Academic literature on the topic 'Migratory divide'
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Journal articles on the topic "Migratory divide"
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Toews, David P. L., Kira E. Delmore, Matthew M. Osmond, Philip D. Taylor, and Darren E. Irwin. "Migratory orientation in a narrow avian hybrid zone." PeerJ 5 (April 18, 2017): e3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3201.
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Background Zones of contact between closely related taxa with divergent migratory routes, termed migratory divides, have been suggested as areas where hybrid offspring may have intermediate and inferior migratory routes, resulting in low fitness of hybrids and thereby promoting speciation. In the Rocky Mountains of Canada there is a narrow hybrid zone between Audubon’s and myrtle warblers that is likely maintained by selection against hybrids. Band recoveries and isotopic studies indicate that this hybrid zone broadly corresponds to the location of a possible migratory divide, with Audubon’s warblers migrating south-southwest and myrtle warblers migrating southeast. We tested a key prediction of the migratory divide hypothesis: that genetic background would be predictive of migratory orientation among warblers in the center of the hybrid zone. Methods We recorded fall migratory orientation of wild-caught migrating warblers in the center of the hybrid zone as measured by video-based monitoring of migratory restlessness in circular orientation chambers. We then tested whether there was a relationship between migratory orientation and genetic background, as measured using a set of species-specific diagnostic genetic markers. Results We did not detect a significant association between orientation and genetic background. There was large variation among individuals in orientation direction. Mean orientation was towards the NE, surprising for birds on fall migration, but aligned with the mountain valley in which the study took place. Conclusions Only one other study has directly analyzed migratory orientation among naturally-produced hybrids in a migratory divide. While the other study showed an association between genetic background and orientation, we did not observe such an association in yellow-rumped warblers. We discuss possible reasons, including the possibility of a lack of a strong migratory divide in this hybrid zone and/or methodological limitations that may have prevented accurate measurements of long-distance migratory orientation.
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IRWIN, DARREN E. "Incipient ring speciation revealed by a migratory divide." Molecular Ecology 18, no. 14 (2009): 2923–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04211.x.
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Battey, C. J., Ethan B. Linck, Kevin L. Epperly, et al. "A Migratory Divide in the Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris)." American Naturalist 191, no. 2 (2018): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/695439.
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Delmore, Kira E., and Darren E. Irwin. "Hybrid songbirds employ intermediate routes in a migratory divide." Ecology Letters 17, no. 10 (2014): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12326.
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Delmore, Kira E., James W. Fox, and Darren E. Irwin. "Dramatic intraspecific differences in migratory routes, stopover sites and wintering areas, revealed using light-level geolocators." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1747 (2012): 4582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1229.
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Migratory divides are contact zones between breeding populations that use divergent migratory routes and have been described in a variety of species. These divides are of major importance to evolution, ecology and conservation but have been identified using limited band recovery data and/or indirect methods. Data from band recoveries and mitochondrial haplotypes suggested that inland and coastal Swainson's thrushes ( Catharus ustulatus ) form a migratory divide in western North America. We attached light-level geolocators to birds at the edges of this contact zone to provide, to our knowledge, the first direct test of a putative divide using data from individual birds over the entire annual cycle. Coastal thrushes migrated along the west coast to Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Some of these birds used multiple wintering sites. Inland thrushes migrated across the Rocky Mountains, through central North America to Columbia and Venezuela. These birds migrated longer distances than coastal birds and performed a loop migration, navigating over the Gulf of Mexico in autumn and around this barrier in spring. These findings support the suggestion that divergent migratory behaviour could contribute to reproductive isolation between migrants, advance our understanding of their non-breeding ecology, and are integral to development of detailed conservation strategies for this group.
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von Rönn, Jan A. C., Aaron B. A. Shafer, and Jochen B. W. Wolf. "Disruptive selection without genome-wide evolution across a migratory divide." Molecular Ecology 25, no. 11 (2016): 2529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.13521.
