Academic literature on the topic 'Migratory movements'

Conference: 16th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2015 - "The next city". São Paulo, Brazil, July 8-10, 2015, At São Paulo, Brazil., Volume: Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures. The Next City - New Technologies and the Future of the Built Environment ( Communications in Computer and Information Science, Volume 527 - 2015)<br>The present paper is a mapping study of digital fabrication laboratories in Latin America. It presents and discusses results from a survey with 31 universities’ fab labs, studios and independent initiatives in Latin America. The objective of this study is fourfold: firstly, to draw the cultural, social and economic context of implementation of digital fabrication laboratories in the region; secondly, to synthesize relevant data from correlations between organizational structures, facilities and technologies, activities, types of prototypes, uses and areas of application; thirdly, to draw a network of people and institutions, recovering connections and the genealogy of these fab labs; and fourthly, to present some fab labs that are intertwined with local questions. The results obtained indicate a complex “homo faber” network of initiatives that embraces academic investigations, architectural developments, industry applications, artistic propositions and actions in social processes.

Entre les moltes comunitats migratòries existents al món, aquesta tesi doctoral estudia fonamentalment la comunitat dels ciutadans i ciutadanes pakistanesos que viuen a Catalunya, i també sobre les xarxes que han establert per consolidar i expandir la seva presència. <br/>Aquesta tesi a més a més, estudia la situació de les famílies i de les comunitats d'origen al Pakistan per entendre millor els processos que han conduit cap a aquest fenomen migratori, la situació actual de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya, l'impacte de la migració en les famílies dels migrants al Pakistan i les perspectives a curt i mitjà termini d'aquest moviment de població. <br/>La comunitat pakistanesa a Catalunya presenta un cas d'estudi interessant, no pel fet migratori en sí mateix, sinó perquè aquest moviment migratori té lloc sense que existissin lligams culturals, històrics i lingüístics previs entre el Pakistan i Catalunya, i perquè l'expansió ha estat molt ràpida en aquests darrers anys. <br/>Un segon objectiu d'aquesta tesi és donar veu als participants en el projecte d'investigació i, a través d'ells, a la comunitat pakistanesa a Catalunya i a les seves famílies i comunitats d'origen. <br/>Durant la segona meitat del segle vint, es van desenvolupar vàries teories, models i sistemes per intentar explicar la migració internacional. La realitat social i econòmica de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya i de les seves famílies en el Pakistan però, no s'hi ajusta gaire. Ara bé, totes elles contenen elements que poden ajudar a la comprensió del fenomen migratori i per tant convé considerar-les com un conjunt d'instruments que ajuden a capturar (no és incorrecta però la trobo un pèl forçada: copsar? captar? comprendre? ) una realitat complexa i constantment canviant. <br/>La investigació ha permès de concloure que l'emigració pakistanesa a Catalunya està fonamentada en el diferencial econòmic entre els dos països, un diferencial que compensa els costos de la migració. La gran majoria de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya hi tenien una "àncora" abans de venir. L' origen comú de molts d'ells indica l'existència de xarxes migratòries basades en la relació familiar i/o social. <br/>L'objectiu principal dels migrants és poder oferir una vida millor a les famílies, un objectiu a mitjà i llarg termini, atès que l'objectiu inicial consisteix en recuperar la inversió que suposa per a cada família enviar un dels seus a Catalunya. Facilitar l'arribada de nous immigrants no sembla ser un objectiu, sinó que és un fet que succeeix sense que es busqui. <br/>Catalunya no és pas la destinació preferida dels migrants. La seva arribada és més aviat el resultat d'una curosa anàlisi cost/benefici en el sentit que Catalunya constitueix una destinació "fàcil" i "bé de preu". <br/>En resum, es pot dir que la migració pakistanesa a Catalunya continuarà augmentant en els propers anys amb l'arribada principalment d'homes, però també de dones i nens i nenes, sempre i quan les condicions econòmiques i polítiques continuïn més o menys igual. Aquest creixement farà que els enclavaments pakistanesos a la ciutat de Barcelona s'enforteixin. Alhora, sorgiran altres enclavaments a la mateixa ciutat i a la zona metropolitana, i possiblement també a Girona i Tarragona, i més tard a Lleida. Aquests enclavaments funcionaran com un pol d'atracció per a nous migrants pakistanesos. <br/>És molt possible que, seguint el model de migració pakistanesa a altres països europeus, els migrants pakistanesos s'esforcin per integrar-se en el món econòmic, però només els individus amb un nivell educatiu alt estaran disposats a desenvolupar lligams culturals i socials amb els catalans. La majoria de la població pakistanesa preferirà viure al marge de la societat catalana. <br/>Tot i que molts voldrien tornar al Pakistan, és probable que la majoria romangui a Catalunya definitivament i amb la seva presència contribueixi a l'expansió continuada del moviment migratori pakistanès a traves de l'enfortiment de les xarxes migratòries i dels enclavaments pakistanesos.