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Journal articles on the topic 'Migratory contingents'
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Secor, David H., Michael H. P. O’Brien, Benjamin I. Gahagan, Dewayne A. Fox, Amanda L. Higgs, and Jessica E. Best. "Multiple spawning run contingents and population consequences in migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242797.
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Multiple spawning run contingents within the same population can experience varying demographic fates that stabilize populations through the portfolio effect. Multiple spawning run contingents (aka run timing groups) are reported here for the first time for striped bass, an economically important coastal species, which is well known for plastic estuarine and shelf migration behaviors. Adult Hudson River Estuary striped bass (n = 66) were tagged and tracked with acoustic transmitters from two known spawning reaches separated by 90 km. Biotelemetry recaptures for two years demonstrated that each river reach was associated with separate contingents. Time series of individual spawning phenologies were examined via nonparametric dynamic time warping and revealed two dominant time series centroids, each associated with a separate spawning reach. The lower spawning reach contingent occurred earlier than the higher reach contingent in 2017 but not in 2018. The majority (89%) of returning adults in 2018 showed the same contingent behaviors exhibited in 2017. Spawning contingents may have been cued differently by temperatures, where warming lagged 1-week at the higher reach in comparison to the lower reach. The two contingents exhibited similar Atlantic shelf migration patterns with strong summer fidelity to Massachusetts Bay and winter migrations to the southern US Mid-Atlantic Bight. Still, in 2017, differing times of departure into nearby shelf waters likely caused the early lower reach contingent to experience substantially higher mortality than the later upper reach contingent. Anecdotal evidence suggests that higher fishing effort is exerted on the early-departing individuals as they first enter shelf fisheries. Thus, as in salmon, multiple spawning units can lead to differential demographic outcomes, potentially stabilizing overall population dynamics.
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Gillanders, Bronwyn M., Christopher Izzo, Zoë A. Doubleday, and Qifeng Ye. "Partial migration: growth varies between resident and migratory fish." Biology Letters 11, no. 3 (2015): 20140850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0850.
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Partial migration occurs in many taxa and ecosystems and may confer survival benefits. Here, we use otolith chemistry data to determine whether fish from a large estuarine system were resident or migratory, and then examine whether contingents display differences in modelled growth based on changes in width of otolith growth increments. Sixty-three per cent of fish were resident based on Ba : Ca of otoliths, with the remainder categorized as migratory, with both contingents distributed across most age/size classes and both sexes, suggesting population-level bet hedging. Migrant fish were in slightly better condition than resident fish based on Fulton's K condition index. Migration type (resident versus migratory) was 56 times more likely to explain variation in growth than a model just incorporating year- and age-related growth trends. While average growth only varied slightly between resident and migratory fish, year-to-year variation was significant. Such dynamism in growth rates likely drives persistence of both life-history types. The complex relationships in growth between contingents suggest that management of species exhibiting partial migration is challenging, especially in a world subject to a changing climate.
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Roloson, Scott D., Sean J. Landsman, Raymond Tana, et al. "Otolith microchemistry and acoustic telemetry reveal anadromy in non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Prince Edward Island, Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 7 (2020): 1117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0229.
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This study examined the migratory patterns of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in three rivers in Prince Edward Island, Canada, using acoustic telemetry and otolith microchemistry. Only 6% of acoustically tagged fish in three river systems left coastal embayments. A cohort of rainbow trout in all three rivers entered saline waters. Habitat use differed among migrants in the three rivers, as Montague River fish occupied estuary habitat (mean 20.79 PSU) more often than West River and Dunk River fish that tended to occupy both riverine tidal (mean 1.27 and 4.29 PSU, respectively) and freshwater habitats (<0.5 PSU), particularly during summer months (July and August). A second cohort of rainbow trout remained exclusively in fresh water. Migratory individuals were more likely to arise from anadromous mothers, but freshwater mothers produced migratory offspring in all sites. Migratory individuals were significantly larger than nonmigratory freshwater residents. This study suggests that partial residency was the primary strategy, with prominent tidal occupation, while secondary marine and freshwater contingents were included in the full range of successful migratory strategies.
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Crook, D. A., D. J. Buckle, Q. Allsop, et al. "Use of otolith chemistry and acoustic telemetry to elucidate migratory contingents in barramundi Lates calcarifer." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 8 (2017): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16177.
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Migration is a fundamental aspect of the life history of many fish and must be well understood for targeted conservation and management. We used acoustic telemetry and otolith 87Sr/86Sr analysis, in conjunction with annual ageing, to study intraspecific variation in barramundi Lates calcarifer migration in the Northern Territory, Australia. Acoustic transmitters were implanted into 25 barramundi (420–1010-mm total length (TL); median 510mm TL) from freshwater reaches of the South Alligator River and their movements tracked over >2 years. 87Sr/86Sr transect analysis was also conducted on otoliths of 67 barramundi from the Daly, Mary, South Alligator and Roper rivers. Acoustic telemetry showed that most fish remained in fresh water across wet and dry seasons. Higher rates of movement occurred during the wet season and a minority of fish moved into the estuary during high flows. Otolith chemistry analyses revealed high diversity in salinity histories among individuals. We integrated the telemetry and otolith chemistry data to examine migration as a function of the stage of sexual development, and have proposed a revised life history model that identifies three migratory contingents. We conclude that anthropogenic disturbance, including modified river hydrology, has the potential to alter the frequency of life history contingents in barramundi populations.
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Pautzke, Sarah M., Martha E. Mather, John T. Finn, Linda A. Deegan, and Robert M. Muth. "Seasonal Use of a New England Estuary by Foraging Contingents of Migratory Striped Bass." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, no. 1 (2010): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t08-222.1.
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Tzeng, Wann-Nian, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Jen-Chieh Shiao, Yoshiaki Yamada, and Hideo P. Oka. "Identification and growth rates comparison of divergent migratory contingents of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)." Aquaculture 216, no. 1-4 (2003): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00053-4.
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Petitgas, Pierre, Dave H. Secor, Ian McQuinn, Geir Huse, and Nancy Lo. "Stock collapses and their recovery: mechanisms that establish and maintain life-cycle closure in space and time." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 9 (2010): 1841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq082.
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Abstract Petitgas, P., Secor, D. H., McQuinn, I., Huse, G., and Lo, N. 2010. Stock collapses and their recovery: mechanisms that establish and maintain life-cycle closure in space and time. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1841–1848. Experience has established that the recovery of many collapsed stocks takes much longer than predicted by traditional fishery population models. We put forward the hypothesis that stock collapse is associated with disruption of the biological mechanisms that sustain life-cycle closure of intrapopulation contingents. Based on a review of case studies of nine marine fish stocks, we argue that stock collapses not only involve biomass loss, but also the loss of structural elements related to life-cycle diversity (contingents), as well as the breakdown of socially transmitted traditions (through a curtailed age range). Behavioural mechanisms associated with these structural elements could facilitate recovery of depleted populations. Migratory behaviour is argued to relate to phenotypic plasticity and the persistence of migration routes to social interactions. The case studies represent collapsed or depleted populations that recovered after a relatively short period (striped bass, capelin), after more than a decade (herring and sardine), or not at all (anchovy, cod). Contrasting the population dynamics from these stocks leads us to make a distinction between a depleted and a collapsed population, where, in addition to biomass depletion, the latter includes damage to contingent structure or space-use pattern. We also propose a mechanism to explain how lost habitats are recolonized.
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Elsdon, T. S., and B. M. Gillanders. "Identifying migratory contingents of fish by combining otolith Sr:Ca with temporal collections of ambient Sr:Ca concentrations." Journal of Fish Biology 69, no. 3 (2006): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01136.x.
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Fraile, Igaratza, Haritz Arrizabalaga, Josu Santiago, et al. "Otolith chemistry as an indicator of movements of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the North Atlantic Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 7 (2016): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15097.
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Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the North Atlantic Ocean is currently managed as a single well-mixed stock, although this assumption remains contentious. We measured stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) and trace elements (Mg, Mn, Sr, Ba) in otoliths of albacore collected from two feeding grounds, namely the Bay of Biscay and Atlantic offshore waters, and compared them among sampling locations and life history stages. Measurements in otolith core, post-core and edge were used to determine whether albacore from these two regions have the same nursery origin and migratory patterns. We found no clear evidence of distinct nursery grounds based on otolith core chemistry, but Sr:Ca and Mg:Ca were different in the post-core portions of albacore from the two locations, suggesting residency in different regions during the early juvenile stage. Otolith edge chemistry, particularly stable isotopes and Sr:Ca, proved to be a valuable tool for classifying individuals to their capture locations. Annual cycles of Sr:Ca ratios were visible along life history transects, likely reflecting migratory patterns between water masses of differing salinity, but the timing of Sr:Ca cycles differed between the two groups. Differentiation in trace element concentrations in the otolith post-core and the timing of Sr:Ca cycles suggest the occurrence of two migratory contingents of albacore in the north-east Atlantic Ocean.
