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Journal articles on the topic 'Migratory journey'
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1
Howard, Christine, Philip A. Stephens, Joseph A. Tobias, Catherine Sheard, Stuart H. M. Butchart, and Stephen G. Willis. "Flight range, fuel load and the impact of climate change on the journeys of migrant birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1873 (2018): 20172329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2329.
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Climate change is predicted to increase migration distances for many migratory species, but the physiological and temporal implications of longer migratory journeys have not been explored. Here, we combine information about species' flight range potential and migratory refuelling requirements to simulate the number of stopovers required and the duration of current migratory journeys for 77 bird species breeding in Europe. Using tracking data, we show that our estimates accord with recorded journey times and stopovers for most species. We then combine projections of altered migratory distances under climate change with models of avian flight to predict future migratory journeys. We find that 37% of migratory journeys undertaken by long-distance migrants will necessitate an additional stopover in future. These greater distances and the increased number of stops will substantially increase overall journey durations of many long-distance migratory species, a factor not currently considered in climate impact studies.
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Best-Cummings, Christiana, and Margery A. Gildner. "Caribbean Women's Migratory Journey." Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services 2, no. 3-4 (2004): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j191v02n03_06.
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Diaz, Joseph O. Prewitt. "The Migratory Journey of Unaccompanied Children." Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research 3, no. 2 (2021): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jpbr.v3n2p21.
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This article provides a brief discussion on the psychosocial needs of unaccompanied minors crossing the southern border of the United States. It highlights various aspects of migration, and the resulting emotional and psychological impact on unaccompanied minors; it subsequently proposes a resilience approach, in terms of protective behaviors towards increased adjustment and success in a new environment.
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Hayes, Matthew A., Anne E. Lacy, Jeb Barzen, Sara E. Zimorski, Kristin A. L. Hall, and Koji Suzuki. "An Unusual Journey of Non-migratory Whooping Cranes." Southeastern Naturalist 6, no. 3 (2007): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092(2007)6[551:aujonw]2.0.co;2.
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Nourani, Elham, Noriyuki M. Yamaguchi, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi. "Climate change alters the optimal wind-dependent flight routes of an avian migrant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (2017): 20170149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0149.
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Migratory birds can be adversely affected by climate change as they encounter its geographically uneven impacts in various stages of their life cycle. While a wealth of research is devoted to the impacts of climate change on distribution range and phenology of migratory birds, the indirect effects of climate change on optimal migratory routes and flyways, through changes in air movements, are poorly understood. Here, we predict the influence of climate change on the migratory route of a long-distant migrant using an ensemble of correlative modelling approaches, and present and future atmospheric data obtained from a regional climate model. We show that changes in wind conditions by mid-century will result in a slight shift and reduction in the suitable areas for migration of the study species, the Oriental honey-buzzard, over a critical section of its autumn journey, followed by a complete loss of this section of the traditional route by late century. Our results highlight the need for investigating the consequences of climate change-induced disturbance in wind support for long-distance migratory birds, particularly species that depend on the wind to cross ecological barriers, and those that will be exposed to longer journeys due to future range shifts.
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Toledo, Pamela, Audrey M. Darnaude, Edwin J. Niklitschek, et al. "Partial migration and early size of southern hake Merluccius australis: a journey between estuarine and oceanic habitats off Northwest Patagonia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 4 (2018): 1094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy170.
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Abstract Partial migration is a key adaptive strategy, increasingly observed across multiple taxa. To investigate partial migration and life-cycle diversity of Merluccius australis in northwestern Patagonia, we analysed isotopic (δ13C, δ18O) and elemental (11B, 23Na, 24 Mg, 55Mn, 86Sr, 138Ba) compositions of otoliths from juveniles, sub-adults, and adults to identify nursery origins, habitats used, and migratory behaviours of multiple cohorts (1990–2005). Influence of early size upon migration was assessed by comparing back-calculated sizes at demersal recruitment between resident and migratory adults. Although partial migration occurred at both estuarine and oceanic nursery habitats, migratory behaviour was more frequent in fish of estuarine origin (59%) than in fish of oceanic origin (17%). Adults of estuarine origin dominated both estuarine (92%) and oceanic (77%) sampling areas. Although we found no significant differences in size at demersal recruitment between oceanic-resident and oceanic-migratory fish, a strong relationship between size at demersal recruitment and migratory behaviour appeared in fish of estuarine origin, whose probability of migration increased from 5% to 95% as demersal recruitment size increased from 18.8 to 23.6 cm. Further research on M. australis life cycle is required to incorporate sub-population processes into the stock assessment and management models being used for this overexploited species.
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Nguyen, Tu Anh Thi, M. Jerome Beetz, Christine Merlin, and Basil el Jundi. "Sun compass neurons are tuned to migratory orientation in monarch butterflies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1945 (2021): 20202988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2988.
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Every autumn, monarch butterflies migrate from North America to their overwintering sites in Central Mexico. To maintain their southward direction, these butterflies rely on celestial cues as orientation references. The position of the sun combined with additional skylight cues are integrated in the central complex, a region in the butterfly's brain that acts as an internal compass. However, the central complex does not solely guide the butterflies on their migration but also helps monarchs in their non-migratory form manoeuvre on foraging trips through their habitat. By comparing the activity of input neurons of the central complex between migratory and non-migratory butterflies, we investigated how a different lifestyle affects the coding of orientation information in the brain. During recording, we presented the animals with different simulated celestial cues and found that the encoding of the sun was narrower in migratory compared to non-migratory butterflies. This feature might reflect the need of the migratory monarchs to rely on a precise sun compass to keep their direction during their journey. Taken together, our study sheds light on the neural coding of celestial cues and provides insights into how a compass is adapted in migratory animals to successfully steer them to their destination.
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Ponce-Blandón, José Antonio, Rocío Romero-Castillo, Nerea Jiménez-Picón, Juan Carlos Palomo-Lara, Aurora Castro-Méndez, and Manuel Pabón-Carrasco. "Lived Experiences of African Migrants Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar to Europe: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Healthcare from a Qualitative Methodology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021): 9379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179379.
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Background: The migratory flow from the African continent to Europe is intense and the European countries should apply a humanitarian, health and social response to this emerging problem. Migrants coming from Africa to Europe are a very vulnerable population. Healthcare professionals should be prepared for answering their needs from a transcultural approach, which requires a better understanding of this phenomenon. Thus, the aim of this study was to improve nursing and healthcare professionals’ awareness and better understanding of migrant life experiences during the migration journey. An exploratory descriptive qualitative research was conducted. In-depth interviews were conducted involving four key informants and content analysis were performed with the transcriptions. Results: Three themes merged: life situations in their countries of origin; motivations that led them to undertake the migratory journey; and experiences they lived during the migratory journey. The results described the dramatic experience and motivations for crossing the strait of Gibraltar from Africa to Europe, including feelings, fears, hopes and lived experiences. The determination of immigrants to fight for a better life opportunity and the physical damage and psychological consequences they suffer were revealed. Conclusions: This study would help healthcare professionals to better understand this complex reality and deliver culturally adapted care. Knowledge of the starting reality of these populations can help health professionals to incorporate a cross-cultural approach that improves the relational, ethical and affective competences to provide quality care to the migrant population, as well as the development of health measures to fight against inequalities suffered by these population groups.
