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Journal articles on the topic 'Migratory grasshopper'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Delgado, F. X., M. L. Lobo-Lima, C. Bradley, J. H. Britton, J. E. Henry, and W. Swearingen. "LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS IN AFRICA." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171239-1.

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AbstractTwo isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.

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2

Drolet, Barbara S., Melissa A. Stuart, and Justin D. Derner. "Infection of Melanoplus sanguinipes Grasshoppers following Ingestion of Rangeland Plant Species Harboring Vesicular Stomatitis Virus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 10 (2009): 3029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02368-08.

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ABSTRACT Knowledge of the many mechanisms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission is critical for understanding of the epidemiology of sporadic disease outbreaks in the western United States. Migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)] have been implicated as reservoirs and mechanical vectors of VSV. The grasshopper-cattle-grasshopper transmission cycle is based on the assumptions that (i) virus shed from clinically infected animals would contaminate pasture plants and remain infectious on plant surfaces and (ii) grasshoppers would become infected by eating the virus-contaminated plants. Our objectives were to determine the stability of VSV on common plant species of U.S. Northern Plains rangelands and to assess the potential of these plant species as a source of virus for grasshoppers. Fourteen plant species were exposed to VSV and assayed for infectious virus over time (0 to 24 h). The frequency of viable virus recovery at 24 h postexposure was as high as 73%. The two most common plant species in Northern Plains rangelands (western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii] and needle and thread [Hesperostipa comata]) were fed to groups of grasshoppers. At 3 weeks postfeeding, the grasshopper infection rate was 44 to 50%. Exposure of VSV to a commonly used grasshopper pesticide resulted in complete viral inactivation. This is the first report demonstrating the stability of VSV on rangeland plant surfaces, and it suggests that a significant window of opportunity exists for grasshoppers to ingest VSV from contaminated plants. The use of grasshopper pesticides on pastures would decrease the incidence of a virus-amplifying mechanical vector and might also decontaminate pastures, thereby decreasing the inter- and intraherd spread of VSV.

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3

Wang, Yun-Ping, Xiong-Bing Tu, Pei-Jiong Lin, et al. "Migratory Take-Off Behaviour of the Mongolian Grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus." Insects 11, no. 7 (2020): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070416.

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Oedaleus asiaticus is one of the dominant species of grasshoppers in the rangeland on the Mongolian plateau, and a serious pest, but its migratory behavior is poorly known. We investigated the take-off behavior of migratory O. asiaticus in field cages in the inner Mongolia region of northern China. The species shows a degree of density-dependent phase polyphenism, with high-density swarming populations characterized by a brown morph, while low-density populations are more likely to comprise a green morph. We found that only 12.4% of brown morphs engaged in migratory take-off, and 2.0% of green morphs. Migratory grasshoppers took off at dusk, especially in the half hour after sunset (20:00–20:30 h). Most emigrating individuals did not have any food in their digestive tract, and the females were mated but with immature ovaries. In contrast, non-emigrating individuals rarely had empty digestive tracts, and most females were mated and sexually mature. Therefore, it seems clear that individuals prepare for migration in the afternoon by eliminating food residue from the body, and migration is largely restricted to sexually immature stages (at least in females). Furthermore, it was found that weather conditions (particularly temperature and wind speed at 15:00 h) in the afternoon had a significant effect on take-off that evening, with O. asiaticus preferring to take off in warm, dry and calm weather. The findings of this study will contribute to a reliable basis for forecasting migratory movements of this pest.

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4

Delgado, F. X., J. H. Britton, M. L. Lobo-Lima, E. Razafindratiana, and W. Swearingen. "FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATIONS OF LEADING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA CAPITO SAUSS IN MADAGASCAR." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171323-1.

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AbstractThree leading entomopathogens isolated from Madagascar's migratory locust, Locusta migratoria capito Sauss, were evaluated in field and laboratory tests. In a field trial in Madagascar in 1994, two isolates of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (SP3 and SP9) and an isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (SP16) were tested against L. migratoria capito. Locusts from field plots treated with SP9 experienced 100% mortality in 8 days, a higher death rate than that found in locusts treated with M. flavoviride SP3 or B. bassiana SP16. However, locusts treated with M. flavoviride SP3 or B. bassiana SP16 had significantly higher mortality than did the untreated controls. In separate field and laboratory trials in Cape Verde in 1994, SP9 was also tested against the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss. Oedaleus senegalensis treated in small-scale field plots with SP9 experienced 100% mortality in 8 days, a significantly higher death rate than that of the untreated controls. An extensive laboratory bioassay with SP9 revealed a dose–response for rate of mortality to O. senegalensis. Results from these trials in Madagascar and Cape Verde suggest that one or more of the Malagasy strains evaluated have good potential for biocontrol of locusts and grasshoppers.

