Southern Transylvania?" Land 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120484.
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The establishment of the Natura 2000 network in Romania constitutes a turning point for the policy on biodiversity conservation in this country. The presence of human communities in certain Natura 2000 areas determines complex interactions between social and ecological systems, particularly in the case of High Nature Value farmlands that are assigned to this network of protected natural areas. A large part of Romania’s biodiversity depends on traditional farming systems that are under pressure from either agricultural intensification or land abandonment, which reflects socio-economic changes that have pushed rural households into developing new livelihood strategies. This paper explores the particular context of traditional rural communities from Southern Transylvania which is a High Nature Value farmland area largely included in the Natura 2000 network. We conducted an empirical analysis that focused on two main issues. The first was applying quantitative methods aimed at identifying the linkages between livelihood capitals and livelihood strategies of people living in Natura 2000 areas. The second was analyzing differences in local development levels which correlate with the share of territorial administrative units belonging to Natura 2000 areas. Our results are based on questionnaire and interview data collected from 40 rural administrative-territorial units within Southern Transylvania as well as on mapping land use changes using Landsat satellite images of 1985, 2003 and 2015. The results indicate that rural communities living in Natura 2000 areas turn to migration as an additional household strategy besides usual on-farm and off-farm activities, leading to rural shrinkage and farmland abandonment.
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Schmidt, Kerstin. "The meaning of farming beyond being a livelihood strategy: the complex linkages between climate change, agriculture and international migration in Zacatecas, Mexico." International Review of Sociology 29, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2019.1641274.
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Roy, Archana K., Pappu Singh, and U. N. Roy. "Impact of Rural-urban Labour Migration on Education of Children: A Case Study of Left behind and Accompanied Migrant Children in India." Space and Culture, India 2, no. 4 (April 9, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i4.74.
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In developing countries, seasonal labour migration from rural to urban or from backward to developed region is a household livelihood strategy to cope with poverty. In this process, the children of those migrants are the worst affected whether they accompany their parents or are left behind in the villages. The present paper explores the impact of temporary labour migration of parent(s) on school attendance of the children between 6–14 years and their dropping out from the school through an analysis of the cases from both the ends of migration stream in India. Data was collected from thirteen construction sites of Varanasi Uttar Pradesh and nine villages of Bihar by applying both qualitative and quantitative techniques. It is evident from the study that the migrants through remittances improve school accessibility for the left behind children and bridge gender gap in primary school education. However, among the accompanying migrant children of construction workers, many remain out of school and many are forced to drop out and some of them become vulnerable to work as child labour due to seasonal mobility of their parents. Thus, mainstreaming these children in development process is a big challenge in attaining the goal of universal primary education and inclusive growth in the country like India.Key words: School dropout, seasonal labour migration, left behind children, caste system, poverty, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India
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Abubakar Ibrahim, Sirajo, and Zayyanu Ladan. "The Role of Small Scale Enterprises in Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Sokoto State." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 32 (June 2014): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.32.197.
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Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. This is more obvious with the regard to Nigeria where it was estimated about 70 % (2010) of the population are living below poverty line. Similarly, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) recently released the figure in 2013., which indicate Sokoto state as having highest incidence of poverty, with 81.2 % poverty rate. The pressure of poverty and the absence of any other income earning activity during the dry season force the people in these area of the North Western part of Sokoto on Migration after every raining season across the country, in order to sustain their livelihood. This paper is of the opinion that rural dwellers can be self reliant within their locality by utilizing the available resources as well as establishing some new business ideas for small scale business as a strategy in poverty reduction and controlling high migration rate. Similarly the paper recommend among others, the effective enlightenment awareness and motivation on the role of boosting the economic development of the rural areas.
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Khatri, Bishnu B. "Utilization of Remittance at Household Level: A Case of Khanigaun Village of Resunga Municipality, Gulmi District." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 14, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v14i1-2.19643.
Full textAbstract:
The rural out-migration for labour of Nepal is a common livelihood strategy at household level. The paper tries to assess the utilization of rural-out migrants’ remittance at household level in Khanigaun Village of Resunga Municipality, Gulmi District. The study is mainly based on primary data and utilized mixed method. The primary information collected through household survey and focus group discussions techniques. 120 sample households were selected by using purposive sampling method. The targeted households were those where at least one family member of household who are working in the foreign country or who worked foreign country and have returned now as a labour migration. The data revealed that the major bulk of remittances were used for consumption purposes. Though, household investment in business or traditional productive sectors and savings were rather small, but remittances were also seen as important financial means for investment in human capital (i.e. education, health and hygiene), housing and land purchase. The importance of the repayment of the cost of migration should not be underestimated. Finally, the study concludes that most of migrant families had improved their living standard to some extent from the remittance money so far, either they used productive or not is in the debate. Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural StudiesVol. 14 (Joint issue) (1&2), 2017, Page: 12-20
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Crossland, Mary, Ana Maria Paez Valencia, Tim Pagella, Kai Mausch, Dave Harris, Luke Dilley, and Leigh Winowiecki. "Women’s Changing Opportunities and Aspirations Amid Male Outmigration: Insights from Makueni County, Kenya." European Journal of Development Research 33, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 910–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00362-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn Makueni County, Kenya, an area experiencing intensifying migration flows, we investigate the aspired futures of rural men and women using a novel methodology combining a narrative-based survey tool, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Our findings indicate that, in the absence of men and presence of norms restricting women's movement out of rural life, women are becoming increasingly engaged in farm management. Women’s aspirational narratives focused on commercialising farm activities, likely reflecting their changing agricultural opportunity space and new realities as farm managers. We highlight that only considering aspirations at the household level overlooks differing individual contributions, agency over various household income streams and individuals’ changing roles throughout life. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for further aspirations research including explicit consideration of intrahousehold heterogeneity and how individual strategies and aspirations interrelate and are negotiated at the household level to build an overall livelihood strategy.
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Flaim, Amanda, Lindy B. Williams, and Daniel B. Ahlquist. "How Statelessness, Citizenship, and Out-migration Contribute to Stratification Among Rural Elderly in the Highlands of Thailand." Social Forces 99, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz133.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In rural communities across the Global South, families are relying on temporary and permanent out-migration for work to navigate destabilizing agrarian transformations. While research indicates that success of this household livelihood strategy may depend on the legal status of international migrants, precarious legal status is not solely a problem relegated to people who cross national borders. Indeed, millions worldwide are stateless in the countries of their birth. In this mixed-method study, we assess the importance of legal status for elderly well-being among highlanders in Northern Thailand—rural communities that are experiencing both extensive out-migration and protracted statelessness. We find that elderly wealth and work outcomes are shaped by the legal status of both out-migrants and of the rural elderly themselves. Specifically, we show that when rural elderly or their migrant relatives are stateless, the elderly are more likely to engage in wage work and less likely to gain financial benefits of out-migration to the extent that citizens do. Through ethnographic engagement, we locate the contributions of legal status to rural stratification in its complex entanglements with land access and ethno-nationalism in the region, and in the ways that state and market infrastructures deploy citizenship to surveil highlanders and other minorities in Thailand. Amidst growing calls to resolve statelessness in the Global South, our research suggests that the combination of out-migration and uneven extension of citizenship in rural communities is likely to exacerbate stratification, both for migrants and for those who rarely leave home.