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Alvarado, Allison H., Trevon L. Fuller, and Thomas B. Smith. "Integrative tracking methods elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of a migratory divide." Ecology and Evolution 4, no. 17 (2014): 3456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1205.
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Rolshausen, Gregor, Keith A. Hobson, and H. Martin Schaefer. "Spring arrival along a migratory divide of sympatric blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla)." Oecologia 162, no. 1 (2009): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1445-3.
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Delmore, Kira E., Haley L. Kenyon, Ryan R. Germain, and Darren E. Irwin. "Phenotypic divergence during speciation is inversely associated with differences in seasonal migration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (2015): 20151921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1921.
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Differences in seasonal migration might promote reproductive isolation and differentiation by causing populations in migratory divides to arrive on the breeding grounds at different times and/or produce hybrids that take inferior migratory routes. We examined this question by quantifying divergence in song, colour, and morphology between sister pairs of North American migratory birds. We predicted that apparent rates of phenotypic differentiation would differ between pairs that do and do not form migratory divides. Consistent with this prediction, results from mixed effects models and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models of evolution showed different rates of divergence between these groups; surprisingly, differentiation was greater among non-divide pairs. We interpret this finding as a result of variable rates of population blending and fusion between partially diverged forms. Ancient pairs of populations that subsequently fused are now observed as a single form, whereas those that did not fuse are observable as pairs and included in our study. We propose that fusion of two populations is more likely to occur when they have similar migratory routes and little other phenotypic differentiation that would cause reproductive isolation. By contrast, pairs with migratory divides are more likely to remain reproductively isolated, even when differing little in other phenotypic traits. These findings suggest that migratory differences may be one among several isolating barriers that prevent divergent populations from fusing and thereby increase the likelihood that they will continue differentiating as distinct species.
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Guillaumet, Alban, Brian Dorr, Guiming Wang, et al. "Determinants of local and migratory movements of Great Lakes double-crested cormorants." Behavioral Ecology 22, no. 5 (2011): 1096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr096.
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Abstract We investigated how individual strategies combine with demographic and ecological factors to determine local and migratory movements in the double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). One hundred and forty-five cormorants were captured from 14 nesting colonies across the Great Lakes area and fitted with satellite transmitters. We first tested the hypotheses that sexual segregation, density-dependent effects, and the intensity of management operations influenced home range size during the breeding season. The influence of these factors appeared to be limited in part due to random variability in foraging and dispersal decisions at individual and colony levels. We also designed a statistical framework to investigate the degree and determinants of migratory connectivity. Our analyses revealed a significant migratory connectivity in cormorants, although we also observed a nonnegligible amount of individual variability and flexibility. Our data were most consistent with the existence of a migratory divide across the Great Lakes, with western populations using mainly the Mississippi Flyway and eastern populations the Atlantic Flyway. Previous and current studies suggest that the divide cannot be explained by past divergence in isolation, a way to diminish travel cost, or the Appalachians constituting an ecological barrier per se but is rather the consequence of the distribution of suitable stopover and nonbreeding areas. However, a parallel migration system and no migratory divide could not be entirely ruled out with present data.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Migratory divide"
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Delmore, Kira. "Migratory divides and the genetic basis of reproductive isolation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54165.
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Differences in seasonal migratory behaviour could be an important driver of ecological speciation. Many divergent groups form migratory divides on their breeding grounds; they breed adjacent to one another but use different routes to navigate around unsuitable areas on migration. Hybrids in divides are predicted to employ intermediate and inferior routes. I used light-level geolocators to track birds from the edges and center of a hybrid zone between inland and coastal Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in western Canada. These data provided the first direct identification of a migratory divide (Chapter 2) and support for the prediction that hybrids in divides take intermediate routes (Chapter 3). Hybrid routes crossed arid and mountainous regions, further suggesting that these routes are inferior.