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Kullberg, Cecilia, Ian Henshaw, Sven Jakobsson, Patrik Johansson, and Thord Fransson. "Fuelling decisions in migratory birds: geomagnetic cues override the seasonal effect." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1622 (2007): 2145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0554.
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Recent evaluations of both temporal and spatial precision in bird migration have called for external cues in addition to the inherited programme defining the migratory journey in terms of direction, distance and fuelling behaviour along the route. We used juvenile European robins ( Erithacus rubecula ) to study whether geomagnetic cues affect fuel deposition in a medium-distance migrant by simulating a migratory journey from southeast Sweden to the wintering area in southern Spain. In the late phase of the onset of autumn migration, robins exposed to the magnetic treatment attained a lower fuel load than control birds exposed to the ambient magnetic field of southeast Sweden. In contrast, robins captured in the early phase of the onset of autumn migration all showed low fuel deposition irrespective of experimental treatment. These results are, as expected, the inverse of what we have found in similar studies in a long-distance migrant, the thrush nightingale ( Luscinia luscinia ), indicating that the reaction in terms of fuelling behaviour to a simulated southward migration varies depending on the relevance for the species. Furthermore, we suggest that information from the geomagnetic field act as an important external cue overriding the seasonal effect on fuelling behaviour in migratory birds.
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González, Betsabé Román, Eduardo Carrillo Cantú, and Rubén Hernández-León. "Moving to the ‘Homeland’." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 32, no. 2 (2016): 252–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mex.2016.32.2.252.
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A growing number of minors have become part of the return migratory flow from the United States to Mexico. Based on a longitudinal study started in 2012, this article uses life-history narratives to analyze the return experiences of three children who arrived in the state of Morelos, Mexico, between 2010 and 2012. The findings presented here focus on a specific segment of the children’s migratory journey: leaving the United States, crossing the border and arriving in Morelos. The article contributes to the scholarship on children’s narratives of migration, which has been under-emphasized in traditional studies of United States-Mexico migration. Un número creciente de menores de edad forma parte del flujo migratorio de retorno de Estados Unidos a México. Con base en un estudio longitudinal iniciado en el 2012, este artículo hace uso de las historias de vida para analizar las experiencias de retorno de tres niños que llegaron al estado de Morelos, México, entre el 2010 y el 2012. Los resultados que se presentan están centrados en un segmento específico del recorrido migratorio de estos niños: partir de los Estados Unidos, cruzar la frontera y llegar a Morelos. Este artículo contribuye a los estudios migratorios centrados en la narrativa de los niños, la cual ha sido poco valorada en los estudios de migración entre Estados Unidos y México.
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Hamman, Evan. "Bilateral agreements for the protection of migratory birdlife: the implementation of the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA)." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2019.01.07.
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Every year, millions of migratory birds journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF). The scope of the EAAF encompasses Asia Pacific nations like Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. The effective conservation of these birds rests upon the implementation of bilateral legal agreements as well as non-binding regional initiatives along this North-South nexus. This article evaluates the implementation of one of the most important bilateral bird agreements in the region – the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA). The main obligations in CAMBA are identified; as are the legal initiatives adopted by both China and Australia which reflect CAMBA's obligations. Whilst Australian law makes specific reference to CAMBA, Chinese law is far less direct, though perhaps no less effective. The argument is made that the findings in this article have relevance for an improved understanding of the mechanisms for transboundary governance of migratory birdlife, especially in the Asia Pacific.
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Flack, Andrea, Wolfgang Fiedler, Julio Blas, et al. "Costs of migratory decisions: A comparison across eight white stork populations." Science Advances 2, no. 1 (2016): e1500931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500931.
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Annual migratory movements can range from a few tens to thousands of kilometers, creating unique energetic requirements for each specific species and journey. Even within the same species, migration costs can vary largely because of flexible, opportunistic life history strategies. We uncover the large extent of variation in the lifetime migratory decisions of young white storks originating from eight populations. Not only did juvenile storks differ in their geographically distinct wintering locations, their diverse migration patterns also affected the amount of energy individuals invested for locomotion during the first months of their life. Overwintering in areas with higher human population reduced the stork’s overall energy expenditure because of shorter daily foraging trips, closer wintering grounds, or a complete suppression of migration. Because migrants can change ecological processes in several distinct communities simultaneously, understanding their life history decisions helps not only to protect migratory species but also to conserve stable ecosystems.
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Cariboni, Anna, Roberto Maggi, and John G. Parnavelas. "From nose to fertility: the long migratory journey of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons." Trends in Neurosciences 30, no. 12 (2007): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.09.002.
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Gervais, Christine, Isabel Côté, Andréanne Pomerleau, Kristel Tardif-Grenier, Francine de Montigny, and Renée-Pier Trottier-Cyr. "Children’s views on their migratory journey: The importance of meaning for better adaptation." Children and Youth Services Review 120 (January 2021): 105673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105673.
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Eikenaar, Cas, Florian Müller, Clara Leutgeb, et al. "Corticosterone and timing of migratory departure in a songbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1846 (2017): 20162300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2300.
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Bird migration entails replenishing fuel stores at stopover sites. There, individuals make daily decisions whether to resume migration, and must also decide their time of departure. Variation in departure timing affects the total time required to complete a migratory journey, which in turn affects fitness through arrival time at the breeding and wintering grounds. It is well established that stopover departure decisions are based on cues from innate rhythms, intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Yet, virtually nothing is known about the physiological mechanism(s) linking these cues to departure decisions. Here, we show for a nocturnal migratory songbird, the northern wheatear ( Oenanthe oenanthe ), that baseline corticosterone levels of birds at stopover increased both over the migratory season and with wind assistance towards the migratory destination. Corticosterone in turn predicted departure probability; individuals with high baseline corticosterone levels were more likely to resume migration on a given night. Corticosterone further predicted the departure time within the night, with high baseline levels being associated with early departures. These novel findings indicate that corticosterone may be mediating between departure cues and the timing of departure from a stopover site, which is a major step towards understanding the hormonal control of animal migration.
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Coppack, Timothy, Simon F. Becker, and Philipp J. J. Becker. "Circadian flight schedules in night-migrating birds caught on migration." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (2008): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0388.