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5

Isman, Murray B., Peter Proksch, and Ludger Witte. "Metabolism and excretion of acetylchromenes by the migratory grasshopper." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 6, no. 2 (1987): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940060205.

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6

Dakhel, Wahid H., Alexandre V. Latchininsky, and Stefan T. Jaronski. "Efficacy of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi, Metarhizium brunneum, Strain F52 Alone and Combined with Paranosema locustae against the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions." Insects 10, no. 4 (2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040094.

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Grasshopper outbreaks cause significant damage to crops and grasslands in US. Chemical control is widely used to suppress these pests but it reduces environmental quality. Biological control of insect pests is an alternative way to reduce the use of chemical insecticides. In this context, two entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium brunneum strain F52 and Paranosema locustae were evaluated as control agents for the pest migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Third-instar grasshoppers, reared in the laboratory, were exposed up to fourteen days to wheat bran treated with different concentrations of each of the fungi alone or the two pathogens combined. In the greenhouse, nymphs were placed individually in cages where they were able to increase their body temperatures by basking in the sun in an attempt to inhibit the fungal infection, and treated with each pathogen alone or in combination. Mortality was recorded daily and presence of fungal outgrowth in cadavers was confirmed by recording fungal mycosis for two weeks’ post-treatment (PT). For combination treatment, the nature of the pathogen interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects) was also determined. In laboratory conditions, all treatments except P. locustae alone resulted in grasshopper mortality. The application of the pathogen combinations caused 75% and 77%, mortality for lower and higher concentrations, respectively than each of the pathogens alone. We infer a synergistic effect occurred between the two agents. In greenhouse conditions, the highest mortalities were recorded in combination fungal treatments with a M. brunneum dose (60% mortality) and with a combination of the two pathogens in which M. brunneum was applied at high rate (50%) two weeks after application. This latter combination also exhibited a synergistic effect. Exposure to the P. locustae treatment did not lead to mortality until day 14 PT. We infer that these pathogens are promising for developing a biopesticide formulation for rangeland pest grasshopper management.

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7

Reynolds, D. R., and J. R. Riley. "A migration of grasshoppers, particularly Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in the West African Sahel." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 2 (1988): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530001302x.

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AbstractA dense layer of large insects in windborne, migratory flight was observed by radar in the Tilemsi Valley in Mali between about 23.00 and 02.00 h on 10–11 October 1978. The volume density, height of flight, area density, displacement speed and direction, orientation and migration rate were determined for the overflying insects. Light-trap catches and radar signatures provided strong evidence that the pest grasshopper Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) contributed to the overflying layer. Other species contributing probably included Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) and possibly Ochrilidia spp. For D. axillaris, the migration can be regarded as a search for overwintering sites by adults in reproductive diapause, and thus is an example of C. G. Johnson's Class III migration. Estimated trajectories placed the probable source areas of the overflying grasshoppers in the Gourma, about 150 km west-south-west of the radar site. Migration direction was approximately downwind, but the grasshoppers showed a degree of common orientation towards the east-south-east, which added a southwards component to their displacement. At 02.30 h on the same night, a very dense line-concentration associated with a wind-shift moved across the radar site, and insects still in flight probably became entrained in this wind convergence zone and added to the line-concentration. Other evidence of long-distance, windborne migration in D. axillaris was adduced from records of captures on ships at sea, mainly off the West African coast. The consequences of downwind displacement and concentration for grasshopper ecology and pest management are discussed. The migration behaviour of D. axillaris and other grasshopper species probably reduces migration losses by the efficient location of new habitats and forms an essential part of life-history strategies for survival in a sahelian environment.

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8

Chapco, William. "HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES IN THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) (ACRIDIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 123, no. 3 (1991): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent123417-3.

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AbstractThree subspecies of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) are recognized by Gurney and Brooks (1959) who, on the basis of morphology and presence of intergrades in collections, do not consider the taxa sufficiently different to warrant according them species status. Present experiments show that members of distant populations, when crossed, readily produce viable and fertile hybrids of both sexes. It is, however, premature to claim that the groups are conspecific without confirmatory information on, for instance, genetic distances and mating discrimination indices. Nonetheless, it is hypothesized that these parameters are expected to have low values given the hybridization results.

