Academic literature on the topic 'Migratory career'

Globalization theorists have typically described the post-Bosman football labor market as an amalgam of global value-added chains funneling players from (semi-)peripheral countries to Europe’s core leagues. However, due to their cross-sectional design, most globalization studies actually do not observe the longitudinal migratory trajectories through which players move towards, within and out of football’s global core. To fill this lacuna, this study examines a unique longitudinal dataset of 4730 complete careers of male professional football players and identifies four characteristics of their migratory trajectories: (1) recurrent mobility; (2) domestic careers for 60% of the players and frequent cross-border transfers for the other 40%; (3) clear career progress towards the top teams for the elite 10% of players and circulation for the other 90%; (4) a highly skewed distribution of transfer fees leading top teams to earn and spend the bulk of transfer fees. This suggests that football’s labor market is somewhat like a game of snakes and ladders in which an elite minority of players seems to be moving in tightly managed global value-added chains towards the top teams. However, the migratory channels through which the majority of players moves are much more porous, two-directional and complex than usually suggested in the literature.

ABSTRACTIn this article, we provide a comprehensive examination of the spatial and career mobility of China's labor population. We integrate theories on stratification and social change and exploit the innovative design and measurement of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey to minimize the undercoverage problem of the rural-urban migratory experience. Our analysis provides several fresh findings: (1) at-birth rural household registration (hukou) status leads to a greater probability of spatial mobility and career advancement than at-birth urban hukou status does; (2) education and gender differentiates rural-origin people, increasing the heterogeneity of urban labor and decreasing the heterogeneity of rural labor; (3) hukou policy relaxation favors later cohorts over earlier cohorts; and (4) among demographically comparable people, having experienced spatial mobility is correlated with having career advancement experience. Work organizations are found to be the arena where the two dimensions of mobility can happen jointly. Our findings provide a rich context for understanding the management and organization of Chinese labor.

What is the Global Fellows Programme? This provides Radiologists with an opportunity to work in England as a Global Fellow for 3 years. Global Fellows perform a mixture of independent service work (60%) and develop their skills in a subspecialty (40%). Completion of CESR is at their discretion and early experience is that this is popular both as a credential and for future career planning. The three-year Global Fellowship is placement, not a migratory program

In this study we tested the basic premise that fishers’ knowledge provides similar perceptions about exploited stocks to data gathered by standardised monitoring in a small-scale commercial fishery. To that end, we compared temporal trends in catch and individual size for fish species between data obtained from interviews with fishers and a 25-year dataset from a landing monitoring program in the Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil). Fishers described with accuracy changes in species composition of the catches, from large migratory species of high commercial value (common before impoundment) to migratory species of low commercial value and sedentary species following damming. Temporal trends in catches reported by fishers and documented in the landing data matched for most species. Histories diverge when absolute values are involved, such as when fishers were asked to recall their largest catch. Fishers were homogeneous in their reports, indicating that instead of individual opinions, they revealed knowledge resulting from their observation and fishery experience. Fishers can be a reliable source of information for detecting changes in catches over time, especially when large-scale habitat changes have occurred within the time scale of a fisher career. Fishers may be key partners to be considered by managers in information gathering for effective management.

The article shows the dynamics of changes in the economic position of young people in Udmurtia since 2009. The general demographic structure of youth is shown to be subject to changes over time, it has a pronounced wave-like behavior, which affects all major socio-economic assessments. The distribution of time for study and work, professional and career intentions, migratory plans are investigated. The features of the socio-economic status of young people in the 2014-2016 financial crisis are indicated. A gradual improvement in the financial position of young people living in Udmurtia has been identified. The adverse factors affecting the economic situation of young people are: marital status, presence of children, low level of education, and living in small towns of Udmurtia.