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Many species of migratory birds migrate in a series of solitary nocturnal flights. Between flights, they stop to rest and refuel for the next segment of their journey. The mechanism controlling this behaviour has long remained elusive. Here, we show that wild-caught migratory redstarts ( Phoenicurus phoenicurus ) are consistent in their flight scheduling. An advanced videographic system enabled us to determine the precise timing of flight activity in redstarts caught at a northern European stopover site during their return trip from Africa. Birds were held captive for three days in the absence of photoperiodic cues (constant dim light) and under permanent food availability. Despite the absence of external temporal cues, birds showed clear bimodal activity patterns: intense nocturnal activity alternating with diurnal foraging and resting periods. The onset of their migratory activity coincided with the time of local sunset and was individually consistent on consecutive nights. The data demonstrate that night-migrating birds are driven by autonomous circadian clocks entrained by sunset cues. This timekeeping system is probably the key factor in the overall control of nocturnal songbird migration.
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Lindecke, Oliver, Christian C. Voigt, Gunārs Pētersons, and Richard A. Holland. "Polarized skylight does not calibrate the compass system of a migratory bat." Biology Letters 11, no. 9 (2015): 20150525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0525.
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In a recent study, Greif et al. (Greif et al. Nat Commun 5, 4488. ( doi:10.1038/ncomms5488 )) demonstrated a functional role of polarized light for a bat species confronted with a homing task. These non-migratory bats appeared to calibrate their magnetic compass by using polarized skylight at dusk, yet it is unknown if migratory bats also use these cues for calibration. During autumn migration, we equipped Nathusius' bats, Pipistrellus nathusii , with radio transmitters and tested if experimental animals exposed during dusk to a 90° rotated band of polarized light would head in a different direction compared with control animals. After release, bats of both groups continued their journey in the same direction. This observation argues against the use of a polarization-calibrated magnetic compass by this migratory bat and questions that the ability of using polarized light for navigation is a consistent feature in bats. This finding matches with observations in some passerine birds that used polarized light for calibration of their magnetic compass before but not during migration.
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Goymann, Wolfgang, Sara Lupi, Hiroyuki Kaiya, Massimiliano Cardinale, and Leonida Fusani. "Ghrelin affects stopover decisions and food intake in a long-distance migrant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 8 (2017): 1946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619565114.
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Billions of birds migrate long distances to either reach breeding areas or to spend the winter at more benign places. On migration, most passerines frequently stop over to rest and replenish their fuel reserves. To date, we know little regarding how they decide that they are ready to continue their journey. What physiological signals tell a bird’s brain that its fuel reserves are sufficient to resume migration? A network of hormones regulates food intake and body mass in vertebrates, including the recently discovered peptide hormone, ghrelin. Here, we show that ghrelin reflects body condition and influences migratory behavior of wild birds. We measured ghrelin levels of wild garden warblers (Sylvia borin) captured at a stopover site. Further, we manipulated blood concentrations of ghrelin to test its effects on food intake and migratory restlessness. We found that acylated ghrelin concentrations of garden warblers with larger fat scores were higher than those of birds without fat stores. Further, injections of unacylated ghrelin decreased food intake and increased migratory restlessness. These results represent experimental evidence that appetite-regulating hormones control migratory behavior. Our study lays a milestone in migration physiology because it provides the missing link between ecologically dependent factors such as condition and timing of migration. In addition, it offers insights in the regulation of the hormonal system controlling food intake and energy stores in vertebrates, whose disruption causes eating disorders and obesity.
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Vansteelant, W. M. G., J. Kekkonen, and P. Byholm. "Wind conditions and geography shape the first outbound migration of juvenile honey buzzards and their distribution across sub-Saharan Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1855 (2017): 20170387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0387.
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Contemporary tracking studies reveal that low migratory connectivity between breeding and non-breeding ranges is common in migrant landbirds. It is unclear, however, how internal factors and early-life experiences of individual migrants shape the development of their migration routes and concomitant population-level non-breeding distributions. Stochastic wind conditions and geography may determine whether and where migrants end up by the end of their journey. We tested this hypothesis by satellite-tagging 31 fledgling honey buzzards Pernis apivorus from southern Finland and used a global atmospheric reanalysis model to estimate the wind conditions they encountered on their first outbound migration. Migration routes diverged rapidly upon departure and the birds eventually spread out across 3340 km of longitude. Using linear regression models, we show that the birds' longitudinal speeds were strongly affected by zonal wind speed, and negatively affected by latitudinal wind, with significant but minor differences between individuals. Eventually, 49% of variability in the birds' total longitudinal displacements was accounted for by wind conditions on migration. Some birds circumvented the Baltic Sea via Scandinavia or engaged in unusual downwind movements over the Mediterranean, which also affected the longitude at which these individuals arrived in sub-Saharan Africa. To understand why adult migrants use the migration routes and non-breeding sites they use, we must take into account the way in which wind conditions moulded their very first journeys. Our results present some of the first evidence into the mechanisms through which low migratory connectivity emerges.
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LØnning, Moa Nyamwathi. "Layered journeys: Experiences of fragmented journeys among young Afghans in Greece and Norway." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 2 (2020): 316–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa032.
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Abstract This article focuses on the fragmented journeys towards and within Europe among a group of young people originating from a country marked by war and conflict. It explores how the journey towards Europe may be part of a complex migration history that leads to layered journeys. I use the term ‘layered journeys’ to refer to multidimensional and multi-experiential journeys in which past, present and future experiences of mobility are intertwined. They may include multiple stages and various statuses. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork, creative methods and life-history interviews. It focuses on a case study of a group of young Afghan males who arrived in Greece and Norway between 2008 and 2015, looking at their journeys in the context of mobility, undocumentedness and return. Young Afghans have represented the largest group of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers arriving in Europe between 2008 and 2018. While the last decade saw a considerable increase in the number of young Afghans arriving in Europe, migration itself is not a new phenomenon in the Afghan context. Afghanistan has a long history of migratory movements as part of livelihood and survival strategies, of which the past four decades of war and conflict in Afghanistan and its resulting millions of refugees are part.
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Davis, Andrew K., and Jacobus C. de Roode. "Effects of the parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, on wing characteristics important for migration in the monarch butterfly." Animal Migration 5, no. 1 (2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2018-0008.
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Abstract There is mounting evidence that the longterm declines of overwintering monarchs in Mexico are exacerbated by losses during the fall migratory journey. Infection with the protozoan, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), is known to negatively impact migration success. Here we examine how infections affect specific wing traits of monarchs that are important for migratory success. We used a collection of infected and uninfected monarchs reared under identical conditions, and from the (deceased) specimens, measured wing area (larger monarchs are known to have greater migratory success), wing color (the shade of orange pigmentation in monarchs is a known predictor of migration and flight ability), and the physical density of wings (a measure of wing mass per unit area). We also measured the tear-resistance of wings, using an apparatus that measured the force needed to cause a tear in the wing. Results showed no effect of OE on overall wing size, nor on the shade of orange pigmentation, but a clear effect on measures of physical density and tensile strength. Wings of infected monarchs weighed less per unit area (by 6%), and there was a 20% reduction in tear-resistance of wings. All results were qualitatively similar in a follow-up investigation using freshly-killed specimens. Collectively, this indicates infected monarchs are more prone to wing damage, which would be costly during long-distance migration. As such, this would be one more way in which OE infections reduce migratory success. Given the toll of OE to the monarch population, especially during migration, it would be prudent to focus conservation efforts on mitigating human activities that spread this disease.
