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Whalin, Rebekah Christine. "The Detection of Mycoplasmas in Migratory Birds." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1239986702.
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Latta, Steven C. "Ecology and population regulation of neotropical migratory birds in the Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9998494.
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Penhollow, Mark E. "Large-scale habitat relationships of neotropical migratory birds." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171849/.
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Grist, Hannah. "Patterns and consequences of variation in winter location in a partially migratory population of European shags." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225313.
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Blackburn, Emma. "The wintering and migration ecology of the whinchat Saxicola rubetra, a declining Palearctic migrant." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11859.
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For migrant birds, the non-breeding season can greatly influence survival and future reproductive success. Knowledge of annual and overwinter survival, the degree of site fidelity and habitat use in the non-breeding season, migration ecology, routes and stopovers, and whether these differ with age or sex is fundamental to understanding population dynamics, vulnerability to anthropogenic habitat degradation, and consequently for understanding the severe widespread declines of migrant bird species. The degree to which a migrant is a winter specialist or generalist is likely to be central to understanding population dynamics. I studied survival rates and the wintering and migration ecology of a declining Palearctic migrant, the whinchat Saxicola rubetra, wintering in West Africa, to establish how the non-breeding season may influence migrant population dynamics. Whinchats were extremely site faithful to both within and between years, holding distinct winter territories and returning to those territories in subsequent winters, despite the opportunity to relocate. Overwinter survival was very high and annual survival was comparable to or higher than that reported on the breeding grounds. Because our power to detect resident and dispersing birds was high, survival rates likely estimated true survival well. Habitat characteristics varied widely across territories and territories were smaller if more perching shrubs and maize were present. Most individuals showed a tolerance or even preference for human modified habitats. Some individuals may have multiple wintering sites. There was no evidence of dominance-based habitat occupancy or any differences in winter ecology, site fidelity, survival and most aspects of migratory behaviour between age and sex classes. Migratory connectivity occurred only on a large-scale and individual migratory behaviour was also varied. Fundamentally, the results suggest a generalist strategy in the non-breeding season within their wintering habitat of open savannah, most likely as an adaption to stochastic site selection within the wintering range for juveniles undertaking their first migration plus changing and unpredictable conditions both within and between years. Consequently, wintering conditions may not significantly limit whinchat populations and mortality is probably highest during active migration. Notably, non-specialist migrants such as whinchats may have some resilience at the population-level to the increasing anthropogenic habitat modification occurring in Africa, suggesting that conditions during migration and in Europe may be driving declines; yet establishing the currently unknown thresholds of any resilience is likely to be fundamental for the future conservation migrants.
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Appleman, Kelley H. "Measuring the recreational use value of migratory shorebirds a stated preference study of birdwatching on the Delaware Bay /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 116 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885462211&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Parker, Miriam. "What's bad for the Jews and other migratory snow birds." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-1/rp/parkerm/miriamparker.pdf.
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Sorensen, Marjorie Clements. "Migrants in winter : carry-over effects, song, and individual success in trans-Saharan migratory birds." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708666.
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Baltz, Michael E. "The nonbreeding season ecology of neotropical migratory birds in the dry zone of Puerto Rico /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988644.
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MUSITELLI, FEDERICA. "Aves remores:responses of migratory birds to climate change and habitat alteration." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/180705.
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Il cambiamento climatico e le alterazioni degli habitat sono ritenuti i principali fattori che contribuiscono alla perdita di biodiversità. Gli uccelli sono considerati un eccellente indicatore delle conseguenze del cambiamento climatico, a causa della loro estrema visibilità, mobilità e diffusione. Gli uccelli migratori sono ritenuti particolarmente sensibili a tali cambiamenti poiché, trascorrendo le diverse fasi del loro ciclo di vita in aree differenti, subiscono gli effetti di diversi pattern di cambiamento delle condizioni ecologiche. Questo lavoro esplora i molteplici effetti del cambiamento climatico e degli habitat sugli uccelli. In particolare, fornisce prove empiriche di come gli uccelli migratori siano influenzati dalla variabilità delle condizioni ecologiche incontrate sia negli areali non riproduttivi che durante i viaggi migratori e di come vi reagiscano. Si elencano di seguito i temi principali trattati nella tesi.
Innanzitutto, si propone un innovativo metodo automatizzato per rappresentare le rotte migratorie attraverso l'analisi di dati di cattura e ricattura. La procedura è stata applicata su dati di inanellamento delle Rondini e ha consentito di ricostruire modelli migratori coerenti con le conoscenze pregresse di questa specie. Questo studio dimostra la possibilità di applicare il metodo di analisi ad altre specie meno studiate ed enfatizza il valore informativo dei dati di inanellamento, valore spesso sottostimato.
Secondariamente, si valuta come le condizioni ecologiche esperite dalla Rondine negli areali non riproduttivi e durante i viaggi migratori influenzino le dinamiche demografiche della specie. I risultati indicano che l'arrivo nei quartieri non riproduttivi e nelle zone di sosta durante la migrazione primaverile sono le fasi più critiche del ciclo di vita di questo migratore. In un ulteriore studio basato sui dati di inanellamento del Pettirossi, un migratore parziale, si dimostra che la distanza percorsa dagli individui di popolazioni interamente migratrici diminuisce con inverni più miti. Questi studi indicano che le condizioni ambientali esperite dagli uccelli durante la stagione non riproduttiva possono influenzare i comportamenti dei migratori, con un impatto significativo sui trend demografici e sulla loro distribuzione. Inoltre, si osserva un diverso grado di variabilità nelle risposte fenologiche tra diverse popolazioni geografiche.
Si indagano, gli effetti dell’allevamento sugli uccelli di habitat rurali che stanno subendo declini demografici in Europa. Questo studio è condotto attraverso una meta-analisi quantitativa della letteratura scientifica sull'argomento. I risultati confermano che la dismissione di pratiche di allevamento ha effetti negativi sull'abbondanza e la riproduzione delle Rondini. Un test sperimentale condotto su pulcini sottoposti ad un’alterazione controllata della disponibilità di cibo ha confermato che la disponibilità di risorse nei quartieri riproduttivi può alterare il loro comportamento di begging,, con conseguenze sulla loro fitness.
Infine, sono presentati i risultati di due studi innovativi sul microbioma intestinale delle Rondini e del piumaggio dei Rondoni.<br>Climate change and habitat modification are the main anthropogenic causes of the alarming loss of the worldwide biodiversity. Highly visible due to diurnal lifestyle, mobile, and widespread in quite all habitats, migratory birds are considered excellent bio-indicators of the ongoing global environmental change. Long distance migrants − experiencing divergent patterns of change in ecological conditions in the breeding and non-breeding quarters − are more sensitive to these changes and, thus, are suffering larger demographical decline in comparison to short dis<tance migrants.
The present dissertation investigates the multifaceted effects of climate change and habitat alteration on bird migratory behaviour. In particular, it provides empirical evidence of how migrants are affected by and react to variability in the ecological conditions in the non-breeding grounds and during migration journeys. The Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), the European robin (Erithacus rubecula) and the Common swift (Apus apus) are the three model species use in this thesis.
Firstly, a novel automatized method for representing migratory routes through the analyses of mark-recaptures data is proposed. The procedure is tested on the Barn swallows’ ring recoveries, which composed the largest ring database from the EURING and SAFRING databanks. The resulting migratory routes confirm the existing knowledge of the general migration pattern for the species in Europe, and emphasise the often-unexploited informative values of ringing data.
Concerning the main topic of the dissertation, I documented the influence of ecological factors (i.e. the primary productivity) experienced by Barn swallows in their sub-Saharan non-breeding ranges and during migratory journeys aiming at identifying significant relations with the year-to-year population trends. The arrival at wintering ground and the resting at stopover sites during spring migration revealed to be the most critical phases of migrants’ annual life cycle. Similarly, I found that wintering thermal conditions experienced by the European robins induce spatial and temporal variations in migration propensity and distance among individuals and populations.
The second part of the thesis includes other studies that increase the knowledge of other biological traits of the model species investigated during my Ph.D. course. A meta-analysis review of the existing literature confirmed that abandonment of livestock rearing, seen as a fundamental feature of rural habitats, exerts negative effect on the breeding Barn swallow, by reducing availability of invertebrate preys in the habitats or nest sites.
An experimental test of food deprivation on Barn swallow nestlings further confirmed that resources supplies in the neighbourhood of a farm alter social intra-brood interactions and begging behaviour with potential consequences on nestlings’ quality.
The dissertation ends with the description and characterization of Barn swallow gut microbiome and Common swift plumage bacteria. The similarity of bacterial communities among populations or groups of individuals disclose the possibility to use bacteria as intrinsic marks for bird origin.
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Roades, Heather Nicole. "Species Composition, Relative Abundance, and Habitat Occurrence of Neotropical Migratory Birds Overwintering in Dominica, West Indies." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1343956255.
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Ecklar, Brooke Irene. "Evaluating Migratory Stopover Success: Monitoring the Decline of Bird Populations at Hueston Woods Biological Station." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596196643385067.
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Miller, Aileen Kilpatrick. "Site Selection by Migratory Shorebirds in Oregon Estuaries Over Broad and Fine Spatial Scales." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/443.
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Many migratory shorebirds rely on estuaries as stop-over sites to refuel during migration, and the loss of stop-over sites is a primary threat to shorebird populations on the West Coast of the United States (e.g. Calidris alpina pacifica, C. mauri). Conservation and research has focused on the largest of these sites; however, smaller estuaries also host thousands of migratory shorebirds. Furthermore, the reasons for site selection are largely unknown. Estuarine inter-tidal microhabitats are non-uniform and both abiotic and biotic factors may serve as predictors of whether an abundance of shorebirds will use a site. I investigated shorebird site selection on broad and fine scales within Oregon estuaries. To identify factors that relate to shorebird abundance on large spatial scales, I compiled shorebird abundance data from estuaries throughout the Pacific Northwest as well as data on site quality factors. To investigate site selection on a finer scale I measured shorebird abundance, habitat characteristics, and food resources―invertebrates and a newly considered source, biofilm―within two Oregon estuaries during the fall migration period. Finally, I examined whether channels are preferentially used by foraging Calidrid shorebirds by conducting observations during the spring migration. I investigated whether channels may be superior foraging habitat possibly because prey are more abundant, are found at shallower depths, or because sediments are more penetrable (increasing the opportunity for shorebird probing) by taking infauna cores and measuring force required to probe in the sediment at channel and open mudflat sites. Among estuaries, shorebird densities in spring were best predicted by estuary size, as opposed to the amount of any one habitat. During fall migration, the amount of grassland in the surrounding watershed was also a good predictor, pointing to the probable importance of roost sites as well as feeding grounds. The amount of infauna also related to the density of shorebirds using a site. Within estuaries, shorebird distribution in the inter-tidal region was not generally predicted by prey abundance. Channels were used preferentially by shorebirds, and infauna abundance along channels was greater than in the surrounding mudflats. The more penetrable sediments of the channel also made it easier for shorebirds to probe and capture prey. Identification of these large-scale and fine-scale factors that influence site quality for migratory shorebirds will assist land and wildlife managers' efforts to protect these species.