<br>Among the many migrant communities in the world, this doctoral dissertation focuses on the Pakistani community in Catalonia and the networks they have established to consolidate and expand their presence there. <br/>In addition, this thesis studies the situation of families and the communities of origin in Pakistan to try to understand the processes that have led to this migratory phenomenon, the present situation of the Pakistani population in Catalonia, the impact of migration on their families in Pakistan, and the short and medium term prospects for this migratory movement. <br/>The Pakistani community in Catalonia presents an interesting case study not because of the migratory movement itself, rather because the movement takes place in the absence of cultural, historical or linguistic links between Pakistan and Catalonia, and because of its fast expansion. A second objective is to give voice to the participants in the research and through them, to the Pakistani community in Catalonia and their families and communities of origin. <br/>During the second half of the 20th century, many theories, models and systems were developed to try to explain international migration. However these theories fail to explain the social and economic reality of the Pakistani population in Catalonia and their families in Pakistan. Nonetheless, they may help understand the migratory phenomenon, and therefore they may be used as a set of instruments that help capture a complex and constantly changing reality. <br/>The research shows that Pakistanis migrate to Catalonia prompted by the economic differential between the two countries and the perceived low risks/costs attached to it. The great majority of Pakistanis in Catalonia had an anchor before proceeding, be it a friend, a relative or even an acquaintance, that was crucial in facilitating their arrival and initial introduction. The common geographical origin of most of them shows the existence of migratory networks based on family and social relations. <br/>The overall objective is to provide more and better for their families. But this is a medium or long term objective. Initially most of them need to recoup their or their family's initial investment to send them abroad, and only afterwards they can start saving for their families. Facilitating the arrival of other migrants is not an objective per se, bur rather an unintended effect. <br/>Catalonia is not the migrants' preferred destination. The research findings indicate that the choice was made on the basis of a cost benefit analysis, i.e. they selected the destination which was the least costly and which brought the greatest benefits in the short term. <br/>In summary, in the coming years Pakistani migration to Catalonia will continue and will probably grow exponentially through the arrival of mostly men, but also women and children, as long as economic and political conditions remain the same, or experience only minor variations. This growth will lead to the strengthening of existing Pakistani enclaves in Barcelona city, and the emergence of new ones in Barcelona and in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, and to a lesser degree in Girona, Tarragona and eventually Lleida. These enclaves will function as a pull factor attracting many more Pakistanis to Catalonia. <br/>Based on the research findings and the experience of Pakistani migratory movements to other European destinations, Pakistani immigrants are likely to remain separate from the local population. Their desire to integrate will focus on the economic sphere, and only a few, better educated individuals, will be ready to establish and develop cultural and social links with the Catalan society. There is likely to be a strong resistance to adopt any mores of the host society and particularly to merge with it. <br/>Despite their longing for Pakistan and Pakistani society, the majority of them will remain in Catalonia and will settle here, thus sustaining the Pakistani migratory movement and contributing to its expansion through the strengthening of existing enclaves and the emergence of new ones.

The postbreeding period in migratory bird species is an important, but often neglected,area of knowledge. From May-October of 1993-95, I studied the breeding andpostbreeding ecology of 61 adults and postfledging movement of 43 juveniles in aradio-tagged population of Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) on the U. S. MarineCorps Base, Quantico, Virginia (38 30' N, 77 25' W). Fledglings became independent 0 0from their parents at 28-36 days post hatching and dispersed 307-5300 m from their natalsites to join flocks of conspecifics. About half (46%) of the young birds stayed in onedispersal site until migrating, but the rest visited other sites. In 40 instances, 15fledglings moved up to 6 km out of the dispersal site and, after 1-5 days, returned to thelocality occupied before initiating the movement. After dispersal, fledglings' positions(n = 556) occurred in (1) second growth and sapling stage sites at the edge of forested areas [52%], (2) gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) damaged deciduous forest [21.8%], (3)Virginia pine (Pinus virginianus) forest that had a heavy understory of young deciduous trees and an open canopy [15.6%], and (4) mature mixed forest [10.6%]. Most fledglings(73%) left the Marine Base in September at the mean age of 81 days. After finishing breeding, adult Wood Thrushes underwent molt that extended from late July to early October. Flight-feather molt lasted on average 38 days and may have impaired flight efficiency in some individuals. Of 30 observed adults, 15 molted in the same area where they nested, and 15 moved 545 to 7290 m from their nesting sites. Molting sites were located in areas with a larger number of pines, less canopy cover, fewer trees with dbh>38 cm, and a denser understory strata than nesting sites (P < 0.1). My data suggest that a conservation strategy that focuses on identifying and protecting nesting habitat in the temperate region, although important, is incomplete at best if the events and needs during the post reproductive and post fledging periods are not considered.<br>Ph. D.