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Duhaime, Bernard, and Andréanne Thibault. "Protection of migrants from enforced disappearance: A human rights perspective." International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 905 (2017): 569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383118000097.
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AbstractThis article looks at the issue of enforced disappearances of migrants during their migratory journey or once they have reached their destination, a subject yet to be addressed in the literature. It examines how the legal and analytical framework provided by international human rights law and migration law applies to enforced disappearances of migrants. It then reviews the factors that contribute to this phenomenon in different contexts, including the disappearance of migrants for political reasons, those that take place in detention and deportation processes and those that take place within the context of migrant smuggling and trafficking.
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TallBear, Kim. "Narratives of Race and Indigeneity in the Genographic Project." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007): 412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00164.x.
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In his 21st-century explorer’s uniform, Nordiclooking Spencer Wells kneels alongside nearly naked, smaller, African hunters who sport bows and arrows. Featured on the National Geographic Web site, “Explorer-in-Residence” Wells hold a bachelor’s and doctorate degree in biology. He is also a filmmaker who both masterminded and hosted National Geographic’s 2002 documentary, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, which explains to non-scientists a molecular anthropology narrative of how humans left Africa 60,000 years ago to populate the rest of the globe.In his latest exploratory adventure, Wells is the project leader and spokesperson for the recently announced “Genographic Project,” a “landmark study of the human journey.” In April 2005, National Geographic and IBM, with funding from the Waitt Family Foundation (Gateway computers), launched the Genographic Project as a five-year “research partnership” that aims to “trace the migratory history of the human species” and “map how the Earth was populated.”
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Angeletti, Silvia, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Riccardo Bazzardi, et al. "Migrants rescued on the Mediterranean Sea route: nutritional, psychological status and infectious disease control." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 05 (2020): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11918.
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Introduction: North Africa has become a key migratory hub where a large number of migrants attempt the journey by sea from the Libyan coastline to the south of Europe. In this humanitarian disaster scenario, the Mediterranean route has been one of the most used by illegal boats.
 Methodology: In this report, the state of physical and psychological health of a cluster of Eritrean migrants, escaped from Libya and rescued in the Mediterranean Sea after a shipwreck, was described by epidemiological, clinical and laboratory investigations.
 Results: Data suggest that despite the majority of the migrants being apparently in good health upon a syndromic surveillance approach, most of them suffered a decline in psychological status as well as severe malnutrition. The emergence of infectious diseases, related to poor living conditions during the journey, is not a rare event.
 Conclusion: The present report highlights the risks of failures of the syndromic medical approach in the setting of the extremely challenging migration route and underlines migrant frailties consequent to a prolonged journey and long period of detention. These stressors, which can degrade the initial health condition of traveling migrants, can lead to a premature "exhausted migrant effect" that should be carefully investigated in order to avoid the early emergence of diseases related to frailty.
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Stojic-Mitrovic, Marta. "Externalization of European borders and the emergence of improvized migrants’ settlements in Serbia." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 139 (2012): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1239237s.
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Prevention of irregular entries of migrants who come from countries which are not memebrs of EU, represents one of the most important aspects of EU borders? control. This agenda, which is present both on the level of domestic as well as on the level of foreign policy, is manifested by directives, requirements as well as by concrete security measures undertaken within EU, on its external borders, but also extraterritorially, on territories of countries which surround EU or territories of countries the migrants come from. Migrants stay in improvised settlements created on especially fortified parts of migratory routes until they either manage to continue their journey or are caught and sent back.
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Matos-de-Souza, Rodrigo. "(DE)FORMATION JOURNEY IN THE ELIAS CANETTI AUTOBIOGRAPHY NARRATIVE." Revista de Estudos em Educação e Diversidade - REED 2, no. 3 (2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/reed.v2i3.8180.
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This article addresses the Elias Canetti’s autobiography from a formative point of view searching for another meaning for the trip concept, in which desire and pleasure are not present, as one would expect from a sightseeing tour or trekking, but a journey that, involuntary and forcibly, crosses the individual, (de)forming them. Accordingly, the refuge, the escape, the self-exile, they relate a path of personal tragedies that gains other meanings when narrated. Elias Canetti’s autobiographical narrative is divided in three volumes – “The tongue set free”, “The torch in my ear” and “The play of the eyes” – and tells us about the author’s migratory routes across a Europe crumbling under wars and totalitarian regimes which arose in the first half of the 20th century. His testimony is an account of a world that catches a glimpse of totalitarian experiences and the trivialization of evil that marks the history of Western civilization. Elias Canetti’s writings narrates the roads he had to take to avoid direct contact with the Great Wars, and exposes certain (de)formative aspects of migration, as well as how these experiences, so open to uncertainties and rid of any guaranties, appear before the eyes of a young man from a rich family, whose mother tried to protect from the perils of the world. This feature is one of many highlights, a sine qua non element in his stories, because that is where all the terror and pain lie for those who flee their homeland to venture into foreign lands in an almost instinctive attempt to survive. It is in this sense that we work the concept of (de)formation in its relation with the concept of journey.
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Szabó, András, and Roberto Mayor. "Mechanisms of Neural Crest Migration." Annual Review of Genetics 52, no. 1 (2018): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031559.
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Neural crest cells are a transient embryonic cell population that migrate collectively to various locations throughout the embryo to contribute a number of cell types to several organs. After induction, the neural crest delaminates and undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition before migrating through intricate yet characteristic paths. The neural crest exhibits a variety of migratory behaviors ranging from sheet-like mass migration in the cephalic regions to chain migration in the trunk. During their journey, neural crest cells rely on a range of signals both from their environment and within the migrating population for navigating through the embryo as a collective. Here we review these interactions and mechanisms, including chemotactic cues of neural crest cells’ migration.
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Moreno-Sanchez, Rafael, James Raines, Jay Diffendorfer, Mark Drummond, and Jessica Manko. "Challenges for Monitoring the Extent and Land Use/Cover Changes in Monarch Butterflies’ Migratory Habitat across the United States and Mexico." Land 8, no. 10 (2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8100156.