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Mai, Ana Cecilia Giacometti, and João Paes Vieira. "Review and consideration on habitat use, distribution and life history of Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Clupeiformes, Engraulididae)." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 3 (2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000300015.
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In this paper, we present a summary of the current knowledge of Lycengraulis grossidens, a widely distributed coastal fish that occurs from Belize to Argentina. This species is abundant in estuaries along the Southwest Atlantic Coast and is important for recreational fishing, and as bycatch of shrimp fisheries. We compiled data available on taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, fisheries and organized conceptually the life cycle of the species according to modern estuarine-use classification. Our review showed that along its geographic distribution and inside some particular environments (i.e., estuaries and costal lagoons) the species have been classified in a variety of ways in order to describe the remarkable complexity of habitat use that varies from freshwater resident, anadromous, marine migrant, estuarine resident, marine stragglers, catadromous to semi-catadromous. We conclude that L. grossidens is able to reproduce either in freshwater or estuarine water and postulate that it has a high plasticity in habitat use and life history, with migratory and resident contingents in the same local population. There seems to be a latitudinal change in migratory behavior of this species along the South America Coast, prevailing anadromous or semi-anadromous pattern at higher latitudes and marine migrants at the tropical northeast coast of Brazil.
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Bosenbecker, Patricia. "Private Companies of Colonisation and Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Brazil." Journal of Migration History 3, no. 1 (2017): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00301007.
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During the second half of the nineteenth century, southern Brazil received numerous migratory contingents, attracted by the Imperial State or by provincial governments. However, the main difference with colonisation organised by private companies was that it aimed primarily at the commercialisation of farmland and the establishment of trade in agricultural and artisanal products. The private colonisation companies were often run by groups, families or individuals who were also immigrants. This process was fraught with conflict. With great visibility in Brazilian society, these entrepreneurs took advantage of commercial openings by exploiting farmers and workers without political rights and with little knowledge of the country of settlement. The same system however did hide political and economic disputes between local and immigrant elites. To discuss the role of immigrant entrepreneurs, this article presents some results of research on the trajectory of the Rheingantz family.
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Morissette, Olivier, Frédéric Lecomte, Guy Verreault, Michel Legault, and Pascal Sirois. "Fully Equipped to Succeed: Migratory Contingents Seen as an Intrinsic Potential for Striped Bass to Exploit a Heterogeneous Environment Early in Life." Estuaries and Coasts 39, no. 2 (2015): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-0015-7.
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Tran, Ngan Trong, Maylis Labonne, Ming-Tsung Chung, et al. "Natal origin and migration pathways of Mekong catfish (Pangasius krempfi) using strontium isotopes and trace element concentrations in environmental water and otoliths." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252769.
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To improve our knowledge of the migration pathway of a highly threatened fish species along the Mekong River, strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and 18 trace element concentrations were measured in the water and in the otoliths of an anadromous catfish, Pangasius krempfi, to infer its natal origin and potential migration pathways. Water was sampled at 18 locations along the mainstream, tributaries and distributaries of the Mekong River. To check for accuracy and precision, measurements of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios and trace element concentrations were then compared in two laboratories that use different analytical methods. Differences in trace element concentrations between locations were not significant and could not, therefore, be used to discriminate between migration pathways. However, the Mekong mainstream, tributaries and distributaries could all be discriminated using Sr isotopes. The 87Sr/86Sr profiles recorded in P. krempfi otoliths showed that there were three contingents with obligate freshwater hatching and variable spawning sites along the Mekong mainstream, from Phnom Penh (Cambodia) to Nong Khai (Thailand) or further. After hatching, the fish migrated more or less rapidly to the Mekong Delta and then settled for most of their lifetime in brackish water. Spawning habitats and migration routes may be threatened by habitat shifts and the increasing number of hydropower dams along the river, especially the contingents born above Khone Falls (Laos). The conservation of P. krempfi, as well as other migratory fish in the Mekong River, requires agreements, common actions and management by all countries along the Mekong River. This study highlighted the importance of using both Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios to understand life history of anadromous fishes as the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the water was shown to be less effective than the Sr/Ca ratio in identifying movements between different saline areas.
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Heagney, Elizabeth C., Bronwyn M. Gillanders, and Iain M. Suthers. "The effect of parasitism by a blood-feeding isopod on the otolith chemistry of host fish." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 1 (2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12123.
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Otolith chemistry is widely used to discriminate fish stocks or populations, although many of the factors that determine trace-element concentrations within the otolith remain poorly understood. We investigated the effect of a blood-feeding isopod ectoparasite, Ceratothoa sp., on the otolith chemistry of yellowtail scad, Trachurus novaezelandiae. We sampled 65 fish from three subpopulations of T. novaezelandiae from Jervis Bay in south-eastern Australia, and used laser ablation (LA)–inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) to measure otolith lithium (Li) : calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) : Ca, strontium (Sr) : Ca and barium (Ba) : Ca from four consecutive summer and winter growth bands. Otoliths of parasitised fish were characterised by significantly lower Li : Ca and Mg : Ca, and higher Sr : Ca, than those of unparasitised individuals from the same subpopulation. The consistency of trends in otolith chemistry across ablation points and among subpopulations suggests that there is a consistent physiological mechanism through which Ceratothoa parasites affect the otolith chemistry of infected individuals. It is likely that a range of physical, metabolic, chemical and behavioural processes act in concert to influence the otolith chemistry of parasitised fish. Given the ubiquitous distribution of parasites in the marine environment, differential rates of parasitism among fish stocks, populations or migratory contingents may be an important but unappreciated factor driving stock- or population-based differences in otolith chemistry.
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Kerr, Lisa A., and David H. Secor. "Bioenergetic trajectories underlying partial migration in Patuxent River (Chesapeake Bay) white perch (Morone americana)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 4 (2009): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-027.
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Partial migration, the coexistence of resident and migratory individuals within the same population, may be common in fish populations. A proposed mechanism underlying partial migration is differing dispersive responses to early growth conditions, but few studies have explicitly tested this. During their first year of life, white perch ( Morone americana ) in the Patuxent River (Maryland, USA) exhibit either residency in freshwater natal habitats (resident contingent) or disperse down-estuary into brackish habitats (dispersive contingent). We tested whether white perch juveniles exhibited differing growth and metabolic trajectories based on contingent membership or in response to salinity. A randomized factorial experiment with two contingent types and two salinity treatments (1 and 8) was conducted over a 30-day period. The experiments supported a contingent effect, with the dispersive contingent exhibiting higher consumption rates and a higher scope for growth. In addition, we identified a weak salinity effect with evidence of increased consumption and routine metabolism in mesohaline conditions. Juvenile growth rates calculated from individuals in the field supported laboratory results, with dispersive contingent members exhibiting higher growth rates. We conclude that contingent membership and the related phenomenon of partial migration in this population is associated with varying energetic tactics that significantly influence the scope for growth.
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Flores Fonseca, Manuel Antonio. "Movimientos migratorios internos del Distrito Central y San Pedro Sula en Honduras, 1988-2013." Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes 14 (December 13, 2018): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v14i0.6852.
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El estudio de la migración interna en el país ha sido relegado por la notoriedad que ha tenido la migración internacional. Los datos reflejan que en Honduras hay una tendencia al aumento en el número de migrantes internos en las últimas seis décadas, pero más recientemente a partir de la mitad de ese período hay una disminución de la proporción de migrantes. Este artículo con carácter descriptivo muestra el fenómeno migratorio interno partiendo de datos censales a nivel de División Administrativa Menor (DAME) que en este caso es el Municipio. Es de apuntar que la cuantía de la migración absoluta y reciente a nivel de DAME supera a los niveles estimados a nivel de División Administrativa Mayor Departamental (DAM), ya que cuando el nivel geográfico es más reducido hay mayores probabilidades de desplazamiento. Si hay una mayor similitud en las migraciones recientes que en las absolutas a nivel de DAM y DAME, producto de la utilización de un período de referencia más cercano a la fecha de empadronamiento. En Honduras los dos municipios de mayor atractivo migratorio, absoluta y reciente, han sido el Distrito Central y San Pedro Sula. Sin embargo, la primacía migratoria de estos dos municipios ha cambiado espectacularmente al convertirse en divisiones con saldos migratorios recientes negativos, especialmente en San Pedro Sula (municipio con el más alto saldo migratorio negativo reciente del país), y en menor medida también el Distrito Central, aunque ambos reciben y envían fuertes contingentes de migrantes entre ellos, a su vez tienen intercambios a DAME cercanas y lejanas.