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9

Proksch, Peter, Murray B. Isman, Ludger Witte, and Thomas Hartmann. "Metabolites of insecticidal chromenes from the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes." Phytochemistry 26, no. 8 (1987): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84688-9.

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10

Chapco, W., R. A. Kelln, and D. A. McFadyen. "Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Heredity 69, no. 6 (1992): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1992.170.

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11

Larson, L. L. "Laboratory Residual Activity Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (1996): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.417.

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12

Marcandier, S., and G. G. Khachatourians. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FAB.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE), TO BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) VUILLEMIN (HYPHOMYCETE): INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 10 (1987): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119901-10.

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AbstractIn laboratory tests, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) was susceptible to infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin conidia. Infection occurred independently of the relative humidity (RH) (12, 33, 76, 100% RH). No significant difference was observed in the final percentage mortality of the treated grasshoppers and in the lethal times (LT50)(P > 0.05) under the RH conditions studied. However, the daily rate of mortality after treatment was higher at 76% RH than at 33% RH. High natural mortality occurred at 100% RH.At 100% RH, treatment with B. bassiana was associated with an outgrowth of microorganism that created septicemic conditions in the absence of the characteristic symptoms of mycosis. Below 100% RH, mycelial growth on cadavers was never observed, even though partial or total insect mummification occurred, and a pink body coloration on approximately 80% of the insects indicated Beauveria as the killing agent. Once transferred to 100% RH, no more than 5% of the treated grasshoppers exhibited external mycelial growth.The microenvironment at the cuticular level of the grasshopper allows expression of conidial pathogenicity regardless of ambient RH. Hence, together, these observations suggest the feasibility of field testing with B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide against M. sanguinipes in semi-arid climatic areas.

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13

Hewett Ragheb, Erin L., Karl E. Miller, Katherine A. Sayler, and Richard G. Robbins. "Detection of a Rickettsia sp. and an Ehrlichia chaffeensis-like organism in ticks parasitizing the endangered Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus)." Systematic and Applied Acarology 25, no. 12 (2020): 2165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.25.12.2.

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Between 2013 and 2015, 163 resident endangered Florida Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus) and four migratory Eastern Grasshopper Sparrows (A. savannarum pratensis) were examined for the presence of ticks in peninsular Florida. Thirteen Amblyomma maculatum and seven Haemaphysalis chordeilis ticks were removed from 13 Florida Grasshopper Sparrows. Two A. maculatum were discovered on two Eastern Grasshopper Sparrows. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of resultant amplicons of some of the tick specimens were performed to determine if ticks were infected with pathogenic bacteria. Salivary gland and midgut contents of five of six (83%) of the H. chordeilis tested positive for a novel Rickettsia closely related to, but distinct from, Rickettsia aeschlimannii (causative agent of Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness), an infectious zoonotic bacterium that has not been previously reported in the United States. Four of 14 (29%) of the A. maculatum tested positive for an agent most closely related to an uncultured Ehrlichia previously isolated from Oriental house rats (Rattus tanezumi; 97.5% identity to GenBank KM817187), which is genetically similar to Ehrlichia chaffeensis (causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis), another infectious zoonotic bacterium. Blood from 16 Florida Grasshopper Sparrows and one Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow tested negative for spotted fever group rickettsiae, Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. We recommend that additional collections and screening of ticks and blood from Florida Grasshopper Sparrows be undertaken to determine the rates of infection with rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in these imperiled songbirds.

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14

Heifetz, Y., and S. W. Applebaum. "Density-dependent physiological phase in a non-migratory grasshopper Aiolopus thalassinus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77, no. 3 (1995): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb02322.x.

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15

Chapco, W., and M. J. Bidochka. "Genetic variation in prairie populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes, the migratory grasshopper." Heredity 56, no. 3 (1986): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.62.

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16

Bailey, E. V., and M. O. Harris. "Visual behaviors of the migratory grasshopper,Melanoplus sanguinipes F. (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Journal of Insect Behavior 4, no. 6 (1991): 707–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01052226.

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17

Kent, Jack W., and Mary Ann Rankin. "Heritability and physiological correlates of migratory tendency in the grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes." Physiological Entomology 26, no. 4 (2001): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0307-6962.2001.00257.x.