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This paper presents a synopsis of the challenges and limitations presented by existing and emerging land use/land cover (LULC) digital data sets when used to analyze the extent, habitat quality, and LULC changes of the monarch (Danaus plexippus) migratory habitat across the United States of America (US) and Mexico. First, the characteristics, state of the knowledge, and issues related to this habitat are presented. Then, the characteristics of the existing and emerging LULC digital data sets with global or cross-border coverage are listed, followed by the data sets that cover only the US or Mexico. Later, we discuss the challenges for determining the extent, habitat quality, and LULC changes in the monarchs’ migratory habitat when using these LULC data sets in conjunction with the current state of the knowledge of the monarchs’ ecology, behavior, and foraging/roosting plants used during their migration. We point to approaches to address some of these challenges, which can be categorized into: (a) LULC data set characteristics and availability; (b) availability of ancillary land management information; (c) ability to construct accurate forage suitability indices for their migration habitat; and (d) level of knowledge of the ecological and behavioral patterns of the monarchs during their journey.
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Meyerink, Brandon L., Neeraj K. Tiwari, and Louis-Jan Pilaz. "Ariadne’s Thread in the Developing Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms Enabling the Guiding Role of the Radial Glia Basal Process during Neuron Migration." Cells 10, no. 1 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010003.
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Radial neuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex is a complex journey, starting in the germinal zones and ending in the cortical plate. In mice, migratory distances can reach several hundreds of microns, or millimeters in humans. Along the migratory path, radially migrating neurons slither through cellularly dense and complex territories before they reach their final destination in the cortical plate. This task is facilitated by radial glia, the neural stem cells of the developing cortex. Indeed, radial glia have a unique bipolar morphology, enabling them to serve as guides for neuronal migration. The key guiding structure of radial glia is the basal process, which traverses the entire thickness of the developing cortex. Neurons recognize the basal process as their guide and maintain physical interactions with this structure until the end of migration. Thus, the radial glia basal process plays a key role during radial migration. In this review, we highlight the pathways enabling neuron-basal process interactions during migration, as well as the known mechanisms regulating the morphology of the radial glia basal process. Throughout, we describe how dysregulation of these interactions and of basal process morphology can have profound effects on cortical development, and therefore lead to neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Babou Ngom, Mamadou Abdou. "Migration and Its Discontents: A Postcolonial Rendering of NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 2 (2020): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i2.6.
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This research paper is my attempt, through a blow-by-blow analysis of a fictional work of a rising star in postcolonial writing, to grapple with the manifold discontents that attend the event of migration. Migration is an astoundingly painful experience to go through, whose multifaceted toll on the subject may be beyond repair. Using NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New names as a stepping-stone, I argue that migration, albeit a time-honoured phenomenon has picked up speed in the twentieth-century and continued into the twenty-first century with a most heavy human toll. The paper emphasizes that even though the act of migration is underpinned by a hope for betterment, it may turn out to be a damp squid. No end of landmines and hiccups dot the migratory journey. The long-suffering postcolonial subject, hallmarked by the stifling strictures of marginality owing to a long history of race-based oppression that stretches back to the gruesome eras of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and colonization, is on the receiving end of the horrors of migration. I tap into key terms in postcolonial theory cum sociology-informed perspectives to make a valid point about the dehumanizing fallout from the migratory experience.
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Fratsea, Loukia-Maria. "The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: reflections on inequalities, aspirations and cultures of migration." Europa XXI 37 (2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2019.37.2.
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Ever since Ravenstein’s work on the “Laws of Migration”, the determinants/drivers of migration--that is, the question: ‘Why do people migrate?’ – has been at the heart of migration studies. The exploration of migration/mobility processes also emphasizes the ways that migrants decide to leave and embark on their journey and how migratory practices may orient and motivate the (im)mobility decisions and aspirations of other migrant actors, establishing various ‘cultures of migration’ and creating new ‘imaginaries of mobility’ that shape future movements. The paper aims to explore the changing aspirations of migration that influence the migration decision-making of Romanian migrants and the way these are shaped by micro, meso and structural factors in both sending and receiving countries.
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Guarch-Rubio, Marta, Steven Byrne, and Antonio L. Manzanero. "Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans." Torture Journal 30, no. 3 (2021): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232.
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Introduction: This paper presents a study of traumatic experiences, including torture, among refugees and migrants at the border between Croatia and Bosnia. The number of people being forcefully displaced is increasing and militarized border enforcement efforts have made migration a dangerous endeavour. The European Union is externalizing its borders, but migrants and refugees have not ceased arriving in Western societies despite facing violence and torture both throughout their journey, and at the gates of Europe. Method: 54 participants were assessed, 51 males and 3 females, 26 were self-declared economic migrants and 28 stated that they fled due to political or religious persecution. The Iraqi version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) was adapted to collect traumatic and torture stressors experienced by the migrants/refugees during their stay in Western Bosnia, and more specifically during their detention and refoulement (push-backs) when attempting to cross the border between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Results: 98.14% reported experiencing multiple forms of torture, 81.5% reported having their property looted, and 70.4% stated that they had been physically harmed on the mentioned border during migratory transit. Torture experiences were associated with the migratory and confinement phases such as exposure to the rain and cold (92.6%) or lack of food, water and medical care (66.7%). Finally, 50% of participants fulfilled the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the cumulative effect of traumatic experiences. Differences were found only in the amount of traumatic experiences between economic migrants and refugees who fled for political or religious reasons. No differences were found in torture experiences and PTSD diagnosis. Conclusions: Violence perpetrated by security forces against migrants is crystallized at the border-zones. Migrants are held in conditions that would amount by themselves to torture. Traumatic experiences have an effect on migrants/refugees’ mental health and can trigger the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Guaranteeing human rights for migrants/refugees throughout their journey is needed.
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Bartlam-Brooks, H. L. A., M. C. Bonyongo, and Stephen Harris. "Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume? A case study of a zebra Equus burchelli migration in Botswana." Oryx 45, no. 2 (2011): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000414.
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AbstractTerrestrial wildlife migrations, once common, are now rare because of ecosystem fragmentation and uncontrolled hunting. Botswana historically contained migratory populations of many species but habitat fragmentation, especially by fences, has decreased the number and size of many of these populations. During a study investigating herbivore movement patterns in north-west Botswana we recorded a long-distance zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum migration between the Okavango Delta and Makgadikgadi grasslands, a round-trip distance of 588 km; 55% of 11 animals collared in the south-eastern peripheral delta made this journey. This was unexpected as, between 1968 and 2004, the migration could not have followed its present course because of the bisection of the route by a veterinary cordon fence. As little evidence exists to suggest that large-scale movements by medium-sized herbivores can be restored, it is of significant interest that this migration was established to the present highly directed route within 4 years of the fence being removed. The success of wildlife corridors, currently being advocated as the best way to re-establish ecosystem connectivity, relies on animals utilizing novel areas by moving between the connected areas. Our findings suggest that medium-sized herbivores may be able to re-establish migrations relatively quickly once physical barriers have been removed and that the success of future system linkages could be increased by utilizing past migratory routes.