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Holling, C. S. "TEMPERATE FOREST INSECT OUTBREAKS, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND MIGRATORY BIRDS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146021-1.
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AbstractEcosystems that are managed for resource production are under continual structural change. Changes imposed by local management aggregate to produce regional patterns and new regionwide responses. Anthropogenic influences on hemispheric and global processes add another level of change. The result is a bewildering variety of real or anticipated changes unique to experience. For example, in the spruce/fir and budworm interaction of eastern North America, a syndrome of causes affects the vulnerability of renewable resources, and the triggers of change can never be predicted. Yet, it is possible to identify key features that affect resilience of ecosystems and robustness of regulation and to reject other possibilities. This approach provides a way to assign priorities for research and for contingency planning to adapt to change.
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Dunford, Richard W., Sara P. Hudson, and William H. Desvousges. "EXPERIMENTAL CONTINGENT VALUES FOR REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM OIL SPILLS1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (1993): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-699.
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ABSTRACT Recently, government agencies, acting as trustees for natural resources, have sought substantial claims from potentially responsible parties for natural resource damages resulting from oil spills. Often, non-use damages, which involve losses suffered by people who never use the injured resources, constitute large components of these damage claims. To date, the only method used for measuring these non-use damages is contingent valuation (CV), which uses survey questions to elicit respondents' expressed values for non-market goods. Because CV is the only method available for measuring non-use damages, its estimates need to accurately reflect the true damages. Our results indicate that CV does not provide accurate estimates of these values, which implies that CV is not sufficiently reliable for assessing non-use damages from oil spills. (As part of the same study, we conducted another experiment on valuing different levels of protection for migratory waterfowl in the central fly way, the results of which also indicate that CV does not yield accurate estimates of non-use values for damage assessments.6)
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Siskey, Matthew R., Michael G. Frisk, Robert M. Cerrato, and Karin E. Limburg. "Redefining spatial population structure of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): implications for stock assessment and management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 7 (2020): 1189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0279.
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The southern New England – mid-Atlantic (SNE–MA) stock of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collapsed in the 1990s without discernable recovery to date. Owing to the lack of recovery, consideration of population subcomponents, which are currently ignored in fisheries stock structure definitions, may be necessary for rebuilding. We used the otolith chemistry tracer manganese–calcium ratios (Mn/Ca) to estimate inshore- versus ocean-nursery contributions of 77.3%/22.7% in SNE–MA, 15.7%/84.3% in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), and 60.0%/40.0% in Georges Bank (GB). In addition, we used strontium–calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) to estimate migratory- and resident-contingent membership of nursery-classified fish. Across all stocks, 30.2% of fish were classified as bay residents, 25.2% as bay migrants, 25.8% as ocean residents, and 18.8% as ocean migrants. Finally, model selection indicated that both nursery-specific and contingent-specific growth models were more appropriate than a common model. Nursery-specific models exhibited increasing deviations in length with age. Contingent-specific model reflected moderate differences at the youngest ages but convergence at older ages. These findings are informative for the population structure and migration ecology of winter flounder; however, simulation is required to determine whether partial migration and substock structure are necessary inputs for sustainable fisheries management.
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Marcenaro, Emanuela, Silvia Pesce, Simona Sivori, Simona Carlomagno, Lorenzo Moretta, and Alessandro Moretta. "KIR2DS1-dependent acquisition of CCR7 and migratory properties by human NK cells interacting with allogeneic HLA-C2+ DCs or T-cell blasts." Blood 121, no. 17 (2013): 3396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-09-458752.
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Key Points CCR7 uptake by NK cells can be strongly induced by major histocompatibility complex–specific activating KIRs, in particular by KIR2DS1 (specific for HLA-C2). The KIR2DS1-induced CCR7 expression on NK cells may expand greatly the contingent of alloreactive NK cells migrating to secondary lymphoid compartments after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Thorsen, Dorte. "Is Europe really the dream? Contingent paths among sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco." Africa 87, no. 2 (2017): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000991.
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AbstractThis article explores migrant existences in the border zones around Europe. Drawing on ethnographic research in Morocco undertaken in 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in continued engagements with migrants using social media, the article analyses three extended migrant stories, detailing their experiences of uncertainty, waiting and hoping. By elucidating the objectives informing migrants’ pathways and the material and moral considerations underpinning the ways in which they navigate migrant life in Rabat, the stories unveil how different temporalities and spatialities intersect and influence their decisions and ability to endure hardship and waiting. The article argues that uncertainties and risks inherent in migration, and in irregular migration in particular, have transformed collective expectations of the migratory project as a means of upward social mobility and economic security into hope and into a mode of hoping that individualizes success and failure. Meanwhile, the rising costs of migration and structural marginalization render the opportunity to travel elsewhere contingent on assistance from transnational social networks or international institutions. Individuals’ success or failure thus comes to depend on how understandings of hardship, waiting, opportunity and moral obligation are configured and reconfigured by lived experiences in different places.
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Cirino, Carlos Alberto Marinho, Carmen Lúcia Silva Lima, and Jenny González Muñoz. "Los warao: indígenas, migrantes y refugiados." Revista EntreRios do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia 3, no. 02 (2020): 08–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26694/rer.v3i02.12043.
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La revista EntreRios aborda en la presente edición, a los warao, pueblo indígena oriundo de Venezuela que viene experimentando un intenso flujo migratorio intensificado en la última década. Según la Agencia de la ONU para Refugiados (ACNUR), Brasil atualmente abriga un contingente poblacional que pasa los 3 mil indígenas pertenecientes a dicha etnia, quienes se encuentran diseminados por distintas ciudades de la región norte, noreste, centre-oeste y sureste, viviendo en situaciones diversas y bastantes adversas.
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Amorim, Marcela Sampaio Magalhães Alves de. "O IMIGRANTE CHINÊS NO BRASIL E SUDESTE: Uma análise dos dados do CENSO 2010 e do SINCRE – Polícia Federal de 2000 a 2014 / The Chinese immigrant in Brazil and Southeast: An analysis of the data of the Demographic census (2010) and SINCRE – Federal Police." Caderno de Geografia 26, no. 1 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2016v26nesp1p182.
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<p>A diáspora chinesa é um fenômeno mundial principalmente na atualidade. Apesar de já existirem movimentos migratórios dessa população antes da segunda metade do século XX, estudos apontam que a migração se intensificou nos séculos XX e XXI. A América Latina, assim como outras partes do mundo, recebe um contingente significativo dessa população. Esses imigrantes influenciam na dinâmica econômica, social e cultural dos países receptores. Neste artigo foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a diáspora chinesa e história da imigração dessa população para América Latina até os anos 2000. É objetivo geral do artigo representar e analisar a dispersão do imigrante chinês no Brasil a partir dos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 e dos dados do SINCRE – Sistema Nacional de Cadastro e Registro de Estrangeiros referentes ao período de 2000 à 2014, procurando identificar o perfil dos imigrantes. Os resultados apontam que o maior contingente populacional de chineses (cerca de 80%) vive nas regiões metropolitanas das capitais do Sudeste. No caso dos dados do SINCRE, referentes ao estado de Minas Gerais, constatou-se que apenas um pequeno contingente dessa população (26,3%) vive na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, sendo sua distribuição anômala se comparada à de outros estados do Sudeste Brasileiro.</p><p><strong>Palavras–chave:</strong> Diáspora chinesa, Sudeste brasileiro, Migração.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The Chinese diaspora is a global phenomenon especially nowadays. Although there were migratory movements of this population before the second half of the twentieth century, studies show that migration has intensified in the XX and XXI centuries. Latin America, as well as other parts of the world, receives a significant contingent of this population. These immigrants influence the economic, social and cultural dynamics of the receiving countries. This article presents a literature review which was carried out on Chinese diaspora and Chinese migration to Latin America for the period of until the year 2000. The general objective of this article is to represent and analyze the dispersion of the Chinese immigrants in Brazil by means of data analysis from the Demographic Census of 2010 and from SINCRE – Sistema Nacional de Cadastro e Registro de Estrangeiros from 2000 to 2014 with the intent to identify the profile of these immigrants. The treatment of the data was made using the softwares SPSS – Statistics, Microsoft Excel and ArcGIS 10.3. The results show that the greatest part of this population lives in major cities, mainly in the metropolitan region of the capitals of the southeast (around 80%). In the case of SINCRE data, referring to the state of Minas Gerais, only a small percentage (26, 3%) of the state’s Chinese population lives in the capital’s metropolitan region, therefore, its distribution is anomalous if compared to the other states of Brazil’s southeast.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Chinese Diaspora, Southeast of Brazil, Migration.</p>
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Burbano Valencia, Enrique Javier. "Análisis de crimen y castigo: el caso de las “parainstituciones” de invasión en Cali." Ecos de Economía 18, no. 38 (2014): 93–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2014.38.4.