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Gordo, Villoslada Óscar. "Spatial and temporal migratory patterns of trans-Saharan birds in the Iberian Peninsula." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/803.
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The spatial and temporal variability of migratory phenology of <i>Ciconia ciconia, Cuculus canorus, Apus apus, Hirundo rustica</i> and <i>Luscinia megarhynchos</i> were studied by means of 44000 records for 1400 spanish sites during the period 1944-2004. In all species, first individuals arrive to the southern areas of Iberia, to low altitude sites, with dry and warm summers, and near to the Straits of Gibraltar. A. apus and <i>H. rustica</i> showed quite similar spatial patters due to the strong influence of fixed factors, which impose optimum migratory pathways. The onset of singing of <i>C. canorus</i> and <i>L. megarhynchos</i> showed a different and weak geographical pattern, which suggests that other local environmental factors could be influencing singing behaviour of males. In spite to be a soaring species, <i>C. ciconia</i> follows similar spatial patters for spring arrivals. However, its autumn departure and length of stay did not show any spatial gradient. Excepting <i>L. megarhynchos</i>, all species have advanced their arrival dates during the last three decades. Nevertheless, current dates are similar to those recorded sixty years ago. The strongest advancement was detected in <i>C. ciconia</i>, probably as a result of the growing number of wintering individuals in Iberia. In overall, species arrived earlier those years with plentiful rainfalls in western Africa and warmer spring temperatures in Iberia. Therefore, climate change is probably the underlying mechanism for temporal changes in migratory phenology also in Mediterranean populations. Departure dates only showed a significant advancement in <i>H. rustica</i>. Departures were weakly related to climatic variables. Temperatures during breeding period advanced departures in all species, while only <i>H. rustica</i> was affected by temperatures at departure time.<br>S'estudià la variabilitat espacial i temporal en la fenologia de la migració de diverses aus trans-Saharianes. Es van fer servir unes 44000 dates d'arribada i emigració de cigonya ("Ciconia ciconia"), cucut ("Cuculus canorus"), falciot ("Apus apus"), oreneta ("Hirundo rustica") i rossinyol ("Luscinia megarhynchos") enregistrades a unes 1400 localitats espanyoles entre 1944 i 2004 pels voluntaris de la xarxa fenològica de l'"Instituto Nacional de Meteorologí"a.<br/>Totes les espècies colonitzen la Península Ibèrica seguint un eix sudoest-nordest durant la primavera. Els primers individus arriben al sud, a localitats a baixa altitud, amb estius secs i calorosos i properes a l'Estret de Gibraltar. En el cas de l'oreneta i el falciot els patrons van ser especialment similars degut a la dependència de factors ambientals invariables, com ara el relleu, que marquen les rutes migratòries òptimes a través de la península en ambdues espècies. L'inici del cant va mostrar patrons espacials diferents en el cucut i el rossinyol, probablement com a resultat de la biologia tan diferent d'ambdues espècies. L'escassa capacitat predictiva dels seus models podria indicar que el cant també depèn d'altres factors que incideixen sobre les decisions dels mascles de cantar o no fer-ho i que són alienes a la migració. L'arribada de la cigonya segueix els patrons generals citats anteriorment tot i ser una espècie planadora. Pel contrari, les diferències entre localitats en les dates d'emigració i la durada de l'estada no tenen cap estructura espacial en aquesta espècie. Les cigonyes es reuneixen en grans estols durant la migració post-nupcial que tenen un comportament independent de les condicions ambientals de les localitats on crien. L'estada depèn més de la data quan els individus decideixen marxar, que de la data quan arriben.<br/>La cigonya, cucut, falciot i oreneta han avançat la seva data d'arribada durant els darrers trenta anys, tot i que les dates enregistrades a l'actualitat són semblants a les que s'enregistraven ara fa seixanta anys. L'excepció és la cigonya, que sí ha avançat l'arribada en torn un mes. Aquest canvi tan brusc probablement està relacionat amb el nombre cada cop més gran d'individus que roman a la península durant l'hivern. Aquesta tendència a no migrar possiblement és el resultat combinat dels costos d' anar a les àrees clàssiques d'hivernada del Sahel, on les sequeres persistents provocarien una elevada mortalitat entre els individus que hi van, en comparació amb els beneficis de romandre tot l'any a la península, on la proliferació de deixalleries i certes espècies invasores proporcionen una font contínua d'aliment que abans no existia. L'arribada es va veure afectada tant pel clima de les àrees d'hivernada com el de cria en la resta d'espècies. Les aus arriben abans els anys humits a l'Àfrica occidental i les primaveres càlides a la península. Els canvis climàtics de les darreres dècades són, doncs, els responsables més probables dels canvis temporals en les dates d'arribada. Les dates d'emigració de la cigonya, falciot i oreneta van mostrar fluctuacions temporals similars, avançant la seva sortida fins a mitjans dels 60, ajornant-la fins a mitjans dels 80 i tornant-la a avançar d'ençà les hores. Temperatures elevades durant l'època de reproducció es van associar amb un avançament de l'emigració a les tres espècies, mentre que només l'oreneta es va veure afectada per les temperatures durant el període d'emigració, anant-se més tard aquells anys més calorosos durant aquestes dates. Podem concloure que les xarxes de voluntaris constitueixen una bona eina per avaluar la variabilitat espacial escala i temporal de la migració de les aus i que s'haurien de seguir potenciant, especialment ara, donada la sensibilitat de la fenologia al canvi climàtic.
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SICURELLA, BEATRICE CARLOTTA. "Analysis of the consequences of climate change and habitat modification on migratory birds." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/69740.
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Habitat alteration and climate change are among the anthropogenic factors that contribute most to the current global decline of biodiversity. Due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions, birds are considered excellent indicators of global change. In particular, long-distance migrants are likely more sensitive to global change than residents or short-distance migrants because they suffer from changes in ecological conditions both at their breeding and wintering quarters The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of climate change and habitat modification on population dynamics of migratory birds.
The first part of this thesis includes papers investigating the effects of environmental conditions experienced by two long-distance migratory species, the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica and the Common Swift Apus apus, at their breeding quarters in Northern Italy on their population dynamics. We observed that both the presence of livestock farming and the extent of hayfields close to the breeding site affected colony size of Barn Swallows and that recent variation in these conditions has probably concurred to worsen the demographic decline that this population has suffered. We also investigated the effect of the rearing environment on the survival and growth of Common Swift nestlings in a part of the breeding range of this species where these effects have never been investigated so far. We observed that nestlings’ growth is influenced not only by competition for resources with nest mates, but also by meteorological conditions. However, the effects we documented were different from those observed in more northern parts of the breeding range of the species, thus suggesting geographical variation in the susceptibility of this widespread species to general ecological conditions.
In the second part of this thesis we aimed at identifying migration routes and wintering quarters of small-sized migrant birds, and at evaluating the effect of environmental conditions experienced during migration and wintering on population dynamic. We followed two different and complementary approaches. First, we took advantage of the large number of ring recoveries available for the Barn Swallow throughout more than a century to identify changes in the timing of migration and main migration routes of individuals breeding in Europe. Second, we applied miniaturized tracking devices to 94 Barn Swallows to precisely identify, for the first time, timing of migration and position of the wintering areas of each individual. We could also evaluate the impact of the application of these instruments on survival and breeding success. In a further study we combined information on wintering grounds and migration routes with long-term data on population dynamic from Northern Italy and found that environmental conditions encountered during wintering and spring migration are the factors that influence most year-to-year variation in population consistency. Finally, we analyzed a long-term series of ringing data on a short-distance migrant, the European Robin Erithacus rubecula and found that winter temperatures at the breeding grounds influenced spatial and temporal variation in migration propensity and distance among individuals.
Overall, our researches confirmed that global change is already affecting bird populations by acting at different stages of their life-cycle. We showed that variations in ecological conditions at breeding quarters seem to influence breeding performances of individuals, while condition experienced during migration and wintering seem to affect their survival. Effective conservation measures for migratory species should therefore aim at protecting both breeding and wintering areas as well as stopover sites along migration routes. The novel analytic frameworks we developed may also be suitable for investigating the effects of climate change on migration across a broad range of species.
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Zdawczyk, Michelle E. "Assessing the Potential Avoidance of Wind Turbines by Migratory Birds Over Bowling Green, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1351262159.
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Covino, Kristen M. "The Influence of Energetic Condition on Flight Initiation and Orientation of Migratory Passerines in the Gulf of Maine Region." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CovinoKM2008.pdf.
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Doswald, Nathalie. "Potential effects of climate change on the distribution and migration of European breeding migratory birds." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/255/.
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Aim: This thesis aims to investigate the potential impacts of climatic change on Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds by investigating simulated changes in breeding and non-breeding distribution. Methods: Generalised Additive Models were used to determine those climatic variables that produced the most robust species distribution models. Tests on the performance of three regression-based techniques were undertaken and consensus modelling framework was subsequently chosen. This framework was used in conjunction with three general circulation models and two emission scenarios to model the future distributions of Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds. Changes in both breeding and non-breeding range and migratory distance were examined for groups of species. A vulnerability index was created to indicate those species that were most vulnerable to climate change. Finally, changes in recent population trends observed on the European breeding grounds were related to simulated climatic suitability to investigate the role of climate in recent population changes and determine the vulnerability of populations to climate change. This analysis also enabled a partial validation of species distribution models. Results: The results indicate differential change on the breeding and non-breeding grounds for many species. For many migratory birds a progressive separation of the two ranges is projected, potentially increasing migratory distances in future. However, for some species newly suitable climatic areas may provide non-breeding areas closer to the breeding range, enabling species to adapt to climatic change. Trans-Saharan migrants, species residing in dry environments as well as montane and coastal species are projected to be most vulnerable to climatic change. Although a link between population trends and climatic suitability could be found, the results indicated, as might be expected, that climate is only one of a number of factors potentially contributing to population changes Conclusion: This thesis gives the first broad analysis of the likely direction and magnitude of change of the distribution of migratory birds to climate change, when only climate is considered. The challenge ahead is to refine these coarse scale models to include habitat and demographic data so as to provide more realistic estimates of change and improve conservation strategies that aim to support species under climate change.