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Coppi, Alida, Ramya Natarajan, Gabriele Pradel, et al. "The malaria circumsporozoite protein has two functional domains, each with distinct roles as sporozoites journey from mosquito to mammalian host." Journal of Experimental Medicine 208, no. 2 (2011): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20101488.
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Plasmodium sporozoites make a remarkable journey from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver. The sporozoite’s major surface protein, circumsporozoite protein (CSP), is a multifunctional protein required for sporozoite development and likely mediates several steps of this journey. In this study, we show that CSP has two conformational states, an adhesive conformation in which the C-terminal cell-adhesive domain is exposed and a nonadhesive conformation in which the N terminus masks this domain. We demonstrate that the cell-adhesive domain functions in sporozoite development and hepatocyte invasion. Between these two events, the sporozoite must travel from the mosquito midgut to the mammalian liver, and N-terminal masking of the cell-adhesive domain maintains the sporozoite in a migratory state. In the mammalian host, proteolytic cleavage of CSP regulates the switch to an adhesive conformation, and the highly conserved region I plays a critical role in this process. If the CSP domain architecture is altered such that the cell-adhesive domain is constitutively exposed, the majority of sporozoites do not reach their target organs, and in the mammalian host, they initiate a blood stage infection directly from the inoculation site. These data provide structure–function information relevant to malaria vaccine development.
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Davis, Andrew K., Nathan P. Nibbelink, and Elizabeth Howard. "Identifying Large- and Small-Scale Habitat Characteristics of Monarch Butterfly Migratory Roost Sites with Citizen Science Observations." International Journal of Zoology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/149026.
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Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America must make frequent stops to rest and refuel during their annual migration. During these stopovers, monarchs form communal roosts, which are often observed by laypersons. Journey North is a citizen science program that compiles roost observations, and we examined these data in an attempt to identify habitat characteristics of roosts. From each observation we extracted information on the type of vegetation used, and we used GIS and a national landcover data set to determine land cover characteristics within a 10 km radius of the roost. Ninety-seven percent of roosts were reported on trees; most were in pines and conifers, maples, oaks, pecans and willows. Conifers and maples were used most often in northern flyway regions, while pecans and oaks were more-frequently used in southern regions. No one landcover type was directly associated with roost sites, although there was more open water near roost sites than around random sites. Roosts in southern Texas were associated primarily with grasslands, but this was not the case elsewhere. Considering the large variety of tree types used and the diversity of landcover types around roost sites, monarchs appear highly-adaptable in terms of roost site selection.
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Wood, Chris C., N. Brent Hargreaves, Dennis T. Rutherford, and Brian T. Emmett. "Downstream and Early Marine Migratory Behaviour of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Smolts Entering Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 6 (1993): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-151.
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Behaviour of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts was studied during their migration down the Stamp and Somass rivers and through Alberni Inlet and Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island. Emigration from Great Central Lake was typical of other sockeye lakes: smolt abundance peaked in early May and most smolts left the lake at dusk. Migration down the rivers occurred only during twilight or darkness and most smolts made the 25-km journey to tidal waters within a single night. Those that did not held position in tight schools in the surface waters of deep pools during daylight. During downstream migration, ground speed averaged about 2.5 km/h, and smolts did not appear to be especially vulnerable to predation owing to their short residence time, with few smolts remaining in the river during daylight. Catch rates at purse-seine sampling sites throughout Alberni Inlet and Barkley Sound indicated that sockeye smolts migrated more slowly in tidal waters and were sometimes highly vulnerable to predaceous fish (especially Pacific hake, Merluccius productus). Estimated migration speeds through Alberni inlet were 1.9 km/d for smolts entering tidal waters during April and May, and 1.3 km/d for those during June and July; speed through Barkley Sound was 1.6 km/d throughout May–July.
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Abokhodair, Norah, and Adam Hodges. "Toward a transnational model of social media privacy: How young Saudi transnationals do privacy on Facebook." New Media & Society 21, no. 5 (2019): 1105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444818821363.
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Previous models of cross-cultural differences fail to adequately account for transnational patterns of social media use, especially as it relates to notions of privacy. Based on our study of young transnational Saudis, we propose a new model, the rubber band model of transnational privacy, to account for the way social media users stretch their conceptualization of privacy as practiced in their societies of origin to include new norms and practices in their hosting society. We explore how this process unfolds through a series of ethnographic interviews conducted with young Saudis at different stages of their migratory journey from Saudi Arabia to the United States and back. Our findings hold important implications for viewing privacy as a dynamic concept related to the fluid production of identities in online spaces. The model of privacy we put forth seeks to inform the culturally sensitive development of information and communications technology (ICTs).
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Araujo, Juliana De Oliveira, Fernanda Mattos de Souza, Raquel Proença, Mayara Lisboa Bastos, Anete Trajman, and Eduardo Faerstein. "Prevalence of sexual violence among refugees: a systematic review." Revista de Saúde Pública 53 (September 17, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001081.
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OBJECTIVE: To synthesize data about the prevalence of sexual violence (SV) among refugees around the world. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted from the search in seven bibliographic databases. Studies on the prevalence of SV among refugees and asylum seekers of any country, sex or age, whether in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese, were eligible. RESULTS: Of the 2,906 titles found, 60 articles were selected. The reported prevalence of SV was largely variable (0% to 99.8%). Reports of SV were collected in all continents, with 42% of the articles mentioning it in refugees from Africa (prevalence from 1.3% to 100%). The rape was the most reported SV in 65% of the studies (prevalence from 0% to 90.9%). The main victims were women in 89% of the studies, all the way, especially when still in the countries of origin. The SV was perpetrated particularly by intimate partners, but also by agents of supposed protection. Few studies have reported SV in men and children; the prevalence reached up to 39.3% and 90.9%, respectively. Approximately one-third of the studies (32%) were carried out in refugee camps and more than half (52%) in health services using mental health assessment tools. No study has addressed the most recent migratory crisis. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: SV is a prevalent problem affecting refugees of both sexes, of all ages, throughout the migratory journey, particularly those from Africa. Protection measures are urgently needed, and further studies, with more appropriate tools, may better measure the current magnitude of the problem.
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Arfaoui, Rafik. "The Asylum Seekers in Non-Metropolitan Areas in France: Between Temporary Integration and Leading to Autonomy. The Case of the Ambertois Territory." Social Sciences 8, no. 7 (2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070210.