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Siguiendo la economía del crimen según Becker (1968) y Ehrlich (1973) —incluyendo el efecto del flujo migratorio— se analiza por qué algunos individuos eligen estratégica, racional —y contingentemente— participar en “parainstituciones” ilegales de invasión de tierras en Cali, desde la década de 1950. Para esto se modelará la eficiencia de la justicia con el fin de desincentivar las invasiones realizando simulaciones —ancladas a parámetros reales calibrados de la población relevante— de sanciones y probabilidades de aprehensión y castigo disuasorios bajo tres “parainstituciones”: dinastía invasora, invasión organizada e invasión contingente (flujo migratorio endógeno). Esto permitirá calibrar la línea de indiferencia (división) entre individuos con conductas invasoras (e incentivos a la ilegalidad) y no invasoras. Finalmente, se formulará una propuesta de política que ayude a corregir las ineficiencias detectadas en los mecanismos sancionatorios, si es el caso.
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Pacheco, Carlos. "Los que vinieron y los que se fueron: migrancias multipolares en la reciente narrativa venezolana." CONNOTAS. REVISTA DE CRÍTICA Y TEORÍA LITERARIAS, no. 10 (December 2, 2009): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36798/critlit.v0i10.185.
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Desde la segunda posguerra hasta los años setenta, Venezuela atrajo un notable contingente migratorio. Desde entonces, el proceso se ha revertido por diversas razones políticas, económicas y sociales. En la primera parte de este trabajo se da cuenta de ese proceso y de la manera como ha impactado la literatura y en particular la narrativa venezolana. Con especial atención a las estrategias narrativas utilizadas para lograrlo, la segunda parte explora con mayor detalle la cuentística de Miguel Gomes, donde las migraciones y las muy diversas repercusiones de la condición migrante en Venezuela y Estados Unidos son representadas con alta eficiencia artística.
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Irwin, C. R., M. Picardo, I. Ellis, et al. "Inter- and intra-site heterogeneity in the expression of fetal-like phenotypic characteristics by gingival fibroblasts: potential significance for wound healing." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 5 (1994): 1333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.5.1333.
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We have previously reported that fetal and adult skin fibroblasts display distinctive migratory phenotypes on 3-D collagen substrata and that these behavioural characteristics may be quantified by a function defined as the cell density migration index (CDMI). Subsequent work indicated that this difference in migratory phenotype was due to the production by fetal fibroblasts of a migration stimulating factor (MSF) that is not produced by normal adult skin fibroblasts. We now present data indicating that: (a) unselected fibroblasts obtained from 14/14 (100%) of adult gingival explants expressed fetal-like CDMI values compared to only 1/10 (10%) of similarly explanted paired skin cells; (b) 12/12 (100%) of these gingival fibroblast lines also produced detectable quantities of MSF compared to 0/9 (0%) of the tested skin cells; (c) by microdissection studies, gingival fibroblasts obtained from different anatomical microdomains consisted of behaviourally distinct subpopulations, with cells derived from the papillary tips (PAP fibroblasts) displaying fetal-like CDMI values and persistent MSF production, whilst cells obtained from the deeper reticular tissue (RET fibroblasts) were adult-like with respect to these two criteria; (d) PAP fibroblasts were also smaller and achieved higher saturation cell densities compared to paired RET cells; (e) PAP fibroblasts passaged in vitro underwent a fetal-to-adult phenotypic transition characterized by the adoption of various RET cell characteristics, including the acquisition of CDMI values falling within the adult range and cessation in MSF production; and (f) early passage PAP fibroblasts incubated in the presence of an affinity-purified anti-MSF rabbit polyclonal antibody were induced to alter their migratory phenotype and exhibited CDMI values falling within the adult range. Statistical analysis indicated a highly significant correlation between the expression of a fetal-like CDMI and production of MSF (P &lt; 0.00001, using the Fisher exact contingency test). Taken together, these observations suggest that the production of MSF by PAP fibroblasts is responsible for their characteristically fetal-like migratory behaviour. The existence of such inter- and intra-site phenotypic heterogeneity in populations of skin and gingival fibroblasts is discussed in the context of fibroblast lineage relationships and the possible contribution of persistently fetal-like fibroblast subpopulations to connective tissue function in wound healing.
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Bergmann, Pamela, and Paul Ross. "KEYS TO SUCCESS IN DEVELOPING THE FIRST JOINT TRANS-BOUNDARY WILDLIFE RESPONSE GUIDELINES: THE CANADA/UNITED STATES DIXON ENTRANCE EXAMPLE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-707.
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ABSTRACT A paper written for the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference (Bergmann and Russo, 2001) discussed the first-of-its-kind, wildlife-response contingency planning effort underway in the trans-boundary area, known as Dixon Entrance, between British Columbia (B.C.) in Canada and Alaska in the United States (U.S.). The paper described how this initiative was conducted within the framework of Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) joint contingency planning in Dixon Entrance. The paper focused on activities successfully completed at that time; namely, a 1999 workshop attended by key Canadian and U.S. stakeholders, which resulted in an agreement by Canadian and U.S. wildlife resource agency representatives to develop a joint Dixon Entrance wildlife response plan focusing on migratory birds and sea otters. This paper describes how, following the workshop, a joint Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) wildlife response working group was established to complete this task. The resulting Canada-United States Marine Spill Pollution Contingency Plan CANUSDIX Annex-Operation Appendix: Wildlife Response Guidelines (CANUSDIX Wildlife Response Guidelines) (DOI-OEPC et al, 2003) were completed and signed by appropriate Canadian and U.S. wildlife resource agency officials in April 2003, and were then adopted by the CCG and USCG in September 2003. The paper also provides an overview of the process used by working group members and their stakeholder partners to develop the guidelines. Moreover, the paper describes: (1) factors that helped contribute to the success of the effort; (2) challenges that had to be overcome; (3) milestones that helped keep the work on track; and (4) additional unanticipated benefits. Together, this information will allow other parties in trans-boundary areas around the world to use the Dixon Entrance wildlife response guidelines, and the process undertaken to develop the document, as a model for conducting similar pre-incident planning.
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Altenritter, Matthew E., Gayle Barbin Zydlewski, Michael T. Kinnison, Joseph D. Zydlewski, and Gail S. Wippelhauser. "Understanding the basis of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) partial migration in the Gulf of Maine." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 3 (2018): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0083.
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Movement of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) among major river systems in the Gulf of Maine is common and has implications for the management of this endangered species. Directed movements of 61 telemetered individuals monitored between 2010 and 2013 were associated with the river of tagging and individual characteristics. While a small proportion of fish tagged in the Kennebec River moved to the Penobscot River (5%), a much higher proportion of fish tagged in the Penobscot River moved to the Kennebec River (66%), during probable spawning windows. This suggests that Penobscot River fish derive from a migratory contingent within a larger Kennebec River population. Despite this connectivity, fish captured in the Penobscot River were larger (∼100 mm fork length) and had higher condition factors (median Fulton’s K: 0.76) than those captured in the Kennebec River (median Fulton’s K: 0.61). Increased abundance and resource limitation in the Kennebec River may be constraining growth and promoting migration to the Penobscot River by individuals with sufficient initial size and condition. Migrants could experience an adaptive reproductive advantage relative to nonmigratory individuals.
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Cadena, Kenia Ortiz, Nicté Castañeda-Camey, and Rubén García Sánchez. "Migrantes LGBT+ en las caravanas centroamericanas hacia Estados Unidos: dilemas y posibilidades para la construcción de redes de hospitalidad." REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 28, no. 60 (2020): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006005.
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Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el escenario de la migración centroamericana en México y en su paso hacia Estados Unidos, con especial atención en el surgimiento del contingente LGBT+ en las caravanas migrantes en 2018. A partir de un estudio cualitativo, se muestran las causas que originan la emigración de personas LGBT+ en Centroamérica, sus experiencias durante el tránsito migratorio, las reacciones generadas en México con su llegada en caravana y las iniciativas de la sociedad para acompañarles. Derivado de esto, se reflexiona sobre algunos elementos asociados a la hospitalidad, para dar cuenta de la complejidad que subyace a este concepto y repensar las formas de construir las micro redes de solidaridad con esta comunidad desde la sociedad civil.
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Rihm Bianchi, Andrea, and Dariela Sharim Kovalskys. "Migrantes colombianos en Chile: Tensiones y oportunidades en la Articulación de una Historia Personal." Universitas Psychologica 16, no. 5 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.mcto.