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18

JR, JACK W. KENT, yUEH-MEI TENG, DIPA DESHPANDE, and MARy ANN RANKIN. "Mobilization of lipid and carbohydrate reserves in the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes." Physiological Entomology 22, no. 3 (1997): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01163.x.

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19

Bayly, Nicholas J., Stephen J. R. Rumsey, and Jacquie A. Clark. "Crossing the Sahara desert: migratory strategies of the Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia." Journal of Ornithology 152, no. 4 (2011): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0676-3.

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20

Yi, Shu-Xia, and Cedric Gillott. "Effects of tissue extracts on oviduct contraction in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Insect Physiology 46, no. 4 (2000): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00138-9.

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21

Couche, Graham A., and Cedric Gillott. "Structure of the accessory reproductive glands of the male migratory grasshopper,Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Morphology 203, no. 2 (1990): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052030209.

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22

Isman, Murray B. "Toxicity and tolerance of sesquiterpene lactones in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Acrididae)." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 24, no. 3 (1985): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(85)90146-4.

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23

Miranpuri, G. S., M. A. Erlandson, J. P. Gillespie, and G. G. Khachatourians. "Changes in hemolymph of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, infected with an entomopoxvirus." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 60, no. 3 (1992): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90009-s.

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24

Gillott, C., and K. Venkatesh. "Development of secretory ability in the spermatheca of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Insect Physiology 31, no. 8 (1985): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(85)90064-2.

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25

Song, Hojun. "Density-Dependent Phase Polyphenism in Nonmodel Locusts: A Minireview." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2011 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/741769.

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Although the specific mechanisms of locust phase transformation are wellunderstood for model locust species such as the desert locustSchistocerca gregariaand the migratory locustLocusta migratoria, the expressions of density-dependent phase polyphenism in other nonmodel locust species are not wellknown. The present paper is an attempt to review and synthesize what we know about these nonmodel locusts. Based on all available data, I find that locust phase polyphenism is expressed in many different ways in different locust species and identify a pattern that locust species often belong to large taxonomic groups which contain mostly nonswarming grasshopper species. Although locust phase polyphenism has evolved multiple times within Acrididae, I argue that its evolution should be studied from a phylogenetic perspective because I find similar density-dependent phenotypic plasticity among closely related species. Finally, I emphasize the importance of comparative analyses in understanding the evolution of locust phase and propose a phylogeny-based research framework.

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26

Hodson, F. R. H., and W. Chapco. "Fitness traits associated with the red back phenotype in the migratory grasshopper,Melanoplus sanguinipes." Experientia 42, no. 4 (1986): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02118651.

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27

Jones, Nathan, Tina Taub-Montemayor, and Mary Ann Rankin. "Fluorescein-dextran sequestration in the reproductive tract of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera, Acridiidae)." Micron 46 (March 2013): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2012.12.003.

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28

Min, Kyung Jin, Tina E. Taub-Montemayor, Klaus D. Linse, Jack W. Kent, and Mary Ann Rankin. "Relationship of adipokinetic hormone I and II to migratory propensity in the grasshopper,Melanoplus sanguinipes." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 55, no. 1 (2003): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.10109.

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29

Levin, David B., Dena Adachi, Lauretta L. Williams, and Timothy G. Myles. "Host Specificity and Molecular Characterization of the Entomopoxvirus of the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 62, no. 3 (1993): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1993.1106.

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Bidochka, M. J., and G. G. Khachatourians. "Hemocytic defense response to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 45, no. 2 (1987): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01075.x.

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31

Vincent, M. J., G. S. Miranpuri, and G. G. Khachatourians. "Acid phosphatase activity in hemolymph of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, during Beauveria bassiana infection." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 67, no. 2 (1993): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01664.x.

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32

Jeffs, Lloyd B., Ming-Guang Feng, Jennifer E. Falkowsky, and George G. Khachatourians. "Infection of the Migratory Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by Ingestion of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana." Journal of Economic Entomology 90, no. 2 (1997): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/90.2.383.

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33

Foster, R. N., K. C. Reuter, L. Black, E. Kahler, B. Fulle, and E. A. Flora. "Laboratory Evaluation Of Dose And Manner Of Pickup Of Spinosad On The Migratory Grasshopper, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (1996): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.416.

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34

Demirel, N., and W. Cranshaw . "Evaluation of Microbial and Repellent Insecticides for Control of Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), in Colorado." Journal of Entomology 3, no. 2 (2006): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/je.2006.161.166.