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Colorado, Gabriel J. "Ecology and conservation of Neotropical-Nearctic migratory birds and mixed-species flocks in the Andes." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291646331.
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Greyhaven, Cin. "Reproductive insularity in a migratory sparrow: A field study of Lincoln's sparrow populations in Southern California." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/725.
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Ponti, de la Iglesia Raquel. "Evolutionary patterns and processes of migratory behaviour in Palearctic-Paleotropical birds = Patrones y procesos evolutivos del comportamiento migratorio en aves del Paleártico-Paleotrópico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665205.
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One of the most fascinating aspects of birds is their capability of migrate from one area to another throughout the year. Unravelling the patterns and processes involved in the evolution of migration is paramount to understand the current biogeography, ecology and evolution of migratory birds. On this basis, the main aim of the present thesis was to extend the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the evolution of bird migration. To achieve that two main sections are presented in this thesis. In the first one, the aims were to disentangle the patterns of evolution of migratory behaviour and the identifying the main factors that could play an important role in it, using Sylvia warblers as case of study. In the second section, we explored the climatic niche and the potential distribution of breeding and wintering ranges in the last glacial maximum (LGM) of trans-Saharan long migratory species, in order to unravel the changes in migratory behaviour.
We explored the evolution of migration in Sylvia warblers as both a discrete and continuous character using ancestral state reconstruction methods. We recovered the basal node as migratory in most analyses, suggesting seven independent losses of migratory behaviour in Sylvia warblers. Both analyses performed with migration as discrete or continuous character recovered different probabilities of sedentariness or migratoriness in some conflicting nodes depending of the ASR elements used. This forced as to consider controversial hypotheses of evolution of migration in some clades that could evolved from migratory to sedentary in a very short period of time or going through a partial migratory status instead.
We used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess whether the evolutionary patterns of migratory distances are correlated with several biometric, climatic and productivity variables in a phylogenetic context, using Sylvia warblers as a case study. Our results recover net primary productivity (NPP) in the breeding range and during the breeding season as the variable with stronger positive correlation with migratory distances. Several climatic variables show a correlation with the evolution of migration and among morphological variables, migratory lineages tend to have longer wings than sedentary ones. It is not possible to disentangle if NPP was a main driver in the evolution of bird migratory behaviour or a consequence of it, yet migration and NPP seem to be tightly related today and along their evolutionary history.
Migratory birds occupy different geographic areas during breeding and wintering periods and are exposed to different factors. One of those factors is the climatic component of the niche. We tested if migratory birds display similar climatic conditions in both breeding and wintering areas, using 355 bird migratory species from Eurasian to Africa flyways. Our results show that there is not climatic niche overlap between both ranges. This suggests that the climatic niche of most Euro-African migratory species is larger than expected. Given these results, both breeding and wintering climatic data need to be considered when performing species distribution models, to incorporate the total width of the climatic niche.
During the Plio-Pleistocene, glacial cycles have shaped Northern Hemisphere birds' distributions that could result in changes in their migratory behaviour. In this context, it has been suggested that long-distance North American migratory species could have lost their migratory condition during cold periods regaining it later in warmer periods. We tested this hypothesis in Eurasian-African extant migratory bird species. We modelled present and LGM distribution of 80 trans-Saharan bird migratory species and we revised the available fossil record. Our results show a southwards reduction of the breeding distributions during the LGM compared to the present and similar wintering areas in the present and Pleistocene, with the Saharan belt gap always present through time. These results and the Pleistocene fossils from Africa not support the hypothesis of a loss of migratory condition in these species.<br>Uno de los aspectos más fascinantes dentro de la ornitología es el estudio de la migración. Saber cuáles son los patrones y procesos implicados en la evolución de la migración, permite descubrir tanto componentes ecológicos, biogeográficos como evolutivos dentro las aves. Por ello, en esta tesis se pretende aumentar el conocimiento acerca de los mecanismos implicados en la evolución de la migración en algunas aves.
Por un lado, se investigó cómo evolucionó la migración y qué factores pueden actuar como motores de su evolución en un contexto filogenético usando el género Sylvia como caso de estudio. Encontramos que los procesos de cambio en el comportamiento migratorio ocurrían siempre de migratorio a sedentario, siendo el antecesor del género también migratorio. Esto supone que probablemente el coste de pasar de migratorio a sedentario es menor que al revés. Además, evaluando si factores como el clima, la morfología o la productividad eran importantes en la evolución de la migración en el género Sylvia, encontramos que la productividad juega un papel muy importante. Esto supone que probablemente las especies comenzaron a migrar aprovechando los picos de productividad que surgen en latitudes medias durante la época de cría.
Por otro lado, se investigó la evolución de la migración en un contexto biogeográfico y macrecológico utilizando especies migratorias Euro-Africanas. Primero se evaluó si las especies migratorias están sometidas a las mismas condiciones climáticas tanto en las zonas de cría como en invernada. Si fuera así, las especies migratorias podrían moverse guiándose o en busca de condiciones similares a lo largo de todo el año. Sin embargo, encontramos que no es así y por lo tanto las especies migratorias presentan un nicho climático mayor de lo esperado que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de hacer modelos de distribución. Considerando esto, realizamos modelos de distribución de especies transaharianas tanto en el presente como durante el último glacial máximo. En este caso queríamos descubrir si las especies seguían migrando cuando parte del Paleártico estaba cubierto de nieve, o si se hicieron sedentarias como se ha sugerido para especies migratorias norteamericanas. Nuestros resultados, junto con el registro fósil consultado, no apoyan que las especies dejaran de migrar, sino que probablemente redujeran sus distancias migratorias.
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Juillet, Luc. "Aboriginal rights and the Migratory Birds Convention, domestic institutions, non-state actors and international environmental governance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58255.pdf.
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Rojas, Tito Damire Ariel Haydee. "Collision Risk for Migratory Birds Facing Wind Energy Installations in Europe in Relation to Wind Energy Production." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449488.
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The increasing presence of wind energy installations is faced with citizen and political resistance often founded on the potential damage these can impose on fauna such as birds. This resistance is an obstacle to the necessary introduction of more weather-based renewable electricity sources due to the consequences of fossil-fuel electricity generation. However, if the introduction of more wind energy installations is to continue, this must also not be at the expense of wildlife. This project seeked to verify the existence of bird-turbine collision risk and to identify high collision risk zones in the temporal and spatial scale for Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds flying through Europe. Collision risk was assumed as the presence of birds through the swept area of turbines. The migratory movement of birds was obtained from an interpolation of a geostatistical model and data from 37 weather radars for the dates 13 February 2018 to 1 January 2019. The data is given as a volumetric flow across a 0.25° grid. The volumetric distribution of wind energy installations was derived from a database of 23145 installations and a self-sourced turbine database of 589 turbine models. This distribution is presented as both a high-resolution map covering the European continent and as a swept area density map. The volumetric bird flow was multiplied by the swept area density to obtain values for birds at risk of collision in a 0.25° grid cell. Birds were not considered at risk when the average wind speed in the cell was outside the cut-in and cut-out wind speed region for the turbines (i.e. not between 3 m/s and 24 m/s). The potential electricity production per 0.25° grid cell was also estimated. This was achieved by assigning power curves from a database to the wind energy installations and assigning a mean power curve to the entries missing a specific turbine model. The wind velocities were hourly average values for the dates 13 February 2018 to 1 January 2019 from the ERA5 reanalysis. A calculation of energy per bird at risk in [TJ/bird] was also done. Four high collision risk spatial zones were explored in detail by use of a map compiled in QGIS and their proximity to or overlay with protected bird habitat sites discussed. Temporally, date ranges when bird collision is highest were obtained for the four country sub-region in 2018. The possibility of curtailment is briefly discussed.
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Hedlund, Johanna. "Climate change effects on migratory birds and on the ecology and behaviour of the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus)." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120409.
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Recent global climate change is influencing the behaviour and ecology of species worldwide. Birds are typical systems to study in this context, as they are often migratory and thus subjected to a variety of environmental effects. This thesis employs the use of long-term ringing records, field observations, historical maps and historical volunteer observations with the aim of describing behavioural and ecological responses of birds to the current environmental change. An investigation into the spring arrival, reproduction and autumn departure in willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) breeding at a southern study site in Sweden (65°N 18°E) showed that all three phenological events had advanced in parallel. Thus birds arrive earlier, start breeding earlier and leave Sweden earlier, with the breeding period staying the same in length. By teasing apart the migratory responses of different individuals, it became clear that particularly early arriving males and early departing juveniles had advanced migration. However, willow warblers migrating past a northern study site in Sweden (65°N 23°E) displayed no change in autumn departure. When migration in the two regionally separate populations were analyzed in relation to climatic variables, the results indicated that foremost a combined effect of growing season onset and the North Atlantic Oscillation influenced migratory timing, and only in individuals that had advanced migration. As growing season onset had advanced at both regions, but only elicited migratory change in southern willow warblers, it is proposed that intra-specific difference between populations prepare them differently to climate change. Willow warblers breeding at northern latitudes were also displaying absence of an otherwise common behaviour of the species: philopatry. It is suggested that the climate induced change in onset of the growing season, coupled with an increase in available territories, could have enabled a southern influx of dispersal-prone birds adopting a less philopatric breeding behaviour. Availability of territories was also studied in southern Sweden, in relation to 100 years of land use change and future climate change effects on forestry. The mass-conversion of grazed forest into coniferous sylvicultures that has occurred in Sweden 1900-2013 was shown to have negatively affected territory availability for willow warblers. The second most common bird species in Sweden, the chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), was however shown to be largely unaffected. In a future scenario where rising temperatures will increase growth rates of trees, harvest rotation will be faster and both sylvicultures and logged areas will increase in coverage, favouring both species. Thus commonness in terms of landscape and species occurrence has altered historically and is dynamically linked. Historic perspectives were also applied to observations of spring arrival of 14 migratory bird species. A relative comparison of two data sets, collected over 140 years, revealed that short-distance migrants have changed their spring arrival more than long-distance migrants in southern Sweden. In conclusion, the results of this thesis provide insights into climate change effects on avian behaviour and ecology, document unique observations and contribute with a great spectrum of knowledge, from exact details on responses by individual birds, through long-term changes in populations to historical perspectives on shifts in entire landscapes<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>
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Ivande, Samuel T. "Distribution ecology of Palearctic migrants in the humid Guinea savannah in West Africa." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7446.