Introduction: An increasing motivation can be experienced among professional workers within the Hungarian healthcare system towards foreign employment or career change. Aim: The aim of the authors was to assess Hungarian physiotherapists’ migration and career changing behaviour and to understand the underlying factors. Method: A national survey in Hungary from April to August, 2014 was performed. Only physiotherapists who practice in Hungary were included (n = 215). Results: The results suggest that age (p<0.05) and the rate of financial appreciation experienced in the workplace (p<0.01) significantly affect the appearance of migratory thoughts. Those physiotherapists who do not feel themselves financially appreciated, are 55 times more likely to search for employment outside the country’s borders [OR = 55.28 CI (95%) = 18.85 to 161.12]. The most common causes for that are unfavourable financial (p<0.01) and moral recognition (p<0.01). Conclusions: In order to prevent our already highly-qualified colleagues from leaving the country or from considering to leave the profession we should concentrate on increasing the financial and moral appreciation of the profession within the Hungarian healthcare system. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(9), 342–349.

Migration is a phenomenon that has significantly impacted Albanian society. In recent years, migration has increased noticeably in Albania. The majority of departures consists of students and university educated persons. This study will research the factors influencing the perceptions and decision-making of migrating students. The objective of this research paper corresponds with the study of the correlation between push-pull factors of student perceptions on migration and of making the decision to migrate. This study will employ quantitative research. The study sample comprises 163 Mediterranean University of Albania students. Research hypotheses are tested with a 95% confidence interval. Push factors influence student perceptions to migrate, just as economic standing, conflict, unemployment and discrimination influence the students’ decision to migrate. Whereas, personal safety is not significantly correlated to migratory decision-making. Pull factors do not influence the perceptions of migration of students. Whereas, career opportunities, improving the quality of life and the quality of education influence in student decisions to migrate.

Motivations for migrating within the European Union have mainly been attributed to economic, career and lifestyle choices. This article suggests that political dissatisfaction is also an important motivator of recent intra-European migration. In our analysis of in-depth interviews with Romanian migrants in Spain and with Spanish migrants in Norway, we found a common emphasis on the political dimensions of their decision to migrate. In the interviews, the economic component of migration was often related to bad governance and negative perceptions of the state. The similarities of Spanish and Romanian migration narratives are especially striking because Spain and Romania represent substantially different migratory, political and economic contexts. However, migration is more obviously intertwined with conventional acts of political protest in the Spanish case. We suggest that differences in democratic contexts are pivotal in people’s reactions to and framing of their deep dissatisfaction with domestic politics, as found in many European countries today.