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35

Bidochka, Michael J., and George G. Khachatourians. "Growth of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on cuticular components from the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 59, no. 2 (1992): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90028-3.

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36

Khachatourians, G. G. "Virulence of five Beauveria strains, Paecilomyces farinosus, and Verticillium lecanii against the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 59, no. 2 (1992): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90038-6.

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37

Gillespie, Jeremy P., Heather A. Koshinsky, and George G. Khachatourians. "The occurrence of inducible anti-escherichia coli activity in hemolymph from the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 104, no. 1 (1993): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90121-z.

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38

Gillott, Cedric, and Ijaz Ahmed. "Ejaculatory duct of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (fabr.) (Orthoptera : Acrididae): A histological and ultrastructural analysis." International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 15, no. 4 (1986): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(86)90047-4.

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39

Feng, R. Y., and M. B. Isman. "Tissue Distribution and Developmental Changes in Detoxication Enzyme Activities in the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Acrididae)." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 48, no. 1 (1994): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1994.1006.

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40

Morris, O. N. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE), TO MIXTURES OF NOSEMA LOCUSTAE (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 1 (1985): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117131-1.

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Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) is one of several species of grasshoppers that periodically causes severe economic damage to cultivated crops and rangeland plants in western Canada and the USA. The usual method of controlling outbreaks of these pests has been the application of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides, such as malathion, an organophosphate, and sevin, a carbamate (Blickenstaff et al. 1974; Onsager 1978). These insecticides can cause undesirable environmental side effects.

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41

Moore, K. C., and G. R. F. Davis. "Physical and Catalytic Properties of Amylase from the Alimentary Canal of the Migratory Grasshopper,Melanoplus Sanguinipes(Fab.)." Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 93, no. 2 (1985): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813458509079602.

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42

Mead, Lorna J., G. G. Khachatourians, and G. A. Jones. "Microbial Ecology of the Gut in Laboratory Stocks of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, no. 5 (1988): 1174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.54.5.1174-1181.1988.

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43

Hinks, C. F., and D. T. Spurr. "Effect of Food Plants on the Susceptibility of the Migratory Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to Deltamethrin and Dimethoate." Journal of Economic Entomology 82, no. 3 (1989): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.3.721.

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Couche, G. A., C. Gillott, S. S. Tobe, and R. Feyereisen. "Juvenile hormone biosynthesis during sexual maturation and after mating in the adult male migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (1985): 2789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-417.

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Juvenile hormone III is the exclusive juvenile hormone produced by the corpora allata in adult male Melanoplus sanguinipes. For the first 5 days after adult emergence, the rate of juvenile hormone biosynthesis is low, it then increases rapidly to peak on day 7. Between days 7 and 12 the rate declines to that of newly emerged males and then increases again in 14-day insects. In males allowed a single mating on day 7, the rate of juvenile hormone biosynthesis remains elevated at least to day 12.

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Inglis, G. Douglas, Grant M. Duke, Lawrence M. Kawchuk, and Mark S. Goettel. "Influence of Oscillating Temperatures on the Competitive Infection and Colonization of the Migratory Grasshopper byBeauveria bassianaandMetarhizium flavoviride." Biological Control 14, no. 2 (1999): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1998.0666.

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Bidochka, Michael J., and George G. Khachatourians. "The implication of metabolic acids produced by Beauveria bassiana in pathogenesis of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 58, no. 1 (1991): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90168-p.

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Cease, Arianne J., Shuguang Hao, Le Kang, James J. Elser, and Jon F. Harrison. "Are color or high rearing density related to migratory polyphenism in the band-winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus?" Journal of Insect Physiology 56, no. 8 (2010): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.020.

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Porter, Eric E., and Richard A. Redak. "Diet of Migratory Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a California Native Grassland and the Effect of Prescribed Spring Burning." Environmental Entomology 26, no. 2 (1997): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.2.234.

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Hegedus, Dwayne D., and George G. Khachatourians. "Analysis of Cellular Defense Reactions of the Migratory Grasshopper,Melanoplus sanguinipes,Infected with Heat-Sensitive Mutants ofBeauveria bassiana." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 68, no. 2 (1996): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1996.0075.

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Miranpuri, G. S., and G. G. Khachatourians. "Hemocyte surface changes in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes in response to wounding and infection with Beauveria bassiana." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 68, no. 2 (1993): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01698.x.

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