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Declines in breeding populations of most migrants across much of the Palearctic have been linked to environmental conditions in their African non-breeding grounds. Studying winter distribution dynamics for these species is necessary to understand how factors in these areas may influence their overall population dynamics. This thesis explored in detail the distribution ecology of migrants in the Guinea savannah, the region from where wintering migrants currently show the greatest breeding population declines. In particular, I investigated some prevailing but hitherto little tested ecological hypothesis concerning impacts of geographical, vegetation and anthropogenic characteristics on the densities and winter distribution of migrants in Africa. Migrant distribution seemed to fit a pattern where decisions leading to winter habitat choice and association were hierarchical and jointly influenced by factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the habitats at large and finer scales respectively. Migrants were distributed in reasonable densities across a wide range of habitats. There was also evidence for an independent effect of latitude on densities and distribution, even after controlling for habitat characteristics. There was no evidence of large changes in latitudinal density patterns within a given winter season and site density patterns were generally consistent over the study duration. Migrants and taxonomically-related/ecologically similar Afrotropical residents showed similarities in habitat requirements and utilization, although migrants utilized habitats over a wider latitudinal range. Some migrants tended to show correspondence in site occurrence between consecutive winters but less so within a given winter season and there was an overall low transferability of habitat models for Palearctic migrants between sites in Nigeria. Collectively, the results describe distribution mechanisms typical for ecologically flexible species that can best be described as habitat generalists. As generalists, migrants are expected to show some resilience, especially in dealing with local and small scale changes on their wintering grounds such that these are unlikely to be the primary limiting factor in their population dynamics. However, the scale of ongoing habitat change across much of Africa is perhaps contributing to overcome the resilience engendered by their generalism. Conservation efforts for these mainly generalists species may therefore aim to preserve habitat on a large scale, perhaps through the promotion of sustainable land use practices.
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Stevenson, Amy L. "Lead levels and sources of exposure in migratory game birds after the implementation of lead-free shot in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79137.
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In Canada, regulations against the use of lead (Pb) shot for waterfowl hunting were first established in the early 1990s with the creation of a few non-toxic shot zones, and culminated with a national ban in 1997. Prior to establishment of the first non-toxic shot zones in Canada, a nation-wide survey of Pb accumulation in wing bones of young-of-the-year (YY) dabbling and diving ducks determined the incidence of elevated Pb exposure in different parts of the country (Scheuhammer & Dickson, 1996). The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of elevated Pb accumulation in the same species several years after the national ban on Pb shot; to survey waterfowl hunters to determine approximate levels of compliance with the Pb shot ban; and to use stable Pb isotope analysis to help determine the relative importance of different sources of Pb exposure.<br>Wing bones from 721 YY black, mallard, and ring necked ducks, and 579 YY woodcock from selected zones in Ontario, Quebec, BC, and the Maritimes, Canada were analyzed for Pb using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Xenophontos, Marina. "Ecology of the endemic migratory passerine Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca : the effects of climate change on a restricted range species." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11967.
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Migrant birds may be vulnerable to climate change at different stages of their annual cycles especially on the breeding grounds, where changes in phenology may affect their ability to synchronise breeding with the peak of resources availability. Understanding how phenology of breeding, survival and productivity varies between and within years is therefore crucial to understand migrant population dynamics. This thesis describes this variation in the Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca, with particular emphasis on a colour-ringed population at Troodos, Cyprus, 2010-2012. Our results suggest that the phenology of breeding of Cyprus Wheatear is variable with breeding onset and number of breeding attempts probably varying with annual temperature variation. Minimum true survival rates were very high for a small passerine migrant, although they were probably sufficiently annually variable to profoundly affect annual population dynamics. For productivity, nest survival was very high and did not vary between years, or nesting attempts, or with clutch initiation date but it was significantly higher in the chick stage versus the egg stage. Post-fledging survival in the first 4 weeks was very high. Renesting probability was significantly different in all years, yet total productivity per pair was the same in each of three years. Cyprus Wheatears at Troodos showed such high productivity and survival that the population must be a major source population and this was reflected in the very high density of breeding pairs at the study site. Finally we used altitude as a proxy for variation in temperature and investigated how abundance, productivity and phenology in Cyprus Wheatears varied between and within years, from sea level to 1952m, using transect surveys to record breeding birds across Cyprus. Cyprus Wheatears were common in all habitats and altitudes; altitudinal temperature variation probably affected the occurrence of double brooding and so the timing of chick production, but not the onset of breeding. The results suggest that Cyprus Wheatears are already very well adapted to high variation in temperature within and between seasons, changing investment accordingly.
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Pennington, Derric Neville. "LAND USE EFFECTS ON URBAN RIPARIAN BIRD COMMUNITIES DURING THE MIGRATORY AND BREEDING SEASON IN THE GREATER CINCINNATI METROPOLITAN AREA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1071084848.
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Barbosa, Carla Meneguin. "Coronavírus em aves silvestres e domésticas provinientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-10032016-112402/.
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Apesar de ainda não terem sido relatados Coronavírus aviários com potencial zoonótico, espécies de aves silvestres e domésticas podem portar CoVs de grande importância econômica como o vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa (IBV). Além disso, nos últimos anos, diversos novos CoVs geneticamente distintos do IBV vêm sendo identificados em diferentes famílias de aves e mamíferos silvestres e domésticos. O Brasil contem 18% do total da diversidade de espécies de aves no mundo, no entanto, estudos sobre a presença de Coronavírus em aves silvestres ainda são bastante escassos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo realizar análise retrospectiva da presença de Coronavírus em amostras de aves silvestres e domésticas de diferentes regiões brasileiras coletadas entre os anos de 2004 e 2013 através de RT-PCR; realizar a caracterização molecular e a análise filogenética afim de correlacionar sua epidemiologia às rotas de migrações de aves, à proximidade das regiões urbanas e de granjas avícolas, verificando a possibilidade de transmissão. Do total de 746 amostras testadas, 25 apresentaram resultados positivos para os Coronavírus com primers para o gene da RpRd e foram sequenciadas. Obtivemos sucesso no sequenciamento de 7 dessas amostras, sendo 4 positivas para Gammacoronavírus e 3 positivas para Deltacoronavírus. Na tentativa de sequenciamento do gene da proteína S uma galinha (Gallus gallus), da Ilha de Marajó-PA, mostrou sequência que foi identificada como uma cepa de IBV. Este trabalho é inédito no Brasil, pois demonstra a presença de Gamma e Deltacoronavírus aviários circulando em diversas regiões, próximo a áreas urbanas e indústrias avícolas, mostrando evidências de que aves silvestres podem carrear estes Coronavírus entre diferentes sítios migratórios no Brasil.<br>Regardless it has never been reported any avian Coronavirus with zoonotic potential, species of both wild and domestic birds can carry CoVs of great economic importance as the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). Furthermore, recently, many new CoVs, genetically distinct from IBV have been identified in different families of wild and domestic birds and mammals. Even though Brazil contains 18% of the bird species diversity in the world studies about the presence of Coronaviruses in wild birds are still quite scarce. This study aims to perform retrospective analysis of the presence of coronavirus in wild birds and domestic samples of different Brazilian regions collected between the years 2004 and 2013 by RT PCR and to perform molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis in order to correlate its epidemiology to routes of bird migrations , the proximity of urban and poultry industry regions , verifying the possibility of transmission. Of the amount of 746 samples tested, 25 were positive for Coronavirus in PCR and nested PCR tests with primers for RpRd gene and were sequenced. We have succeeded in sequencing 7 of these samples which 4 were positive for Gammacoronavirus and 3 for Deltacoronavirus. In attempt of sequencing the S protein gene, we have succeeded in a chicken sample (Gallus gallus) from Ilha de Marajó-PA. This sample was identified as a strain of IBV. This work is unprecedented in Brazil, as it demonstrates the presence of Gamma and Deltacoronavirus in birds circulating in different regions, close to urban areas and poultry industries, showing evidence that wild birds may carry these Coronavirus between different migratory sites in Brazil.
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Söderblom-Tay, David. "Effects and consequences of agriculture, tourism and hunting on the birdlife at Gialova lagoon : An area of international importance for migratory birds." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107394.
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Many populations of migrating waterbirds in Africa and Western Eurasia are in a long-term decline, largely because of the loss of wetlands along their migration routes. Between 1950 and 1985, 63 % of the wetlands in Greece were lost due to human activities. However, humans are also a source of more direct disturbance to birds that may have a negative influence on their fitness. The purpose of this study has been to assess how human disturbance in the form of agriculture, tourism and hunting might affect the birdlife in a coastal lagoon in southwestern Greece, and, if needed, propose measures on how to improve the status of the birdlife. To evaluate this, interviews and studies of monitoring reports and literature have been conducted. The studied area, Gialova lagoon, is the southernmost wetland in the Balkan Peninsula, which makes it especially important for migratory birds. The study shows that the major threats to the lagoon have already been dealt with. However, there are still improvements that can be made. Currently, agriculture seems to have the most negative effect on the concerned area, but since there appears to be an ambition to increase tourism in the area this may change in the future. Disturbance from hunting only plays a minor role in the area around the lagoon. The establishment of an official management body as well as an official management plan would probably be an effective way to continue the conservation work and reduce the disturbance of human activities in Gialova lagoon.
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Herse, Mark Richard. "Landscape ecology of two species of declining grassland sparrows." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35786.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Biology<br>Alice Boyle<br>Species extinctions over the past two centuries have mainly been caused by habitat destruction. Landscape change typically reduces habitat area, and can fragment contiguous habitat into remnant patches that are more subject to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, changes in the landscape matrix and land-use intensification within remaining natural areas can reduce habitat quality and exacerbate the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation. Accordingly, wildlife conservation requires an understanding of how landscape structure influences habitat selection. However, most studies of habitat selection are conducted at fine spatial scales and fail to account for landscape context. Temperate grasslands are a critically endangered biome, and remaining prairies are threatened by woody encroachment and disruptions to historic fire-grazing regimes. Here, I investigated the effects of habitat area, fragmentation, woody cover, and rangeland management on habitat selection by two species of declining grassland-obligate sparrows: Henslow’s Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) and Grasshopper Sparrows (A. savannarum). I conducted >10,000 bird surveys at sites located throughout eastern Kansas, home to North America’s largest remaining tracts of tallgrass prairie, during the breeding seasons of 2015 and 2016. I assessed the relative importance of different landscape attributes in determining occurrence and within-season site-fidelity of Henslow’s Sparrows using dynamic occupancy models. The species was rare, inhabited <1% of sites, and appeared and disappeared from sites within and between seasons. Henslow’s Sparrows only settled in unburned prairie early in spring, but later in the season, inhabited burned areas and responded to landscape structure at larger scales (50-ha area early in spring vs. 200-ha during mid-season). Sparrows usually settled in unfragmented prairie, strongly favored Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields embedded within rangeland, avoided trees, and disappeared from hayfields after mowing. Having identified fragmentation as an important determinant of Henslow’s Sparrow occurrence, I used N-mixture models to test whether abundance of the more common Grasshopper Sparrow was driven by total habitat area or core habitat area (i.e. grasslands >60 m from woodlands, croplands, or urbanized areas). Among 50-ha landscapes containing the same total grassland area, sparrows favored landscapes with more core habitat, and like Henslow’s Sparrows, avoided trees; in landscapes containing ~50–70% grassland, abundance decreased more than threefold if half the grassland area was near an edge, and the landscape contained trees. Effective conservation requires ensuring that habitat is suitable at spatial scales larger than that of the territory or home range. Protecting prairie remnants from agricultural conversion and woody encroachment, promoting CRP enrollment, and maintaining portions of undisturbed prairie in working rangelands each year are critical to protecting threatened grassland species. Both Henslow’s Sparrows and Grasshopper Sparrows were influenced by habitat fragmentation, underscoring the importance of landscape features in driving habitat selection by migratory birds. As habitat loss threatens animal populations worldwide, conservation efforts focused on protecting and restoring core habitat could help mitigate declines of sensitive species.