I extended this work to examine the genetic basis of reproductive isolation between thrushes, assembling a reference genome and generating whole-genome sequence data for populations adjacent to the hybrid zone between these groups (Chapter 4). I documented genome-wide heterogeneity in genetic differentiation and uncovered patterns suggesting selective sweeps and variation in recombination generated this heterogeneity; within-population variation and absolute genetic differentiation were lower in regions of high relative differentiation and these reductions often coincided with centromeres and the Z chromosome. Genes associated with migration were concentrated in highly differentiated areas, further supporting migration’s role in reproductive isolation between thrushes.
I complimented this work using a comparative approach to determine if patterns in the Swainson’s thrush could be extended to other species (Chapter 5). Specifically, I compared rates of phenotypic divergence between sister pairs that form divides and those that do not. I considered phenotypic divergence a proxy for reproductive isolation and contrary to expectations, found divergence was greater among taxa that do not form divides. This pattern could be explained by differential fusion, with sister pairs that do not form divides fusing into a single unit during periods of secondary contact unless they were sufficiently diverged phenotypically. Differences in migration would have permitted the persistence of pairs that form divides even without phenotypic differentiation. Under this scenario, migration serves as one of the major sources of speciation in North American birds.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Zoology, Department of<br>Graduate
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Olsen, Anne sofie westh. "Beyond the Migration Divide in Burkina Faso : The role of migration management by sending states." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD068.
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Cette thèse s'ajoute aux recherches menées sur le lien entre migration et développement, en introduisant une analyse de la gestion de la migration des États d'origine et de son lien avec la réduction de la pauvreté et la croissance inclusive. Les initiatives des pays d'origine pour l'égalité d'accès à la migration, ou comment les structures impactent l’agence, ont été largement négligées. La thèse propose revenir sur la "fracture migratoire", qui a été analysée comme une conséquence des restrictions de l'immigration dans le grand nord, en ajoutant i) dimensions régionales, ii) une approche de croissance inclusive et iii) perspectives des États d'origine. La thèse cherche à comprendre comment les pays pauvres à forte émigration tentent de tirer parti de la migration pour favoriser le développement, a travers d'une étude de cas sur le Burkina Faso. Cela implique d’enquêter sur l’élaboration des politiques au fil du temps, et sur les lacunes en matière de discours et d’application, tant au niveau national que régional en Afrique. Si de nombreux éléments constitutifs des politiques visant à faciliter la mobilité intrarégionale sont en place, aucun progrès substantiel n’a été accompli pour leur ratification et mise en oeuvre au cours de la dernière décennie. Lors de l'analyse de "l'échec" des politiques migratoires, il est important de prendre en compte à la fois les ‘capacités’ et ‘aspirations’ des décideurs, en réinscrivant la migration dans le phénomène plus général du changement social. Cette recherche révèle un changement du paysage politique en Afrique, mais qu’il y du chemin à parcourir avant que la migration ne devienne une politique «élevée» dans les États d'origine<br>This thesis adds to the research conducted on the nexus between migration and development, by introducing an analysis of migration management by sending states and its link with poverty reduction and inclusive growth. Sending country initiatives for equal access to migration, or how structures impact agency, have been largely overlooked. The thesis hence revisits the so-called migration divide, which has been analyzed as a consequence of restrictive immigration control in the global north, by adding i) regional dimensions, ii) an inclusive growth approach and iii) a sending state perspective. It seeks to explore how poor high-emigration countries are attempting to leverage migration for development, with a case study on Burkina Faso. This means investigating policy-making throughout time and more particularly policy gaps in discourse and implementation, both at the national and regional level across Africa. While many of the legislative and policy building blocks for facilitating intra-regional mobility in Africa are in place, their ratification and implementation have been limited during the last decade. When analyzing the ‘failure’ of migration policies, it is thus important to consider both the ‘capabilities’ and ‘aspirations’ of policy-makers in sending states, reinscribing migration within the wider phenomena of social change. This research reveals a general change in the policy landscape in Africa in regard to migration and development, however we still have a long way to go before migration becomes ‘high’ politics in sending states