Cette thèse propose une analyse de cent entretiens biographiques menés auprès de jeunes ressortissants de l’ancienne URSS, nés principalement dans les années 1980-1990 et – pour deux tiers d’entre eux – devenus étudiants d’établissements d’études supérieures en France. La migration étudiante depuis la Russie vers la France est ainsi son objet principal d’investigation, précisé en comparant les cas de Russes mobiles internationalement et de ceux qui n’avaient pas connu – au moment de l’enquête – d’expérience d’études à l’étranger. La comparaison mobilité/non-mobilité fait ressortir les conditions qui amènent à souhaiter un voyage d’études dans un autre pays, ainsi que les actions qui s’effectuent pour sa mise en œuvre. La notion de carrière migratoire, constituée de trois phases – conception, préparation du départ, séjour –, est dans un premier temps mobilisée afin de montrer d’une part que ce n’est pas avec l’arrivée dans un pays étranger que la migration commence, mais avec la préparation du départ – cette dernière, si elle aboutit, étant la phase clé de la carrière –, et d’autre part que la migration doit être comprise comme une action, que les descriptions de contextes permettant de migrer ne suffisent pas à expliquer et qui demande ainsi à être analysée le plus finement possible. Dans un second temps, le terme de socialisation est proposé pour rendre compte de l’espace social de possibilité de concevoir et réaliser un départ étudiant à l’étranger. La distribution inégale des compétences en langues étrangères en Russie contemporaine est mise en évidence, ainsi que le processus – nommé « socialisation à l’étranger » – de formation des représentations quant aux pays occidentaux, faisant souhaiter un départ. Enfin, quelques dispositions sont repérées – comme la disposition volontaire ou la disposition au dilettantisme – qui autorisent à concevoir et à réaliser le départ étudiant ; les processus de constitution desdites dispositions sont reconstruits, permettant de constater à la fois une relative hétérogénéité et une sélectivité du recrutement d’étudiants internationalement mobiles. Cette thèse constitue un apport à la sociologie des migrations, ainsi qu’aux études sur la Russie. Avec son terrain national, peu étudié et associé à un ensemble de stéréotypes – répandus y compris dans le monde scientifique –, elle ambitionne aussi de contribuer à la sociologie de la socialisation, soucieuse de saisir des mécanismes généraux de la formation et de la transformation des individus dans la société<br>This thesis presents an analysis of a hundred biographical interviews with young people from the former USSR, born mainly in the 1980-1990s, two thirds of them having become students at the higher educational establishments in France. Thus, student migration from Russia to France is the main object of research, specified by comparing the cases of internationally mobile Russians and those who – at the moment of the investigation – did not have any experience of studying abroad. The comparison between mobility and non-mobility has revealed the conditions which make one want to study abroad, as well as actions undertaken to implement it. The notion of migratory career, which comprises three stages, namely design, preparation of departure, and stay, is on the one hand used to show that, first, it is not with the arrival in a foreign country that migration starts, but with the preparation for departure – this stage, if successful, being the crucial stage in the career – and second, that migration must be understood as an action that routine exposure of contexts allowing to migrate is not sufficient to explain and thus requires to be described as precisely as possible. On the other hand, the term socialization is suggested to explain the social space that enables one to conceive and implement student departure abroad. The unequal access to foreign language skills in contemporary Russia is highlighted, as well as the process – named “foreign socialization” – of the formation of representations about western countries, which makes one wish to depart. Finally, a number of dispositions, such as voluntary or amateur dispositions, are outlined that allow to conceive and implement the departure, and the processes of their appearance are retraced, allowing at the same time to reveal a relative heterogeneity and selectivity of recruitment of internationally mobile students. This thesis provides a contribution to the sociology of migration, as well as to Russian studies. Having a national field that remains little studied and associated with a number of stereotypes, widespread in the scientific world as well, it has an ambition to contribute to the sociology of socialization, which cares to capture general mechanisms of the formation and transformation of individuals in the society<br>Настоящая диссертация предлагает анализ ста биографических интервью с выходцами из бывшего СССР, родившимися преимущественно в 1980-1990 годах и – в случае двух третьих опрошенных – ставших студентами высших учебных заведений во Франции. Студенческая миграция из России во Францию представляет, таким образом, главный объект исследования данной работы, уточненный с помощью сравнения случаев русских студентов, обучающихся или обучившихся за рубежом, и тех, среди их сверстников и соотечественников, кто не имел – в момент интервью – подобного опыта. Сопоставление мобильность/не мобильность позволило выявить условия, которые способствуют формированию желания учиться в другой стране, а также действия, которые предпринимаются для осуществления этого желания. Понятие «карьеры» (Беккер, Гоффман, Дармон), состоящей из трех фаз – концепция, приготовление отъезда, пребывание в другой стране –, использовано в первой части диссертации с целью показать, что, с одной стороны, миграция начинается не с прибытия за границу, а с приготовления отъезда – данная фаза является, в случае ее успешного завершения, ключевой фазой миграционной карьеры – и что, с другой стороны, миграция должна быть понята как действие, требующее отдельного детального анализа, и для изучения которого описания национального или интернационального контекста не являются достаточными. Во второй части термин «социализация» (Бурдье, Дармон, Лаир) предложен для того, чтобы выявить социальное пространство, позволяющее задумать и осуществить студенческую миграцию. Неравный доступ к изучению иностранных языков в современной России упомянут с этой целью, а также процесс возникновения представлений о загранице, которые содействуют зарождению желания мигрировать. Описаны, наконец, роль и формирование других социальных качеств, часто натурализированных или психологизированных опрошенными («воля» и т.д.) и благоприятствующих реализации студенческой миграции. Оставаясь селективным, социальное пространство последней является, таким образом, относительно разнородным.Данная диссертация представляет собой вклад в социологию миграции и в изучение России. Эмпирический материал о студентах и молодых специалистах из России, страны недостаточно изученной и ассоциирующейся с рядом стереотипов, в том числе и в научном мире, позволяет также обогатить размышления о механизмах формирования и трансформации человека, члена общества