Stable isotopes of carbon (813C ), nitrogen (615N) and hydrogen (62H ) and microsatellite markers were used in conjunction with morphological data, to test whether breeding origins of two migratory passerines the Blackbird Turdus merula, and Redwing T iliacus, overwintering in the UK & Ireland could be predicted, based on data collected at European breeding sites. Geographical trends of feather 62H and 613C values of birds sampleda t Europeanb reeding sites were useful for determining breeding origins of Blackbirds at a broad geographical scale. Genetic markers were useful for discriminating between the two Redwing races iliacus and coburni. Conversely, no genetic structure was found within the nominate race iliacus and there was only weak genetic structure in Blackbird populations, suggesting relatively high gene flow. These results indicate that genetic markers are of limited value for population assigm-nenot f either species. Mean wing length of breeding Blackbirds differed significantly between breeding regions, and was positively correlated with latitude, suggesting that wing length is potentially a useful variable for discriminating between Blackbirds of different breeding origin. It was predicted that combining techniques would prove substantially more useful for assigning individuals to their most likely origin, than any one technique used in isolation. For Blackbirds, the combination of 62H and 813C values with wing length proved to be the most effective combination of variables (and was more effective than using either stable isotopes or wing length alone), allowing 72.2% to 76.3% of breeding Blackbirds to be correctly and consistently assigned to one of three broad geographic regions (UK, Fennoscandia and Continent). For Redwings, using DNA markers alone, 94.5% of birds were correctly assigned to either the coburni or iliacus; the addition of stable isotopes produced only a marginal improvement. Useful insights into the contrasting migratory strategies of Blackbirds and Redwings were revealed. The lack of genetic variation within the nominate Redwing race indicates a lack of migratory connectivity. In contrast, weak genetic population structure in the Blackbird, and differences in stable isotope i ratios and wing length between birds sampled at different wintering sites, suggests that different parts of the UK & Ireland may receive differing proportions of migrant Blackbirds originating from different breeding sites. This suggestst hat migratory connectivity might be strongeri n this species. The approach of using multiple techniques may prove useful for other species about which less is known regarding breeding origins, which may be particularly relevant for species of conservati on concern. However, the most useful variable/combination of different variables for a study of migratory connectivity will vary, both according to the species, its geographical range, and the scale of resolution required, and a clear understanding of the ecology and physiology of the study species is essential.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a critical framework for addressing the use of the moving image in contemporary art that studies geography through the experiences of the mobile body and the use of a mobile camera. The research focuses on artistic practices that use video narratives to experiment with and explore contemporary dimensions of economic migration and cultural movement as a topic in which contemporary artists are engaged, either in representing their own movements or in observing those of others. Through the analysis of this complex field, the text argues that particular moving image works produce new cartographies of both urban space and also social relations within these territories of change and encounter. My research focuses on contemporary artists' use of video in several related ways. Video recording may be used as a primary research t061 for first-hand encounters reflecting the empirical aspect of traditional documentary practices as knowledge gathering procedures. T have examined what T term the 'analytical inscription' of video as articulat~d through the artist's subjective experience specifically in terms of the production of visual narratives based on primary 'source material'. These narratives can take the form of what has been recently named video essays, or they can be examples of narrative construction placed in a cinematic narrative and video installation environment. My practice seeks to bridge the objectivity of documentary and the subjectivity of the essay by articulating my experiences as filmmaker through narrative construction drawing on the experiences of 'others'. The thesis text attempts to contextualize my practice by relating contemporary theories of urban space and new geographies to the specificities of contemporary artists' uses of the moving image and the mobility enabled by video technology.