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Ibarguen, Siri B. "Population connectivity combining methods for estimating avian dispersal and migratory linkages /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1079979416.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 143 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Thomas A. Waite, Dept. of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-143).
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Becker, Adam John. "Survivorship and Breeding Dispersal Patterns of a Migratory, Socially Monogamous Passerine; the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus)." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2653.
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Survivorship (the likelihood of survival from one year to the next) and breeding dispersal (movement between breeding seasons) exhibit considerable variability at both the inter- and intraspecific levels. Using eight years of data (2008-2015), from my study site in southwest Oklahoma, I characterized survivorship and breeding dispersal of the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus) in a mixed-grass prairie ecoregion. My results suggest that estimated survivorship of Scissor-tailed Flycatchers is low, especially to the congeneric Eastern Kingbird (T. tyrannus), and was likely underestimated due to the tendency of Scissor-tailed Flycatchers to disperse long distances.
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Morera, Pujol Virginia. "Multi-colony approaches to study migratory and foraging strategies in pelagic seabirds." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668684.
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Movement is a widespread characteristic in the animal kingdom —occurring at many spatiotemporal scales— with consequences at an individual, population, species, and even ecosystem level. It is a very diverse character, with many
different drivers that stem from the way in which individuals interact with their environment. Of these, one of the most important is the distribution of resources, particularly for migratory and foraging movements. In migration, the search for an optimal environment involves movement at large spatiotemporal scales, following seasonal changes in resource distribution. In foraging movements, the search for resources happens at small spatiotemporal scales, and involves different strategies to optimise the search and capture of food, including the ability to obtain foraging cues from conspecifics. In seabirds, movement —at large and local scales— has deep repercussions in their life-history traits, evolutionary history, morphology, physiology and behaviour, which makes them a very valuable study group to understand the role, the causes and consequences of migratory and foraging movements in the ecology of marine top- predators.
The study of migratory and foraging movements has been revolutionised by the development of smaller, cheaper and better tracking devices, promoting multi-colony, population and even species approaches to the study of animal movement, but which also come with a set of methodological challenges that have to be addressed in order to make unbiased inferences of space and habitat use at population or species level from individual movement data.
In this thesis, we develop methods to test the possible biases introduced by the use of individual tracking data to infer distribution at a population or species level. we then apply these tools to a multi-colony dataset of non-breeding locations of Cory’s (Calonectris borealis), Scopoli’s
(C. diomedea) and Cape Verde (C. edwardsii) shearwaters, to study their migratory
connectivity and non-breeding habitat segregation at the colony, population and species level. Lastly, we apply state-of-the-art spatial models to study foraging distributions of three neighbouring colonies of Cory’s shearwaters, detect the segregation among them and unravel the environmental and behavioural drivers of this segregation.
I developed several functions in the R environment aimed at the detection of the effects of individual site fidelity and temporal variability in the inference of spatial use at a colony or
population level, and to calculate the degree in which the movements of a single population can be representative of those of the entire species. These tools are applicable to individual movement data regardless of the species or tracking device. we also used these tools to demonstrate the spatial and ecological segregation between the non-breeding distributions of three taxa of Calonectris shearwaters studied, as well as detecting a stronger degree of
migratory connectivity at a population than at a colony level, indicating that individuals of
different colonies within a population mix in the non-breeding areas, but birds from different populations do not, which has important implications for their population dynamics and for their conservation and management. Lastly, we demonstrated segregation among the foraging distributions of three neighbouring colonies of Cory’s shearwaters, both in the waters surrounding the colony and in distant, foraging grounds, finding evidences of both environmental and behavioural drivers behind this segregation, and suggesting a mechanism through which transfer of information between individuals can be shaping the distributions of foraging seabirds.
The results of this thesis provide relevant tools for the field of movement ecology, as they can be used for analysing movements of mobile species, regardless of species, tracking device or spatiotemporal scale. In addition, they are relevant for the field of seabird ecology as they provide insights into the causes of space and habitat use in long-ranging pelagic seabirds.<br>El moviment és una característica omnipresent en el regne animal, a les més diverses escales espacio-temporals i amb conseqüències a diferents nivells (individual,. poblacional, específic i fins i tot ecosistèmic). La força impulsora del moviment més predominant i generalitzada és distribució dels recursos en el medi, important tant a gran escala (moviments migratoris) com en els moviments diaris de recerca d’aliment a escala petita. En les aus marines en particular, el moviment té repercussions profundes en les seves característiques morfològiques i de comportament, en la seva història de vida, i la seva història evolutiva. El desenvolupament de dispositius de seguiment més petits, barats i precisos ha promocionat la proliferació d’estudis del moviment animal des d’un punt de vista multi- colònia, de població i fins i tot d’espècie. En aquesta tesi, desenvolupo diferents funcions per testar els biaixos introduïts en l’estudi del moviment, a través de dades de seguiment individual, a nivell de població o espècie. Posteriorment, utilitzo aquestes eines per a analitzar la connectivitat migratòria i la segregació dels hàbitats d’hivernada, des d’un punt de vista
multi-colònia, de les baldrigues cendroses de l’Atlàntic (Calonectris borealis), del Mediterrani
(C. diomedea), i de Cap Verd (C. edwardsii). Per últim, aplico un mètode innovador de modelatge espacial per a estudiar les distribucions d’alimentació de baldrigues cendroses de l’Atlàntic criant en tres colònies veïnes, per detectar-ne la segregació i descobrir-ne les causes, tant ambientals com comportamentals, incloent com els diferents mecanismes de transferència
d’informació entre individus poden afectar a aquestes distribucions. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi tenen rellevància per a la ecologia del moviment en general, ja que són aplicables a dades de moviment individual de qualsevol espècie, independentment de l’aparell de seguiment utilitzat, i en el camp de l’ecologia de les aus marines, ja que proporciona nous coneixements sobre els diferents factors afectant la distribució i l’ús de l’espai, tant durant la cria com durant la hivernada, en aus pelàgiques.
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Fries, Anthony Charles. "The effect of migratory activity of waterfowl on the evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1439893550.
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Schäfer, Merlin [Verfasser], Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Jeltsch, Stephanie [Akademischer Betreuer] Kramer-Schadt, et al. "Understanding and predicting global change impacts on migratory birds / Merlin Schäfer ; Gutachter: Florian Jeltsch, Karin Frank, Ulrich Brose ; Florian Jeltsch, Stephanie Kramer-Schadt, Marina Müller." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1218405287/34.
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Ross, Boulianne Michael 1982. "Assessing the effects of the Baie-des-Sables (Quebec) wind farm on the spring migratory behaviour and abundance of raptors." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116036.
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Despite their environmental benefits, wind farms, have attracted controversy with regard to their impacts on birds. These impacts include collision risks, direct and indirect habitat loss and barrier effects. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether the Baie-des-Sables wind farm, located on the south shore of the St-Lawrence River, is having an impact upon the spring migration of raptors. Emphasis was placed on comparing the differences between both behaviour and abundance of migrating raptors between the wind farm and a contr9l area. Three aspects of behaviour were recorded; altitude, change in direction and flight type. No significant differences were found between the wind, farm area and the control area with respect to migratory behaviour and abundance of any species. Low-lying topography and the fact most migratory raptors flew above blade height likely explain why no differences were found between the wind farm and control area.
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Corrêa, Sandra Helena Ramiro. "Estudo epidemiológico de doenças infecciosas em anatídeos da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-10042008-155349/.
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Anseriformes mantidos em lagos de zôos e parques estão sob constante risco de exposição às doenças presentes nas populações de aves migratórias, que dividem com eles o mesmo local durante um determinado período todos os anos. São doenças que podem ter implicações para as aves cativas, para a população humana que tem contato com essas aves e para os plantéis de produção. Assim, ações de vigilância, com o objetivo de detectar rapidamente determinadas doenças, representam alternativas interessantes para se fazer gestão de risco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi pesquisar a presença de agentes etiológicos selecionados na população de Cisnes Negros (Cygnus atratus), mantida nos lagos da FPZSP, visto que essa população tem contato com as seguintes aves migrantes que visitam a FPZSP todos os anos: irerês (Dendrocygna viduata), marreca caneleira (Dendrocygna bicolor) e marreca asa de seda (Amazoneta brasiliensis). Assim, foram colhidos suabes de traquéia e cloaca de uma amostra capaz de detectar doença com prevalência estimada em 1% para um nível de confiança de 95%. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo (2001 a 2006) das principais causas de morte nessa população. As principais causas de mortalidade registradas em 184 registros analisados foram: desvio de tendão extensor tarso-metatarsiano (37, 20,1%), desnutrição (20, 10,9%), problemas hepáticos (17, 9,2%), traumas (15, 8,2%), problemas respiratórios (8, 4,3%), septicemias (6, 3,3%), intoxicações (5, 2,7%) e problemas gastrointestinais (3, 1,6%). Um terço das carcaças (62, 33,7%) foi encontrado em estado de putrefação. A taxa de mortalidade foi decrescente de 2001 a 2006 e apresentou sazonalidade, sendo maior entre os meses de novembro a maio. No momento das coletas, não houve nenhuma evidência clínica ou laboratorial da presença dos seguintes agentes: Pasteurella multocida., Salmonella sp., Chlamydophila psittaci, Orthomixovírus (Influenza Aviária), Paramixovirus (Doença de Newcastle) e Coronavirus (Bronquite Infecciosa).<br>Waterfowls housed in ponds of zoos and parks are under constant risk of exposure to pathogens of migratory birds that visit these places every year. Some of them involving zoo animals and humans. The spread of particular diseases may also become a serious threat for domestic poultry. So, surveillance, focused in early detection of some diseases, can be an interesting tool to do risk management. The goal of the present work was to search the presence of some select pathogens in the captive black swan population (Cygnus atratus) present in the ponds of the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP), because these animals have contact with the following free-living waterfowls: white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata), fulvous whistling-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor) e brasilian teal (Amazoneta brasiliensis). Swabs of trachea and cloaca were sampled from 239 animals, the sample size required for detecting disease present in at least 1% of the animals (CI = 95%). Moreover, a retrospective study was done about the causes of death to the period from 2001 to 2006. The mainly causes of black swan death in FPZSP were: slipped tendon (37/184, 20,1%), malnutrition (20/184, 10,9%), hepatic problem (17/184, 9,2%), trauma (15/184, 8,2%), respiratory problem (8/184, 4,3%), septicemias (6/184, 3,3%), intoxication (5/184, 2,7%) e gastro-intestinal problems(3/184, 1,6%). One third of the carcass (62/184, 33,7%) was in autolysis. The mortality presented peaks of occurrence from november to may and a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2006. At the moment of the sampling, there was no clinical or laboratorial evidence of the infection by the following pathogens: Pasteurella multocida., Salmonella sp., Chlamydophila psittaci, Orthomixovírus (Avian Influenza), Paramixovirus (Newcastle Disease) e Coronavirus (Infectious Bronchitis).