Lancés sur les routes de l’exil, suite au génocide de 1915 perpétré par le gouvernement JeuneTurc, les réfugiés arméniens sont à la recherche d’un territoire susceptible de les accueillir.Après un exode qui a duré plusieurs années, et qui les a conduits dans les pays de la péninsule balkanique et dans tout le Proche-Orient, certains font le choix de la France. C’est en 1922 ou 1923 (selon les sources) que les premiers réfugiés arrivent à Valence. D’autres leur emboîtent le pas les années suivantes. Mon étude tente de mettre en évidence les parcours migratoiresdes familles arméniennes valentinoises et des enfants scolarisés, depuis leurs lieux d’origine jusqu’à Valence. Plusieurs vagues migratoires, plus ou moins longues selon la durée de déplacements des populations, et parfois simultanées ou enchevêtrées, se succèdent. Très souvent, l’itinéraire, qui a conduit les familles arméniennes dans la cité drômoise, n’a pas été direct depuis leur débarquement à Marseille, mais jalonné d’étapes, qui sont autant de marqueurs des situations socio-économiques rencontrées avant leur installation à Valence, parfois définitive pour de nombreuses familles. Mon étude tente également de faire apparaîtreles différents parcours scolaires effectués au sein de l’école française. Dès les premières arrivées, les enfants entrent à l’école primaire et suivent des parcours variés, même si, pour les premiers arrivants, la préoccupation au sortir de la scolarité obligatoire reste l’obtention immédiate d’un emploi. Les parcours au sein d’un enseignement organisé en deux filièresprincipales et socialement inégalitaires ne sont pas simples et des difficultés diverses se dressent, amenant certains à abandonner soit leurs études secondaires, soit à se maintenir au sein de l’école primaire. Le système scolaire accueille ces enfants et l’enjeu linguistique passe au premier plan. D’autres élèves y mènent un parcours brillant. Sous l’influence de lasituation socioéconomique locale, les familles arméniennes opèrent des choix pour leurs enfants et des comportements se dessinent. Si pour certaines, le système scolaire doit permettre une émancipation et l’apprentissage d’un métier, au travers des professions d’ouvriers qualifiés ou de techniciens mais aussi d’emplois de bureau, pour d’autres, la reprise d’une affaire commerciale familiale ou l’apprentissage d’une profession artisanale s’impose. Le passage par l’école obligatoire permet d’atteindre un niveau linguistique plus sûr, mais aussi une qualification plus importante, qui enrichit l’affaire familiale. La destinée familiale a très souvent tracé un avenir scolaire aux enfants de la seconde génération, revu à l’âge adulte avec de nouvelles opportunités professionnelles<br>Launched on the exile roads, after the 1915 genocide caused by the Jeune-Turc government, the Armenian refugees were in search of a territory open to welcome them. After an exodus which lasted several years and led them into the Balkan States and the whole Near East, some of them made the choice of France. The first refugees turned up in Valence in 1922 or 1923 (itdepends on the pieces of information). Others followed a few years later. My study attempts to show the Armenian families and children’s geographical routes, from their places of origin to Valence. Several more or less varied waves of immigrants occurred. Very often, the trip from Marseille to the “Cité drômoise” was not straight. The different stages of their French itinerary appear as markers of their varied social and economic conditions before their arrival in Valence. My contribution will also attempt to show the different school careers they made in French schools. As soon as the first arrived, children were sent to primary school and had varied school careers, even if labor remained a priority at the end of their compulsory education. The school careers in the two main educational profiles- socially unequal- were not simple and many pupils had difficulties in completing their primary or secondary schooling. The French school welcomed these foreign pupils and the acquisition of the French language was the most important issue. Other pupils had outstanding courses. Affected by the local socio-economic circumstances, the Armenian families made choices for their children. For some of them, school had to promote the learning of a trade, as skilled labourers, technicians or office workers. Others expected their children to continue the family business. Compulsory schooling promoted the acquisition of the French language but also increased the qualification levels. The Armenians wanted a future for their children and resigned themselves to the choices of their parents. After their teenage years, their professions changed and the families’ destinies advanced with new career opportunities