L’Arctique, bien que région éloignée de toutes activités anthropiques intensives, est contaminé par les polluants émis à de plus basses latitudes. En effet, les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de certains polluants leur permettent d’être transportés sur de longues distances, via les courants atmosphériques ou océaniques. Parmi eux se trouve notamment le mercure (Hg), élément trace non-essentiel naturellement émis dans l’environnement mais dont les émissions d’origine anthropiques ont fortement augmenté depuis le 19ème siècle. Ce neurotoxique engendre chez les espèces animales des troubles comportementaux, mais aussi des problèmes de reproduction et dans les cas extrêmes, la mort. Le milieu marin est particulièrement sensible à la contamination au Hg. En effet, une fois dans l’environnement marin, le Hg intègre la chaine alimentaire (sous sa forme toxique méthylée - MeHg), dans laquelle sa concentration augmente d’un niveau trophique à l’autre (processus de bioamplification) et/ou accumule au sein des organismes (processus de bioaccumulation). Ainsi, les prédateurs supérieurs longévifs tels que les oiseaux marins, en fin de chaine alimentaire, présentent les concentrations de Hg parmi les plus élevées. Ils sont largement et efficacement utilisés comme bio-indicateurs de la contamination au Hg de leur environnement. La majeure partie des connaissances actuelle sur la contamination au Hg des oiseaux marins Arctique concerne la saison de reproduction, durant laquelle les concentrations varient spatialement, avec notamment les concentrations les plus élevées trouvées en Arctique Canadien. Durant cette période, qui ne représente qu’une partie de l’année, les oiseaux se reproduisent à terre et sont donc plus facilement accessibles. Mais une fois la saison de reproduction terminée, la majorité des oiseaux marins migrent en haute mer, en dehors de l’Arctique. Une étude précédente a montré qu’une population de mergules nains (Alle alle) se reproduisant à l’Est du Groenland a des concentrations de Hg plus élevées en période de non-reproduction qu’en période de reproduction, avec des effets délétères sur la reproduction suivante. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, et grâce à une approche multi espèces et multi colonies, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la migration des oiseaux marins sur leur contamination au Hg et ce à l’échelle de l’Arctique. Nos résultats montrent une saisonnalité dans la contamination au Hg, nous permettant d’étendre les résultats mis en avant pour les mergules nains à de nombreuses autres espèces d’oiseaux marins. Nous avons également trouvé que cette saisonnalité varie spatialement avec des variations saisonnières plus importantes pour les populations se reproduisant en Atlantique Ouest (Ouest du Groenland et Est du Canada). Ces résultats nous ont amenés à faire l’hypothèse que cette variation était une conséquence de la migration des oiseaux marins et de la distribution de leur zone d’hivernage. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé les oiseaux comme bio-indicateurs de leur environnement. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des analyses de Hg avec du biologging afin de retracer l’origine spatiale de la contamination hivernale au Hg. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation des concentrations de Hg suivant un gradient est-ouest nous permettant ainsi d’étendre les résultats des précédentes études concernant la période de reproduction à l’hiver et à l’ensemble des régions marines à l’échelle de l’Atlantique Nord - Arctique. Ainsi, les résultats du présent travail de thèse nous permettent de conclure qu’au-delà de leur migration, ce sont les zones de reproduction et d’hivernages des oiseaux marins arctiques qui conditionnent leur contamination au Hg<br>The Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg

Large population declines for sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus) in parts of its global range are well documented, resulting in a strong need for biologically informed conservation and management measures. Although sand tigers in the western North Atlantic have been listed as a Species of Concern by the US government since 1997, details of their seasonal migratory movements and especially vertical habitat use patterns along the US East Coast are limited. Understanding these movement patterns is vital to reducing fishery-related mortality of these sharks and informing other management efforts aimed at recovery of their stocks in the US Atlantic. Although survey and fishery-dependent data have revealed a general picture of the seasonal distribution patterns of sand tiger sharks, details of the areas specifically used by these sharks and their movements between such areas remain unclear. Additionally, information on vertical habitat use such as preferred depth and temperature, as well as variability observed among sexes, size classes and geographic locations would provide insight into the fine-scale distribution of sand tigers to aid better management practices. Here, I report on the horizontal and vertical movements of sand tiger sharks along the US East Coast determined through use of pop-up archival transmitter (PAT) tags and supplemental acoustic telemetry. PAT tags were deployed on 14 sand tiger sharks in Delaware Bay in late summer 2008. Sufficient archived depth and temperature data were obtained from 11 sharks (eight male, three female), and sufficient light data allowed construction of long-term horizontal tracks for 10 sharks (seven male, three female) using a Kalman filter state-space model. Duration of tag deployment per animal ranged from 64-154 days ( =121.6). All seven male sharks left Delaware Bay in late summer/early autumn and migrated south along the US East Coast reaching waters off North Carolina, where they remained until transmitter detachment during the winter months. In contrast, all three females moved out of Delaware Bay into deeper, offshore waters east of the bay near the continental slope. During southern migration of males, average depth utilized was positively correlated to shark size. The smallest males spent on average over 90% of their time in waters <40 >m, whereas intermediate and large sized males spent only 54 and 38% of their time at depths <40 >m, respectively. Female sharks spent an average of 46% of their time in waters range, spending at least 95% of their time in waters 17-23oC, with little difference between size classes or sexes. Horizontal movements of male migrating sand tigers also revealed several areas of concentrated activity along their southern migratory routes. Migratory patterns of sand tiger sharks along the US East Coast appear most similar to patterns displayed by this species along the coast of South America. Further delineation of western North Atlantic continental shelf and slope core areas of sand tiger shark activity, especially for females, will inform efforts to reduce interactions with commercial fisheries and measures to avoid habitat degradation - management aspects that will aid in reducing mortality and enhance rebuilding of sand tiger stocks along the US East Coast.