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This article focuses on the integration process of people seeking asylum in non-metropolitan areas in France. It conceptualizes the reception of asylum seekers involving two interrelated approaches: the utilitarian approach and the humanitarian approach. This article is based on surveys, participatory and sensitive cartography, and participant observation conducted in the Ambertois territory between 2017 and 2018. I find the Ambertois territory can be considered a “fragile space,” particularly in terms of demographics, with difficulties in maintaining public services. These difficulties are risks for asylum seekers, and are impacting the urban space. These risks are intensified by the national and regional level policies like the recent reform of the asylum and immigration act on the one hand, and the suffering they experienced throughout their migratory journey on the other. Faced with these risks, local synergies, which facilitate the integration of asylum seekers, are emerging from local actors. This integration is temporary and is considered by local actors as leading to the autonomy of asylum seekers.
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Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar, Sarita Kumari, Sangeeta Kumari, and Vikas Rai. "Salton Sea: An ecosystem in crisis." International Journal of Biomathematics 11, no. 08 (2018): 1850114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524518501140.
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Salton Sea (a destination resort) is to be saved from being converted into a skeleton-filled wasteland. The critical amount of water flowing into the sea to maintain its level and salinity has been diverted since January 2018. This will lead to shrinking volumes and increasing salinities. Ecological consequences and public health impacts of altered conditions will be phenomenal. We design and analyze a minimal eco-epidemiological model to figure out future journey of this sea; a way station for fish-eating migratory birds. The mathematical model has been assembled in terms of prey-predator interaction. The salient feature of the proposed model is its seasonally varying contact rate which represents rate of conversion of susceptible fishes into infectives. We have analytically investigated the global stability, disease persistence and periodic solutions of the proposed model system. Susceptible prey-induced periodic solution is globally asymptotically stable when [Formula: see text], otherwise unstable and hence disease persists for [Formula: see text]. Global stability and Hopf bifurcation (HB) analysis help us extract parameter values to explore the dynamical behavior of the model system. Two-dimensional parameter scans and bifurcation diagrams reveal that the model displays propensity towards chaotic dynamics, which is associated with extinction-sized population densities. In the presence of stochastic external forces, this implies extinction of most of the fish species. This, in turn, suggests that resident birds will have to migrate to other destinations. The fish-eating migratory birds will be forced to switch over to invertebrates. Ecological consequences and public health impacts of this transition would be severe. Conservation groups are solicited to draw attention of the government to avert this impounding danger. It is important to plan for an ecosystem-wide transition such that impacts on birds and on human inhabitants living adjacent to the shrinking and salinizing sea are minimized.
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Kuhn, Sarah, Laura Gritti, Daniel Crooks, and Yvonne Dombrowski. "Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond." Cells 8, no. 11 (2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111424.
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Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes.
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Le Bihan, Stéphanie. "Addressing the protection and assistance needs of migrants: The ICRC approach to migration." International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 904 (2017): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383118000036.
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AbstractThe vulnerability of migrants and the threats to which they are exposed during their journey, on land, at sea, or in countries where they have settled, raise serious humanitarian concerns that cannot be ignored. In view of the transregional nature of migration, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and other components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement) draw on their presence all along migration routes to contribute to the humanitarian response and alleviate the suffering of vulnerable migrants. The Movement's proximity to vulnerable migrants through its solid and experienced network of responders along migratory routes is one of its specific advantages. The aim of this article is to explain the ICRC's view on and approach to migration. It underlines that the ICRC's response is dictated by humanitarian needs, and stresses that these needs can be greatly reduced when States abide by their commitments under international law and adopt and implement policies that take into account the protection and assistance needs of migrants. It acknowledges the diverse and complex human realities behind migration and outlines the main protection and assistance concerns of migrants in countries and regions where the ICRC operates.
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Sapir, Nir, Nir Horvitz, Dina K. N. Dechmann, Jakob Fahr, and Martin Wikelski. "Commuting fruit bats beneficially modulate their flight in relation to wind." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (2014): 20140018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0018.
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When animals move, their tracks may be strongly influenced by the motion of air or water, and this may affect the speed, energetics and prospects of the journey. Flying organisms, such as bats, may thus benefit from modifying their flight in response to the wind vector. Yet, practical difficulties have so far limited the understanding of this response for free-ranging bats. We tracked nine straw-coloured fruit bats ( Eidolon helvum ) that flew 42.5 ± 17.5 km (mean ± s.d.) to and from their roost near Accra, Ghana. Following detailed atmospheric simulations, we found that bats compensated for wind drift, as predicted under constant winds, and decreased their airspeed in response to tailwind assistance such that their groundspeed remained nearly constant. In addition, bats increased their airspeed with increasing crosswind speed. Overall, bats modulated their airspeed in relation to wind speed at different wind directions in a manner predicted by a two-dimensional optimal movement model. We conclude that sophisticated behavioural mechanisms to minimize the cost of transport under various wind conditions have evolved in bats. The bats’ response to the wind is similar to that reported for migratory birds and insects, suggesting convergent evolution of flight behaviours in volant organisms.
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Panait, Catalina, and Víctor Zúñiga. "Children Circulating between the U.S. and Mexico." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 32, no. 2 (2016): 226–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mex.2016.32.2.226.
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This article provides insights into the linguistic transitions and ruptures of migrant children in Mexican schools. The analysis focuses on children’s practices and perceptions of their own difficulties when reading and writing in Spanish after spending months in schools in the United States. Using in-depth interviews and sociolinguistic analysis, the article presents the particular case of children who endure seasonal migratory circulation between Mexico and the United States, and examines the linguistic disruptions these children experience during their journey from English to Spanish literacy every school year. Este artículo presenta hallazgos en torno a las transiciones y rupturas lingüísticas de los niños migrantes en las escuelas mexicanas. El análisis se centra en las prácticas y percepciones de los niños acerca de sus propias dificultades al leer o escribir en español después de haber pasado periodos en las escuelas de Estados Unidos. Los datos que se presentan provienen de niños que participan año tras año de la migración circular de tipo estacional entre México y Estados Unidos. Mediante entrevistas a profundidad y análisis sociolingüísticos, se examinan las dislocaciones lingüísticas que estos niños experimentan mientras se están moviendo del inglés al español cada año escolar.
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Galijaš, Armina. "Permanently in Transit. Middle Eastern Migrants and Refugees in Serbia." Südosteuropa 67, no. 1 (2019): 75–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0004.
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Abstract Serbia has never been the chosen final destination for refugees from Iraq, Syria, and other beleaguered countries like Afghanistan who have embarked on the so-called Balkan route since 2015. But following the closure of this route in March 2016, between 3,500 and 4,500 migrants have found themselves living in Serbia. This article analyses the composition and changing size of the migrant population, looking at the legal status of individuals and migratory paths taken. It moves on to examine reactions to the migrants from the state authorities and the Serbian public, together with the institutional response manifested in legal measures and infrastructural facilities, and the political contexts in which decisions about these were taken. Specific attention is given to the situation of refugee children who attend state schools in Serbia. The analysis reveals a pragmatic and quite flexible administrative response to the refugees’ situation. However, the remarkable level of tolerance is largely related to awareness that the great majority of those stranded in Serbia are doing everything in their power to continue their journey into central and northern Europe—that is to leave Serbia.