La thèse porte sur les migrations de travailleurs indonésiens vers Kuala Lumpur, en Malaysia, et Singapour, à partir d’une approche qui s’efforce de combiner les principes de l’analyse pragmatiste et la prise en charge des effets de structure, en vue de décrire la formation de transnationalismes dans la région et d’interroger la nature des espaces sociaux qui s’agrègent autour de ces parcours migratoires. En développant une approche socio-anthropologique mise en œuvre au cours de vingt mois de terrain il s’est agi de saisir la migration au plus proche des expériences vécues, sans renoncer à décrire des contextes sociaux, politiques, culturels et historiques qui permettent de les situer dans leurs spécificités mais aussi dans la perspective de dynamiques politiques et économiques globales. Alors que ces migrations se développent et s’institutionnalisent, le choix d’une ethnographie multi-site, dispersée dans les trois pays, a permis de construire un point de vue mobile et décentré, au plus près des expériences situées. Dans cette perspective, la thèse s’efforce de montrer l’émergence de transnationalismes et d’espaces transnationaux à l’intersection entre la production d’un travail globalisé et les politiques nationales, où s’inscrivent des processus de subjectivation inédits. Alors que les socialités se désenclavent sous l’effet des migrations, les espaces vécus se transnationalisent en sorte que saisir ces nouvelles dynamiques sociales, c’est désormais aussi décrire des manières d’habiter le transnational<br>The thesis deals with the migration of Indonesian workers to Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and Singapore. The argument draws on a theoretical approach which attempts to blend the contribution of pragmatism with the analysis of structure effects in order to describe the formation of transnationalisms in the region and to scrutinize the nature of the social spaces which are assembled along these migration trails. By constructing a socio-antrhopological approach, operationalized during a twenty-months fieldwork, we aimed to capture migration as close as possible from lived experiences, yet without giving up the description of the broader social, political, cultural and historical contexts which allow to remain sensitive to their specificities while locating them in the context of global political and economic dynamics. While these migrations are both developing and being increasingly institutionalized, the choice of a multi-sited ethnography, distributed in the three countries, allowed to build a shifting and de-centered point of view, and to remain always as close as possible to situated experiences. In this perspective, the thesis tries to show the emergence of transnationalisms and transnational social spaces at the intersection between the production of a globalized labor and national politics – space politics -, where new subjectivation processes are being shaped. While socialities are increasingly disembbedded from local contexts, lived spaces are also increasingly transnationalized, so that capturing these new social dynamics now supposes to describe new ways of inhabiting the transnational

A l'interface de la sociologie des migrations et de la sociologie politique, la thèse porte sur les migrations de retour des réfugiés congolais à partir des principaux pays d'acceuil l'afrique centrale. loin d'être regardées dans une perspective linéaire et statique entre deux sédentarités mais analysées à partir d'observation in situ et d'entretiens biographiques réalisés pendant près de seize mois dans les espaces d'accueil et de retour, les migrations de retour son intégrées ici dans un espace migratoire dynamique fait d'oppositions et de transactions entre les dispositifs du flux migratoire qui organisent et réglementent les migrations de retour, et les multiples pratiques formelles et informelles du sujet dont les intenses jeux de tension s'inscrivent dans un contexte soutenu de limitation des flux migratoires et l'accroissement de nouvelles formes de mobilité dans l'espace migratoire d'afrique centrale<br>In the interface of the sociology of migration and political sociology, the thesis focuses on return migration of Congolese refugees from the main host countries of central Africa. Far from being observed in a linear and static perspective between two sedentarinesses but analyzed starting from in situ observations and from biographical interviews conducted during 16 months in host and return areas, the migrations of return are integrated in a dynamic migratory space constituted by oppositions and transactions between the biopolitic plans of retention of flows and the circulatory practices of the refugees. The accent is particularly focused on negotiating "biographical crossroads" and migratory careers of refugees from the social, spatial and political capital acquired during the refuge time. How, in these intersections between migratory careers and biopolitical plans, the returnees can define and negotiate their installations in the environment of return ?