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Este artículo presenta y discute los resultados de un estudio cualitativo desarrollado en Chile, que exploró y analizó las significaciones atribuidas por migrantes colombianos adultos a sus experiencias. Se utilizaron relatos de vida y creaciones visuales para producir datos. Los resultados evidenciaron la pluralidad de significaciones en torno a la migración, así como el proceso continuo de elaboración y evaluación que supone dar sentido a la experiencia, pues esta revela la naturaleza contingente de la identidad, el estilo de vida y las prácticas culturales. Los participantes tendieron a significar positivamente su experiencia migratoria, pero evidenciaron la presión por salir adelante con base en sus propios recursos, caracterizando la migración como proyecto inherentemente personal, reflejando tendencias culturales a la individualización social.
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Bergmann, Pamela, and Nick Russo. "JOINT CANADA/UNITED STATES WILDLIFE RESPONSE PLANNING: DIXON ENTRANCE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (2001): 1327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1327.
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ABSTRACT Neither wildlife nor oil spills acknowledge international boundaries. Both migratory birds and marine mammals move freely between Alaska in the United States and British Columbia in Canada, in the international boundary area known as Dixon Entrance in the North Pacific Ocean. An oil spill on one side of the border may be carried by winds and/or currents into the waters of the adjacent country. Recognition of these facts resulted in the development of the Canada/United States Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, which was signed by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) in 1974. Annexes were subsequently prepared for five transboundary areas, including Dixon Entrance. Following the promulgation of these annexes, joint exercises have been held to enhance annex implementation. In September 1999, at the request of the USCG and CCG, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance (DOI-OEPC) took the lead in organizing and chairing a workshop to discuss issues associated with wildlife response activities for oil spills that cross the Canada/United States border in Dixon Entrance. The workshop was held in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as part of a 4-day joint meeting. Workshop participants included representatives from key U.S. federal and Alaska State wildlife resource agencies, Canadian federal wildlife resource agencies, oil spill cooperatives for Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, and the USCG. Wildlife resource agency representatives participating in the workshop reached consensus that the goal of wildlife protection is to make decisions based on what is best for the wildlife resources and then to determine how the goal can be accomplished within the constraints of each countries regulatory process. Agreement was reached to form a Canada/United States working group to develop a joint wildlife response plan. The plan, which will focus on migratory birds and sea otters, will address issues associated with the removal of dead oiled wildlife from the environment, hazing of unoiled wildlife, preemptive capture of sea otters, and capture and treatment of oiled migratory birds and sea otters. A draft plan will be developed prior to a September 2000, Canada/U.S. Dixon Entrance (CANUSDIX) joint meeting, which will be held in Ketchikan, Alaska.
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Vendramini, Célia Regina. "Migration from a Dialectical and Historical Materialist perspective." Revista Katálysis 21, no. 2 (2018): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02592018v21n2p239.
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Abstract The large and growing contingent of migrants in the world today who move in different directions, occupying a peripheral place in terms of space, occupation, education and access to public services, leads us to problematize analyses about the phenomenon of migration. In this direction, we present some theoretical supports for research about this theme. The objective is to contribute with analyses that seek to go beyond appearances and capture the multiple determinations of the concrete, that is, to understand the reality that moves workers and their families to migrate. We understand that migratory movements accompany the process of capital expansion in the direction of accumulation, given that capitalist accumulation produces a population of surplus labor, according to Marx, which is available to be sent in different locations and production sectors. We conclude that the category of migration a historical materialist perspective is a phenomenon that originates in the expropriation of the means of subsistence and the exploitation of labor, and therefore, cannot be understood outside of these processes. In this perspective, we use the categories of accumulation, commodity, industrial reserve army and spatial expansion of capital to analyze the movement of workers.
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Vézina, Catherine. "Consideraciones transnacionales sobre la gestión del Programa Bracero, 1946-1952." Relaciones Estudios de Historia y Sociedad 37, no. 146 (2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.24901/rehs.v37i146.13.
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Los estudios realizados sobre los debates políticos y regionales sobre el tema de la migración laboral mexicana y que explican las razones del mantenimiento del programa bracero se enfocan mayoritariamente en la gestión estadounidense del flujo migratorio. Este artículo se interesa en la dinámica global de las negociaciones que tuvieron lugar entre 1947 y 1952 y ofrece una historia integrada del programa bracero. Reconstruye diversas narrativas y, de acuerdo con el enfoque propuesto por la histoire croisée , observa el papel que tuvieron varios actores en el marco regional de la migración y cuál fue su incidencia en el proceso de negociación bilateral. El análisis se interesa, sobre todo, en Guanajuato, un estado que expulsa un contingente importante de migrantes laborales; y a la situación de California, donde la agroindustria contrataba a la mayor parte de los trabajadores mexicanos.
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Alves, Vitor João Ramos. "Violencia y contradicciones espaciales en la construcción de la Capital Federal Brasileña." Cenário: Revista Interdisciplinar em Turismo e Território 8, no. 15 (2020): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/revistacenario.v8i15.29840.
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La violencia y las contradicciones espaciales han sido parte de la vida cotidiana de los ciudadanos de Brasilia desde su construcción, especialmente de los grupos social y políticamente desfavorecidos. Es utilizado por agentes de orden y poder contra la población sin acceso a suelo urbano. Ha ganado gran visibilidad en las últimas décadas, debido a la creciente demanda de viviendas, alimentada por el fuerte contingente migratorio originado por la promesa de construcción y uso de la Nueva Capital Federal. En este contexto, se buscó con este trabajo, desde un enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo, analizar la violencia y las contradicciones espaciales que han estado presentes desde la construcción de Brasilia/DF, y que aún se perpetúan en el territorio. La indagación de soluciones requiere un esfuerzo de comprensión, a fin de señalar otras direcciones para la práctica eficiente en la lucha contra tales procesos sociales.
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Olivera, Mauricio Nihil. "E- migrant: technological, geographical and social spaces. New actors and spaces for political participation?" Comunicação e Sociedade 28 (December 28, 2015): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.28(2015).2272.
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This article is based on the results provided by the research project named “A study of recent migratory movement from Spain to Uruguay. New technological, geographical and social spaces for citizen vincluation” (Olivera et al., 2014) and, by using the concept of “e-migrant”, it analyses if the introduction of ICTs enables the renewal of the traditional forms of political participation and public decision-making. Having the concept of e-migration as a starting point, the article aims at identifying what are the forms and the type of communication networks used by the new Spanish migrants as well as the way they connect and communicate (politically, socially and culturally) in Uruguay. It also aims at problematizing these issues under the light of the Social Sciences theories, following the critical investigative line of research about the “Information Society”. The authors argue that the ways new Spanish migrants connect to each other in Uruguay are dialectic relationships and are also a result of a social process that depends on the decisions and on the significances given by individuals. These decisions and subjectivities are not determined solely by the structures that are inherent to their condition as migrants, neither are they totally contingent to this condition; they move in a space of possible configurations in order to be re-signified in concrete situations.
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Ott, Gary L. "Fish and Wildlife Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: The Need for A National Wildlife Plan1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (2001): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-609.
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ABSTRACT If responders believe preplanning will help them become more successful during an oil spill, a recent survey shows that they are not very successful at wildlife protection and response preplanning in Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), at least here on the Atlantic Coast. Wildlife planners in a few states, such as California and Alaska, have committed considerable resources to develop statewide goals, best practices, and standards for wildlife planning and have also described tactical implementation for wildlife protection. In most areas of the United States, however, planning for protection and rehabilitation of wildlife is limited to listing the name and phone number of the regional wildlife volunteer organization. How is “success” achieved for wildlife protection and rehabilitation? Wildlife Resource Management Agencies have a responsibility to support the ACP planning process as well as to tell industry what they expect them to accomplish during an oil spill. Without goals and some tangible definition of success it is not possible for planners neither to determine if they have done adequate planning nor to determine if any given spill response actually met the Wildlife Resource Management Agency's expectations. Wildlife Resource Management Agencies should provide the Area Committees with appropriate wildlife protection and response goals, recommended protocols, and best practices. The objective of the February 2001 workshop funded by the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) is to develop national standards and protocols relative to migratory birds affected or potentially affected by an oil spill. Perhaps these protocols and standards could be published in a National Wildlife Plan. A National Wildlife Plan should enable the Area Committee to identify at least three things: (1) appropriate goals, such as which sensitive wildlife resources are most at risk and should be protected; (2) appropriate protocols and strategies for the protection and rehabilitation of wildlife including countermeasures to protect wildlife habitats and the most useful wildlife hazing and preemptive capture strategies to protect the maximum number of the most critical resources; and (3) levels of wildlife protection and response resources needed to accomplish these strategies. The building of a National Wildlife Plan will require a thoughtfully structured consensus process. One method would be for representatives of Wildlife Resource Management Agencies to actively participate in workshops or in an ecological risk assessment process designed to reach consensus on a wide range of wildlife issues.