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Mendilaharsu, Maria de los Milagros López. "Rotas migratórias, áreas de uso intenso e padrões de mergulho de tartarugas-de couro (Dermochelys coriacea) no Atlântico Sul Ocidental." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3128.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>As tartarugas marinhas são espécies ameaçadas, altamente migratórias que
apresentam um ciclo de vida longo e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Assim,
melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre a ecologia espacial das tartarugas marinhas é
essencial para a elucidação de aspectos da sua história de vida e para o
desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação. Esta tese compreende um
conjunto de artigos ou capítulos que visam contribuir ao conhecimento da ecologia
espacial da tartaruga-de-couro, Dermochelys coriacea. Este estudo utilizou novas
tecnologias como à telemetria por satélite (que proporciona um método útil para
monitorar os movimentos de espécies migratórias) e um conjunto de ferramentas de
geoprocessamento como abordagem metodológica que visou: examinar os
movimentos e migrações da tartaruga-de-couro, identificar áreas de uso intenso e
padrões espaço-temporais no uso do habitat, e integrar dados biológicos e
oceanográficos para descrever as estratégias comportamentais desta espécie. Cinco
tartarugas-de-couro (um subaduto, dois machos adultos e duas fêmeas adultas)
foram equipadas com transmissores por satélite no Atlântico Sul Ocidental entre
2005 e 2008. Além de fornecer dados de localização geográfica os tansmissores
permitiram registrar informações de mergulho tais como profundidade e duração
máxima e media dos mergulhos, perfis completos de mergulhos individuais e dados
de temperatura do mar. Movimentos e migrações de tartarugas-de-couro marcadas
no Atlântico Sul foram documentados pela primeira vez. Alem disso, foi posível
identificar áreas de uso intenso (ou alimentação) previamente desconhecidas para a
espécie, assim como uma residência sazonal nestas áreas localizadas em águas
tropicais e temperadas fora da costa sul-americana (19-45S). A sazonalidade dos
movimentos esteve intimamente associada a processos físicos sazonais de pequena
e mesoescala. Dependendo do ambiente marinho explorado, durante os períodos de
residência, as tartarugas apresentaram diferentes estratégias alimentares
identificadas através da análise dos padrões de mergulho.<br>Sea turtles are long-lived, highly migratory endangered species with a wide
distribution. Thus improving our knowledge of the spatial ecology of sea turtles is
essential for elucidating aspects of their life history and for the development of
effective conservation measures. This thesis comprises a collection of articles or
chapters that aim to contribute to the knowledge of the spatial ecology of the
leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. This study used new technologies such as
satellite telemetry (which provides a useful approach for tracking the movements of
migratory species) and a set of geoprocessing tools as a methodological approach
that aimed to: examine the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles, identify
high use areas and spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use, and integrate biological
and environmental data to describe foraging strategies of this species.
Five leatherback turtles (a subadut, two adult males and two adult females) were
fitted with satellite transmitters in the Southwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008.
Besides providing geographical location data the transmitters also recorded dive
information such as mean and maximum dive depth and duration, individual dive
profiles and water temperature data. For the first time the movements and migrations
of leatherback turtles tagged in the South Atlantic were documented. Previously
unidentified high use areas (or foraging areas) were recognized for this species, also
a seasonal residence along those areas located in tropical and temperate areas off
the coast of South America (19-45 S). The seasonal movements were closely
associated with small and mesoscale physical seasonal processes. Depending on
the marine environment exploited during periods of residence, the turtles showed
different foraging strategies identified through the analysis of the diving patterns.
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FAINOVÁ, Drahomíra. "Genetická variabilita a diferenciace eurasijských populací rákosníka obecného\kur{(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)}." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-48888.