Cette thèse porte sur la constructions des carrières migratoires de femmes issues de la Corée du Nord, de la Corée du Sud et du Japon. L’enjeu est de comprendre la construction objective et subjective de ces parcours à partir d’héritages historiques et culturels des sociétés d'origine, de politiques migratoires, de bifurcations biographiques, d’expériences sociales et de travail au sein d’« espaces totalitaires ». Dans la première partie, la thèse se penche sur les migrations internationales de femmes ainsi que sur la démarche méthodologique mise en place pour collecter des données comparatives auprès de femmes en souffrance au cœur de terrains « minés » et pour les analyser. La deuxième partie s’efforce de reconstituer les carrières objectives des migrantes en se concentrant sur les contextes de départ, la construction des projets migratoires et les contextes d’arrivée. Les migrantes se heurteront à la réitération des grammaires du mépris et de l’injustice – au sens de L. Roulleau-Berger – , aux violences et aux dominations influencées par les imaginaires coloniaux ou nationaux de la population hôte. Les corps « faibles » de ces femmes, au regard des imaginaires individuels et collectifs des sociétés d’accueil, deviennent des corps sensuels, sexuels, résistants etc. et devront se construire socialement au sein « d’espaces totalitaires » érigés au regard de ces imaginaires. La troisième partie analyse la construction des carrières subjectives des femmes issue de la péninsule coréenne et du Japon. Entre les obligations hypertrophiées de s’adapter imposées aux migrantes par le biais de techniques de mortifications – au sens de Goffman – les rôles infligés et les stratégies d’adaptation, elles tentent de survivre à leurs imaginaires migratoires déçus en déployant des tactiques qui se définissent par le refus de toute participation personnelle, l’assimilation du rôle imposé par la société d’accueil ou l’émancipation<br>This thesis focuses on the construction of migratory careers of women from North Korea, South Korea and Japan. The challenge is to understand the objective and subjective structure of these routes from historical and cultural heritage of the societies of origin, from migration policies, from biographical bifurcations and from social and work experiences in “totalitarian spaces”. In the first part, the thesis focuses on international migration of women as well as the methodology established to collect comparative data from suffering women in "mined" fieldwork and to analyze them. The second part tries to reconstruct the objective careers of migrants focusing on starting contexts, on the construction of migration projects and on the arrival contexts. The migrants will face the reiteration of grammar of contempt and injustice - in the sense of L. Roulleau-Berger – and the violence and dominations influenced by colonial or national imaginary of the host population. The “weak” bodies of these women, under individual and collective imaginary of host societies, become sensual bodies, sexual bodies, resistant bodies etc. and will build socially in "totalitarian spaces" erected in view of these imaginary. The third section analyzes the construction of the subjective Career of Women of the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Between the bloated obligations to adapt (imposed on migrants through process of mortifications - in the sense of Goffman –), the imposed roles and the adaptive strategies, they try to survive their disappointed migration imaginary by deploying tactics that define by the refusal of any personal participation, assimilation of the role imposed by the host society or emancipation

This book provides fresh perspectives on 21st-century migratory experiences in this innovative study of young Asian migrants' lives in Australia. Exploring the aspirations and realities of transnational mobility, the book shows how migration has reshaped lived experiences of time for middle-class young people moving between Asia and the West for work, study and lifestyle opportunities. Through a new conceptual framework of 'chronomobilities', which looks at 'time-regimes' and 'time-logics', the book demonstrates how migratory pathways have become far more complex than leaving one country for another, and can profoundly affect the temporalities of everyday life, from career pathways to intimate relationships. Drawing on extensive ethnographic material, the book deepens our understanding of the multifaceted relationship between migration and time.

This chapter explores the life and career of Sathima Bea Benjamin, who grew up in Cape Town, South Africa, during the transition to apartheid in the 1940s. Taking melodies she heard on her grandmother's radio, Sathima developed her own jazz singing voice, weaving in her own compositions. With a life embedded in an awareness of race and gender, she left for Europe in 1962. Her migratory lifestyle took her through tours in Europe, supporting her husband musician and caring for her daughters, to her own career development in New York City as a jazz singer with her own trio—where she continues to record, create, and perform. Sathima's vocality and life-stories reveal risks, freedoms, and creative processes as she creates a counternarrative to the discourses of masculinity in jazz.

Located within easy reach of one of the world’s major theatre cities, Dublin has long felt the centripetal pull of London, and as a result there has hardly been a major Irish playwright, actor, or director who has not at some point been involved in a London production. This is of course part of the much larger migratory traffic between the two islands; however, where actors or directors may travel to Britain for a particular production, for Irish communities in the UK the theatrical exploration (and assertion) of a distinctive ethnic identity can be about more than developing a career: it can be about establishing the cultural credentials of a community whose relationship with the host country has not always been comfortable. This is most evident in recent plays by diasporic Irish playwrights in Birmingham and Liverpool.