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Henkel, Jessica Renee, and Caz M. Taylor. "Migration strategy predicts stopover ecology in shorebirds on the northern Gulf of Mexico." Animal Migration 2, no. 1 (2015): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2015-0003.
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AbstractTwenty-eight species of migratory shorebirds rely on the coastlines of the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) to fuel migrations to near-arctic breeding grounds. Shorebird species vary in their migration ecology: some species use a “jump” strategy, migrating long distances without stopping, while others use “skip” and “hop” strategies, stopping to refuel at shorter intervals along their journey. We compared stopover duration, body condition (fat scores and size-adjusted mass), and refueling rates (plasma metabolite concentrations), in three Calidrid sandpiper species (Calidris pusilla, C. mauri, and C. alpina) that differ in migration strategy after leaving the NGOM during spring. Results indicate that, while birds refueled at similar rates, C. alpina, an intermediate distance jump migrant, reached higher fuel stores before departing on migration than the hop and skip migrants, C. pusilla and C. mauri. C. alpina also spent more time on the NGOM than the other two species. Results suggest that NGOM habitats may be particularly important for migration success in C. alpina. This knowledge will help us predict the potential population level consequences of habitat loss due to global change on NGOM shorebird populations and develop conservation plans to mitigate these impacts.
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Hadjicharalambous, Demetris, and Stavros Parlalis. "Migrants’ Sexual Violence in the Mediterranean Region: A Regional Analysis." Sexes 2, no. 3 (2021): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030024.
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Migration in the Mediterranean region has increased greatly during the last years. Reports and studies reveal that violence and injuries among refugees and migrants is a common occurrence in the WHO Europe Region. Available literature indicates that sexual violence incidents take place: (a) during the migratory journey to the host country, (b) while in detention centers, (c) once migrants have reached their destination, and (d) during the period in which a woman is subject of trafficking. This manuscript explores how sexual violence against refugee/immigrant women is presented in the international literature; a narrative review of the literature was conducted on the phenomenon of migration in the Mediterranean area, and specifically on sexual violence of migrant women. In order to face the challenges faced by migrant women victims of sexual violence, the following policies are suggested by international literature: (a) offer emergency medical and health care to sexual violence survivors, which is usually relatively limited, (b) offer mental health care and psychological support for sexual violence when planning services to provide clinical care, and (c) work towards the aim of transforming norms and values in order to promote gender equality and support non-violent behaviours.
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Nath, Binita, Anil P. Bidkar, Vikash Kumar, et al. "Deciphering Hydrodynamic and Drug-Resistant Behaviors of Metastatic EMT Breast Cancer Cells Moving in a Constricted Microcapillary." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (2019): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081194.
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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induces cell migration, invasion, and drug resistance, and consequently, contributes to cancer metastasis and disease aggressiveness. This study attempted to address crucial biological parameters to correlate EMT and drug-treated cancer cells traversing through microcapillaries, reminiscent of metastatic conditions. MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells induced to undergo EMT by treatment with 20 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were initially passed through several blockages and then through a constricted microchannel, mimicking the flow of invasive metastatic cells through constricted blood microcapillaries. EMT cells acquired enhanced migratory properties and retained 50% viability, even after migration through wells 10–15 μm in size and a constricted passage of 7 μm and 150 μm in length at a constant flow rate of 50 μL/h. The hydrodynamic properties revealed cellular deformation with a deformation index, average transit velocity, and entry time of 2.45, 12.3 mm/s, and 31,000 μs, respectively for a cell of average diameter 19 μm passing through one of the 7 μm constricted sections. Interestingly, cells collected at the channel outlet regained epithelial character, undergoing reverse transition (mesenchymal to epithelial transition, MET) in the absence of EGF. Remarkably, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed increases of 2- and 2.7-fold in the vimentin and fibronectin expression in EMT cells, respectively; however, their expression reduced to basal level in the MET cells. A scratch assay revealed the pronounced migratory nature of EMT cells compared with MET cells. Furthermore, the number of colonies formed from EMT cells and paclitaxel-treated EMT cells after passing through a constriction were found to be 95 ± 10 and 79 ± 4, respectively, confirming that the EMT cells were more drug resistant with a concomitant two-fold higher expression of the multi-drug resistance (MDR1) gene. Our results highlight the hydrodynamic and drug-evading properties of cells that have undergone an EMT, when passed through a constricted microcapillary that mimics their journey in blood circulation.
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Nagy, Máté, Iain D. Couzin, Wolfgang Fiedler, Martin Wikelski, and Andrea Flack. "Synchronization, coordination and collective sensing during thermalling flight of freely migrating white storks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1746 (2018): 20170011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Exploring how flocks of soaring migrants manage to achieve and maintain coordination while exploiting thermal updrafts is important for understanding how collective movements can enhance the sensing of the surrounding environment. Here we examined the structural organization of a group of circling white storks ( Ciconia ciconia ) throughout their migratory journey from Germany to Spain. We analysed individual high-resolution GPS trajectories of storks during circling events, and evaluated each bird's flight behaviour in relation to its flock members. Within the flock, we identified subgroups that synchronize their movements and coordinate switches in their circling direction within thermals. These switches in direction can be initiated by any individual of the subgroup, irrespective of how advanced its relative vertical position is, and occur at specific horizontal locations within the thermal allowing the storks to remain within the thermal. Using the motion of all flock members, we were able to examine the dynamic variation of airflow within the thermals and to determine the specific environmental conditions surrounding the flock. With an increasing amount of high-resolution GPS tracking, we may soon be able to use these animals as distributed sensors providing us with a new means to obtain a detailed knowledge of our environment. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.
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Bloch, A. M., and K. L. Grayson. "Reproductive costs of migration for males in a partially migrating, pond-breeding amphibian." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 11 (2010): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-079.
Full textAbstract:
Migratory animals face costs and benefits related to traveling to another habitat and the timing of the journey. These trade-offs can be sex-specific, with male reproductive success expected to be influenced by arrival time at the breeding habitat. In this study, we examined mating success in a population of partially migrating Red-Spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)). We tested the hypothesis that migrant males are at a disadvantage for spring mating opportunities compared with resident males owing to (i) later arrival time at the breeding pond and (ii) delay in developing the aquatic tail fin, which reduces their competitiveness. We measured the tail heights of successfully courting males compared with the general male population, as well as the time required for migrating males to develop tail fins. Temporally, migrant males arrived at the breeding pond before the majority of mating activity. However, we found that the time required for migrating males to acquire tail-fin heights necessary to be competitive for mating opportunities places them at a significant reproductive disadvantage compared with resident males. For partial migration to be maintained in the population, a reproductive cost for migrants could either trade off with another life-history trait or migration could be condition-dependent.