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Orsi, Maria Angela. "Caracterização biológica, molecular, imunológica e estabilidade térmica das estirpes vacinais e de isolados da doença de Newcastle de aves de produção industrial e migratórias no Brasil." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308718.
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Orientadores: Clarice Weis Arns, Fernando Rosado Spilki<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: O vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) é o agente causador de uma das mais importantes doenças em aves e representa uma ameaça para a indústria avícola. O VDN é um membro da família Paramyxoviridae, subfamília Paramyxovirinae, gênero Avulavirus. São vírus envelopados, não segmentados dotados de genoma RNA de fita simples sentido negativo, associado à doença do trato respiratório, digestivo e nervoso das aves. O Controle da DN se baseia em biossegurança, uso de vacinas e detecção precoce de lotes infectados. No presente estudo, examinamos dez vacinas vivas comercializadas no Brasil quanto à sua estabilidade térmica (ET), virulência e imunogenicidade. Em outra etapa do trabalho, investigou-se a soroprevalência perante o VDN em regiões de produção avícola voltada à exportação ou não de produtos aviários, seguido da detecção do VDN em aves migratórias. Os estudos são complementados pela análise filogenética de VDN isolado de aves comerciais, dos resultados alcançados, cumpre ressaltar: i) os testes de ET revelam elevada estabilidade para as vacinas utilizadas no país, mesmo após dois anos de sua fabricação; ii) o grau de proteção conferido por vacinas vivas contra a DN não depende da virulência residual conforme testes de inoculação intracerebral; iii) a soroprevalência contra VDN em aves nas regiões produtoras e exportadoras, foi de 39,1% e foram isoladas 77 amostras virais, sempre com perfil não-patogênico; iv) sorologia realizada em uma segunda oportunidade detectou-se uma soroprevalência de 28,8% e isolamento de 15 amostras virais que também foram caracterizadas como não-patogênicas; v) observou-se numa soropositividade de 41,7 a 84,3% dependendo da região e isolamento de 12 VDN na região Nordeste, caracterizados como não-patogênicas, indicando que nas áreas não exportadoras circulam vírus de baixa patogenicidade; vi) o genoma dos vírus isolados e das vacinas vivas, atesta que os vírus circulantes em aves comerciais são de provável origem vacinal e pertencem à classe II sendo 71,8% do genótipo II ou La Sota-like e 28,2% do genótipo I ou Ulster-like; vii) por último, a caracterização biológica dos isolados de aves migratórias mostram que há circulação de vírus de baixa e alta patogenicidade em nosso território. Portanto, este conjunto de trabalhos evidencia o status do Brasil como país livre da Doença de Newcastle em aves comerciais<br>Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the agent that causes one of the most important diseases in birds and represents a threat to industrial aviculture. NDV is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, Paramyxovirinae subfamily, Avulavirus genus. In the present study, live vaccines commercialized in Brazil were examined in regard to their thermostability (TS), virulence and immunogenicity. In another stage of this work, soroprevalence was investigated, with viral isolation and characterization carried out in poultry production regions focused on production for exportation or domestic commercialization, followed by the detection of the virus in migratory birds. The studies were complemented by phylogenic analysis carried out on the isolates from the commercial birds. From the results obtained, it is important to underscore that i) the tests of TS revealed a high stability of the vaccines used in Brazil, even two years after their manufacture; ii) the level of protection given by live vaccines against NDV does not depend on residual virulence, as confirmed by tests of intracerebral inoculation iii) soroprevalence against NDV in regions with production for exportation was 39.1% and it was possible to isolate 77 samples, always with a non-pathogenic profile; iv) on a second opportunity, a soroprevalence of 28.8% was detected, with isolation of 15 samples, also classified as non-pathogenic; v) in the Brazilian Northeast, a seropositivity of 41.7 to 84.3% was observed depend of region, with isolation of 12 NDVs, characterized as non-pathogenic, indicating that virus of low pathogenicity circulates in those areas that do not export; vi) the genome of the isolated virus and vaccine implies that the circulating virus in commercial birds probably originates from the vaccine and belongs to class II, being 71.8% from genotype II or La Sota-like and 28.2% from genotype I or Ulster-like; vii) finally, the biological characterization of isolates from migratory birds showed that there is circulation of virus of low and high pathogenicity in Brazil. However, this set of studies agrees with the status of Brazil as being a country free of Newcastle disease in commercial birds<br>Doutorado<br>Ciencias Basicas<br>Doutor em Clínica Médica
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Pereira, Daniel Rocha. "AVALIAÇÃO DO PROGRAMA DE MONITORAMENTO DE AVES MIGRATÓRIAS DURANTE A IMPLANTAÇÃO DE PÍER EM SÃO LUÍS - MA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/689.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-20<br>Assessment of compliance of the Program Monitoring Migratory Birds (PMMB) during deployment pier in San Luis - MA, through documents obtained from the entrepreneur and the environmental agency. It was shown in this study that several PMMB guidelines were not followed and the results showed different patterns of the studies of other authors for the same region. Therefore, the PMMB was not completed as proposed and the results of monitoring may have been committed in this sense is not possible to define the dynamics of interference in birds studied by the project.<br>Avaliação do cumprimento do Programa de Monitoramento de Aves Migratórias (PMAM) durante a implantação de píer em São Luís MA, por meio de documentos obtidos junto ao empreendedor e ao órgão ambiental. Foi evidenciado nessa pesquisa que várias diretrizes do PMAM não foram seguidas e que os resultados mostraram padrões diferentes dos estudos de outros autores, para a mesma região. Portanto, o PMAM não foi cumprido conforme proposto e os resultados dos monitoramentos podem ter ficado comprometidos, nesse sentido não é possível definir a interferência na dinâmica das aves estudadas por parte do empreendimento.
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Reischak, Dilmara. "Vírus da influenza aviária: monitoramento em aves de subsistência criadas no entorno de sítios de aves migratórias no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-12012017-084736/.
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A influenza aviária é uma enfermidade viral causada por vírus influenza A que acomete várias espécies de aves. No Brasil, a influenza aviária é considerada uma doença exótica, uma vez que os subtipos H5 e H7 nunca foram detectados. O Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento realiza vigilância permanente para esta enfermidade nos plantéis comerciais de produção avícola e também em aves de subsistência criadas no entorno de sítios de aves migratórias com o intuito de detectar precocemente a introdução dos subtipos H5 e H7 no país. No entanto, se desconhece a situação sanitária das aves de subsistência no que se refere à infecção por outros subtipos do vírus da influenza aviária. Considerando a importância deste tipo de criação como fonte de alimentos e de rendimentos em comunidades de baixa renda e o risco que provavelmente representa para a introdução da influenza aviária no Brasil, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar as criações de aves de subsistência criadas no entorno de sítios de aves migratórias no período de 2011 a 2015, a fim de verificar a circulação de todos os subtipos do vírus da influenza aviária (AIV). Foram colhidas amostras de soro e suabes de traqueia e cloaca de 2816 aves criadas em onze diferentes sítios de aves migratórias localizados em sete estados brasileiros, totalizando 391 explorações de fundo de quintal amostradas. As amostras de soro (n = 2716) foram submetidas a triagem para pesquisa de anticorpos para a proteína NP do influenza A utilizando-se um kit comercial de ELISA competitivo, com posterior subtipificação das amostras positivas pela técnica de inibição da hemaglutinação para os dezesseis subtipos do vírus influenza A. Os suabes de cloaca e traqueia foram submetidos à prova de PCR em tempo real para detecção do RNA do vírus influenza A. Não foram detectados anticorpos para os subtipos H5 e H7 do AIV, mas anticorpos para os subtipos H1, H3, H4, H6, H8, H9, H10, H12, H13 e H16 foram identificados em aves oriundas de nove dos onze sítios. O RNA do AIV foi detectado em apenas três amostras pertencentes a uma mesma propriedade e nenhum vírus hemaglutinante foi isolado a partir deste material. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os vírus de influenza aviária de baixa patogenicidade circulam em aves de subsistência criadas no entorno de sítios de aves migratórias no Brasil e alertam para a importância da ampliação da vigilância ativa nesta população<br>Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by an influenza A virus and affects various avian species. Avian influenza is considered an exotic disease in Brazil, since H5 and H7 notifiable subtypes have never been detected. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply carries out permanent surveillance for avian influenza in commercial poultry production flocks and also in backyard poultry raised in the vicinity of concentration areas of migratory birds with the purpose of detecting the early introduction of H5 and H7 subtypes in the country. However, the health status of backyard poultry in relation to infection by other avian influenza subtypes is unknown. Considering the importance of this kind of family production system as a source of food and revenue for low-income communities and the risk it probably represents for the introduction of avian influenza in Brazil, the aim of this work was monitoring backyard poultry raised in the vicinity of concentration areas of migratory birds from 2011 to 2015 to verify the circulation of all avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes. Serum samples and cloacal and tracheal swabs were sampled from 2816 birds raised in eleven migratory birds concentration areas located in seven Brazilian states, totaling 391 backyard poultry flocks harvested. Serum samples (n = 2716) were screened using a commercial competitive ELISA kit to detect specific antibodies for the NP protein of the influenza A virus and afterwards the positive samples were subtyped through inhibition hemagglutination assay for the sixteen subtypes of influenza A viruses. Cloacal and tracheal swabs were tested by real-time PCR for detection of the influenza A virus RNA. No antibodies for H5 and H7 subtypes were detected, but antibodies for subtypes H1, H3, H4, H6, H8, H9, H10, H12, H13 e H16 have been identified in birds from nine out of eleven areas. The influenza A virus RNA was detected only in three samples from one flock and no hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from these specimens. Results obtained in this work suggest that low pathogenic avian influenza viruses are circulating in backyard poultry flocks raised in concentration areas of migratory birds in Brazil and alert to the importance of the expansion of active surveillance in this population
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Soares, Roberta Kelley Pinheiro. "Distribuição Espacial e Temporal da Avifauna Aquática no Lago de Santo Amaro, Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, Maranhão, Brasil." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/531.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-15<br>The aim of this work was demonstrate the spacial and temporal distribution of
resident and migratory waterbirds in Santo Amaro Lake, municipality of Santo Amaro
do Maranhão, in the West side of Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranheses,
Maranhão State. This lake has 6000 ha total area and in the reason of it s huge
extension it was splited in three places: Alagadiço (2200 ha), near Santo Amaro
municipality and fulltime flooded; Guaperiba/Ponta Verde Lake (2200 ha), with
sandbanks and open areas, presenting a quick decreasing of the water level; and
Taquari Lake (1600 ha), with most of It s margin surrounded with dunes and huge
open areas, fulltime flooded, but without macrophitas, presenting only sandbank
vegetation. During the rainy season the observer conducted the census from the
motorboat at a velocity of 6 km/h, percurring a transect paralell to the lake s margin.