Wales, in common with many locations in the British Isles, had a mixed career during the economic and demographic upheavals of the late eighteenth century. Rural west Wales was especially prominent in the emigration account; it also vividly manifested some of the classic conditions making for mobility. Increased mobility in rural Wales was marked also by particular episodes of emigration which entered the folk memory. The demographic and economic career of the upland Swaledale region in the North Yorkshire Pennines demonstrates with unusual clarity several typical sequences within the long-term decline of its rural population. The Swaledale economy remained dominated by agriculture, and productivity increases were impressive, especially in dairying. Swaledale was a classic case of rural change associated with migratory adjustments to demographic and economic pressures, and was a regional variant of the common experience in rural Britain.

Chapter 2 examines the transnational life and career of Chuk Mor during the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter argues that Chuk Mor redefined the basis of “being Buddhist” in Malaysia by drawing on Taixu’s modernist ideas of Human Life Buddhism. As this chapter demonstrates, migratory circulations expanded, corrected, and modified understandings of Buddhist modernism and significantly transformed the religious landscape in postcolonial Malaysia. Chuk Mor encouraged intrareligious conversion by advocating a Malaysian Chinese Buddhist identity that emphasized this-worldly practice of Buddhism, promoted a vision of Buddhist orthodoxy (zhengxin fojiao), and established new Buddhist spaces for the promotion of religious education. By examining the Malaysian context with the idea of South China Sea Buddhism in mind, this chapter highlights the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia.

Italy is experiencing a structural and multigenerational migratory presence in which new generations are increasingly obtaining access to the highest social and educational levels, including university. The presence of foreign students in Italian secondary schools has been extensively covered by research (especially regarding their presence in technical and vocational institutes, which formally open up to a university career but often cause a sort of school marginalisation that frequently results in social disadvantage) but little is known about their presence at the university level. It would be simplistic to assume that those students who enrolled at university had never experienced any trouble in their pre-university or university career. In this chapter, the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant students will be quantitatively contextualised, with specific regard to foreign students in Italian universities, and with a descriptive analysis on the impact of gender on education. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the multifaceted educational paths of young people, those under 35 years old, born in Italy to foreign parents (or who moved to Italy later), their expectations and the real opportunities offered to them.

Alain Mabanckou, Léonora Miano, and Abdourahhman Waberi are often spoken of as forming part of an 'Afropean' generation of writers, perched between the African and European continents. However, of the six fictional works included in a 2014 volume (eds. Thomas and Hitchcott) on Francophone Afropean writers, three are penned by writers who no longer live in Africa or Europe. My chapter will investigate how such writers exist in an increasingly more cosmopolitan world which stretches beyond Europe and into North America. Then, to further mine the “Afropean” designation, I will explore the works and careers of post-migratory postcolonial minorities of African heritage, such as writers Julien Delmaire, Dembo Goumane, Thomté Ryam, Abd al Malik, Wilfred N’Sondé and Bessora, who were born and raised in France/Francophone Europe. In this way, I query the binary of Africa and Europe in the 'Afropean' designation.

This chapter proposes to aid clinicians in handling cultural differences encountered by patients and clinicians. Our overarching emphasis involves ‘migratory psychiatry’—a context in which patients may have migrated to an unfamiliar culture. We also include contexts in which clinicians have migrated to the patient’s culture, as this situation can produce similar problems that the clinician must manage. From innumerable possible topics, we have selected seven areas owing to their frequency and/or clinical importance: negotiated psychiatric encounters, dreams, and nightmares, social units as patient/pathogen/therapeutic resource, theories of psychiatric disorder, organic causes, managing differences, and culture-related attitudes and beliefs. Although this list does not cover all potential challenges, it does provide the reader with a format for handling other dilemmas arising between patient and clinician in psychiatric settings. The ‘Methods’ section specifies the means by which the reviewers and authors have approached such matters in their careers. The latter include being thoughtful in learning from their own experiences, benefitting vicariously from the experiences of teachers and colleagues, and reading journals and books on related topics.