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Rodríguez-Gómez, Diana. "Bureaucratic Encounters and the Quest for Educational Access among Colombian Refugees in Ecuador." Special Issue on Refugee Education 5, no. 1 (2019): 62–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33682/hysb-ja89.
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Ecuador’s innovative approach to social policy and human mobility is reflected in its education policies, specifically those pertaining to access to school. Under Ecuador’s constitutional notion of universal citizenship, youth are not required to have previous academic records to enter the equivalent of K-12 education, regardless of their migratory status. Grade placement is based on a free test, and any identification documents a future student provides are officially deemed valid and sufficient for school registration. Despite these constitutional guarantees, refugee youth still have great difficulty enrolling in school in Ecuador. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with civil employees, NGO staffers, and Colombian refugees conducted in Quito, Ecuador, in 2013 and 2014, I analyze how access to school for Colombian refugee youth is shaped by the official and unofficial rules that regulate the formal education system. Situating policy as practice relative to the daily workings of the state bureaucracy, I analyze how public servants and refugees interpret and enact policy within the state’s administrative structure. I argue that, in this context, the appropriation of education policy and, therefore, access to education are mediated by the workings of bureaucracy. This implies that universal definitions of access to school obscure the contingent and unpredictable character of educational access for refugees. By delving into the manifold interpretations of education policy, this analysis suggests that an inconsistent bureaucracy has the potential to amplify social inequalities among refugees.
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Cassey, Phillip, Tim M. Blackburn, Richard P. Duncan, and Julie L. Lockwood. "Lessons from introductions of exotic species as a possible information source for managing translocations of birds." Wildlife Research 35, no. 3 (2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07109.
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It has been previously suggested that the characteristics that are driving the taxonomic homogenisation of the global avifauna, through the extinction of native bird species and the establishment of exotic bird species, are opposite sides of the same coin. One of the most important tools that conservation biologists and wildlife managers have to ameliorate the extinction of a species is to reintroduce populations to stronghold areas from which they have been extirpated or were not previously common. In this paper, we address the question of what the study of exotic bird introductions can tell us to inform the translocation of native species. We review the relative importance of the five factors that have been suggested significantly to influence the successful establishment of non-native species: introduction effort, environmental matching, species’ interactions, species’ life histories, and phylogenetic relatedness. Current evidence suggests that introduction effort will be an important determinant of release, but how many individuals need to be released, and in how many separate release events, is contingent on characteristics of species and environment. The importance of climate matching for introduction success suggests that the success of translocations will depend greatly on the study and amelioration of the problem that caused the initial population decline. This is most problematic in situations where the decline is associated with human-induced climate change. Migratory and sexually selected species may be harder to re-establish, but related species may differ substantially in their likelihood of success. We suggest that further insights into the reintroduction process may be gained particularly by studying species that are experiencing a threat in their native range but which are also being widely released as exotics outside of this range.
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Stojilković-Gnjatović, Jelena, and Mirjana Devedžić. "Age waves of baby boom and baby bust generations through arithmetic and geometric coefficients of population ageing in Serbia." Demografija, no. 17 (2020): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/demografija2017009s.
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Age waves is theoretical concept that take into account the importance of disordered cohort flows, mainly as by-product of demographic transition (fluctuating fertility and improved survival), but also external factors (especially wars). The primary age wave as a consequence of high births after the Second World War in Serbia did not remain an isolated phenomenon, but created a secondary cohort wave although the fertility indicators were declining, which is visible as the thickening of the pyramid base in 1981 due to the absolute increase in births. Cohort "tide" has influenced the shape of the pyramid to longer retain the properties of the stationary type because the baby boom generation reproduced the "echo" generation, which is a counterbalance to extreme demographic aging as the baby boom generation entered the contingent of the old population. A cohort analysis of the elderly population shows that the declining share of the elderly in a certain age group is typical for cohorts born during turbulent times, most often wars, while cohorts born afterwards form more numerous generations. A half-century characteristic of the Serbian population is an absolute increase of people older than 65, but it does not automatically mean an adequate increase in the relative share of the elderly because it depends on the number of other age groups and their cohort trajectories. The methodological tool that can valorize heterogeneity of the old population is important for societies with past oscillations in fertility and migratory movements. In this study, the usefulness of the arithmetic and geometric coefficients of aging was tested on the example of baby boom and baby bust generations and their position in the old population, revealing periods when rejuvenation or aging of the old has dominated.
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Reis, Mateus, Teresa Duarte, Eduardo Marques, et al. "The Increase of Brazilian Students in a Portuguese Engineering School." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 1 (2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.001_0008.
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In the last fifteen years, the number of Brazilian students in Portugal has shown an increase of more than 600%. This trend was firstly driven by Portuguese economic recovery, which included investments in university education and incentives for receiving foreign students, through the international student statute, established in 2014. In the same year, Portugal started to accept the Brazilian national exams (ENEM) for the university admission, increasing the educational migratory flux once a directly access was stablished. Moreover, other secondary reasons led to this increase, such as the opportunity to study and live in a safer country and the possibility of obtaining a prestigious foreign degree. Currently, Brazilian students represent more than 33% of the foreign students in Portugal. However, the Brazilian students are highly concentrated in the top 3 Portuguese universities, Coimbra, Lisbon and Porto. In the specific case of the University of Porto, 73% of the foreign students are of Brazilian origin, with the Faculty of Engineering (FEUP) representing the largest contingent. This sharp growth in a specific group of foreign students on the engineering courses has created several important educational challenges, as the Brazilian students often exhibit higher failure rates in exams and curricular units as well as increased dropout rates when compared with Portuguese students. This is due to several factors, such as differences on the educational methodology, the quality of the high-school education, cultural differences, difficulty of adaptation and other socioeconomics aspects. The present work evaluates the causes behind the limited academic success of Brazilian students and introduces the measures and methodologies applied to the Brazilian students on the Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, and on the Integrated Master’s in Mechanical Engineering (MIEM) in particular, in the pursuit of maintaining educational equality and ensuring success for all enrolled students, independently of their origin.
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Poynton, D. J. "BEATING THE ODDS AT CASINO!—A SMALL AUSTRALIAN’S EXAMPLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02004.
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Strike Oil was a very small unlisted Australian company with a capitalisation of less than A$10 million when it decided to bid for block V98-4 (now VIC/P44) in the offshore Otway Basin in early 1999.Block V98-4 met Strike Oil’s gas strategy of pursuing opportunities in basins close to infrastructure and markets in the eastern states of Australia.Prior to making the bid Strike Oil identified the geological, financial and operational risks associated with exploring the permit, especially with regard to conducting a 3D seismic survey in the environmentally sensitive and sometimes hostile Bass Strait. This led to the implementation of, and adherence to, a comprehensive risk management plan.The geological risks were addressed by acquiring 3D seismic and conducting an analysis of the amplitudes and AVO responses associated with nearby gas discoveries and dry holes.Management of the financial risk centred firstly around not overbidding and secondly finding a farmee who could add value to the permit during both the exploration and exploitation phases.The operational risks were all associated with conducting the Casino 3D seismic survey. Local environmental considerations, particularly in relation to migratory whale species and the seasonal activities of local fishermen, meant there was only a six weeks’ time window available for unhindered operations. This window also coincided with the spring gale season, when weather conditions can stop marine operations.The use of experienced personnel, early stakeholder consultation, and the use of contingency plans, enabled Strike Oil to achieve its objectives under adverse conditions. The Casino 3D seismic survey, despite the odds, was completed on time, under budget, and with less than 7% infill, while still delivering high quality data.The farmout, the acquisition and processing of the 3D seismic data, and the discovery and appraisal of the Casino gas field were all achieved within 14 months.
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Solayman, HM, Md Abdul Baten, and Md Badiuzzaman Khan. "Status and economic valuation of ecosystem services of Tanguar haor: A wetland of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 2 (2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i2.37968.