In dry station the census was made through a fixed point using animal tracking for
locomotion. A total of 3.335 waterbirds were counted with 18 species. The resident
birds had greater abundance in the rainy season. The most exploited site in both
seasons was Alagadiço. The dry season presented greater abundance of migratory
birds corresponding to their arrival from breeding areas in Northern Hemisphere. In
both seasons Taquari lake was the most exploited by those birds. Resident birds
breeds in Santo Amaro Lake in the rainy season and the gulls - believed as an
isolated population - used the Lake to foraging while breeding in the dunes near
Taquari lake. It s very important to create a management plan for the Parque
Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, specially to Santo Amaro Lake, being the lake
used by a great diversity of resident and migratory waterbirds and used by the
humans in the subsisting fishery activities. The sustainable use of the Lake warrants
the Biota continuity on it, what also assure a good life condition for the people around
Santo Amaro Lake.<br>Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a distribuição espacial e temporal
das aves residentes e migratórias no Lago de Santo Amaro do Maranhão, localizado
no município de Santo Amaro, porção oeste do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis
Maranhenses. O Lago apresenta uma área de 6000 ha e devido a sua grande
extensão, optou-se por compartimentá-lo em três sítios: Alagadiço (2200 ha), mais
próximo do município de Santo Amaro e permanentemente inundado; Lago
Guaperiba/Ponta Verde (2000 ha), com restingas e áreas abertas apresentando
rápida descida de nível d água; Lago Taquari (1600 ha), com maior parte margeada
por dunas e grandes áreas abertas, apresentando área permanentemente inundada,
porém sem macrófitas sendo dominado por vegetação de restinga. Para a realização
do censo durante o período chuvoso, foi utilizado como meio de locomoção um
pequeno barco a motor com velocidade de 6 km/h, percorrendo um transecto na
margem do Lago. No período seco o censo foi realizado por pontos de observação
fixos utilizando tração animal para locomoção. Foram observadas 3.335 aves
divididas em 18 espécies. A abundância de aves residentes foi maior no período
chuvoso, sendo o sítio Alagadiço o mais explorado em todos os períodos. O período
seco apresentou maior abundância de aves migratórias neárticas, coincidindo com a
chegada de suas áreas de reprodução no Hemisfério Norte. O sítio Taquari foi mais
explorado por essas aves em todos os períodos. Aves residentes reproduziram no
Lago de Santo Amaro no período chuvoso e as gaivotas - acredita-se que seja uma
população isolada - também utilizavam-no para forrageio, enquanto reproduziam nas
dunas próximas ao Lago Taquari. É de fundamental importância que seja traçado
um plano de manejo para o Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, em
particular, para o Lago de Santo Amaro, já que este é utilizado por grande
diversidade de aves aquáticas residentes e migratórias, bem como por humanos
para atividade pesqueira de subsistência. Seu uso sustentável garante a
continuidade da biota no Lago de Santo Amaro, o que garante também a qualidade
de vida das pessoas que usam o Lago de Santo Amaro.
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Rubert, Barbara. "Aspectos ecológicos da avifauna aquática nas fozes dos rios Tijucas e Inferninho, Santa Catarina, Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8732.
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Previous issue date: 2016-10-07<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Estuaries are highly productive environments susceptible to environmental variables, and
important to the life cycle of various species, to waterfowl serve as a point of rest, feeding
and nesting. These sites also receive migratory birds seeking the accumulation of energy
required for the return to the reproductive areas. These species, as well as residents, have
their distribution, occurrence, abundance and behavior influenced by environmental
variables, seasonality and human presence. Thus this study aimed to characterize the
structure of the community of waterfowl, as well as behavioral pattern, relationship with
environmental variables and habitat use by them in the mouths of the rivers Tijucas and
Inferninho. The Tijucas’ Bay where this study was conducted, presents sediment
deposition and formation of extensive muddy plans. To collect the data length of 1.1 km
was covered in each mouth, from June 2015 to May 2016, sampling occurred every two
hours, from 08 hours to 16 hours. The data collected were species, average number,
activity and micro-habitat. five microhabitats were considered, based on different faces
found in two locations, and analyzed environmental variables were: wind speed, tide
height, precipitation and temperature. The curve of rarefaction and Jackknife 2 were used
to determine the sample sufficiency, Shannon index was used to estimate the annual and
monthly diversity and similarity among the studied areas was calculated using the Jaccard
index. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to determine
the differences between species richness, average number and behavior of the species for
hours and months of sampling. The behavior relative frequency was grouped by similarity
of Bray-Curtis, the Indicator Species Analysis was used to determine the association of
species with micro-habitats, and used Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to
determine the correlation between the variables environmental and behavior and between
species. Were recorded 44 species of waterfowl in the voices of the two rivers, 10
migratory. The similarity between the two areas was 75%, indicating high similarity of
microhabitats between areas. The diversity at the mouth of the river Tijucas was higher
than the mouth of the river Inferninho, this difference is related to river discharge of
rivers, hence the nutrient input. The difference in species richness, abundance was
significant only between the months of observation, and the months with the highest
diversity occurred in the late spring, summer and early fall, probably due to the life cycle
and arrival of migratory species. The rest was the most frequent activity, followed by
foraging, this was negatively related to temperature variation, it suggests that the higher
the temperature, the lower the foraging, avoiding waste of energy and water. Foraging
was negatively correlated with the height of the tide as the low tide provides a food
resource. The indicator species analysis showed that most of the species was associated
with only one micro-habitats, this can be explained by the abundance of available
resource, since rich environments allow specialization of species.<br>Os estuários são ambientes de elevada produtividade, suscetíveis a variáveis ambientais,
e importantes para o ciclo de vida de diversas espécies, para as aves aquáticas servem
como ponto de descanso, alimentação e nidificação. Esses locais ainda recebem aves
migratórias que buscam o acúmulo de energia necessário para o regresso às áreas
reprodutivas. Essas espécies, assim como as residentes, têm suas distribuição, ocorrência,
abundância e comportamento influenciados pelas variáveis ambientais, sazonalidade e
presença humana. Dessa forma esse estudo teve o objetivo de caracterizar a estrutura da
comunidade de aves aquáticas, bem como padrão comportamental, relação com variáveis
ambientais e uso de hábitat pelas mesmas nas fozes dos rios Tijucas e Inferninho. A Baía
de Tijucas, onde esse trabalho foi realizado, apresenta deposição de sedimento e formação
de extensos planos lamosos. Para coletar os dados a extensão de 1,1 km foi percorrida em
cada foz, de junho de 2015 a maio de 2016, as amostragens ocorreram a cada duas horas,
das 08 horas às 16 horas. Os dados coletados foram: espécie, número médio, atividade
realizada e micro-habitat ocupado. Foram considerados cinco micro-hábitats, baseado nas
diferentes fisionomias encontradas nos dois locais, e as variáveis ambientais analisadas
foram: velocidade do vento, altura da maré, precipitação e temperatura. A curva de
rarefação e Jackknife 2 foram usados para determinara a suficiência amostral, o índice de
Shannon foi usado para estimar a diversidade anual e mensal, e a similaridade entre as
áreas estudadas foi calculado através do índice de Jaccard. Análise de Variância
(ANOVA) e teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para determinar as diferenças entre
riqueza, número médio e comportamento das espécies por horário e meses de
amostragem. A frequência relativa de comportamentos foi agrupada pela similaridade de
Bray-Curtis, a Análise de Espécie foi usada para determinar a associação das espécies
com os micro-habitats, e usou-se Análise de Correlação Canônica (CCA) para determinar
a correlação entre as variáveis ambientais e comportamentos e entre espécies. Foram
registradas 44 espécies de aves aquáticas nas fozes dos dois rios, sendo 10 migratórias. A
similaridade entre as duas áreas foi de 75%, indicando alta semelhança de micro-habitats
entre as mesmas. A diversidade na foz do rio Tijucas foi maior que a foz do rio Inferninho,
essa diferença está relacionada a descarga fluvial dos rios, consequentemente ao aporte
de nutrientes. A diferença de riqueza, abundancia foi significativa apenas entre os meses
de observação, e os meses com maiores diversidades ocorreram no final da primavera,
verão e começo do outono, provavelmente devido ao ciclo de vida e chegada das espécies
migratórias. O descanso foi a atividade mais frequente, seguido de forrageio, este esteve
negativamente relacionada a variação de temperatura, sugere que quanto maior a
temperatura, menor o forrageio, evitando dispêndio de energia e água. O forrageio esteve
negativamente relacionado com a altura da maré, já que a maré baixa disponibiliza
recurso alimentar. A análise de espécies indicadoras apontou que a maior parte das
espécies esteve associada a apenas um micro-habitat, isso pode ser explicado pela
abundância de recurso disponível, já que ambientes ricos permitem a especialização das
espécies.
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Shustack, Daniel P. "Reproductive Timing of Passerines in Urbanizing Landscapes." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1217601092.
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Gunnarsson, ToÌmas GreÌtar. "Linking breeding and wintering processes in a migratory bird." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410504.