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Eurasian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) is a long-distance migrant wintering in sub-Saharan Africa and breeding in reedbeds of the Western Palaearctic. European populations migrate in two main directions (SW and SE). Though there is little morphological variation across the breeding range, Asian populations are traditionally separated from the nominate subspecies as the subspecies fuscus. My aim was to explore genetic differentiation among Eurasian Reed Warbler populations in respect to the factors which may have influenced the genetic diversity and divergence of the populations, such as a migratory divide, high migratory connectivity or isolation by distance. I used samples of 495 individuals from 36 populations across the breeding range using microsatellites. Pairwaise fixation indexes FST showed significant differences among populations from the Iberian peninsula, Finland and the Middle East and the rest of populations. Exact tests of differentiation did not confirm non-random distribution between pairs of populations. Overall FST was statistical significant but very small (FST = 0,018). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 98% of variation was ascribable to variability of allele frequencies within populations. On the other hand, differences between populations contributed to overall variation with only 2%. Isolation by distance showed only weak relationship between geographical and genetic distances. Main analysis using Bayesian clustering approach implemented in software Structure 2.2. detected no genetic structure of population. Sampled Eurasian Reed Warbler populations seem to form one genetic population. Relatively low genetic diversification indicates large dispersal potential of the studied Reed Warbler populations, when gene flow successfully counters differentiation of population irrespective of large breeding area and high migrate connectivity between breeding and wintering area.
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Lee, Olivia Astillero. "Early Migratory Behavior of Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Pups from Bering Island, Russia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9144.
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I examined the population trends of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) using an age-specific metapopulation model that allowed migration between rookeries. Mortality and birth rates were modified to simulate future population trends. I also examined the early migratory behavior and habitat associations of pups from Bering Island (BI), Russia. I instrumented 35 pups with Mk10-AL satellite tags and stomach temperature telemeters which provided diving, foraging and location data. I hypothesized that some aspects of pup behavior from the stable BI population differed from the behavior of pups from the unstable Pribilof Islands (PI). The population model revealed that emigration did not contribute significantly to the current PI population decline. However, large source populations contributed significantly to population growth in newly colonized rookeries. A stabilization of the PI population was predicted with a 10 to 20 percent reduction in both juvenile and adult female mortality rates. The diving behavior of pups showed a general progression towards longer and deeper dives as pups aged, particularly between 1600 – 0400 (local time), that was similar to PI pup behavior. However, unlike pups from the PI, I found three main diving strategies among BI pups: 1) shallow daytime divers (mean depth = 3.56 m), 2) deep daytime divers (mean depth = 6.36 m) and 3) mixed divers (mean depth = 4.81 m). The foraging behavior of pups showed that most successful ingestion events occurred between 1600 – 0400, with successful ingestion events lasting 25.36 plus/minus 27.37 min. There was no significant difference among the three strategies in the depth of successful foraging dives. I also examined the foraging search strategies in adult females and pups. Both pups and adults conducted Levy walks, although pups foraged in smaller patches (1 km scales). Using a logistic model to determine habitat associations, I found that pup locations were positively correlated with increasing chlorophyll a concentrations, distances from shore, and sea surface temperatures, and were negatively correlated with depth. There was no significant relationship between all pup locations and the regions (peripheries or centers) or types (cyclonic or anti-cyclonic) of eddies, but ingestion event locations were related to mesoscale eddy peripheries.
Books on the topic "Migratory divide"
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Moracci, Giovanna, and Alberto Alberti, eds. Linee di confine. Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-557-5.