Full textAbstract:
Tanguar haor wetland is one of the listed Ramsar sites enrich with biodiversity variety and provides several ecosystem services with significant contribution to the national economy of Bangladesh. But these services were decreasing day by day due to natural and anthropogenic activities. The purposes of this study were to identify the utilized ecosystem services by communities, economic values of utilized ecosystem services and the basic reasons for depleting of ecosystem services. Data were collected through baseline survey, checklists, face to face questionnaire survey and focus group discussion (FGD) from 120 residential respondents and 50 tourist respondents by accepting random sampling techniques during November, 2016 to September, 2017. Physiochemical characteristics of the water were determined where the mean temperature and pH were 28.26°C and 7.72 respectively. The highest TDS, EC, DO, NO3 and PO4 values were 1020 (mg L−1), 1460 (μS cm−1), 8.56 (mg L−1), 1.769 (mg L−1) and 0.078 (mg L−1), respectively. Commonly utilized ecosystem services were crops, vegetables, fuel, fresh water, fishes and migratory birds, climate regulation, water purification, natural hazards protection, aesthetic, social relations, recreation & tourism, health benefit, primary production, nutrient cycling, water cycling habitats for species and provision of habitat etc. Market Value Method (MVM) and Contingent Value Method (CVM) were applied to measure the economic value of Tanguar haor wetland services. DPSIR framework and Impact Matrix (IM) were applied for conceptual analysis to identify the effects on ecosystem services. Total economic value of 39 ecosystem services of Tanguar haor was estimated at 174039980 BDT year−1. Mismanagement of biodiversity, over exploitation, sedimentation of haor, climate change, illegal hunting, land use changes and habitat changes were the responsible factors for depleting ecosystem services. The impact factor (4.161) was identified by natural and anthropogenic factors on ecosystem services. There have a vast prospect of the Tanguar haor wetland services for near communities. Finally the research suggested several sustainable management approaches which have the potentiality to protect the services of the wetland.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 237-243, August 2018
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Gesualdi-Fecteau, Dalia. "Le droit comme rempart utile? L’usage par les travailleurs étrangers temporaires des ressources proposées par le droit du travail." Revue générale de droit 45, no. 2 (2016): 531–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035300ar.
Full textAbstract:
L’usage du droit se traduit, dans la réalité sociale, par le recours aux modèles d’action ou de référence que proposent les normes juridiques. Or, le recours au droit intervient dans un contexte local, concret, spécifique et historiquement situé (Ewick et Silbey, 1998). Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche qui avait pour but de documenter le rapport qu’entretiennent avec le droit du travail certaines catégories de travailleurs étrangers temporaires occupant des emplois qui requièrent un niveau réduit de formation. Sur le plan formel, cet ensemble régulatoire, qui a pour principale fonction la protection des salariés, s’applique intégralement à ces travailleurs, et ce, nonobstant leur statut migratoire. Toutefois, plusieurs travaux démontrent que ces travailleurs sont généralement moins enclins à dénoncer la violation de leurs droits au travail. Le droit du travail constitue-t-il un rempart utile pour ces travailleurs? À l’aide d’une méthodologie impliquant notamment une enquête de terrain, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière l’incidence du système d’emploi singulier dans lequel s’insèrent les travailleurs étrangers temporaires sur leur usage des ressources proposées par le droit du travail. Le recours à ces ressources n’est pas contingent et prédéterminé; il est inextricablement lié aux opportunités et aux contraintes avec lesquelles ces travailleurs composent. Cette recherche révèle également que les stratégies échafaudées par différents acteurs qui ne sont pas, sur le plan juridique, des parties au rapport salarial ont une incidence significative sur l’usage du droit; l’impact de celles-ci dépend largement du pouvoir dont ces acteurs disposent dans le système d’emploi.
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Hernández Cibrián, Ruth Karina, and Beatriz Urbano López De Meneses. "Valoración Económica de los Helechos Silvestres del Parque Nacional La Tigra, Honduras, C.A." Acta Botanica Malacitana 42, no. 1 (2018): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v42i1.3030.
Full textAbstract:
El parque nacional La Tigra (PNLT), se encuentra ubicado a 12 km al NE de Tegucigalpa, posee una extensión de 240,4 km2 de los cuales 164,5 km2 corresponden a la zona de amortiguamiento y 75,9 km2 corresponden a la zona núcleo, es un bosque nublado que se caracteriza por tener una gran diversidad de especies, muchas de las cuales se encuentran en peligro de extinción ya sea por el avance de la agricultura migratoria, incendios forestales, extracción ilícita entre otros. Considerando que el PNLT dispone de dos investigaciones sobre la diversidad de helechos existente en el sendero La Esperanza y La Cascada (los más visitados por los turistas) y que algunas de estas especies se encuentran en el apéndice II de CITES y que son extraídas ilegalmente para ser comercializadas en algunos viveros y mercados de la ciudad, se decidió realizar una investigación utilizando el Método de Valoración contingente (MVC), mediante el cual se realizó un cuestionario de 12 preguntas orientadas a conocer la Disposición a Pagar (DAP), por un helecho del medio silvestre. Se entrevistó un total de 68 individuos, el 91,5% vivían en la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, el 91% conocía los helechos y el 71,6% compraría un helecho del medio silvestre.El precio promedio que estarían DAP estuvo entre L. 200,00 (8,08 €) a L. 350,00 (14,16 €) y el máximo precio que estarían DAP es de L.479,24 (19,38 €). Con este precio de referencia se recomienda a la organización comanejadora del PNLT o a la institución administradora de los recursos naturales, el Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Forestal Áreas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre (ICF), para que utilice esta información, ya sea para hacer una mejor gestión de los helechos y/o realizar investigaciones orientadas a conocer el potencial económico de estos y así desarrollar un proyecto de aprovechamiento sostenible.
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Hernández Cibrián, Ruth Karina, and Beatriz Urbano López De Meneses. "Valoración Económica de los Helechos Silvestres del Parque Nacional La Tigra, Honduras, C.A." Acta Botanica Malacitana 42 (February 7, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/actabotanicaabmabm.v42i0.3030.
Full textAbstract:
El parque nacional La Tigra (PNLT), se encuentra ubicado a 12 km al NE de Tegucigalpa, posee una extensión de 240,4 km2 de los cuales 164,5 km2 corresponden a la zona de amortiguamiento y 75,9 km2 corresponden a la zona núcleo, es un bosque nublado que se caracteriza por tener una gran diversidad de especies, muchas de las cuales se encuentran en peligro de extinción ya sea por el avance de la agricultura migratoria, incendios forestales, extracción ilícita entre otros.Considerando que el PNLT dispone de dos investigaciones sobre la diversidad de helechos existente en el sendero La Esperanza y La Cascada (los más visitados por los turistas) y que algunas de estas especies se encuentran en el apéndice II de CITES y que son extraídas ilegalmente para ser comercializadas en algunos viveros y mercados de la ciudad, se decidió realizar una investigación utilizando el Método de Valoración contingente (MVC), mediante el cual se realizó un cuestionario de 12 preguntas orientadas a conocer la Disposición a Pagar (DAP), por un helecho del medio silvestre. Se entrevistó un total de 68 individuos, el 91,5% vivían en la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, el 91% conocía los helechos y el 71,6% compraría un helecho del medio silvestre.El precio promedio que estarían DAP estuvo entre L. 200,00 (8,08 €) a L. 350,00 (14,16 €) y el máximo precio que estarían DAP es de L.479,24 (19,38 €). Con este precio de referencia se recomienda a la organización comanejadora del PNLT o a la institución administradora de los recursos naturales, el Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Forestal Áreas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre (ICF), para que utilice esta información, ya sea para hacer una mejor gestión de los helechos y/o realizar investigaciones orientadas a conocer el potencial económico de estos y así desarrollar un proyecto de aprovechamiento sostenible.
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Montenegro, Silvia. "Presentación." Revista de la Escuela de Antropología, no. XXIII (August 29, 2018): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/revistadeantropologia.v0ixxiii.39.
Full textAbstract:
Aunque es posible criticar el uso generalizado, y a veces desprovisto de un significado preciso, de la noción de diáspora, su diseminación se dio en el contexto de una interesante renovación en los estudios de los procesos migratorios. Estos abordajes plantearon la importancia de no circunscribir los análisis sólo a la mensuración de padrones de ascensión económica o política de los contingentes migratorios en un espacio nacional dado ni considerar esos padrones como índices gradativos de la “asimilación efectiva” de determinadas comunidades. Los llamados estudios transnacionales intentaron poner en relación la conformación, transformación, manutención y negociación de las identidades atendiendo a la mutua implicación entre grupos y prácticas transnacionales. Estas prácticas suponen desplazamientos reales o simbólicos hacia referentes centrales en la vida de los grupos. Imaginar la comunidad de origen desde otros espacios, intentar transformarla mediante formas de “nacionalismo a distancia”, crear redes y lealtades más allá de las distintas sociedades de destino de un determinado grupo migratorio, emprender múltiples desplazamientos forzados o voluntarios fueron temas destacados por esa agenda de investigación[1]. Nociones como “situación de diáspora” y perspectiva diaspórica de la cultura ganaron espacio junto a la crítica de las visiones que habían tomado a las migraciones en exclusiva referencia al contenedor estado-nación. El concepto de diáspora funcionó a veces como un tipo ideal para abordar el estudio de minorías dispersas a partir de un centro que, si bien mantienen y reavivan memorias sobre su tierra de origen, se inscriben en procesos de integración donde a veces opera una territorialización dual. Esto implicó considerar que esos modos de integración incluyen el interjuego de las relaciones con las sociedades huéspedes y con las de origen, estableciendo redes verticales (negociaciones con la sociedad huésped) y redes laterales (entre la sociedad de origen y la sociedad huésped), ambas marcadas por las prácticas de transnacionalismo[2]. Diáspora también es un término que funciona como categoría nativa, una forma en que algunos grupos se denominan a sí mismos considerando un espacio central al que pertenecen y del que se encuentran temporariamente ausente. En esos usos, la noción puede tomar sentidos particulares. Por ejemplo, en el caso de los palestinos el término diáspora es una categoría de la práctica, un término nativo políticamente reivindicado en alusión a la situación de expatriados, desplazados o refugiados que se encuentran en espacios diferentes al de origen. Su uso se relaciona con la exaltación del derecho al retorno y a la necesidad de crear lazos entre las comunidades de acogida y origen. En ese sentido, se torna importante la “diasporización política” como acción política de las diásporas[3]. Siguiendo las críticas de Brubaker[4] es interesante pensar las diásporas no en términos sustancialistas -como unidades delimitadas, con un número cuantificable de miembros- sino como un idioma, una postura o reivindicación que actúa como vía de formulación de identificaciones, lealtades y proyectos de movilización.