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Farau, Sébastien. "Les savoirs écologiques des chasseurs de gibier d'eau girondins : étude de leur validité pour une gestion de l'avifaune des zones humides." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3004/document.
Full textAbstract:
La gestion de la faune sauvage hors des ENP pose en premier lieu la question de la connaissance des milieux qu'elle fréquente et de l'évolution de leur capacité d’accueil. Aboutir à une description détaillée de la répartition qualitative et quantitative des espèces, avec comme seuls collecteurs de données des professionnels formés à ces fins, peut sembler utopique. L’immensité des espaces de la campagne banale combinée à la mobilité des espèces supposent une présence régulière et un relevé assez fréquent d'indices de présence lorsque des suivis sont nécessaires. Si certains chercheurs et gestionnaires n’hésitent désormais plus à utiliser l’écologie participative comme un moyen de collecte de ces données, cette méthode souffre parfois d’un manque de bénévoles, donc d'un défaut d’informations sur certaines parties des maillages qu'il faudrait renseigner. Dans ce contexte, envisager de solliciter ceux qui façonnent ces milieux naturels, donc qui séjournent longuement et utilisent cette nature, semble une alternative plausible pour acquérir des informations et des savoirs nécessaires à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Or, la qualité de ceux-ci est à interroger pour en mesurer la richesse et la fiabilité, et donc les possibilités ou non de les mobiliser dans des processus de suivis ou de gestion. Afin de conduire cette recherche, un objet et un terrain d’étude appropriés étaient nécessaires. Le choix s’est porté sur les savoirs locaux des chasseurs de gibier d’eau des zones humides girondines. La pratique de la chasse de la nuit a été plus particulièrement ciblée, ces adeptes disposant de carnets sur lesquels ils enregistrent parfois depuis longtemps des observations de l’avifaune, et l’activité en elle-même imposant de se tenir dans un poste fixe. Au-delà de leurs observations, des savoirs locaux potentiellement importants ont donc pu être accumulées. Dans les deux cas, l’accès à ces items est complexe et impose de créer une relation de confiance, que nous avons acquise grâce à l’échange d’informations. Il a ainsi été possible de poursuivre notre recherche en nous intéressant à l’aspect « observations » grâce aux carnets, puis à l’aspect « savoirs » en menant des entretiens en situation avec ces locaux. Notre travail interroge d’abord à la nature des informations nécessaires à la gestion de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage, et à la variabilité des moyens qui sont utilisés pour les collecter. La mobilisation de savoirs appartenant parfois à des ruraux amène ensuite à s’interroger sur leur pertinence scientifique. Il apparaît que ces derniers peuvent s’avérer être des contributions probantes qui concourent à une meilleure gestion de la faune sauvage. Ainsi, on montre ensuite en quoi différentes pratiques cynégétiques mobilisent des savoirs qui semblent pouvoir contribuer à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Les caractéristiques de la chasse de nuit au gibier d’eau la rendent plus propice à la collecte d’observations et de savoirs originaux, dont certains pourraient contribuer à la gestion de l’avifaune migratrice. Les zones humides girondines apparaissent alors comme un terrain d’étude approprié. Puis, on regarde de manière détaillée en quoi consiste la pratique de la chasse au gibier, et on montre que ces pratiquants sont susceptibles de collecter des informations originales sur l’avifaune et les milieux humides. La fiabilité des informations collectées et donc la qualité des observateurs pouvant être hétérogènes suivant les affinités de ces pratiquants, les meilleurs d’entre eux doivent être identifiés. On s’attache alors à déceler, en utilisant leurs carnets, les chasseurs qui, parmi la masse de ces individus, s’avèrent être des observateurs fiables. Au-delà, les informations qu’ils ont accumulées sont susceptibles de s’être combinées en savoirs. A travers une série d’entretiens puis d’évaluations, c’est la nature et la richesse de leurs savoirs qu’on interroge, pour identifier les plus experts et compétents d’entre eux<br>The wildlife management outside the protected natural area asks the question of knowledge of the environments it attends and the evolution of their capacity. Achieve to a detailed description of the qualitative and quantitative distribution of species, with the only professionals as data collectors trained for these purposes, seems Utopian. The immensity of spaces of trivial campaign combined with the mobility of species involved a regular presence and a fairly common statement for presence indices when monitoring is necessary. While some researchers and managers are now more reluctant to use the participatory ecology as a way of collecting these data, this method can sometimes suffer from a lack of volunteers. A lack of information can exist on some parts that it would inquire. In this context, consider seeking those who shape these natural environments, staying long and using this nature seems a plausible alternative to acquire information and knowledge necessary to wildlife management. But the quality of these collectors is to ask to measure wealth and reliability, and thus the opportunities or not to engage in follow-ups or management process. To conduct this research, an object and a field of appropriate study were required. The choice fell on local knowledge of waterfowl hunters of the Gironde wetlands. The practice of hunting at night was particularly targeted, these enthusiasts have books on which they sometimes long record observations of birds, and the activity itself imposing to stand in a fixed position. Beyond their observations, potentially significant local knowledge could therefore be accumulated. In both cases, access to these items is complex and requires to create a relationship of trust that we have gained through the exchange of information. It was thus possible to continue our research by focusing on the aspect of "observations" through books, and then to the aspect of "knowledge" by conducting interviews with these locals hunters. Our work first examines the nature of the information necessary for the management of different species of wildlife and variability wherewithal that are used to collect. The mobilization of knowledge sometimes belonging to rural then raises questions about their scientific relevance. It appears that these may contribute to better management of wildlife. Thus, we show how various hunting practices mobilize knowledge that appear to contribute to the management of wildlife. The characteristics of the night hunting waterfowl make it more conducive to the collection of observations and original knowledge, some of which could contribute to the management of migratory birds. Wetlands Gironde appear as an appropriate field study. Then, we look in details what constitutes the practice of hunting game, and show that these practitioners are likely to collect original information on birds and wetlands. The reliability of information collected and therefore the quality of the observers may be heterogeneous according to the affinities of these practitioners, the best of them should be identified. The last part then attaches to detect, using their notebooks, hunters who among the mass of these individuals turn out to be reliable observers. In addition, the information they are likely to have accumulated combined knowledge. Through a series of interviews and evaluations, it is the nature and the richness of their knowledge that asks to identify the most expert and competent of them
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Greenlee, Erin Symonds. "The Effects of a Warming Climate on the Migratory Strategies of a Putatively Non-Migratory Bird, the Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis)." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338485900.
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Stach, Robert. "Migratory routes and stopover behaviour in avian migration." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126975.
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Migratory birds, some small and light weight as matchboxes, engage in seasonal inter-continental journeys in order to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of food at northern latitudes to breed and raise their young, and then escape the harsh winters by migrating to lower latitudes. This thesis deals with two important aspects of migration, the routes taken during migration and the birds’ behaviour at stopovers. The migratory routes are for many species unknown, whole or in part, and this is especially true for species that migrate nocturnally. At stopovers birds replenish fuel reserves that powers migratory flight, and studying how birds utilise stopovers is important in order to understand how migration is organised. In this thesis I have used modern tracking technology to study both continental wide movements of thrush nightingales (Luscinia luscinia) and common rosefinches (Carpodacus erythrinus) using small light-level geolocators, and smaller scale movements at a single stopover site of garden warblers (Sylvia borin) using miniature radio-transmitters. I have also studied the fuelling behaviour of garden warblers during autumn migration in the field and in the lab, and great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) at a stopover site on Crete during spring migration after the Sahara crossing. The thesis discusses the significance of several aspects of migration shown by the birds that would have been very difficult to detect without the aid of modern tracking technology, such as loop migration, prolonged stops during migration, multiple wintering sites, and nocturnal relocations at stopover sites. Studies carried out at stopover sites also show that garden warblers and great reed warblers can attain large fuel loads even at sites where they have no barrier to cross and this might be a result of good foraging conditions. The thesis also highlights the importance of combining different techniques when studying stopover behaviour to get reliable estimates on stopover durations and fuel deposition rates as well as the importance of choosing sites preferred by birds when planning stopover studies.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>
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Seward, Adam Michael. "Impacts of climate changes on a long-distance migratory bird, the northern wheatear." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/28332/.
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Climate-driven changes in the overall abundance or phenology of food resources may be critical factors affecting migratory populations, which depend on suitable conditions at widely-spaced locations across the planet. Numerous studies have described associations between climatic change and breeding success, survival and the timing of migration among migrant birds, but we used an experimental approach to investigate the causal mechanisms underlying these widely-reported correlations. Specifically, we used food-supplementations to simulate experimentally the impact of changes in food availability across the annual cycle of a model species of long-distance migrant bird, the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). Food supplementation modified migratory schedules of wheatears by affecting migratory fuelling, but the strength of this impact varied between stages of the annual cycle and between two subspecies with contrasting migration strategies. Food supplementation advanced hatching date of wheatears in the UK, and led to some supplemented individuals increasing their reproductive output through multiple breeding attempts. Food-supplemented wheatears exhibited higher rates of annual survival than control wheatears, and the strength of this effect was most pronounced on survival of young immediately following fledging. These experiments highlight aspects of wheatear performance that are currently limited by food availability and are thus most sensitive to climate-driven changes in food supply (primarily migratory fuelling, number of breeding attempts and survival). We used experimental manipulations of temperature and soil moisture of upland grassland turfs to simulate the impact of climate change on the abundance and emergence phenology of the wheatear’s arthropod prey. Warming by 2 ºC and low soil moisture levels led to a reduction in arthropod abundance later in the season, indicating how such climate-driven changes would affect food availability to wheatears across the breeding season. These studies together provide experimental evidence for the mechanisms by which climate change is expected to influence population changes in migratory taxa.
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Gaskins, Michael Dale. "A GIS APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE PRIVATE LANDHOLDINGS IN THE LOWER KASKASKIA RIVER CORRIDOR INCORPORATING MIGRATORY BIRD HABITAT CRITERIA." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/196.
Full textAbstract:
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MICHAEL D. GASKINS, for the Masters of Science degree in FORESTRY, presented on FEBRUARY 26, 2010, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: A GIS APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE PRIVATE LANDHOLDINGS IN THE LOWER KASKASKIA RIVER CORRIDOR INCORPORATING MIGRATORY BIRD HABITAT CRITERIA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Eric Holzmueller Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased Neotropical migrant bird habitat quality across the Midwestern United States. Typically, efforts to increase habitat quality by reforesting agricultural areas are done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored to forest. This project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation in the Kaskaskia River Corridor (KRC), Illinois. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density metric, proximity to river, 200 m corridor area, total forest core area metric, fringe core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that the KRC would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity of area for restoration within a landscape.