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Il titolo di questo volume rimanda a una realtà presente, spesso drammaticamente, in tutti i territori in cui le culture slave, in diverse fasi storiche, si sono trovate a vivere a contatto con altre etnie. Al di là dei problemi di convivenza, complicati oggi da fenomeni quali globalizzazione e multiculturalismo che dissimulano i conflitti identitari, la storia degli slavi si è sempre intrecciata a quella di altri popoli. È sembrato opportuno dunque proporre il tema, non inedito, dei ‘confini’, che offre ampio spazio di riflessione su una molteplicità di aspetti delle culture slave. Ancora oggi dall’Italia si guarda ai paesi dell’Europa centro-orientale con un certo scetticismo. Le lingue e le tradizioni di quest’area restano poco o niente affatto note. I flussi migratori dei popoli di questi ultimi vent’anni hanno contribuito a creare l’immagine di un’Europa di secondaria importanza, arretrata, che vuole imporsi alla prima. Questo volume collettivo vuole invece mostrare come la nostra identità di europei si riesca a mettere a fuoco, e con difficoltà, solo allargando lo sguardo ad est e imparando la lezione dei territori dell’Europa centro-orientale. Anche se gli slavi occidentali e parte degli slavi meridionali hanno partecipato alla storia occidentale sin dal medioevo e ne sono stati poi divisi dagli eventi storici, si potrà forse forgiare una nuova identità europea solo riflettendo sulle vicende dell’intero mondo slavo, e sperimentando le stesse difficoltà di convivenza (quale è ora anche l’esperienza dell’Europa occidentale) fra residenti e immigrati, culture maggioritarie e minoritarie, identità e alterità.
Book chapters on the topic "Migratory divide"
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Bensaad, Ali. "The Mediterranean Divide and its Echo in the Sahara: New Migratory Routes and New Barriers on the Path to the Mediterranean." In Between Europe and the Mediterranean. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230287334_5.
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Gilderdale, Peter. "Taming the Migratory Divide." In New Zealand and the Sea: Historical Perspectives. Bridget Williams Books, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7810/9780947518707_6.
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Peralta, Dan-el Padilla. "Temples, Festivals, and Common Knowledge." In Divine Institutions. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168678.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the forms that Rome's festival and pilgrimage culture took as mirrored in the literary tradition. Religious festivals fabricated new molds for civic self-awareness and common knowledge that were then filled in by new arrivals to the mid-Republican city. By the late third century, Latins, Italians, and assorted non-Romans were making their way to Rome for ludi, in a migratory pattern that anticipated the post-Punic War influx of concern to Fannius. Social interaction at the games enhanced not only their knowledge of Roman institutions and their knowledge of one another but also their aggregative understanding of the extent to which others were becoming more knowledgeable about Roman institutions. This traffic in knowledge is part of Rome's mid-Republican state formation story.
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Donahue, Jennifer. "Divided Allegiances and Alternative Histories." In Taking Flight. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828637.003.0003.
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The second chapter examines psychological transnationalism in novels by Michelle Cliff and Margaret Cezair-Thompson. As the works illustrate, psychological exile is an essential part of the migratory experience; growing up with divided allegiances, each cognizant of their difference at every turn, the protagonists, Jean and Clare, are primed for flight. The authors highlight the effects of personal violence and advance alternative histories that have been lost in contemporary Jamaica. In Abeng and The True History of Paradise, migration is provoked by circumstances that render the homeland unsafe or unbearable; violence and interpersonal conflict operate as precursors to the female characters’ immigration. Together, the works query the degree to which one can fully “depart” one’s homeland.
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George, Sam. "South Asian Diaspora." In Christianity in South and Central Asia. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0035.
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South Asia accounted for more than 32 million emigrants worldwide. These figures do not include the Old Diaspora –when millions were taken to work as indentured labourers, losing all links to their ancestral homelands. Most early migratory interactions, initiated by foreigners who came for trade or conquest, took people out of this region, a people that did not venture far from home. The dispersion out of South Asia can be divided into three waves: the Old Diaspora (early to mid-eighteenth century), the New Diaspora (1940s to 1990s) and the Modern Diaspora (beginning in the early 1990s). This latest diaspora is marked by mass migration of software engineers to Western countries, especially the USA, Canada, the UK, Germany and Australia. South Asians are very religious and are less landlocked than people of other faiths in the region. The alienation that result from transplantation in religious and spiritual terms, make migration for South Asians a ‘theologising experience’. Many South Asians have joined the Christian fold in diasporic locations as they feel less stigma than in their ancestral homelands. Uncertainties about the future keep immigrants continually on the edge, which leads some to a deeper spiritual quest.