 Este número de la revista presenta algunas de las posibilidades del uso de la noción de diáspora y muestra formas de analizar estos grupos en contextos de desplazamientos. El texto de Lorenzo Macagno presenta los itinerarios de la diáspora sino-mozambicana en el triángulo espacial de China-Mozambique-Brasil, discutiendo su presencia en el contexto del colonialismo portugués en África y el comienzo de la transformación en diáspora, a partir del fin del colonialismo. El trabajo de Damián Setton analiza el discurso de los activistas étnicos que producen el periódico judío Comunidades, mostrando cómo el tono editorial fue adquiriendo una inclinación antikirchnerista. Esta posición se relaciona a determinadas interpretaciones que algunos actores realizan de la noción de diáspora, como una dimensión, entre otras, de identificación con lo judío que coloca en el centro a Israel. El artículo de Jean Philippe Belleau aborda el curioso caso de la diáspora en el exilio (Francia) que se crea en torno de la figura de Antoine de Tounens, el Rey de la Patagonia, que llega a la Argentina en 1858. El texto, basado en trabajo de campo entre quienes reivindican el “Reino de la Araucanía”, discute las formas de proximidad entre culturas, trayendo a primer plano el concepto de etnofilia.
 Por último, el trabajo de Natalia Gavazzo aborda el caso de las segundas generaciones de inmigrantes bolivianos y paraguayos en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, mostrando cómo “la diasporización de los hijos” se realiza a través de las redes familiares y de los vínculos entre padres, hijos, abuelos y hermanos.
 
 [1] Ver por ejemplo, los trabajos de Jackson, P. et al (ed.) Transnational spaces, Londres: Routledge, 2004; Vertovec, S. “Transnacionalism and Identity”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27/4, 2001, pp. 573-583; Vertovec, S. “Conceiving and researching transnationalism “, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 22/2, 1999, pp.49-69; Hall, S. “Thinking the Diaspora”, Small Axe 3/6, 1999. pp. 1-18.
 [2] Tambiah, S. Transnational Movements, Diaspora and Multiples Modernities, Daedalus 129/1, 2000. Pp. 163-194
 [3] Para el caso de la diáspora palestina ver Montenegro y Setton, “La diáspora palestina en Argentina: militancia más allá de la etnicidad”, L. Schiocchet (comp.) Entre o Velho e o Novo Mundo. A diáspora palestina desde o Oriente Médio à América Latina, Lisboa: Chiado Editora, 2015.
 [4] Brubaker, R. “The `Diaspora´, Diaspora”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28/1, 2005, pp 1-19.
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Chambers, Mark S. "Benefits to migratory fish populations of entrainment and its potential role in fisheries collapse." ICES Journal of Marine Science, December 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa159.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract According to the entrainment hypothesis, traditional migratory routes develop in fish populations through social interactions. First-time migrants learn migratory routes by following experienced conspecifics and, by repeating the migration, contribute to guiding future cohorts along the same route. The loss of collective memory of migratory routes may be a precursor to fisheries collapse. The survival value of entrainment has not been convincingly demonstrated, and this possibly explains why there has not been greater interest in this putative migratory mechanism. I propose that the relative frequency of demonstrators of alternative contingents provides information to first-time migrants on relative survival rates. Using simulation, I show that a population in which contingent adoption is regulated by entrainment can achieve higher overall survival rates than a comparable population with fixed rates of contingent adoption in the situation where mortality rates differ among contingents. In certain cases, the advantage could be even larger in the presence of fishing mortality. I also compare the responses of the entrainment-based and fixed-rate migration populations in a scenario intended to mimic the cessation of fishing after a period of high fishing mortality, such as might occur after the collapse of a fishery.
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González Pizarro, José Antonio. "Desde la influencia del darwinismo social hasta el imperio de los derechos humanos. Inmigración en Chile entre 1907 y 2018." Estudios de Derecho 77, no. 169 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.esde.v77n169a13.
Full textAbstract:
Se analizan las políticas migratorias implementadas por el Estado de Chile entre dos hitos de la explosión migratoria cuyos censos nacionales de población, 1907 y 2018, marcaron los mayores porcentajes de extranjeros en el país. Para ello se estudia la normativa migratoria chilena, con sus correspondientes contextos, el de 1907, con la influencia del denominado darwinismo social que influyó en el racismo, la xenofobia de la sociedad y, el de 2018, con la incidencia de los derechos humanos en la legislación nacional y con la persistencia de elementos percibidos en 1907. Esta convergencia de ideas en la sociedad y acciones estatales, se aplica a segmentos inmigratorios extracontinentales en 1907 y a contingentes inmigratorios continentales en 2018.
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Chang, Andy Scott. "Selling a Resume and Buying a Job: Stratification of Gender and Occupation by States and Brokers in International Migration from Indonesia." Social Problems, March 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study examines how state and commercial actors construct gender, occupation, and nationality hierarchies in guest worker programs by comparing the migratory procedures for female domestic workers and male industrial operators from Indonesia. Based on 19 months of multi-sited ethnography and 86 interviews in Indonesia, Taiwan, and Singapore, I introduce the notion of multilateralism to theorize the stratification of global migration processes. In multilateral labor markets, governments, brokers, employers, and migrants in multiple countries contend for labor and employment. The homecare market is governed under the rubric of “selling a resume,” whereby Indonesian regulators and labor suppliers pass on recruitment costs to employers, in a context where migrant domestics possess myriad destination options due to their reputation fostered by a government-organized credentialing program. By contrast, Indonesian factory workers expend upfront payment to “buy a job” from destination brokers amid rivalry with migrants of other nationalities. The Indonesian state’s inattention to elevating industrial migrants’ standing through skill formation has compelled private recruiters to vie for jobs by extracting brokerage fees and developing a patchwork of selection mechanisms. This article finds that social actors’ capacity to negotiate the terms of labor exchange is contingent on their structural locations within a global hierarchy of competing nation-states.
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Baines, Stephen Grant, Márcia Leila de Castro Pereira, and Potyguara Alencar dos Santos. "Afro-Indigenous Cosmographies of Mobility: Fishes, Viruses and Others Amazonian Lives at the Confluence With the Sars-CoV-19." Frontiers in Sociology 5 (January 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.612854.
Full textAbstract:
The article aims to demonstrate the susceptibility to death that certain Amazonian peoples are facing, as a consequence of their particular migratory demography, which instead of being curbed, have been exponentially intensified by the outbreak of Sars-CoV-19. The article offers an account of the “pendular migrations” and “return migrations” that the indigenous and black rural populations of that region carry out as a result of daily labor displacements, in the search for medical-hospital assistance and the consolidation of political and legal visibility within the cities. In a second effort, directly related to the previous one, we articulate the interference of the viral threat not on the contingency of population flow, but on the dangerous intensification of people circulation between the territorial nuclei of the “first habitation” and the average Amazonian cities, where, as a rule, these peoples maintain “second residences” and to where they regularly transmigrate. To illustrate this phenomenon, three accounts of different Brazilian Amazonian realities are reported: on the rural black population of the banks of the Turiaçu River, Maranhão state, the indigenous people of the savannah Lavrado, of the northeast of Roraima state, and the Mura people, who live in the southeast region of Amazonas state. On these realities, the cosmographies of the mobility of their populations are challenged by the changes and strategic conditions imposed by the pandemic.